QuestionSBA
QuestionChoice
Bladder Cancer commonly presents as painless haematuria (blood in the urine). A cancer would develop gradually, therefore we would expect to see symptoms that come on over a longer period.

The acute nature of this patient's symptoms, her age, and her fever point towards an infectious cause - such as a urinary tract infection - rather than a cancer.
10001913
b
Bladder Cancer
QuestionChoice
Renal stones are calcium and oxalate-based stones that form in the kidneys. If they are large enough, they can block the kidney tubules causing renal colic - a severe pain in the patient's back that comes in waves. Renal colic is sometimes described as 'loin to groin' pain.

This patient is not complaining of back, or 'loin to groin' pain - her symptoms point more towards a urinary tract infection than a renal stone.
10001914
c
Renal Stones
QuestionChoice
Nephritic syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where IgA antibodies attack the kidneys. This causes haematuria (blood in the urine), increased blood pressure, oedema and decreased urinary output.

The patient is not reporting any of these symptoms - her fever and pain upon urinating suggest an infection such as a urinary tract infection (UTI).
10001916
e
Nephritic Syndrome
QuestionChoice
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms. UTIs can cause symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, increased urinary frequency, pain upon urinating. Haematuria can be associated with UTI's however urine should be re-tested after completing treatment with an appropriate antibiotic and if there is persistent haematuria, other underlying causes should be considered.

They are more common in females, especially females of reproductive age as sexual intercourse is a common cause of UTIs.
10001912
a
Urinary Tract Infection
QuestionChoice
Nephrotic syndrome is a renal disorder characterised by three findings: increased protein loss from the kidneys (proteinuria), decreased serum albumin (hypoalbuminaemia) and peripheral oedema.

Symptoms of nephrotic syndrome also include frothy urine, weight gain, decreased appetite and increased fatigue.

This patient is not complaining of any of these symptoms - her symptoms suggest an infection, most likely a urinary tract infection (UTI).
10001915
d
Nephrotic Syndrome
Concept
Chapter
2693
3757
Urinary Tract Infection
Topic
142
Nephrology
12929
A 25-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department with increased urinary frequency, pain upon urinating and a fever for the past 2 days.

On examination, there is no renal angle tenderness.

A urine dipstick is positive for blood.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
a