QuestionSBA
QuestionChoice
Mitral stenosis is heard as a low-pitched 'rumbling' mid-diastolic murmur as the stenosis restricts blood flow across the mitral valve from the left atrium into the left ventricle. The first heart sound (S1) is then heard due to the large systolic force required to snap shut the thickened mitral valve. Rheumatic fever is also a very common cause of mitral stenosis, and breathlessness often occurs as a consequence due to pulmonary congestion.
10000606
a
Mitral stenosis
QuestionChoice
Breathlessness may occur due to pulmonary oedema. However, syncope and angina are also often present. Also, whilst the murmur heard in aortic regurgitation is diastolic, it is a much shorter murmur, only heard at the beginning of diastole (and also sometimes at the end of systole).
10000608
c
Aortic regurgitation
QuestionChoice
Rheumatic fever is a cause of mitral regurgitation, and it may also cause breathlessness due to back pressure on the pulmonary circulation. However, the murmur heard would be a pan-systolic, high-pitched 'whistling' murmur due to high-velocity blood flow through the leaky valve.
10000607
b
Mitral regurgitation
QuestionChoice
The heart sounds heard in mitral valve prolapse are a mid-systolic 'click' as the valve prolapses back into the left atrium, sometimes followed by a late systolic murmur if blood then continues to flow into the left atrium.
10000609
d
Mitral valve prolapse
QuestionChoice
Aortic stenosis causes an ejection-systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur, which is often high-pitched due to the high velocity of systole. Exertional syncope is the most common symptom of aortic stenosis, and rheumatic heart disease is a cause.
10000610
e
Aortic stenosis
Concept
Chapter
2693
3720
Mitral stenosis
Topic
134
Cardiology
12668
A 16-year-old male presents with occasional episodes of breathlessness. He has a past medical history of rheumatic fever from when he was 10-years-old. On auscultation, a mid-diastolic rumbling murmur is heard alongside a loud S1.

What valvular pathology is most likely to be responsible for this murmur?
a