QuestionSBA
QuestionChoice
This is a rare condition often caused by pulmonary hypertension or infective endocarditis. It is usually asymptomatic. The murmur of pulmonary regurgitation is an early decrescendo murmur heard loudest over the left sternal edge during inspiration.
10005255
e
Pulmonary regurgitation
QuestionChoice
The murmur described is the classic examination finding of mitral regurgitation. Patients may also present with dyspnoea (usually on exertion), lower limb oedema, palpitations, and/or decreased exercise tolerance. First-line investigations would be an ECG and transthoracic echocardiogram.
10005251
a
Mitral regurgitation
QuestionChoice
Mitral stenosis is usually caused by rheumatic valvulitis. There is often a history of rheumatic fever, but other symptoms do include dyspnoea and orthopnoea. On examination, a loud S1 is heard with a low-pitched, rumbling, mid-diastolic murmur, loudest over the apex.
10005252
b
Mitral stenosis
QuestionChoice
Often caused by calcification of the aortic valve, aortic stenosis is characterised by an ejection systolic murmur heard loudest over the aortic area. The murmur may radiate to the carotid arteries and is typically loudest on expiration and when the patient is sitting forwards.
10005254
d
Aortic stenosis
QuestionChoice
Aortic regurgitation is the diastolic leakage of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle. It has a typical decrescendo early diastolic murmur, heard loudest at the left sternal edge. Other examination features include a collapsing pulse or displaced hyperdynamic apex beat.
10005253
c
Aortic regurgitation
Concept
Chapter
2693
4020
Mitral Regurgitation
Topic
134
Cardiology
13597
A 65-year-old man presents to his GP with symptoms of fatigue and orthopnea. On examination, S3 is present and there is a holosystolic (pansystolic) murmur, heard best at the apex with the diaphragm of the stethoscope when the patient is in the left lateral decubitus position.

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
a