QuestionSBA
QuestionChoice
These are the classical fundoscopy findings of central retinal artery occlusion. The retina is pale due to oedema from ischaemia and the cherry red spot represents the fovea, which remains red as it is the thinnest part of the retina and therefore is spared the oedematous whitening.
10000317
b
Pale retina and a central cherry-red spot
QuestionChoice
Central retinal vein occlusion occurs when blood flow in the central retinal vein is obstructed, disrupting venous drainage of the eye. This results in congestion of blood within the retinal venous system which results in veins becoming dilated and tortuous. These veins can rupture, resulting in retinal haemorrhages.
10000316
a
Severe, widespread retinal haemorrhages and venous tortuosity
QuestionChoice
These findings are most associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Microaneurysms are tiny aneurysms of the retinal capillaries. Dot and blot haemorrhages arise from bleeding capillaries. Cotton wool spots represent ischaemia of the retinal nerve fibres, which, in diabetic retinopathy, occurs due to vessel wall dysfunction. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is defined by the formation of new vessels (neovascularisation) which occurs due to the increased retinal production of vascular endothelial growth factor, which is the retina's response to insufficient perfusion.
10000319
d
Microaneurysms, dot and blot haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, neovascularisation
QuestionChoice
These findings would be most typical of dry age-related macular degeneration. Drusen are deposits of lipid and protein underneath the retina that occurs with age. Geographic atrophy represents the degeneration of the retina, which appears as localized, sharply demarcated atrophy on fundoscopy.
10000320
e
Drusen and geographic atrophy
QuestionChoice
These fundoscopy findings would indicate hypertensive retinopathy. Arteriovenous nipping occurs due to the compression of veins at arteriovenous crossing sites. Flame haemorrhages represent bleeding in the superficial layer and occur as a result of vessel wall breakdown due to increased pressure. Cotton wool spots occur as a result of ischaemia of the nerve fibre layer.
10000318
c
Arteriovenous nipping, flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots
Concept
Chapter
2693
3741
Central retinal vein occlusion
Topic
140
Ophthalmology
12610
A 66-year-old man presents to the emergency department with painless complete vision loss in his right eye. This occurred spontaneously 2 hours ago and has not resolved. After further investigation, you diagnose central retinal vein occlusion.

Which of the following best describes fundoscopy findings in this condition?
a