---
pretty_name: "Dataset for the paper: ``RAVEN: Analyzing Ethereum’s Reverted Transactions via Semantic Clustering of Failure Invariants``"
license: "cc-by-4.0"
language:
  - "en"
tags:
  - smart-contracts
  - ethereum
  - blockchain
  - transaction-failures
  - invariants
task_categories:
  - tabular-classification  # Changed from anomaly-detection and classification
size_categories:
  - 10K<n<100K
  - 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
  - ethereum-blockchain-transactions
---


# Dataset Card for **RAVEN: Analyzing Ethereum’s Reverted Transactions via Semantic Clustering of Failure Invariants**

## Dataset Description  
This dataset comprises two collections (splits) of failed transactions on the Ethereum blockchain, annotated with extracted *business‑logic invariants*. The dataset was created within the research project titled HighGuard: Cross‑Chain Business Logic Monitoring of Smart Contracts, by Mojtaba Eshghie.

- **Finetuning collection**: ~100,000 failed Ethereum transactions annotated with 1,932 unique invariants.  
- **Evaluation collection**: ~20,000 sampled failed transactions annotated with 727 unique invariants, used for clustering and categorization evaluation.

Each record corresponds to a failed transaction, along with metadata such as transaction hash, block number, sender/receiver, gas used/limit, failure message, and extracted invariant condition that caused the failure.

### Key features  
- Focused on **business‐logic vulnerabilities**, not only low‑level errors (e.g., out‑of‑gas) but semantic violations captured via invariants.  
- Two distinct collections (finetuning + evaluation) for training and benchmarking.  
- Designed for anomaly‑detection and classification tasks in the smart‑contract security domain.

### Recommended uses  
- Training supervised or unsupervised models to detect business‑logic failures in smart contracts.  
- Clustering sampled invariants to categorize common failure types.  
- Benchmarking research on smart‐contract verification, transaction analysis, and runtime monitoring.

### Out‑of‑Scope uses  
- This dataset is **not** suitable for general cryptocurrency transaction modelling (e.g., normal transfers), since **only failed transactions** are included.  
- It is **not** a comprehensive dataset of all Ethereum transactions — only those with business‐logic failure annotations.

---

## Dataset Structure  
The dataset is provided as a `DatasetDict` with two splits/collections:

| Split           | Description                                           | Approx. Size     |
|-----------------|-------------------------------------------------------|------------------|
| `finetuning`    | 100 000 failed transactions annotated with 1 932 invariants | ~100k rows       |
| `evaluation`    | 20 000 failed transactions annotated with 727 invariants     | ~20k rows        |

Each record has the following columns:

- `tx_hash` (string): Transaction hash.  
- `block_number` (int64): Block number in which the transaction was included.  
- `from_address` (string): Sender Ethereum address.  
- `to_address` (string): Receiver Ethereum address.  
- `gas_limit` (int64): Gas limit specified for the transaction.  
- `gas_used` (int64): Gas used by the transaction before failure.  
- `failure_message` (string): The revert or failure message (if available).  
- `invariant_condition` (string): A high‐level invariant representing the business‐logic violation.  
- `invariant_id` (int64): An internal identifier for the extracted invariant cluster/category.  
- `timestamp` (int64): Unix timestamp of the block (optional).  

**File format:** The repository provides Parquet files for each split (`finetuning.parquet`, `evaluation.parquet`) and can be loaded via the `datasets` library as:

```python
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("MojtabaEshghie/raven‑dataset", split="finetuning")
````

---

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

Business‐logic failures in smart contracts are harder to detect than low‐level exceptions (e.g., out‑of‑gas) but are critically important for security. The goal of this dataset is to provide a curated collection of failed transactions with extracted invariants to enable anomaly detection, clustering, and classification research in the smart‐contract domain.


### Data Processing

* Filtering of failed transactions with revert/failure messages.
* Extraction of business‑logic invariants via the tool SoliDiffy and other analysis pipelines.
* Deduplication of similar invariant texts and clustering of invariants to create `invariant_id`.
* Serialization into Parquet format; conversion to Arrow format by the `datasets` library during upload.

### Who/When/Where

* Curated by: Mojtaba Eshghie
* Affiliation: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Umeå University.
* Date: Nov 2025

---

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Limitations

* **Bias toward failures only**: The dataset contains only failed transactions, so models trained on it might not generalize to normal transactions.
* **Time cutoff**: Transactions are up to a certain block number.

### Ethical and Privacy Considerations

* The data is sourced from a public blockchain (Ethereum), so transaction data is publicly available.
* Addresses are included (sender/receiver), which are pseudonymous but publicly traceable; users should be aware of potential linking to identities through external sources.
* Use responsibly: do not attempt to de‑anonymize addresses or misuse user data.

### Recommendations

* If using for supervised classification, consider balancing via sampling or weighting due to potentially unbalanced invariant categories.
* For anomaly detection, consider using the `finetuning` split for training and `evaluation` for benchmarking.
* Always cite the dataset and the associated paper when using it in publications.

---

## Citation

```bibtex
tbd
```