QuestionQA
Concept
Chapter
Osteoporosis, otherwise known as thin bones, is a condition associated with high risk of low trauma fractures due to reduced bone mineral density. Osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity, meaning that bone resorption is occurring at a greater rate than bone formation.

**Symptoms and Signs**

- Generally asymptomatic until a fragility fracture occurs
- Back pain
- Kyphosis (stooped posture)
- Fragility fractures

**Risk factors**

- Female sex
- Increasing age
- Smoking
- Corticosteroid use
- Low BMI (< 20-25kg/m<sup>2</sup>)
- Low body weight (<58kg)
- Vitamin D deficiency

**Protective factors**

- Higher BMI
- Exercise - mechanical loading stimulates bone formation

**Diagnosis**
Osteoporosis can be detected on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan.
A T score of < -2.5 indicates osteoporosis

**Management**

- Fall prevention
- Vitamin D and calcium supplementation
- Hormone replacement therapy (postmenopausal women)
- Oral bisphosphonates
2657
3678
Calculation of injection concentration
Topic
90
Psychiatry
This faces a 25% reduction due to his renal impairment:

(800/100) x 75 = 600mg per dose

This 600mg is given in a 5ml injection.

So the amount given in 1ml = 600/5 = 120mg per 1 ml
10149
QuestionQAAnswer
120
mg/ml
Case Presentation:

A 47-year-old patient with generalised tonic clonic seizures was initially prescribed sodium valproate at a maintenance dose of 800mg twice daily.

Due to co-existing renal impairment, it has been decided that the dose should be reduced by 25% as per the manufacturer's advice. Each dose needs to be diluted in 5mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution prior to injection.

What is the dose of sodium valproate per ml given in each injection?