QuestionSBA
QuestionChoice
IgM antibodies are made initially by the immune system after exposure to an antigen. The MMR vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine that will trigger the body's adaptive immune system to produce antibodies, with memory cells providing long lasting immunity.
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a
IgM
QuestionChoice
IgG antibodies are produced in the latter stages of the adaptive immune response, and if the body is re-exposed to the antigen in the future.
53193
b
IgG
QuestionChoice
IgD antibodies do not form a significant part of the post-vaccine response. Their function remains unclear,  but they are present on immature B cells and make up part of the innate immune system.
53195
d
IgD
QuestionChoice
IgE antibodies are associated with atopy, parasitic infections, and allergic conditions. They do not form  significant part of the post-vaccine response.
53196
e
IgE
QuestionChoice
IgA antibodies are present in saliva, tears, and on mucosal surfaces to provide an immune 'shield', neutralising any pathogens before they have the opportunity to enter the body. They do not form a significant part of the post-vaccine response.
53194
c
IgA
QuestionComment
as part of the initial immune response
60906
User
subscriber
BradySclerosis
QuestionComment
i always mix up IgG and IgM does anyone have a clever way to remeber the two lmao
62552
User
subscriber
Ali
Concept
Chapter
# Summary 

The UK routine vaccination schedule includes vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, rotavirus, meningitis B and C, measles, mumps, rubella, human papillomavirus, and influenza. Vaccinations start from birth and continue into adolescence, ensuring comprehensive protection against various infectious diseases.


# Schedules and further information:
 

 - The UK schedule regularly changes. Always use the authoritative summary provided by the UK Gov website for the latest schedule
 - For any information, refer to the 'Green Book' - also found on the UK Gov website. It contains information on indications for different vaccines, including catch-up schedules for people who have missed vaccines or were not immunised
         - It is advised to take vaccines at the correct time to provide early protection, but the schedule can be resumed at any time
 - There are also additional vaccinations offered to high-risk groups. 
         - The BCG vaccine is offered to infants from areas in the UK with TB incidence rates > 40/100,000 or with parents or grandparents from high-incidence countries. 
         - Hepatitis B vaccination is offered at birth, 4 weeks and 12 months to babies born from hepatitis B-infected mothers 

| Age                     | Vaccine(s)                                                                 |
|-------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 8 weeks                 | 6-in-1 vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, Hib, hepatitis B) |
|                         | Rotavirus vaccine                                                          |
|                         | MenB vaccine                                                              
| 12 weeks                | 6-in-1 vaccine (2nd dose)                                                  |
|                         | Rotavirus vaccine (2nd dose)                                               ||
|                         | Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine                                                 |
| 16 weeks                | 6-in-1 vaccine (3rd dose)                                                  |
|                                                  | MenB vaccine (2nd dose)                                                    |
| 1 year                  | Hib/MenC vaccine                                                           |
|                         | MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine                                  |
|                         | Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine (2nd dose)                                      |
|                         | MenB vaccine (3rd dose)                                                    |
| 2-10 years (annually)   | Children's flu vaccine (annual)                                            |
| 3 years and 4 months    | MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine (2nd dose)                       |
|                         | 4-in-1 pre-school booster (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio)     |
| 12-13 years (girls)     | HPV vaccine (2 doses)                                                      |
| 14 years                | 3-in-1 teenage booster (tetanus, diphtheria, polio)                        |
|                         | MenACWY vaccine                                                            |
| 65 years                | Pneumococcal (PPV) vaccine                                                 |
| 65 years and over       | Flu vaccine (annual)                                                       |
| 70 years                | Shingles vaccine                                                           | 
 

# Common side effects of vaccinations
 

Vaccinations are generally very safe and effective. Any vaccination can cause side effects from a local and systemic immune response:
 

 - Locally, there may be tenderness and aches around the injection site
 

 - Systemically, the patient may have a fever and feel unwell for a few hours
 

 - Fever is particularly common with the meningococcal vaccine; parents should be asked to give prophylactic paracetamol to their child and warned that a fever is very likely. This will help to reduce unnecessary worry, A&E attendance and unnecessary investigations.
 

# Rare side effects of vaccinations

 - Anaphylaxis
 - Rotavirus vaccination can rarely cause intussusception.
 - The MMR vaccine can cause seizures (1/1000 doses) and ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) (1/24,000 doses).
 

# Contraindications to vaccinations
 

 - **Egg allergy**: 
  - Children with egg allergy should not receive yellow fever vaccination
  - The standard preparation of the influenza vaccine is only contraindicated in children who have been admitted to PICU as a result of their egg allergy. All other cases of children with egg allergy can safely have the standard vaccine in primary care settings.
  - The MMR vaccine is safe for children with an egg allergy. It is a common misconception that it contains components from eggs.
 - **Previously proven anaphylaxis to vaccine components**: Children with serology confirming allergy to vaccine components should not receive further doses of that particular vaccine.
 - **Immunosuppression**: Children with immunosuppression (e.g. from confirmed severe primary immunodeficiencies, chemotherapy or other immunosuppressive medications, or radiotherapy) should not receive live attenuated vaccines, such as the MMR vaccine, inhaled influenza vaccine or the varicella vaccine.
 - **Intussusception**: children with a history of intussusception cannot have the rotavirus vaccination
 

# NICE Guidelines
 
 [NICE Guidelines for Immunizations - childhood](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/immunizations-childhood/) 

# References
 

[GOV.UK Complete Vaccination Schedule](https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/147824/Green-Book-Chapter-6-v2_0.pdf)

[Patient Info Immunisation](https://patient.info/childrens-health/immunisation)
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Vaccinations
Topic
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Paediatrics
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IgM antibodies are the first immunoglobulins produced by the immune system in response to an antigen.
Presentation
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Vaccination
UkmlaTopic
5
Child health
A 12-month-old boy presents to the GP with his mother for his Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination.

Which of the following class of immunoglobulins are made by the immune system initially?
a