#
PixArt-α

PixArt-α: Fast Training of Diffusion Transformer for Photorealistic Text-to-Image Synthesis is Junsong Chen, Jincheng Yu, Chongjian Ge, Lewei Yao, Enze Xie, Yue Wu, Zhongdao Wang, James Kwok, Ping Luo, Huchuan Lu, and Zhenguo Li.

The abstract from the paper is:

The most advanced text-to-image (T2I) models require significant training costs (e.g., millions of GPU hours), seriously hindering the fundamental innovation for the AIGC community while increasing CO2 emissions. This paper introduces PIXART-α, a Transformer-based T2I diffusion model whose image generation quality is competitive with state-of-the-art image generators (e.g., Imagen, SDXL, and even Midjourney), reaching near-commercial application standards. Additionally, it supports high-resolution image synthesis up to 1024px resolution with low training cost, as shown in Figure 1 and 2. To achieve this goal, three core designs are proposed: (1) Training strategy decomposition: We devise three distinct training steps that separately optimize pixel dependency, text-image alignment, and image aesthetic quality; (2) Efficient T2I Transformer: We incorporate cross-attention modules into Diffusion Transformer (DiT) to inject text conditions and streamline the computation-intensive class-condition branch; (3) High-informative data: We emphasize the significance of concept density in text-image pairs and leverage a large Vision-Language model to auto-label dense pseudo-captions to assist text-image alignment learning. As a result, PIXART-α’s training speed markedly surpasses existing large-scale T2I models, e.g., PIXART-α only takes 10.8% of Stable Diffusion v1.5’s training time (675 vs. 6,250 A100 GPU days), saving nearly $300,000 ($26,000 vs. $320,000) and reducing 90% CO2 emissions. Moreover, compared with a larger SOTA model, RAPHAEL, our training cost is merely 1%. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PIXART-α excels in image quality, artistry, and semantic control. We hope PIXART-α will provide new insights to the AIGC community and startups to accelerate building their own high-quality yet low-cost generative models from scratch.

You can find the original codebase at PixArt-alpha/PixArt-alpha and all the available checkpoints at PixArt-alpha.

Some notes about this pipeline:

- It uses a Transformer backbone (instead of a UNet) for denoising. As such it has a similar architecture as DiT.
- It was trained using text conditions computed from T5. This aspect makes the pipeline better at following complex text prompts with intricate details.
- It is good at producing high-resolution images at different aspect ratios. To get the best results, the authors recommend some size brackets which can be found here.
- It rivals the quality of state-of-the-art text-to-image generation systems (as of this writing) such as Stable Diffusion XL, Imagen, and DALL-E 2, while being more efficient than them.

> Make sure to check out the Schedulers guide to learn how to explore the tradeoff between scheduler speed and quality, and see the reuse components across pipelines section to learn how to efficiently load the same components into multiple pipelines.

##
Inference with under 8GB GPU VRAM

Run the PixArtAlphaPipeline with under 8GB GPU VRAM by loading the text encoder in 8-bit precision. Let’s walk through a full-fledged example.

First, install the bitsandbytes library:

    pip install -U bitsandbytes

Then load the text encoder in 8-bit:

    from transformers import T5EncoderModel
    from diffusers import PixArtAlphaPipeline
    import torch

    text_encoder = T5EncoderModel.from_pretrained(
        "PixArt-alpha/PixArt-XL-2-1024-MS",
        subfolder="text_encoder",
        load_in_8bit=True,
        device_map="auto",

    )
    pipe = PixArtAlphaPipeline.from_pretrained(
        "PixArt-alpha/PixArt-XL-2-1024-MS",
        text_encoder=text_encoder,
        transformer=None,
        device_map="auto"
    )

Now, use the `pipe` to encode a prompt:

    with torch.no_grad():
        prompt = "cute cat"
        prompt_embeds, prompt_attention_mask, negative_embeds, negative_prompt_attention_mask = pipe.encode_prompt(prompt)

Since text embeddings have been computed, remove the `text_encoder` and `pipe` from the memory, and free up some GPU VRAM:

    import gc

    def flush():
        gc.collect()
        torch.cuda.empty_cache()

    del text_encoder
    del pipe
    flush()

Then compute the latents with the prompt embeddings as inputs:

    pipe = PixArtAlphaPipeline.from_pretrained(
        "PixArt-alpha/PixArt-XL-2-1024-MS",
        text_encoder=None,
        torch_dtype=torch.float16,
    ).to("cuda")

    latents = pipe(
        negative_prompt=None,
        prompt_embeds=prompt_embeds,
        negative_prompt_embeds=negative_embeds,
        prompt_attention_mask=prompt_attention_mask,
        negative_prompt_attention_mask=negative_prompt_attention_mask,
        num_images_per_prompt=1,
        output_type="latent",
    ).images

    del pipe.transformer
    flush()

> Notice that while initializing `pipe`, you’re setting `text_encoder` to `None` so that it’s not loaded.

Once the latents are computed, pass it off to the VAE to decode into a real image:

    with torch.no_grad():
        image = pipe.vae.decode(latents / pipe.vae.config.scaling_factor, return_dict=False)[0]
    image = pipe.image_processor.postprocess(image, output_type="pil")[0]
    image.save("cat.png")

By deleting components you aren’t using and flushing the GPU VRAM, you should be able to run PixArtAlphaPipeline with under 8GB GPU VRAM.

If you want a report of your memory-usage, run this script.

> Text embeddings computed in 8-bit can impact the quality of the generated images because of the information loss in the representation space caused by the reduced precision. It’s recommended to compare the outputs with and without 8-bit.

While loading the `text_encoder`, you set `load_in_8bit` to `True`. You could also specify `load_in_4bit` to bring your memory requirements down even further to under 7GB.

##
PixArtAlphaPipeline

###
class diffusers.PixArtAlphaPipeline

< source >

( tokenizer: T5Tokenizer text_encoder: T5EncoderModel vae: AutoencoderKL transformer: PixArtTransformer2DModel scheduler: DPMSolverMultistepScheduler )

Parameters

- vae (AutoencoderKL) — Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE) Model to encode and decode images to and from latent representations.
- text_encoder (`T5EncoderModel`) — Frozen text-encoder. PixArt-Alpha uses T5, specifically the t5-v1_1-xxl variant.
- tokenizer (`T5Tokenizer`) — Tokenizer of class T5Tokenizer.
- transformer (PixArtTransformer2DModel) — A text conditioned `PixArtTransformer2DModel` to denoise the encoded image latents. Initially published as `Transformer2DModel` in the config, but the mismatch can be ignored.
- scheduler (SchedulerMixin) — A scheduler to be used in combination with `transformer` to denoise the encoded image latents.

Pipeline for text-to-image generation using PixArt-Alpha.

This model inherits from DiffusionPipeline. Check the superclass documentation for the generic methods the library implements for all the pipelines (such as downloading or saving, running on a particular device, etc.)

####
__call__

< source >

( prompt: typing.Union[str, typing.List[str]] = None negative_prompt: str = '' num_inference_steps: int = 20 timesteps: typing.List[int] = None sigmas: typing.List[float] = None guidance_scale: float = 4.5 num_images_per_prompt: typing.Optional[int] = 1 height: typing.Optional[int] = None width: typing.Optional[int] = None eta: float = 0.0 generator: typing.Union[torch._C.Generator, typing.List[torch._C.Generator], NoneType] = None latents: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None prompt_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None prompt_attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None negative_prompt_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None negative_prompt_attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None output_type: typing.Optional[str] = 'pil' return_dict: bool = True callback: typing.Optional[typing.Callable[[int, int, torch.Tensor], NoneType]] = None callback_steps: int = 1 clean_caption: bool = True use_resolution_binning: bool = True max_sequence_length: int = 120 **kwargs ) →
ImagePipelineOutput or `tuple`

Parameters

- prompt (`str` or `List[str]`, optional) — The prompt or prompts to guide the image generation. If not defined, one has to pass `prompt_embeds`. instead.
- negative_prompt (`str` or `List[str]`, optional) — The prompt or prompts not to guide the image generation. If not defined, one has to pass `negative_prompt_embeds` instead. Ignored when not using guidance (i.e., ignored if `guidance_scale` is less than `1`).
- num_inference_steps (`int`, optional, defaults to 100) — The number of denoising steps. More denoising steps usually lead to a higher quality image at the expense of slower inference.
- timesteps (`List[int]`, optional) — Custom timesteps to use for the denoising process with schedulers which support a `timesteps` argument in their `set_timesteps` method. If not defined, the default behavior when `num_inference_steps` is passed will be used. Must be in descending order.
- sigmas (`List[float]`, optional) — Custom sigmas to use for the denoising process with schedulers which support a `sigmas` argument in their `set_timesteps` method. If not defined, the default behavior when `num_inference_steps` is passed will be used.
- guidance_scale (`float`, optional, defaults to 4.5) — Guidance scale as defined in Classifier-Free Diffusion Guidance. `guidance_scale` is defined as `w` of equation 2. of Imagen Paper. Guidance scale is enabled by setting `guidance_scale > 1`. Higher guidance scale encourages to generate images that are closely linked to the text `prompt`, usually at the expense of lower image quality.
- num_images_per_prompt (`int`, optional, defaults to 1) — The number of images to generate per prompt.
- height (`int`, optional, defaults to self.unet.config.sample_size) — The height in pixels of the generated image.
- width (`int`, optional, defaults to self.unet.config.sample_size) — The width in pixels of the generated image.
- eta (`float`, optional, defaults to 0.0) — Corresponds to parameter eta (η) in the DDIM paper: https://huggingface.co/papers/2010.02502. Only applies to schedulers.DDIMScheduler, will be ignored for others.
- generator (`torch.Generator` or `List[torch.Generator]`, optional) — One or a list of torch generator(s) to make generation deterministic.
- latents (`torch.Tensor`, optional) — Pre-generated noisy latents, sampled from a Gaussian distribution, to be used as inputs for image generation. Can be used to tweak the same generation with different prompts. If not provided, a latents tensor will be generated by sampling using the supplied random `generator`.
- prompt_embeds (`torch.Tensor`, optional) — Pre-generated text embeddings. Can be used to easily tweak text inputs, e.g. prompt weighting. If not provided, text embeddings will be generated from `prompt` input argument.
- prompt_attention_mask (`torch.Tensor`, optional) — Pre-generated attention mask for text embeddings.
- negative_prompt_embeds (`torch.Tensor`, optional) — Pre-generated negative text embeddings. For PixArt-Alpha this negative prompt should be "". If not provided, negative_prompt_embeds will be generated from `negative_prompt` input argument.
- negative_prompt_attention_mask (`torch.Tensor`, optional) — Pre-generated attention mask for negative text embeddings.
- output_type (`str`, optional, defaults to `"pil"`) — The output format of the generate image. Choose between PIL: `PIL.Image.Image` or `np.array`.
- return_dict (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether or not to return a `~pipelines.stable_diffusion.IFPipelineOutput` instead of a plain tuple.
- callback (`Callable`, optional) — A function that will be called every `callback_steps` steps during inference. The function will be called with the following arguments: `callback(step: int, timestep: int, latents: torch.Tensor)`.
- callback_steps (`int`, optional, defaults to 1) — The frequency at which the `callback` function will be called. If not specified, the callback will be called at every step.
- clean_caption (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — Whether or not to clean the caption before creating embeddings. Requires `beautifulsoup4` and `ftfy` to be installed. If the dependencies are not installed, the embeddings will be created from the raw prompt.
- use_resolution_binning (`bool` defaults to `True`) — If set to `True`, the requested height and width are first mapped to the closest resolutions using `ASPECT_RATIO_1024_BIN`. After the produced latents are decoded into images, they are resized back to the requested resolution. Useful for generating non-square images.
- max_sequence_length (`int` defaults to 120) — Maximum sequence length to use with the `prompt`.

Returns

ImagePipelineOutput or `tuple`

If `return_dict` is `True`, ImagePipelineOutput is returned, otherwise a `tuple` is returned where the first element is a list with the generated images

Function invoked when calling the pipeline for generation.

Examples:

    >>> import torch
    >>> from diffusers import PixArtAlphaPipeline

    >>> # You can replace the checkpoint id with "PixArt-alpha/PixArt-XL-2-512x512" too.
    >>> pipe = PixArtAlphaPipeline.from_pretrained("PixArt-alpha/PixArt-XL-2-1024-MS", torch_dtype=torch.float16)
    >>> # Enable memory optimizations.
    >>> pipe.enable_model_cpu_offload()

    >>> prompt = "A small cactus with a happy face in the Sahara desert."
    >>> image = pipe(prompt).images[0]

####
encode_prompt

< source >

( prompt: typing.Union[str, typing.List[str]] do_classifier_free_guidance: bool = True negative_prompt: str = '' num_images_per_prompt: int = 1 device: typing.Optional[torch.device] = None prompt_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None negative_prompt_embeds: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None prompt_attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None negative_prompt_attention_mask: typing.Optional[torch.Tensor] = None clean_caption: bool = False max_sequence_length: int = 120 **kwargs )

Parameters

- prompt (`str` or `List[str]`, optional) — prompt to be encoded
- negative_prompt (`str` or `List[str]`, optional) — The prompt not to guide the image generation. If not defined, one has to pass `negative_prompt_embeds` instead. Ignored when not using guidance (i.e., ignored if `guidance_scale` is less than `1`). For PixArt-Alpha, this should be "".
- do_classifier_free_guidance (`bool`, optional, defaults to `True`) — whether to use classifier free guidance or not
- num_images_per_prompt (`int`, optional, defaults to 1) — number of images that should be generated per prompt
- device — (`torch.device`, optional): torch device to place the resulting embeddings on
- prompt_embeds (`torch.Tensor`, optional) — Pre-generated text embeddings. Can be used to easily tweak text inputs, e.g. prompt weighting. If not provided, text embeddings will be generated from `prompt` input argument.
- negative_prompt_embeds (`torch.Tensor`, optional) — Pre-generated negative text embeddings. For PixArt-Alpha, it’s should be the embeddings of the "" string.
- clean_caption (`bool`, defaults to `False`) — If `True`, the function will preprocess and clean the provided caption before encoding.
- max_sequence_length (`int`, defaults to 120) — Maximum sequence length to use for the prompt.

Encodes the prompt into text encoder hidden states.

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