QuestionSBA
QuestionChoice
Hyponatraemia is defined as serum sodium concentration <135mmol/L. Clinical features include nausea or vomiting, headache, confusion, fatigue, low blood pressure, loss of energy, muscle weakness, twitching, muscle cramps, seizures and coma. Hyponatraemia does not have any effect on the ECG, cardiac rhythm, or impulse conduction.
10005395
e
Hyponatraemia
QuestionChoice
Hypercalcaemia is defined as corrected calcium >2.65mmol/L. There are often clinical features such as bone pain, osteoporosis, fatigue, confusion, memory problems, depression, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss, thirst, polyuria, constipation, abdominal pain, renal colic, or renal impairment. ECG changes include shortening of the QT interval. In severe hypercalcaemia, Osborn waves (J waves) may be seen.
10005392
b
Hypercalcaemia
QuestionChoice
Hypokalaemia is defined as serum potassium concentration <3.5mmol/L. Clinical features include muscle cramps and pain with rhabdomyolysis, weakness, fatigue, palpitations, syncope, or cardiac arrhythmias. An ECG can show dynamic changes in T-wave morphology, ST-segment depression, and U waves, which are often best seen in the mid-precordial leads (V2–V4). The PR interval can also be prolonged along with an increase in the amplitude of the P wave.
10005394
d
Hypokalaemia
QuestionChoice
Hypocalcaemia is a state of electrolyte imbalance in which the circulating serum calcium level is <2.1mmol/L. Clinical signs include Trousseau's sign where there is carpopedal spasm on inflation of a blood pressure cuff and Chvostek's sign where contraction of the ipsilateral facial muscles is elicited by tapping the facial nerve just anterior to the ear. The ECG hallmark of hypocalcaemia is QT interval prolongation secondary to a prolonged ST segment.
10005391
a
Hypocalcaemia
QuestionChoice
Hyperkalaemia is defined as serum potassium concentration >5.5mmol/L. Clinical features include lethargy, nausea, muscle weakness or paraesthesia. ECG changes (in order of severity) include:t all tented T-waves, flattened P-waves, prolonged PR interval, widened QRS complexes, idioventricular rhythms, sine wave patterns and VF/asystole.
10005393
c
Hyperkalaemia
Concept
Chapter
2693
4397
Hypocalcaemia
Topic
221
Endocrine
13625
A 55-year-old male presents to the GP with gradual onset perioral paraesthesia which developed over the last three days. On examination, Trousseau's sign is present and an urgent ECG reveals a prolonged QT interval.

Which of the following is the most likely electrolyte abnormality?
a