QuestionSBA
QuestionChoice
This describes heart failure that is caused by high blood pressure.

Prolonged, uncontrolled hypertension can cause left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and reduced ejection fraction.

This can lead to congestive heart failure and therefore pulmonary oedema and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea.
10005935
e
Hypertensive Heart failure
QuestionChoice
This is the sensation of shortness of breath when lying flat compared to be woken from sleep.

This occurs in heart failure due to the pulmonary oedema. The fluid covers the whole of the surface area whilst lying flat which is what causes this sensation and is relieved when upright.
10005932
b
Orthopnoea
QuestionChoice
This is the sensation of shortness of breath that wakes a person from sleep and is relieved by sitting upright.

This occurs in heart failure due to the pulmonary oedema. The fluid covers the whole of the surface area whilst lying flat which is what causes this sensation.
10005931
a
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea  (PND)
QuestionChoice
Dysphagia is defined as swallowing difficulty.

This can be caused by the impairment of the muscles of the mouth and pharynx to coordinate swallow.

This can result from a stroke, head injury and dementia.
10005933
c
Dysphagia
QuestionChoice
These are dreams that feel intense and real. They can be described as pleasant, strange and even frightening.

This is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease.

In REM sleep, the patient can often act out the dream. They may leap out of bed.

This patient is unlikely to have this as there is a past medical history of heart failure and the main feature is waking up with severe shortness of breath, relieved by sitting up which is a feature of pulmonary oedema.
10005934
d
A vivid dream
Concept
Chapter
2693
3798
Heart Failure
Topic
134
Cardiology
13733
65 year old female with existing diagnosis of heart failure describes episodes where she will wake up suddenly with severe attack of shortness of breath and cough.

Which of the following best descibes this symptom?
a