Sentence #*Word*Tag
1*if*O
1*combustible*O
1*fluid*O
1*is*O
1*used*O
1*for*O
1*propeller*B-SYS
1*deicing*O
1*,*O
1*Sections*B-RES
1*25-1181*I-RES
1*through*O
1*25-1185*B-RES
1*and*O
1*25-1189*B-RES
1*apply*O
1*.*O
2*it*O
2*must*O
2*be*O
2*shown*O
2*by*O
2*analysis*O
2*or*O
2*test*O
2*,*O
2*or*O
2*both*O
2*,*O
2*that*O
2*each*O
2*operable*O
2*reverser*B-SYS
2*can*O
2*be*O
2*restored*O
2*to*O
2*the*O
2*forward*O
2*thrust*O
2*position*O
2*.*O
3*it*O
3*must*O
3*be*O
3*shown*O
3*by*O
3*analysis*O
3*or*O
3*test*O
3*,*O
3*or*O
3*both*O
3*,*O
3*that*O
3*the*O
3*airplane*B-SYS
3*is*O
3*capable*O
3*of*O
3*continued*O
3*safe*O
3*flight*O
3*and*O
3*landing*O
3*under*O
3*any*O
3*possible*O
3*position*O
3*of*O
3*the*O
3*thrust*B-SYS
3*reverser*I-SYS
3*.*O
4*Thrust*B-SYS
4*reversers*I-SYS
4*installed*O
4*on*O
4*turbojet*B-SYS
4*engines*I-SYS
4*must*O
4*meet*O
4*the*O
4*requirements*O
4*of*O
4*Section*B-RES
4*33-97*I-RES
4*of*O
4*this*O
4*chapter*B-RES
4*.*O
5*Turbopropeller*B-SYS
5*power*I-SYS
5*airplane*I-SYS
5*propeller-drag*I-SYS
5*limiting*I-SYS
5*systems*I-SYS
5*must*O
5*be*O
5*designed*O
5*so*O
5*that*O
5*no*O
5*single*B-VAL
5*failure*O
5*or*O
5*malfunction*O
5*of*O
5*any*O
5*of*O
5*the*O
5*systems*O
5*during*O
5*normal*O
5*or*O
5*emergency*O
5*operation*O
5*results*O
5*in*O
5*propeller*B-SYS
5*drag*O
5*in*O
5*excess*O
5*of*O
5*that*O
5*for*O
5*which*O
5*the*O
5*airplane*B-SYS
5*was*O
5*designed*O
5*under*O
5*Section*B-RES
5*25-367*I-RES
5*.*O
6*failure*O
6*of*O
6*structural*O
6*elements*O
6*of*O
6*the*O
6*drag*B-SYS
6*limiting*I-SYS
6*systems*I-SYS
6*need*O
6*not*O
6*be*O
6*considered*O
6*if*O
6*the*O
6*probability*O
6*of*O
6*this*O
6*kind*O
6*of*O
6*failure*O
6*is*O
6*extremely*O
6*remote*O
6*.*O
7*Turbine*B-SYS
7*engine*I-SYS
7*operating*O
7*characteristics*O
7*must*O
7*be*O
7*investigated*O
7*in*O
7*flight*O
7*to*O
7*determine*O
7*that*O
7*no*O
7*adverse*O
7*characteristics*O
7*(*O
7*such*O
7*as*O
7*stall*O
7*,*O
7*surge*O
7*,*O
7*or*O
7*flameout*O
7*)*O
7*are*O
7*present*O
7*,*O
7*to*O
7*a*O
7*hazardous*O
7*degree*O
7*,*O
7*during*O
7*normal*O
7*and*O
7*emergency*O
7*operation*O
7*within*O
7*the*O
7*range*O
7*of*O
7*operating*O
7*limitations*O
7*of*O
7*the*O
7*airplane*B-SYS
7*and*O
7*of*O
7*the*O
7*engine*B-SYS
7*.*O
8*in*O
8*showing*O
8*compliance*O
8*with*O
8*paragraph*B-RES
8*(*I-RES
8*b*I-RES
8*)*I-RES
8*of*O
8*this*O
8*section*O
8*,*O
8*the*O
8*pilot*O
8*strength*O
8*required*O
8*may*O
8*not*O
8*exceed*O
8*the*O
8*limits*O
8*set*O
8*forth*O
8*in*O
8*section*B-RES
8*25-143*I-RES
8*(*I-RES
8*d*I-RES
8*)*I-RES
8*,*O
8*subject*O
8*to*O
8*the*O
8*conditions*O
8*set*O
8*forth*O
8*in*O
8*paragraphs*B-RES
8*(*I-RES
8*e*I-RES
8*)*I-RES
8*and*O
8*(*B-RES
8*f*I-RES
8*)*I-RES
8*of*O
8*section*B-RES
8*25-143*I-RES
8*.*O
9*no*O
9*hazardous*O
9*malfunction*O
9*of*O
9*an*O
9*engine*B-SYS
9*,*O
9*an*O
9*auxiliary*B-SYS
9*power*I-SYS
9*unit*I-SYS
9*approved*O
9*for*O
9*use*O
9*in*O
9*flight*O
9*,*O
9*or*O
9*any*O
9*component*B-SYS
9*or*O
9*system*B-SYS
9*associated*O
9*with*O
9*the*O
9*powerplant*B-SYS
9*or*O
9*auxiliary*B-SYS
9*power*I-SYS
9*unit*I-SYS
9*may*O
9*occur*O
9*when*O
9*the*O
9*airplane*B-SYS
9*is*O
9*operated*O
9*at*O
9*the*O
9*negative*O
9*accelerations*O
9*within*O
9*the*O
9*flight*O
9*envelopes*O
9*prescribed*O
9*in*O
9*section*B-RES
9*25-333*I-RES
9*.*O
10*each*O
10*fuel*B-SYS
10*system*I-SYS
10*must*O
10*be*O
10*constructed*O
10*and*O
10*arranged*O
10*to*O
10*ensure*O
10*a*O
10*flow*O
10*of*O
10*fuel*O
10*at*O
10*a*O
10*rate*O
10*and*O
10*pressure*O
10*established*O
10*for*O
10*proper*O
10*engine*B-SYS
10*and*O
10*auxiliary*B-SYS
10*power*I-SYS
10*unit*I-SYS
10*functioning*O
10*under*O
10*each*O
10*likely*O
10*operating*O
10*condition*O
10*,*O
10*including*O
10*any*O
10*maneuver*O
10*for*O
10*which*O
10*certification*O
10*is*O
10*requested*O
10*and*O
10*during*O
10*which*O
10*the*O
10*engine*B-SYS
10*or*O
10*auxiliary*B-SYS
10*power*I-SYS
10*unit*I-SYS
10*is*O
10*permitted*O
10*to*O
10*be*O
10*in*O
10*operation*O
10*.*O
11*each*O
11*fuel*B-SYS
11*system*I-SYS
11*for*O
11*a*O
11*turbine*B-SYS
11*engine*I-SYS
11*powered*O
11*airplane*B-SYS
11*must*O
11*meet*O
11*the*O
11*applicable*O
11*fuel*O
11*venting*O
11*requirements*O
11*of*O
11*part*B-RES
11*34*I-RES
11*of*O
11*this*O
11*chapter*B-RES
11*.*O
12*proper*O
12*fuel*B-SYS
12*system*I-SYS
12*functioning*O
12*under*O
12*all*O
12*probable*O
12*operating*O
12*conditions*O
12*must*O
12*be*O
12*shown*O
12*by*O
12*analysis*O
12*and*O
12*those*O
12*tests*O
12*found*O
12*necessary*O
12*by*O
12*the*O
12*administrator*O
12*.*O
13*tests*O
13*,*O
13*if*O
13*required*O
13*,*O
13*must*O
13*be*O
13*made*O
13*using*O
13*the*O
13*airplane*B-SYS
13*fuel*I-SYS
13*system*I-SYS
13*or*O
13*a*O
13*test*O
13*article*O
13*that*O
13*reproduces*O
13*the*O
13*operating*O
13*characteristics*O
13*of*O
13*the*O
13*portion*O
13*of*O
13*the*O
13*fuel*B-SYS
13*system*I-SYS
13*to*O
13*be*O
13*tested*O
13*.*O
14*the*O
14*likely*O
14*failure*O
14*of*O
14*any*O
14*heat*B-SYS
14*exchanger*I-SYS
14*using*O
14*fuel*O
14*as*O
14*one*O
14*of*O
14*its*O
14*fluids*O
14*may*O
14*not*O
14*result*O
14*in*O
14*a*O
14*hazardous*O
14*condition*O
14*.*O
15*each*O
15*fuel*B-SYS
15*system*I-SYS
15*must*O
15*meet*O
15*the*O
15*requirements*O
15*of*O
15*section*B-RES
15*25-903*I-RES
15*(*I-RES
15*b*I-RES
15*)*I-RES
15*by*O
15*allowing*O
15*the*O
15*supply*O
15*of*O
15*fuel*O
15*to*O
15*each*O
15*engine*B-SYS
15*through*O
15*a*O
15*system*O
15*independent*O
15*of*O
15*each*O
15*part*O
15*of*O
15*the*O
15*system*O
15*supplying*O
15*fuel*O
15*to*O
15*any*O
15*other*O
15*engine*B-SYS
15*.*O
16*a*O
16*fuel*B-SYS
16*system*I-SYS
16*includes*O
16*any*O
16*component*B-SYS
16*within*O
16*either*O
16*the*O
16*fuel*B-SYS
16*tank*I-SYS
16*structure*I-SYS
16*or*O
16*the*O
16*fuel*B-SYS
16*tank*I-SYS
16*systems*I-SYS
16*,*O
16*and*O
16*any*O
16*airplane*B-SYS
16*structure*I-SYS
16*or*O
16*system*B-SYS
16*components*I-SYS
16*that*O
16*penetrate*O
16*,*O
16*connect*O
16*to*O
16*,*O
16*or*O
16*are*O
16*located*O
16*within*O
16*a*O
16*fuel*O
16*tank*O
16*.*O
17*to*O
17*comply*O
17*with*O
17*paragraph*B-RES
17*(*I-RES
17*b*I-RES
17*)*I-RES
17*of*I-RES
17*section*I-RES
17*25-954*I-RES
17*,*O
17*catastrophic*O
17*fuel*O
17*vapor*O
17*ignition*O
17*must*O
17*be*O
17*extremely*O
17*improbable*O
17*,*O
17*taking*O
17*into*O
17*account*O
17*flammability*O
17*,*O
17*critical*O
17*lightning*O
17*strikes*O
17*,*O
17*and*O
17*failures*O
17*within*O
17*the*O
17*fuel*B-SYS
17*system*I-SYS
17*.*O
18*the*O
18*applicant*O
18*must*O
18*include*O
18*the*O
18*information*O
18*required*O
18*by*O
18*this*O
18*paragraph*B-RES
18*in*O
18*the*O
18*Airworthiness*B-RES
18*Limitations*I-RES
18*section*I-RES
18*of*I-RES
18*the*I-RES
18*Instructions*I-RES
18*for*I-RES
18*Continued*I-RES
18*Airworthiness*I-RES
18*required*O
18*by*O
18*Section*B-RES
18*25-1529*I-RES
18*.*O
19*fuel*O
19*must*O
19*be*O
19*delivered*O
19*to*O
19*each*O
19*engine*B-SYS
19*at*O
19*a*O
19*pressure*O
19*within*O
19*the*O
19*limits*O
19*specified*O
19*in*O
19*the*O
19*engine*B-SYS
19*type*O
19*certificate*O
19*.*O
20*the*O
20*quantity*O
20*of*O
20*fuel*O
20*in*O
20*the*O
20*tank*B-SYS
20*may*O
20*not*O
20*exceed*O
20*the*O
20*amount*O
20*established*O
20*as*O
20*the*O
20*unusable*O
20*fuel*O
20*supply*O
20*for*O
20*that*O
20*tank*B-SYS
20*under*O
20*the*O
20*requirements*O
20*of*O
20*Section*B-RES
20*25-959*I-RES
20*plus*O
20*that*O
20*necessary*O
20*to*O
20*show*O
20*compliance*O
20*with*O
20*this*O
20*section*O
20*.*O
21*each*O
21*main*B-SYS
21*pump*I-SYS
21*must*O
21*be*O
21*used*O
21*that*O
21*is*O
21*necessary*O
21*for*O
21*each*O
21*operating*O
21*condition*O
21*and*O
21*attitude*O
21*for*O
21*which*O
21*compliance*O
21*with*O
21*this*O
21*section*O
21*is*O
21*shown*O
21*,*O
21*and*O
21*the*O
21*appropriate*O
21*emergency*B-SYS
21*pump*I-SYS
21*must*O
21*be*O
21*substituted*O
21*for*O
21*each*O
21*main*B-SYS
21*pump*I-SYS
21*so*O
21*used*O
21*.*O
22*if*O
22*there*O
22*is*O
22*a*O
22*fuel*B-SYS
22*flowmeter*I-SYS
22*,*O
22*it*O
22*must*O
22*be*O
22*blocked*O
22*and*O
22*the*O
22*fuel*O
22*must*O
22*flow*O
22*through*O
22*the*O
22*meter*O
22*or*O
22*its*O
22*bypass*O
22*.*O
23*if*O
23*fuel*O
23*can*O
23*be*O
23*pumped*O
23*from*O
23*one*O
23*tank*O
23*to*O
23*another*O
23*in*O
23*flight*O
23*,*O
23*the*O
23*fuel*B-SYS
23*tank*I-SYS
23*vents*I-SYS
23*and*O
23*the*O
23*fuel*B-SYS
23*transfer*I-SYS
23*system*I-SYS
23*must*O
23*be*O
23*designed*O
23*so*O
23*that*O
23*no*O
23*structural*O
23*damage*O
23*to*O
23*the*O
23*tanks*B-SYS
23*can*O
23*occur*O
23*because*O
23*of*O
23*overfilling*O
23*.*O
24*space-based*O
24*observations*O
24*have*O
24*transformed*O
24*our*O
24*understanding*O
24*of*O
24*earth*O
24*,*O
24*its*O
24*environment*O
24*,*O
24*the*O
24*solar*O
24*system*O
24*,*O
24*and*O
24*the*O
24*universe*O
24*at*O
24*large*O
24*.*O
25*during*O
25*past*O
25*decades*O
25*,*O
25*driven*O
25*by*O
25*increasingly*O
25*advanced*O
25*science*O
25*questions*O
25*,*O
25*space*B-SYS
25*observatories*I-SYS
25*have*O
25*become*O
25*more*O
25*sophisticated*O
25*and*O
25*more*O
25*complex*O
25*,*O
25*with*O
25*costs*O
25*often*O
25*growing*O
25*to*O
25*billions*O
25*of*O
25*dollars*O
25*.*O
26*although*O
26*these*O
26*kinds*O
26*of*O
26*ever-more-sophisticated*O
26*missions*O
26*will*O
26*continue*O
26*into*O
26*the*O
26*future*O
26*,*O
26*small*O
26*satellites*B-SYS
26*ranging*O
26*in*O
26*mass*O
26*between*O
26*500*B-VAL
26*kg*I-VAL
26*to*I-VAL
26*0.1*B-VAL
26*kg*I-VAL
26*-*O
26*from*O
26*microsatellites*B-SYS
26*(*O
26*10*B-VAL
26*kg*I-VAL
26*-*I-VAL
26*100*I-VAL
26*kg*I-VAL
26*)*O
26*,*O
26*nanosatellites*B-SYS
26*(*O
26*1*B-VAL
26*kg*I-VAL
26*-*I-VAL
26*10*I-VAL
26*kg*I-VAL
26*)*O
26*,*O
26*and*O
26*even*O
26*picosatellites*B-SYS
26*(*O
26*0.1*B-VAL
26*kg*I-VAL
26*-*I-VAL
26*1*I-VAL
26*kg*I-VAL
26*)*O
26*-*O
26*are*O
26*gaining*O
26*momentum*O
26*as*O
26*an*O
26*additional*O
26*means*O
26*to*O
26*address*O
26*targeted*O
26*science*O
26*questions*O
26*in*O
26*a*O
26*rapid*O
26*,*O
26*and*O
26*possibly*O
26*more*O
26*affordable*O
26*,*O
26*manner*O
26*.*O
27*within*O
27*the*O
27*category*O
27*of*O
27*small*O
27*satellites*B-SYS
27*,*O
27*CubeSats*B-SYS
27*have*O
27*emerged*O
27*as*O
27*a*O
27*space-platform*O
27*defined*O
27*in*O
27*terms*O
27*of*O
27*(*O
27*10*B-VAL
27*cm*I-VAL
27*)*O
27*3-sized*O
27*units*O
27*of*O
27*approximately*O
27*1.3*B-VAL
27*kg*I-VAL
27*each*O
27*called*O
27*``*O
27*u*O
27*'s*O
27*''*O
27*.*O
28*historically*O
28*,*O
28*CubeSats*B-SYS
28*were*O
28*developed*O
28*as*O
28*training*O
28*projects*O
28*to*O
28*expose*O
28*students*O
28*to*O
28*the*O
28*challenges*O
28*of*O
28*real-world*O
28*engineering*O
28*practices*O
28*and*O
28*system*O
28*design*O
28*.*O
29*yet*O
29*,*O
29*their*O
29*use*O
29*has*O
29*rapidly*O
29*spread*O
29*within*O
29*academia*O
29*,*O
29*industry*O
29*,*O
29*and*O
29*government*O
29*agencies*O
29*both*O
29*nationally*O
29*and*O
29*internationally*O
29*(*O
29*see*O
29*figure*B-RES
29*1-Jan*I-RES
29*for*O
29*examples*O
29*of*O
29*CubeSats*B-SYS
29*)*O
29*.*O
30*in*O
30*particular*O
30*,*O
30*CubeSats*B-SYS
30*have*O
30*caught*O
30*the*O
30*attention*O
30*of*O
30*parts*O
30*of*O
30*the*O
30*U.S.*O
30*space*O
30*science*O
30*community*O
30*,*O
30*which*O
30*sees*O
30*this*O
30*platform*O
30*,*O
30*despite*O
30*its*O
30*inherent*O
30*constraints*O
30*,*O
30*as*O
30*a*O
30*way*O
30*to*O
30*affordably*O
30*access*O
30*space*O
30*and*O
30*perform*O
30*unique*O
30*measurements*O
30*of*O
30*scientific*O
30*value*O
30*.*O
31*the*O
31*first*O
31*science*O
31*results*O
31*from*O
31*such*O
31*CubeSats*B-SYS
31*have*O
31*only*O
31*recently*O
31*become*O
31*available*O
31*;*O
31*however*O
31*,*O
31*questions*O
31*remain*O
31*regarding*O
31*the*O
31*scientific*O
31*potential*O
31*and*O
31*technological*O
31*promise*O
31*of*O
31*CubeSats*B-SYS
31*in*O
31*the*O
31*future*O
31*.*O
32*this*O
32*committee*O
32*,*O
32*under*O
32*the*O
32*auspices*O
32*of*O
32*the*O
32*national*B-ORG
32*academies*I-ORG
32*of*I-ORG
32*sciences*I-ORG
32*,*I-ORG
32*engineering*I-ORG
32*,*I-ORG
32*and*I-ORG
32*medicine*I-ORG
32*and*O
32*called*O
32*for*O
32*by*O
32*the*O
32*National*B-ORG
32*Aeronautics*I-ORG
32*and*I-ORG
32*Space*I-ORG
32*Administration*I-ORG
32*(*O
32*NASA*B-ORG
32*)*O
32*and*O
32*National*B-ORG
32*Science*I-ORG
32*Foundation*I-ORG
32*(*O
32*NSF*B-ORG
32*)*O
32*,*O
32*was*O
32*charged*O
32*to*O
32*review*O
32*the*O
32*current*O
32*state*O
32*of*O
32*the*O
32*scientific*O
32*potential*O
32*and*O
32*technological*O
32*promise*O
32*of*O
32*CubeSats*B-SYS
32*.*O
33*this*O
33*assessment*O
33*focuses*O
33*on*O
33*the*O
33*platform*O
33*'s*O
33*promise*O
33*to*O
33*obtain*O
33*high-priority*O
33*science*O
33*data*O
33*,*O
33*as*O
33*defined*O
33*in*O
33*recent*O
33*decadal*O
33*surveys*O
33*in*O
33*astronomy*O
33*and*O
33*astrophysics*O
33*,*O
33*earth*O
33*science*O
33*,*O
33*and*O
33*applications*O
33*from*O
33*space*O
33*,*O
33*planetary*O
33*science*O
33*,*O
33*and*O
33*solar*O
33*and*O
33*space*O
33*physics*O
33*(*O
33*heliophysics*O
33*)*O
33*;*O
33*the*O
33*science*O
33*priorities*O
33*identified*O
33*in*O
33*the*O
33*2014*B-DATETIME
33*NASA*B-ORG
33*science*O
33*plan*O
33*;*O
33*and*O
33*the*O
33*potential*O
33*for*O
33*CubeSats*B-SYS
33*to*O
33*advance*O
33*biology*O
33*and*O
33*microgravity*O
33*research*O
33*.*O
34*using*O
34*the*O
34*study*O
34*objectives*O
34*from*O
34*the*O
34*committee*O
34*'s*O
34*statement*O
34*of*O
34*task*O
34*(*O
34*provided*O
34*in*O
34*Appendix*B-RES
34*A*I-RES
34*)*O
34*,*O
34*the*O
34*specific*O
34*actions*O
34*to*O
34*the*O
34*committee*O
34*are*O
34*listed*O
34*below*O
34*.*O
35*develop*O
35*a*O
35*brief*O
35*summary*O
35*overview*O
35*of*O
35*the*O
35*status*O
35*,*O
35*capability*O
35*,*O
35*availability*O
35*,*O
35*and*O
35*accomplishments*O
35*of*O
35*a*O
35*selection*O
35*of*O
35*existing*O
35*cubesat*O
35*programs*O
35*in*O
35*the*O
35*government*O
35*,*O
35*academic*O
35*,*O
35*and*O
35*industrial*O
35*sectors*O
35*.*O
36*recommend*O
36*any*O
36*potential*O
36*near-term*O
36*investments*O
36*that*O
36*could*O
36*be*O
36*made*O
36*(*O
36*a*O
36*)*O
36*to*O
36*improve*O
36*the*O
36*capabilities*O
36*that*O
36*have*O
36*a*O
36*high*O
36*impact*O
36*on*O
36*the*O
36*increased*O
36*science*O
36*and*O
36*technology*O
36*return*O
36*-*O
36*thereby*O
36*increasing*O
36*the*O
36*value*O
36*of*O
36*CubeSats*B-SYS
36*to*O
36*the*O
36*science*O
36*community*O
36*-*O
36*and*O
36*(*O
36*b*O
36*)*O
36*to*O
36*enable*O
36*the*O
36*science*O
36*communities*O
36*'*O
36*use*O
36*of*O
36*CubeSats*B-SYS
36*.*O
37*identify*O
37*a*O
37*set*O
37*of*O
37*sample*O
37*priority*O
37*science*O
37*goals*O
37*that*O
37*describe*O
37*near-term*O
37*science*O
37*opportunities*O
37*-*O
37*such*O
37*as*O
37*providing*O
37*continuity*O
37*of*O
37*key*O
37*measurements*O
37*to*O
37*mitigate*O
37*potential*O
37*gaps*O
37*in*O
37*measurements*O
37*of*O
37*key*O
37*parameters*O
37*-*O
37*and*O
37*that*O
37*can*O
37*be*O
37*accomplished*O
37*given*O
37*the*O
37*current*O
37*state*O
37*of*O
37*cubesat*O
37*capabilities*O
37*.*O
38*the*O
38*promise*O
38*of*O
38*CubeSats*B-SYS
38*for*O
38*education*O
38*and*O
38*training*O
38*(*O
38*formal*O
38*,*O
38*informal*O
38*,*O
38*and*O
38*early*O
38*career*O
38*development*O
38*)*O
38*is*O
38*that*O
38*they*O
38*are*O
38*relatively*O
38*affordable*O
38*and*O
38*that*O
38*they*O
38*provide*O
38*easy*O
38*access*O
38*to*O
38*space*O
38*.*O
39*this*O
39*is*O
39*achieved*O
39*through*O
39*standardized*O
39*interfaces*O
39*and*O
39*,*O
39*especially*O
39*,*O
39*picosatellite*B-SYS
39*deployment*O
39*mechanisms*O
39*that*O
39*can*O
39*be*O
39*added*O
39*to*O
39*launch*B-SYS
39*vehicles*I-SYS
39*as*O
39*secondary*B-SYS
39*payloads*I-SYS
39*.*O
40*the*O
40*initial*O
40*development*O
40*of*O
40*such*O
40*a*O
40*mechanism*O
40*in*O
40*the*O
40*1990s*B-DATETIME
40*by*O
40*Aerospace*B-ORG
40*Corporation*I-ORG
40*(*O
40*i.e.*O
40*,*O
40*the*O
40*orbiting*B-SYS
40*picosatellite*I-SYS
40*automated*I-SYS
40*launcher*I-SYS
40*(*O
40*opal*B-SYS
40*)*O
40*)*O
40*led*O
40*robert*O
40*twiggs*O
40*(*O
40*then*O
40*at*O
40*Stanford*B-ORG
40*University*I-ORG
40*)*O
40*to*O
40*develop*O
40*the*O
40*initial*O
40*cubesat*O
40*concept*O
40*in*O
40*early*O
40*1999*B-DATETIME
40*.*O
41*jordi*O
41*puig-suari*O
41*from*O
41*California*B-ORG
41*Polytechnic*I-ORG
41*State*I-ORG
41*University*I-ORG
41*(*O
41*Cal*B-ORG
41*Poly*I-ORG
41*)*O
41*at*O
41*san*O
41*luis*O
41*obispo*O
41*helped*O
41*refine*O
41*this*O
41*concept*O
41*and*O
41*created*O
41*the*O
41*specifications*O
41*for*O
41*the*O
41*Poly*B-SYS
41*Picosatellite*I-SYS
41*Orbital*I-SYS
41*Deployer*I-SYS
41*(*O
41*P-POD*B-SYS
41*,*O
41*canister*O
41*)*O
41*(*O
41*figure*B-RES
41*2-Jan*I-RES
41*)*O
41*.*O
42*eight*B-VAL
42*opal-based*B-SYS
42*picosatellites*I-SYS
42*were*O
42*launched*O
42*in*O
42*2000-2001*B-DATETIME
42*on*O
42*u.s.*O
42*minotaur-1*B-SYS
42*rockets*I-SYS
42*.*O
43*six*B-VAL
43*CubeSats*B-SYS
43*were*O
43*first*O
43*launched*O
43*using*O
43*the*O
43*P-POD*B-SYS
43*in*O
43*2003*B-DATETIME
43*aboard*O
43*a*O
43*Russian*B-SYS
43*Rokot*I-SYS
43*launch*I-SYS
43*vehicle*I-SYS
43*,*O
43*with*O
43*three*B-VAL
43*more*O
43*CubeSats*B-SYS
43*aboard*O
43*a*O
43*Kosmos-3M*B-SYS
43*rocket*I-SYS
43*in*O
43*2005*B-DATETIME
43*.*O
44*the*O
44*larger*O
44*P-POD*B-SYS
44*displaced*O
44*the*O
44*smaller*O
44*OPAL*B-SYS
44*deployer*I-SYS
44*,*O
44*and*O
44*most*O
44*of*O
44*the*O
44*CubeSats*B-SYS
44*launched*O
44*in*O
44*2006*B-DATETIME
44*to*O
44*the*O
44*present*O
44*time*O
44*have*O
44*utilized*O
44*the*O
44*3U*B-VAL
44*P-POD*B-SYS
44*or*O
44*similar*O
44*form-factor*O
44*3U*B-VAL
44*and*I-VAL
44*6U*I-VAL
44*deployers*B-SYS
44*.*O
45*during*O
45*the*O
45*same*O
45*time*O
45*,*O
45*cubesat-specific*O
45*technology*O
45*developments*O
45*began*O
45*within*O
45*universities*O
45*,*O
45*government*O
45*agencies*O
45*,*O
45*and*O
45*industry*O
45*with*O
45*funding*O
45*primarily*O
45*from*O
45*various*O
45*agencies*O
45*within*O
45*the*O
45*united*O
45*states*O
45*.*O
46*in*O
46*2008*B-DATETIME
46*,*O
46*university*O
46*groups*O
46*led*O
46*nearly*O
46*three-quarters*O
46*of*O
46*all*O
46*CubeSats*B-SYS
46*launched*O
46*.*O
47*educational*O
47*institutions*O
47*that*O
47*were*O
47*focused*O
47*both*O
47*on*O
47*engineering*O
47*of*O
47*space*O
47*systems*O
47*and*O
47*on*O
47*space*O
47*sciences*O
47*were*O
47*engaging*O
47*preferentially*O
47*in*O
47*this*O
47*novel*O
47*activity*O
47*.*O
48*a*O
48*partnership*O
48*between*O
48*NASA*B-ORG
48*and*O
48*Santa*B-ORG
48*Clara*I-ORG
48*University*I-ORG
48*led*O
48*to*O
48*the*O
48*first*O
48*science-based*O
48*NASA*B-ORG
48*cubesat*O
48*,*O
48*a*O
48*bacterial*O
48*life*O
48*support*O
48*experiment*O
48*called*O
48*GeneSat*B-SYS
48*that*O
48*was*O
48*launched*O
48*in*O
48*December*B-DATETIME
48*2006*I-DATETIME
48*.*O
49*as*O
49*technology*O
49*has*O
49*matured*O
49*,*O
49*the*O
49*focus*O
49*for*O
49*CubeSats*B-SYS
49*has*O
49*increasingly*O
49*turned*O
49*toward*O
49*high-value*O
49*commercial*O
49*and*O
49*science-focused*O
49*missions*O
49*.*O
50*the*O
50*pace*O
50*of*O
50*cubesat*O
50*development*O
50*accelerated*O
50*rapidly*O
50*in*O
50*the*O
50*mid-2000s*B-DATETIME
50*with*O
50*an*O
50*expansion*O
50*of*O
50*both*O
50*the*O
50*number*O
50*and*O
50*the*O
50*type*O
50*of*O
50*organizations*O
50*beyond*O
50*those*O
50*focused*O
50*on*O
50*education*O
50*or*O
50*technology*O
50*development*O
50*,*O
50*as*O
50*illustrated*O
50*in*O
50*Figure*B-RES
50*3-Jan*I-RES
50*.*O
51*during*O
51*this*O
51*time*O
51*,*O
51*NASA*B-ORG
51*was*O
51*increasing*O
51*its*O
51*investments*O
51*in*O
51*CubeSats*B-SYS
51*primarily*O
51*for*O
51*technology*O
51*development*O
51*(*O
51*such*O
51*as*O
51*technology*O
51*maturations*O
51*toward*O
51*higher*O
51*technology*O
51*readiness*O
51*levels*O
51*(*O
51*trls*O
51*)*O
51*)*O
51*and*O
51*training*O
51*objectives*O
51*.*O
52*in*O
52*2007*B-DATETIME
52*,*O
52*the*O
52*Geospace*B-ORG
52*Science*I-ORG
52*Section*I-ORG
52*at*O
52*NSF*B-ORG
52*pioneered*O
52*the*O
52*role*O
52*CubeSats*B-SYS
52*could*O
52*fulfill*O
52*for*O
52*space*O
52*weather*O
52*research*O
52*by*O
52*establishing*O
52*a*O
52*funded*O
52*program*O
52*in*O
52*2008*B-DATETIME
52*that*O
52*was*O
52*focused*O
52*on*O
52*science*O
52*and*O
52*education*O
52*.*O
53*after*O
53*2010*B-DATETIME
53*,*O
53*new*O
53*commercial*O
53*players*O
53*were*O
53*emerging*O
53*as*O
53*technology*O
53*providers*O
53*and*O
53*also*O
53*as*O
53*companies*O
53*developing*O
53*and*O
53*launching*O
53*entire*O
53*cubesat*B-SYS
53*systems*I-SYS
53*(*O
53*for*O
53*discussion*O
53*of*O
53*the*O
53*commercial*O
53*sector*O
53*,*O
53*see*O
53*Chapter*B-RES
53*6*I-RES
53*)*O
53*.*O
54*in*O
54*2013*B-DATETIME
54*through*I-DATETIME
54*2015*I-DATETIME
54*,*O
54*the*O
54*commercial*O
54*cubesat*O
54*launches*O
54*provided*O
54*approximately*O
54*55*B-VAL
54*percent*I-VAL
54*of*O
54*all*O
54*CubeSats*B-SYS
54*,*O
54*university-led*O
54*launches*O
54*consisted*O
54*of*O
54*approximately*O
54*21*B-VAL
54*percent*I-VAL
54*,*O
54*and*O
54*government*O
54*(*O
54*military*O
54*,*O
54*NASA*B-ORG
54*,*O
54*and*O
54*NSF*B-ORG
54*)*O
54*provided*O
54*the*O
54*remaining*O
54*24*B-VAL
54*percent*I-VAL
54*.*O
55*by*O
55*the*O
55*end*B-DATETIME
55*of*I-DATETIME
55*2015*I-DATETIME
55*,*O
55*425*B-VAL
55*CubeSats*B-SYS
55*had*O
55*been*O
55*launched*O
55*,*O
55*bolstered*O
55*significantly*O
55*by*O
55*the*O
55*growth*O
55*of*O
55*commercial*O
55*applications*O
55*for*O
55*CubeSats*B-SYS
55*in*O
55*earth*O
55*observation*O
55*and*O
55*communications*O
55*.*O
56*for*O
56*example*O
56*,*O
56*71*B-VAL
56*percent*I-VAL
56*of*O
56*the*O
56*cubesat*O
56*launches*O
56*in*O
56*2014*B-DATETIME
56*were*O
56*commercial*O
56*Earth-imaging*B-SYS
56*CubeSats*I-SYS
56*for*O
56*the*O
56*u.s.*O
56*firm*O
56*Planet*B-ORG
56*Labs*I-ORG
56*,*O
56*carried*O
56*in*O
56*NanoRacks*B-SYS
56*or*O
56*ISIPOD*B-SYS
56*deployers*I-SYS
56*.*O
57*another*O
57*factor*O
57*contributing*O
57*to*O
57*the*O
57*increasing*O
57*number*O
57*of*O
57*cubesat*O
57*launches*O
57*is*O
57*the*O
57*opportunity*O
57*for*O
57*CubeSats*B-SYS
57*to*O
57*fly*O
57*as*O
57*secondary*B-SYS
57*payloads*I-SYS
57*on*O
57*the*O
57*frequent*O
57*re-supply*O
57*missions*O
57*to*O
57*the*O
57*International*B-SYS
57*Space*I-SYS
57*Station*I-SYS
57*(*O
57*ISS*B-SYS
57*)*O
57*.*O
58*for*O
58*example*O
58*,*O
58*72*B-VAL
58*percent*I-VAL
58*of*O
58*the*O
58*cubesat*O
58*launches*O
58*in*O
58*2014*B-DATETIME
58*were*O
58*to*O
58*the*O
58*ISS*B-SYS
58*using*O
58*the*O
58*NanoRacks*B-SYS
58*canister*I-SYS
58*.*O
59*of*O
59*the*O
59*425*B-VAL
59*CubeSats*B-SYS
59*launched*O
59*,*O
59*NASA*B-ORG
59*and*O
59*NSF*B-ORG
59*have*O
59*launched*O
59*19*B-VAL
59*CubeSats*B-SYS
59*focused*O
59*explicitly*O
59*on*O
59*science*O
59*objectives*O
59*,*O
59*as*O
59*discussed*O
59*in*O
59*the*O
59*section*O
59*``*O
59*the*O
59*current*O
59*NSF*B-ORG
59*and*O
59*NASA*B-ORG
59*cubesat*O
59*programs*O
59*''*O
59*.*O
60*the*O
60*primary*O
60*conferences*O
60*regarding*O
60*CubeSats*B-SYS
60*have*O
60*generally*O
60*been*O
60*the*O
60*cubesat*O
60*developer*O
60*'s*O
60*workshop*O
60*,*O
60*held*O
60*annually*B-DATETIME
60*in*O
60*April*B-DATETIME
60*at*O
60*Cal*B-ORG
60*Poly*I-ORG
60*;*O
60*the*O
60*aiaa/usu*O
60*conference*O
60*on*O
60*Small*B-SYS
60*Satellites*I-SYS
60*;*O
60*the*O
60*4s*O
60*symposium*O
60*:*O
60*small*O
60*satellite*O
60*systems*O
60*and*O
60*services*O
60*;*O
60*and*O
60*the*O
60*european*O
60*cubesat*O
60*symposium*O
60*.*O
61*although*O
61*the*O
61*cubesat*O
61*developer*O
61*'s*O
61*workshop*O
61*and*O
61*the*O
61*conference*O
61*on*O
61*Small*B-SYS
61*Satellites*I-SYS
61*will*O
61*enter*O
61*their*O
61*13th*B-VAL
61*and*I-VAL
61*30th*I-VAL
61*years*I-VAL
61*,*O
61*respectively*O
61*,*O
61*the*O
61*number*O
61*of*O
61*new*O
61*cubesat*O
61*meetings*O
61*throughout*O
61*the*O
61*world*O
61*has*O
61*grown*O
61*both*O
61*in*O
61*number*O
61*and*O
61*in*O
61*attendance*O
61*.*O
62*furthermore*O
62*,*O
62*specific*O
62*meetings*O
62*addressing*O
62*ongoing*O
62*and*O
62*proposed*O
62*cubesat*O
62*science*O
62*have*O
62*been*O
62*introduced*O
62*,*O
62*such*O
62*as*O
62*the*O
62*NSF*B-ORG
62*2011*B-DATETIME
62*workshop*O
62*on*O
62*CubeSats*B-SYS
62*for*O
62*gem*O
62*and*O
62*cedar*O
62*science*O
62*,*O
62*along*O
62*with*O
62*other*O
62*gem/cedar*O
62*workshops*O
62*,*O
62*that*O
62*represent*O
62*important*O
62*venues*O
62*for*O
62*the*O
62*geosciences*O
62*community*O
62*to*O
62*share*O
62*their*O
62*cubesat*O
62*flight*O
62*results*O
62*.*O
63*other*O
63*meetings*O
63*include*O
63*the*O
63*icubesat*O
63*workshops*O
63*,*O
63*lunar*O
63*cubes*O
63*workshops*O
63*,*O
63*and*O
63*interplanetary*O
63*small*O
63*satellite*O
63*conferences*O
63*that*O
63*have*O
63*been*O
63*created*O
63*to*O
63*focus*O
63*exclusively*O
63*on*O
63*beyond-low*O
63*earth*O
63*orbit*O
63*(*O
63*leo*O
63*)*O
63*science*O
63*exploration*O
63*and*O
63*technology*O
63*maturation*O
63*with*O
63*CubeSats*B-SYS
63*.*O
64*furthermore*O
64*,*O
64*major*O
64*scientific*O
64*meetings*O
64*have*O
64*now*O
64*incorporated*O
64*CubeSats*B-SYS
64*as*O
64*part*O
64*of*O
64*the*O
64*scientific*O
64*agenda*O
64*.*O
65*The*B-ORG
65*American*I-ORG
65*Geophysical*I-ORG
65*Union*I-ORG
65*(*O
65*AGU*B-ORG
65*)*O
65*had*O
65*a*O
65*total*O
65*of*O
65*189*B-VAL
65*cubesat-related*O
65*oral*O
65*and*O
65*poster*O
65*presentations*O
65*from*O
65*2001-2015*B-DATETIME
65*.*O
66*only*O
66*3*B-VAL
66*submissions*O
66*to*O
66*AGU*B-ORG
66*were*O
66*found*O
66*from*O
66*2001-2008*B-DATETIME
66*,*O
66*and*O
66*the*O
66*first*O
66*dedicated*O
66*science*O
66*session*O
66*on*O
66*``*O
66*the*O
66*scientific*O
66*promise*O
66*of*O
66*nanosatellites*O
66*and*O
66*CubeSats*O
66*to*O
66*advance*O
66*geospace*O
66*and*O
66*upper*O
66*atmospheric*O
66*science*O
66*''*O
66*was*O
66*held*O
66*in*O
66*2009*B-DATETIME
66*where*O
66*a*O
66*total*O
66*of*O
66*31*B-VAL
66*topics*I-VAL
66*were*O
66*presented*O
66*.*O
67*this*O
67*trend*O
67*has*O
67*increased*O
67*with*O
67*a*O
67*total*O
67*of*O
67*52*B-VAL
67*presentations*I-VAL
67*at*O
67*the*O
67*2015*B-DATETIME
67*AGU*B-ORG
67*fall*O
67*meeting*O
67*,*O
67*representing*O
67*the*O
67*largest*O
67*number*O
67*to*O
67*date*O
67*,*O
67*including*O
67*a*O
67*nasa-organized*O
67*session*O
67*under*O
67*the*O
67*theme*O
67*of*O
67*disruptive*O
67*technologies*O
67*in*O
67*space*O
67*called*O
67*``*O
67*taking*O
67*smallsats*O
67*to*O
67*the*O
67*next*O
67*level*O
67*,*O
67*enabling*O
67*new*O
67*science*O
67*''*O
67*.*O
68*other*O
68*science*O
68*meetings*O
68*,*O
68*such*O
68*as*O
68*the*O
68*lunar*O
68*and*O
68*planetary*O
68*science*O
68*conference*O
68*and*O
68*the*O
68*American*B-ORG
68*Astronomical*I-ORG
68*Society*I-ORG
68*have*O
68*also*O
68*held*O
68*a*O
68*growing*O
68*number*O
68*of*O
68*cubesat*O
68*sessions*O
68*with*O
68*broad*O
68*participation*O
68*.*O
69*an*O
69*illustration*O
69*of*O
69*the*O
69*growth*O
69*of*O
69*the*O
69*community*O
69*is*O
69*the*O
69*attendance*O
69*statistic*O
69*at*O
69*the*O
69*utah*O
69*conference*O
69*on*O
69*Small*B-SYS
69*Satellites*I-SYS
69*,*O
69*the*O
69*leading*O
69*conference*O
69*for*O
69*CubeSats*B-SYS
69*and*O
69*other*O
69*small*O
69*satellite*O
69*platforms*O
69*,*O
69*which*O
69*has*O
69*tripled*O
69*from*O
69*600*B-VAL
69*prior*O
69*to*O
69*the*O
69*launch*O
69*of*O
69*the*O
69*first*O
69*P-POD*B-SYS
69*CubeSat*I-SYS
69*in*O
69*2003*B-DATETIME
69*to*O
69*more*O
69*than*O
69*1,800*B-VAL
69*in*O
69*2015*B-DATETIME
69*,*O
69*as*O
69*shown*O
69*in*O
69*Figure*B-RES
69*4-Jan*I-RES
69*.*O
70*while*O
70*the*O
70*numbers*O
70*do*O
70*not*O
70*necessarily*O
70*reflect*O
70*only*O
70*growth*O
70*of*O
70*the*O
70*cubesat*O
70*community*O
70*,*O
70*according*O
70*to*O
70*the*O
70*conference*O
70*organizers*O
70*,*O
70*the*O
70*rapid*O
70*upticks*O
70*of*O
70*interest*O
70*in*O
70*2003*B-DATETIME
70*and*O
70*in*O
70*2013*B-DATETIME
70*were*O
70*related*O
70*to*O
70*a*O
70*broader*O
70*engagement*O
70*of*O
70*science*O
70*and*O
70*engineering*O
70*groups*O
70*and*O
70*then*O
70*commercial*O
70*entities*O
70*,*O
70*respectively*O
70*.*O
71*student*O
71*interest*O
71*in*O
71*CubeSats*B-SYS
71*has*O
71*moved*O
71*from*O
71*a*O
71*community*O
71*almost*O
71*entirely*O
71*of*O
71*undergraduate*O
71*students*O
71*-*O
71*mostly*O
71*from*O
71*engineering-focused*O
71*departments*O
71*at*O
71*u.s.*O
71*universities*O
71*-*O
71*to*O
71*nearly*O
71*50*B-VAL
71*percent*I-VAL
71*graduate*O
71*students*O
71*who*O
71*use*O
71*these*O
71*platforms*O
71*for*O
71*engineering*O
71*and*O
71*scientific*O
71*research*O
71*.*O
72*in*O
72*fact*O
72*,*O
72*the*O
72*conference*O
72*on*O
72*Small*B-SYS
72*Satellites*I-SYS
72*provides*O
72*research*O
72*award*O
72*for*O
72*such*O
72*graduate*O
72*students*O
72*,*O
72*judged*O
72*by*O
72*sets*O
72*of*O
72*referees*O
72*from*O
72*private*O
72*industry*O
72*and*O
72*federal*O
72*agencies*O
72*.*O
73*furthermore*O
73*,*O
73*the*O
73*fraction*O
73*of*O
73*industry*O
73*attendees*O
73*has*O
73*increased*O
73*over*O
73*time*O
73*as*O
73*well*O
73*;*O
73*several*O
73*of*O
73*the*O
73*start-up*O
73*entrepreneurs*O
73*and*O
73*investors*O
73*registering*O
73*as*O
73*``*O
73*self*O
73*''*O
73*are*O
73*using*O
73*the*O
73*conference*O
73*to*O
73*assess*O
73*technology*O
73*and*O
73*market*O
73*trends*O
73*.*O
74*given*O
74*their*O
74*affordability*O
74*and*O
74*short*O
74*development*O
74*life*O
74*cycles*O
74*,*O
74*CubeSats*B-SYS
74*have*O
74*attracted*O
74*global*O
74*interest*O
74*.*O
75*for*O
75*many*O
75*countries*O
75*,*O
75*such*O
75*as*O
75*uruguay*O
75*,*O
75*CubeSats*B-SYS
75*are*O
75*the*O
75*country*O
75*'s*O
75*first*O
75*forays*O
75*into*O
75*space*O
75*.*O
76*however*O
76*,*O
76*as*O
76*Figure*B-RES
76*5-Jan*I-RES
76*illustrates*O
76*,*O
76*the*O
76*united*O
76*states*O
76*currently*O
76*is*O
76*the*O
76*dominant*O
76*player*O
76*in*O
76*the*O
76*community*O
76*.*O
77*Thirty-six*B-VAL
77*different*O
77*countries*O
77*(*O
77*led*O
77*by*O
77*japan*O
77*,*O
77*germany*O
77*,*O
77*and*O
77*denmark*O
77*)*O
77*have*O
77*launched*O
77*at*O
77*least*O
77*one*O
77*cubesat*O
77*.*O
78*for*O
78*most*O
78*of*O
78*these*O
78*countries*O
78*,*O
78*the*O
78*numbers*O
78*are*O
78*in*O
78*the*O
78*single*O
78*digits*O
78*but*O
78*are*O
78*expected*O
78*to*O
78*grow*O
78*.*O
79*Figure*B-RES
79*5-Jan*I-RES
79*also*O
79*shows*O
79*the*O
79*addition*O
79*of*O
79*countries*O
79*by*O
79*year*O
79*(*O
79*excluding*O
79*the*O
79*united*O
79*states*O
79*for*O
79*clarity*O
79*)*O
79*.*O
80*the*O
80*first*O
80*countries*O
80*outside*O
80*the*O
80*united*O
80*states*O
80*to*O
80*launch*O
80*a*O
80*cubesat*O
80*were*O
80*canada*O
80*,*O
80*denmark*O
80*,*O
80*and*O
80*japan*O
80*(*O
80*in*O
80*2003*B-DATETIME
80*)*O
80*.*O
81*an*O
81*interesting*O
81*observation*O
81*with*O
81*respect*O
81*to*O
81*global*O
81*launches*O
81*of*O
81*CubeSats*B-SYS
81*is*O
81*that*O
81*although*O
81*commercial*O
81*actors*O
81*now*O
81*dominate*O
81*the*O
81*united*O
81*states*O
81*,*O
81*for*O
81*other*O
81*countries*O
81*,*O
81*the*O
81*launches*O
81*are*O
81*almost*O
81*entirely*O
81*led*O
81*by*O
81*universities*O
81*.*O
82*pioneering*O
82*CubeSats*B-SYS
82*funded*O
82*by*O
82*NASA*B-ORG
82*from*O
82*2006-2010*B-DATETIME
82*,*O
82*such*O
82*as*O
82*GeneSat*B-SYS
82*,*O
82*focused*O
82*on*O
82*space*O
82*biology*O
82*and*O
82*were*O
82*developed*O
82*by*O
82*NASA*B-ORG
82*'s*O
82*Ames*B-ORG
82*Research*I-ORG
82*Center*I-ORG
82*and*O
82*partner*O
82*organizations*O
82*.*O
83*following*O
83*these*O
83*initial*O
83*nasa-funded*O
83*developments*O
83*,*O
83*NSF*B-ORG
83*has*O
83*since*O
83*led*O
83*the*O
83*nation*O
83*in*O
83*the*O
83*development*O
83*of*O
83*science-driven*O
83*cubesat*O
83*programs*O
83*and*O
83*,*O
83*to*O
83*date*O
83*,*O
83*provides*O
83*a*O
83*large*O
83*fraction*O
83*of*O
83*the*O
83*flight*O
83*heritage*O
83*of*O
83*science-driven*O
83*missions*O
83*.*O
84*the*O
84*NSF*B-ORG
84*program*O
84*of*O
84*cubesat-based*O
84*science*O
84*missions*O
84*for*O
84*geospace*O
84*and*O
84*atmospheric*O
84*research*O
84*issued*O
84*a*O
84*first*O
84*call*O
84*for*O
84*proposals*O
84*in*O
84*2008*B-DATETIME
84*.*O
85*thus*O
85*far*O
85*,*O
85*five*O
85*such*O
85*calls*O
85*have*O
85*been*O
85*issued*O
85*,*O
85*and*O
85*the*O
85*next*O
85*solicitation*O
85*is*O
85*expected*O
85*in*O
85*the*O
85*summer*B-DATETIME
85*or*I-DATETIME
85*fall*I-DATETIME
85*of*I-DATETIME
85*2016*I-DATETIME
85*.*O
86*the*O
86*number*O
86*of*O
86*selected*O
86*CubeSats*B-SYS
86*is*O
86*limited*O
86*by*O
86*the*O
86*available*O
86*budget*O
86*,*O
86*which*O
86*is*O
86*approximately*O
86*$*B-VAL
86*1.4*I-VAL
86*million/year*I-VAL
86*,*O
86*although*O
86*supple-*O
86*mental*O
86*funding*O
86*from*O
86*industry*O
86*and*O
86*other*O
86*sources*O
86*have*O
86*contributed*O
86*support*O
86*.*O
87*as*O
87*of*O
87*the*O
87*end*B-DATETIME
87*of*I-DATETIME
87*2015*I-DATETIME
87*,*O
87*NSF*B-ORG
87*has*O
87*launched*O
87*8*B-VAL
87*missions*O
87*for*O
87*a*O
87*total*O
87*of*O
87*13*B-VAL
87*CubeSats*B-SYS
87*.*O
88*according*O
88*to*O
88*the*O
88*NSF*B-ORG
88*program*O
88*manager*O
88*,*O
88*all*O
88*but*O
88*one*O
88*selected*O
88*mission*O
88*has*O
88*been*O
88*successful*O
88*at*O
88*providing*O
88*science*O
88*measurements*O
88*so*O
88*far*O
88*,*O
88*although*O
88*three*B-VAL
88*of*O
88*them*O
88*required*O
88*a*O
88*re-flight*O
88*to*O
88*address*O
88*a*O
88*spacecraft*B-SYS
88*anomaly*O
88*.*O
89*this*O
89*includes*O
89*Radio*B-SYS
89*Aurora*I-SYS
89*Explorer*I-SYS
89*(*O
89*RAX*B-SYS
89*)*O
89*-1*O
89*,*O
89*which*O
89*was*O
89*re-flown*O
89*as*O
89*the*O
89*RAX-2*B-SYS
89*mission*O
89*(*O
89*see*O
89*Figure*B-RES
89*7-Jan*I-RES
89*)*O
89*.*O
90*NSF*B-ORG
90*has*O
90*7*B-VAL
90*missions*O
90*with*O
90*a*O
90*total*O
90*of*O
90*11*B-VAL
90*CubeSats*B-SYS
90*in*O
90*development*O
90*.*O
91*it*O
91*is*O
91*noteworthy*O
91*how*O
91*well*O
91*NSF*B-ORG
91*'s*O
91*cubesat*O
91*program*O
91*aligns*O
91*with*O
91*the*O
91*first*O
91*recommendation*O
91*of*O
91*the*O
91*2013*B-DATETIME
91*decadal*O
91*survey*O
91*solar*O
91*and*O
91*space*O
91*physics*O
91*:*O
91*a*O
91*science*O
91*for*O
91*a*O
91*technological*O
91*society*O
91*.*O
92*the*O
92*survey*O
92*recommended*O
92*the*O
92*implementation*O
92*of*O
92*the*O
92*drive*O
92*initiative*O
92*,*O
92*which*O
92*called*O
92*out*O
92*very*O
92*small*O
92*satellite*O
92*flight*O
92*opportunities*O
92*,*O
92*including*O
92*CubeSats*B-SYS
92*,*O
92*as*O
92*a*O
92*growth*O
92*area*O
92*for*O
92*both*O
92*NSF*B-ORG
92*and*O
92*NASA*B-ORG
92*.*O
93*the*O
93*next*O
93*significant*O
93*increase*O
93*for*O
93*science-based*O
93*cubesat*O
93*missions*O
93*occurred*O
93*in*O
93*2013*B-DATETIME
93*,*O
93*when*O
93*NASA*B-ORG
93*provided*O
93*multiple*O
93*opportunities*O
93*for*O
93*the*O
93*space*O
93*science*O
93*community*O
93*to*O
93*propose*O
93*science-based*O
93*cubesat*O
93*missions*O
93*.*O
94*during*O
94*this*O
94*period*O
94*,*O
94*a*O
94*significant*O
94*increase*O
94*in*O
94*launches*O
94*also*O
94*occurred*O
94*for*O
94*NASA*B-ORG
94*technology*O
94*and*O
94*NSF*B-ORG
94*science*O
94*CubeSats*B-SYS
94*.*O
95*as*O
95*of*O
95*the*O
95*end*B-DATETIME
95*of*I-DATETIME
95*2015*I-DATETIME
95*,*O
95*NASA*B-ORG
95*has*O
95*launched*O
95*18*B-VAL
95*missions*I-VAL
95*for*O
95*a*O
95*total*O
95*of*O
95*34*B-VAL
95*CubeSats*I-VAL
95*with*O
95*science*O
95*and*O
95*technology*O
95*objectives*O
95*.*O
96*NASA*B-ORG
96*has*O
96*39*B-VAL
96*missions*I-VAL
96*for*O
96*a*O
96*total*O
96*of*O
96*46*B-VAL
96*CubeSats*I-VAL
96*in*O
96*development*O
96*(*O
96*Table*B-RES
96*2-Jan*I-RES
96*)*O
96*.*O
97*of*O
97*the*O
97*total*O
97*NASA*B-ORG
97*cubesat*O
97*missions*O
97*,*O
97*33*B-VAL
97*percent*I-VAL
97*have*O
97*goals*O
97*that*O
97*are*O
97*science-based*O
97*and*O
97*67*B-VAL
97*percent*I-VAL
97*have*O
97*goals*O
97*that*O
97*are*O
97*technology-based*O
97*.*O
98*these*O
98*projects*O
98*span*O
98*all*O
98*four*O
98*NASA*B-ORG
98*Science*B-ORG
98*Mission*I-ORG
98*Directorate*I-ORG
98*(*O
98*SMD*B-ORG
98*)*O
98*science*O
98*divisions*O
98*,*O
98*the*O
98*Space*B-ORG
98*Technology*I-ORG
98*Mission*I-ORG
98*Directorate*I-ORG
98*(*O
98*STMD*B-ORG
98*)*O
98*,*O
98*the*O
98*Human*B-ORG
98*Exploration*I-ORG
98*and*I-ORG
98*Operations*I-ORG
98*Mission*I-ORG
98*Directorate*I-ORG
98*(*O
98*HEOMD*B-ORG
98*)*O
98*,*O
98*and*O
98*NASA*B-ORG
98*centers*I-ORG
98*.*O
99*a*O
99*total*O
99*of*O
99*104*B-VAL
99*cubesat*O
99*spacecraft*B-SYS
99*have*O
99*launched*O
99*or*O
99*are*O
99*in*O
99*development*O
99*under*O
99*NASA*B-ORG
99*and*O
99*NSF*B-ORG
99*support*O
99*through*O
99*the*O
99*year*O
99*2018*B-DATETIME
99*(*O
99*see*O
99*also*O
99*Table*B-RES
99*3-Jan*I-RES
99*in*O
99*the*O
99*section*B-RES
99*``*I-RES
99*Future*I-RES
99*NASA*I-RES
99*Cubesat*I-RES
99*Programs*I-RES
99*''*I-RES
99*)*O
99*.*O
100*Figure*B-RES
100*6-Jan*I-RES
100*shows*O
100*the*O
100*47*B-VAL
100*total*O
100*NASA*B-ORG
100*and*O
100*NSF*B-ORG
100*CubeSats*B-SYS
100*through*O
100*2015*B-DATETIME
100*where*O
100*,*O
100*cumulatively*O
100*,*O
100*19*B-VAL
100*focused*O
100*explicitly*O
100*on*O
100*science*O
100*objectives*O
100*and*O
100*28*B-VAL
100*were*O
100*technology-driven*O
100*across*O
100*both*O
100*agencies*O
100*.*O
101*examining*O
101*these*O
101*19*B-VAL
101*science*O
101*CubeSats*B-SYS
101*from*O
101*NASA*B-ORG
101*and*O
101*NSF*B-ORG
101*,*O
101*there*O
101*were*O
101*14*B-VAL
101*that*O
101*focused*O
101*on*O
101*solar*O
101*and*O
101*space*O
101*physics*O
101*,*O
101*4*B-VAL
101*on*O
101*biological*O
101*and*O
101*physical*O
101*science*O
101*,*O
101*1*B-VAL
101*on*O
101*earth*O
101*science*O
101*,*O
101*and*O
101*none*O
101*in*O
101*astronomy*O
101*and*O
101*astrophysics*O
101*or*O
101*planetary*O
101*science*O
101*through*O
101*2015*B-DATETIME
101*.*O
102*NASA*B-ORG
102*'s*O
102*current*O
102*emphasis*O
102*on*O
102*technology*O
102*is*O
102*shown*O
102*through*O
102*the*O
102*28*B-VAL
102*CubeSats*B-SYS
102*launched*O
102*through*O
102*2015*B-DATETIME
102*,*O
102*but*O
102*they*O
102*were*O
102*driven*O
102*by*O
102*SMD*B-ORG
102*science*O
102*themes*O
102*.*O
103*all*O
103*of*O
103*the*O
103*NSF*B-ORG
103*missions*O
103*were*O
103*science*O
103*focused*O
103*.*O
104*in*O
104*preparation*O
104*for*O
104*launches*O
104*from*O
104*2016*B-DATETIME
104*to*I-DATETIME
104*2018*I-DATETIME
104*,*O
104*NASA*B-ORG
104*has*O
104*32*B-VAL
104*technology-focused*O
104*and*O
104*14*B-VAL
104*science-focused*O
104*CubeSats*B-SYS
104*in*O
104*development*O
104*,*O
104*and*O
104*NSF*B-ORG
104*is*O
104*sponsoring*O
104*11*B-VAL
104*science-focused*O
104*CubeSats*B-SYS
104*.*O
105*of*O
105*the*O
105*25*B-VAL
105*science*O
105*CubeSats*B-SYS
105*planned*O
105*from*O
105*2016*B-DATETIME
105*to*I-DATETIME
105*2018*I-DATETIME
105*by*O
105*NASA*B-ORG
105*and*O
105*NSF*B-ORG
105*,*O
105*1*B-VAL
105*is*O
105*in*O
105*astronomy*O
105*and*O
105*astrophysics*O
105*,*O
105*4*B-VAL
105*are*O
105*in*O
105*space/microgravity*O
105*science*O
105*,*O
105*7*B-VAL
105*are*O
105*in*O
105*earth*O
105*science*O
105*,*O
105*10*B-VAL
105*are*O
105*in*O
105*solar*O
105*and*O
105*space*O
105*physics*O
105*,*O
105*and*O
105*3*B-VAL
105*are*O
105*in*O
105*planetary*O
105*science*O
105*,*O
105*where*O
105*a*O
105*number*O
105*of*O
105*these*O
105*CubeSats*B-SYS
105*will*O
105*travel*O
105*beyond*O
105*leo*O
105*.*O
106*selected*O
106*nasa-*O
106*and*O
106*nsf-funded*O
106*CubeSats*B-SYS
106*,*O
106*shown*O
106*in*O
106*Figure*B-RES
106*7-Jan*I-RES
106*,*O
106*also*O
106*illustrate*O
106*some*O
106*of*O
106*the*O
106*diversity*O
106*in*O
106*cubesat*O
106*science*O
106*objectives*O
106*.*O
107*NASA*B-ORG
107*cubesat*O
107*programs*O
107*are*O
107*spread*O
107*among*O
107*STMD*B-ORG
107*,*O
107*SMD*B-ORG
107*,*O
107*and*O
107*HEOMD*B-ORG
107*and*O
107*thus*O
107*have*O
107*a*O
107*range*O
107*of*O
107*program*O
107*objectives*O
107*.*O
108*STMD*B-ORG
108*describes*O
108*the*O
108*objectives*O
108*for*O
108*its*O
108*cubesat*O
108*program*O
108*as*O
108*``*O
108*focused*O
108*technology*O
108*development*O
108*and*O
108*demonstration*O
108*in*O
108*relevant*O
108*space*O
108*environments*O
108*''*O
108*,*O
108*furthering*O
108*its*O
108*existing*O
108*objectives*O
108*to*O
108*develop*O
108*flight*O
108*hardware*O
108*for*O
108*use*O
108*by*O
108*the*O
108*other*O
108*mission*O
108*directorates*O
108*.*O
109*STMD*B-ORG
109*missions*O
109*are*O
109*competitively*O
109*selected*O
109*through*O
109*solicitations*O
109*from*O
109*the*O
109*Small*B-ORG
109*Spacecraft*I-ORG
109*Technology*I-ORG
109*Program*I-ORG
109*,*O
109*and*O
109*the*O
109*directorate*O
109*has*O
109*funded*O
109*8*B-VAL
109*technology*O
109*cubesat*O
109*missions*O
109*(*O
109*23*B-VAL
109*spacecraft*B-SYS
109*)*O
109*to*O
109*date*O
109*.*O
110*SMD*B-ORG
110*describes*O
110*its*O
110*cubesat*O
110*vision*O
110*as*O
110*a*O
110*cutting*O
110*edge*O
110*science*O
110*,*O
110*instrument*O
110*technologies*O
110*,*O
110*and*O
110*student*O
110*flight*O
110*investigations*O
110*.*O
111*cubesat*O
111*programs*O
111*are*O
111*operated*O
111*individually*O
111*by*O
111*each*O
111*of*O
111*SMD*B-ORG
111*'s*O
111*science*O
111*divisions*O
111*and*O
111*solicited*O
111*by*O
111*NASA*B-ORG
111*research*O
111*announcements*O
111*through*O
111*the*O
111*Research*B-SYS
111*Opportunities*I-SYS
111*in*I-SYS
111*Space*I-SYS
111*and*I-SYS
111*Earth*I-SYS
111*Sciences*I-SYS
111*(*O
111*ROSES*B-SYS
111*)*O
111*system*O
111*.*O
112*in*O
112*2013*B-DATETIME
112*,*O
112*SMD*B-ORG
112*received*O
112*a*O
112*new*O
112*budget*O
112*line*O
112*item*O
112*of*O
112*$*B-VAL
112*5*I-VAL
112*million*I-VAL
112*per*O
112*year*O
112*as*O
112*an*O
112*additional*O
112*means*O
112*to*O
112*support*O
112*cubesat*O
112*science*O
112*and*O
112*technology*O
112*validation*O
112*missions*O
112*.*O
113*to*O
113*date*O
113*,*O
113*the*O
113*earth*O
113*science*O
113*division*O
113*has*O
113*funded*O
113*13*B-VAL
113*cubesat*O
113*missions*O
113*(*O
113*14*B-VAL
113*spacecraft*B-SYS
113*)*O
113*,*O
113*all*O
113*for*O
113*technology*O
113*development*O
113*with*O
113*the*O
113*goal*O
113*to*O
113*enhance*O
113*capabilities*O
113*for*O
113*future*O
113*small*O
113*science*O
113*missions*O
113*.*O
114*the*O
114*Heliophysics*B-ORG
114*Science*I-ORG
114*Division*I-ORG
114*has*O
114*funded*O
114*7*B-VAL
114*cubesat*O
114*missions*O
114*(*O
114*7*B-VAL
114*spacecraft*B-SYS
114*)*O
114*,*O
114*all*O
114*for*O
114*science*O
114*,*O
114*including*O
114*ELFIN*B-SYS
114*jointly*O
114*with*O
114*NSF*B-ORG
114*.*O
115*the*O
115*Planetary*B-ORG
115*Science*I-ORG
115*Division*I-ORG
115*(*O
115*PSD*B-ORG
115*)*O
115*,*O
115*which*O
115*currently*O
115*includes*O
115*astrobiology*O
115*within*O
115*its*O
115*purview*O
115*,*O
115*has*O
115*funded*O
115*5*B-VAL
115*cubesat*O
115*missions*O
115*(*O
115*7*B-VAL
115*spacecraft*B-SYS
115*)*O
115*,*O
115*including*O
115*two*B-VAL
115*spacecraft*B-SYS
115*under*O
115*the*O
115*SIMPLEx*B-ORG
115*program*O
115*and*O
115*the*O
115*remaining*O
115*five*O
115*under*O
115*direct*O
115*PSD*B-ORG
115*support*O
115*.*O
116*SIMPLEx*O
116*separately*O
116*awarded*O
116*three*B-VAL
116*additional*O
116*cubesat*O
116*projects*O
116*for*O
116*ground-based*O
116*technology*O
116*development*O
116*.*O
117*the*O
117*Astrophysics*B-ORG
117*Science*I-ORG
117*Division*I-ORG
117*only*O
117*awarded*O
117*one*B-VAL
117*science*O
117*cubesat*O
117*thus*O
117*far*O
117*,*O
117*through*O
117*the*O
117*Astrophysics*B-ORG
117*Research*I-ORG
117*and*I-ORG
117*Analysis*I-ORG
117*(*O
117*apra*B-ORG
117*)*O
117*program*O
117*.*O
118*HEOMD*B-ORG
118*competitively*O
118*makes*O
118*launch*O
118*opportunities*O
118*available*O
118*to*O
118*institutions*O
118*that*O
118*are*O
118*NASA*B-ORG
118*centers*I-ORG
118*,*O
118*u.s.*O
118*not-for-profit*O
118*organizations*O
118*,*O
118*or*O
118*u.s.-accredited*O
118*educational*O
118*institutions*O
118*via*O
118*the*O
118*CubeSat*O
118*Launch*O
118*Initiative*O
118*(*O
118*CSLI*O
118*)*O
118*.*O
119*CSLI*O
119*,*O
119*which*O
119*has*O
119*successfully*O
119*launched*O
119*43*B-VAL
119*CubeSats*B-SYS
119*as*O
119*of*O
119*the*O
119*end*B-DATETIME
119*of*I-DATETIME
119*2015*I-DATETIME
119*,*O
119*identifies*O
119*opportunities*O
119*for*O
119*cubesat*O
119*launches*O
119*as*O
119*secondary*B-SYS
119*payloads*I-SYS
119*and*O
119*assists*O
119*with*O
119*the*O
119*integration*O
119*of*O
119*CubeSats*B-SYS
119*aboard*O
119*launch*B-SYS
119*vehicles*I-SYS
119*.*O
120*HEOMD*B-ORG
120*also*O
120*directly*O
120*sponsors*O
120*CubeSats*B-SYS
120*under*O
120*the*O
120*Advanced*O
120*Exploration*O
120*Systems*O
120*(*O
120*AES*O
120*)*O
120*program*O
120*,*O
120*which*O
120*has*O
120*funded*O
120*9*B-VAL
120*cubesat*O
120*missions*O
120*(*O
120*10*B-VAL
120*spacecraft*B-SYS
120*)*O
120*to*O
120*date*O
120*that*O
120*support*O
120*science*O
120*in*O
120*response*O
120*to*O
120*human*O
120*exploration*O
120*objectives*O
120*such*O
120*as*O
120*biosentinel*O
120*,*O
120*Lunar*B-SYS
120*Flashlight*I-SYS
120*,*O
120*and*O
120*others*O
120*.*O
121*HEOMD*B-ORG
121*is*O
121*also*O
121*working*O
121*with*O
121*the*O
121*AES*O
121*program*O
121*to*O
121*offer*O
121*the*O
121*opportunity*O
121*to*O
121*deploy*O
121*CubeSats*B-SYS
121*into*O
121*deep*O
121*space*O
121*aboard*O
121*the*O
121*inaugural*O
121*launch*O
121*of*O
121*the*O
121*Space*B-SYS
121*Launch*I-SYS
121*System*I-SYS
121*planned*O
121*in*O
121*2018*B-DATETIME
121*.*O
122*NASA*B-ORG
122*'s*O
122*STMD*B-ORG
122*centennial*O
122*challenge*O
122*program*O
122*has*O
122*also*O
122*sponsored*O
122*the*O
122*cube*O
122*quest*O
122*challenge*O
122*,*O
122*which*O
122*offers*O
122*$*B-VAL
122*5.5*I-VAL
122*million*I-VAL
122*to*O
122*teams*O
122*that*O
122*can*O
122*successfully*O
122*design*O
122*and*O
122*build*O
122*one*O
122*or*O
122*multiple*O
122*CubeSats*B-SYS
122*(*O
122*with*O
122*a*O
122*total*O
122*volume*O
122*of*O
122*6U*B-VAL
122*)*O
122*that*O
122*can*O
122*demonstrate*O
122*advanced*O
122*operations*O
122*near*O
122*and*O
122*beyond*O
122*the*O
122*moon*O
122*.*O
123*organized*O
123*across*O
123*a*O
123*series*O
123*of*O
123*three*B-VAL
123*stages*O
123*(*O
123*ground*O
123*tournaments*O
123*,*O
123*deep*O
123*space*O
123*derby*O
123*,*O
123*and*O
123*lunar*O
123*derby*O
123*)*O
123*,*O
123*the*O
123*objective*O
123*of*O
123*the*O
123*challenge*O
123*is*O
123*to*O
123*incentivize*O
123*innovation*O
123*in*O
123*the*O
123*development*O
123*of*O
123*cubesat*O
123*capabilities*O
123*in*O
123*communication*O
123*,*O
123*propulsion*B-SYS
123*,*O
123*navigation*O
123*,*O
123*and*O
123*durability*O
123*to*O
123*enable*O
123*future*O
123*deep*O
123*space*O
123*missions*O
123*.*O
124*deep*O
124*space*O
124*derby*O
124*and*O
124*lunar*O
124*derby*O
124*prizes*O
124*will*O
124*be*O
124*awarded*O
124*based*O
124*on*O
124*metrics*O
124*for*O
124*burst*O
124*data*O
124*rate*O
124*,*O
124*largest*O
124*aggregate*O
124*data*O
124*volume*O
124*,*O
124*and*O
124*spacecraft*B-SYS
124*longevity*O
124*at*O
124*a*O
124*minimum*O
124*range*O
124*of*O
124*4*B-VAL
124*million*I-VAL
124*km*I-VAL
124*(*O
124*deep*O
124*space*O
124*)*O
124*or*O
124*lunar*O
124*orbit*O
124*(*O
124*lunar*O
124*)*O
124*,*O
124*respectively*O
124*.*O
125*deep*O
125*space*O
125*derby*O
125*will*O
125*also*O
125*award*O
125*prizes*O
125*for*O
125*the*O
125*farthest*O
125*communication*O
125*from*O
125*earth*O
125*,*O
125*while*O
125*the*O
125*lunar*O
125*derby*O
125*will*O
125*award*O
125*prizes*O
125*for*O
125*achieving*O
125*at*O
125*least*O
125*one*O
125*verifiable*O
125*propulsive*O
125*lunar*O
125*orbit*O
125*.*O
126*cube*O
126*quest*O
126*teams*O
126*may*O
126*be*O
126*offered*O
126*launch*O
126*opportunities*O
126*as*O
126*secondary*B-SYS
126*payloads*I-SYS
126*aboard*O
126*the*O
126*NASA*B-SYS
126*Orion*I-SYS
126*(*O
126*EM-1*B-SYS
126*)*O
126*spacecraft*B-SYS
126*atop*O
126*the*O
126*Space*B-SYS
126*Launch*I-SYS
126*System*I-SYS
126*(*O
126*planned*O
126*for*O
126*launch*O
126*no*O
126*earlier*O
126*than*O
126*2018*B-DATETIME
126*)*O
126*,*O
126*provided*O
126*a*O
126*variety*O
126*of*O
126*conditions*O
126*are*O
126*satisfied*O
126*as*O
126*described*O
126*within*O
126*the*O
126*cube*O
126*quest*O
126*challenge*O
126*operations*O
126*and*O
126*rules*O
126*document*O
126*.*O
127*the*O
127*growth*O
127*in*O
127*cubesat*O
127*usage*O
127*as*O
127*a*O
127*tool*O
127*for*O
127*education*O
127*,*O
127*technology*O
127*development*O
127*,*O
127*and*O
127*science*O
127*is*O
127*unlikely*O
127*to*O
127*abate*O
127*in*O
127*the*O
127*near*O
127*future*O
127*.*O
128*for*O
128*example*O
128*,*O
128*two*O
128*6U*B-VAL
128*interplanetary*O
128*CubeSats*B-SYS
128*,*O
128*MarCO-1*B-SYS
128*and*O
128*MarCO-2*B-SYS
128*,*O
128*are*O
128*expected*O
128*to*O
128*launch*O
128*on*O
128*the*O
128*same*O
128*Atlas-V*B-SYS
128*launch*I-SYS
128*vehicle*I-SYS
128*with*O
128*NASA*B-ORG
128*'s*O
128*InSight*B-SYS
128*lander*I-SYS
128*at*O
128*the*O
128*2018*B-DATETIME
128*launch*O
128*opportunity*O
128*(*O
128*Figure*B-RES
128*8-Jan*I-RES
128*)*O
128*.*O
129*these*O
129*spacecraft*B-SYS
129*are*O
129*designed*O
129*to*O
129*support*O
129*a*O
129*real-time*O
129*8*B-VAL
129*kbps*I-VAL
129*UHF*I-VAL
129*to*O
129*x-band*O
129*bent-pipe*O
129*relay*O
129*of*O
129*transmissions*O
129*from*O
129*insight*O
129*on*O
129*entry-descent-landing*O
129*through*O
129*the*O
129*mars*O
129*atmosphere*O
129*,*O
129*demonstrating*O
129*new*O
129*technologies*O
129*(*O
129*e.g.*O
129*,*O
129*deep*O
129*space*O
129*telecom*O
129*,*O
129*navigation*O
129*and*O
129*tracking*O
129*via*O
129*NASA*B-ORG
129*'s*O
129*Deep*B-SYS
129*Space*I-SYS
129*Network*I-SYS
129*,*O
129*and*O
129*propulsion*B-SYS
129*)*O
129*and*O
129*providing*O
129*auxiliary*O
129*communications*O
129*potentially*O
129*enabling*O
129*cubesat*O
129*applications*O
129*beyond*O
129*earth*O
129*orbit*O
129*.*O
130*EM-1*B-SYS
130*,*O
130*the*O
130*maiden*O
130*flight*O
130*of*O
130*the*O
130*Space*B-SYS
130*Launch*I-SYS
130*System*I-SYS
130*,*O
130*is*O
130*also*O
130*expected*O
130*to*O
130*include*O
130*a*O
130*number*O
130*of*O
130*CubeSats*B-SYS
130*as*O
130*secondary*B-SYS
130*payloads*I-SYS
130*,*O
130*lofting*O
130*them*O
130*to*O
130*lunar*O
130*and*O
130*heliocentric*O
130*orbits*O
130*for*O
130*a*O
130*variety*O
130*of*O
130*scientific*O
130*purposes*O
130*and*O
130*technology*O
130*demonstrations*O
130*.*O
131*furthermore*O
131*,*O
131*10*B-VAL
131*universities*O
131*are*O
131*currently*O
131*exploring*O
131*cubesat*O
131*science*O
131*mission*O
131*concepts*O
131*that*O
131*could*O
131*potentially*O
131*enhance*O
131*the*O
131*NASA*B-SYS
131*Europa*I-SYS
131*Clipper*I-SYS
131*mission*I-SYS
131*concept*O
131*under*O
131*study*O
131*.*O
132*these*O
132*,*O
132*and*O
132*other*O
132*future*O
132*opportunities*O
132*,*O
132*are*O
132*partially*O
132*enabled*O
132*by*O
132*accelerated*O
132*industry*O
132*growth*O
132*,*O
132*which*O
132*will*O
132*likely*O
132*lead*O
132*to*O
132*enhanced*O
132*technological*O
132*capabilities*O
132*,*O
132*standards*O
132*,*O
132*and*O
132*,*O
132*ultimately*O
132*,*O
132*science*O
132*.*O
133*Table*B-RES
133*3-Jan*I-RES
133*summarizes*O
133*all*O
133*known*O
133*NASA*B-ORG
133*and*O
133*NSF*B-ORG
133*cubesat*O
133*missions*O
133*and*O
133*associated*O
133*spacecraft*B-SYS
133*per*O
133*mission*O
133*.*O
134*although*O
134*universities*O
134*,*O
134*industry*O
134*,*O
134*and*O
134*NASA*B-ORG
134*centers*I-ORG
134*,*O
134*including*O
134*JPL*B-ORG
134*,*O
134*lead*O
134*the*O
134*NASA*B-ORG
134*missions*O
134*listed*O
134*in*O
134*Table*B-RES
134*3-Jan*I-RES
134*,*O
134*the*O
134*missions*O
134*are*O
134*classified*O
134*by*O
134*the*O
134*program*O
134*sponsor*O
134*,*O
134*with*O
134*a*O
134*separate*O
134*category*O
134*for*O
134*missions*O
134*funded*O
134*internally*O
134*by*O
134*NASA*B-ORG
134*centers*I-ORG
134*or*O
134*JPL*B-ORG
134*.*O
135*undoubtedly*O
135*,*O
135*there*O
135*are*O
135*many*O
135*science*O
135*and*O
135*technology*O
135*mission*O
135*proposals*O
135*beyond*O
135*those*O
135*that*O
135*are*O
135*represented*O
135*in*O
135*Table*B-RES
135*3-Jan*I-RES
135*that*O
135*have*O
135*not*O
135*been*O
135*selected*O
135*for*O
135*funding*O
135*.*O
136*there*O
136*has*O
136*been*O
136*a*O
136*rapid*O
136*growth*O
136*of*O
136*cubesat*O
136*programs*O
136*across*O
136*NASA*B-ORG
136*and*O
136*in*O
136*several*O
136*NASA*B-ORG
136*centers*I-ORG
136*.*O
137*each*O
137*of*O
137*the*O
137*four*O
137*Science*B-ORG
137*Mission*I-ORG
137*Directorate*I-ORG
137*science*O
137*divisions*O
137*,*O
137*at*O
137*least*O
137*two*B-VAL
137*other*O
137*directorates*O
137*,*O
137*and*O
137*at*O
137*least*O
137*five*B-VAL
137*NASA*B-ORG
137*centers*I-ORG
137*are*O
137*developing*O
137*cubesat*O
137*missions*O
137*.*O
138*additionally*O
138*,*O
138*some*O
138*of*O
138*the*O
138*science*O
138*divisions*O
138*and*O
138*centers*O
138*may*O
138*have*O
138*more*O
138*than*O
138*one*O
138*funding*O
138*opportunity*O
138*for*O
138*CubeSats*B-SYS
138*.*O
139*with*O
139*the*O
139*exception*O
139*of*O
139*the*O
139*CubeSat*O
139*Launch*O
139*Initiative*O
139*,*O
139*cubesat*O
139*activities*O
139*within*O
139*NASA*B-ORG
139*'s*O
139*programs*O
139*have*O
139*remained*O
139*largely*O
139*independent*O
139*.*O
140*in*O
140*addition*O
140*to*O
140*cubesat*O
140*work*O
140*within*O
140*NSF*B-ORG
140*,*O
140*NASA*B-ORG
140*,*O
140*universities*O
140*,*O
140*and*O
140*industry*O
140*,*O
140*other*O
140*government*O
140*organizations*O
140*have*O
140*been*O
140*active*O
140*in*O
140*developing*O
140*,*O
140*sponsoring*O
140*,*O
140*and*O
140*launching*O
140*these*O
140*systems*O
140*.*O
141*the*O
141*University*O
141*Nanosatellite*O
141*Program*O
141*(*O
141*UNP*O
141*)*O
141*(*O
141*see*O
141*Chapter*B-RES
141*4*I-RES
141*)*O
141*,*O
141*administrated*O
141*by*O
141*the*O
141*Air*B-ORG
141*Force*I-ORG
141*Office*I-ORG
141*of*I-ORG
141*Scientific*I-ORG
141*Research*I-ORG
141*(*O
141*AFOSR*B-ORG
141*)*O
141*,*O
141*the*O
141*Air*B-ORG
141*Force*I-ORG
141*Research*I-ORG
141*Laboratory*I-ORG
141*(*O
141*AFRL*B-ORG
141*)*O
141*,*O
141*Space*B-ORG
141*Missile*I-ORG
141*Command*I-ORG
141*(*O
141*SMC*B-ORG
141*)*O
141*,*O
141*and*O
141*the*O
141*Department*B-ORG
141*of*I-ORG
141*Defense*I-ORG
141*(*O
141*DoD*B-ORG
141*)*O
141*Space*B-ORG
141*Test*I-ORG
141*Program*I-ORG
141*(*O
141*STP*B-ORG
141*)*O
141*,*O
141*provides*O
141*a*O
141*multiyear*O
141*program*O
141*for*O
141*students*O
141*to*O
141*design*O
141*,*O
141*build*O
141*,*O
141*and*O
141*fly*O
141*a*O
141*small*O
141*satellite*O
141*.*O
142*many*O
142*of*O
142*these*O
142*stp-funded*O
142*missions*O
142*have*O
142*focused*O
142*on*O
142*flying*O
142*new*O
142*technologies*O
142*,*O
142*but*O
142*there*O
142*have*O
142*been*O
142*science*O
142*selections*O
142*as*O
142*well*O
142*.*O
143*the*O
143*University*B-ORG
143*of*I-ORG
143*Colorado*I-ORG
143*'s*O
143*PolarCube*B-SYS
143*,*O
143*for*O
143*example*O
143*,*O
143*will*O
143*fly*O
143*a*O
143*radiometer*B-SYS
143*to*O
143*perform*O
143*tropospheric*O
143*temperature*O
143*soundings*O
143*at*O
143*118*B-VAL
143*GHz*I-VAL
143*o2*O
143*emission*O
143*resonance*O
143*.*O
144*ELFIN*B-SYS
144*from*O
144*the*O
144*University*B-ORG
144*of*I-ORG
144*California*I-ORG
144*,*O
144*los*O
144*angeles*O
144*,*O
144*will*O
144*investigate*O
144*the*O
144*mechanisms*O
144*responsible*O
144*for*O
144*the*O
144*loss*O
144*of*O
144*relativistic*O
144*electrons*O
144*from*O
144*the*O
144*radiation*O
144*belts*O
144*(*O
144*Figure*B-RES
144*9-Jan*I-RES
144*)*O
144*.*O
145*the*O
145*National*B-ORG
145*Reconnaissance*I-ORG
145*Office*I-ORG
145*(*O
145*NRO*B-ORG
145*)*O
145*has*O
145*also*O
145*been*O
145*an*O
145*active*O
145*participant*O
145*developing*O
145*cubesat*B-SYS
145*buses*I-SYS
145*,*O
145*providing*O
145*rideshare*O
145*opportunities*O
145*to*O
145*space*O
145*with*O
145*NRO*B-ORG
145*primary*O
145*payloads*O
145*,*O
145*and*O
145*developing*O
145*cubesat*O
145*missions*O
145*for*O
145*NRO*B-ORG
145*programs*O
145*.*O
146*indeed*O
146*,*O
146*NASA*B-ORG
146*CSLI*I-ORG
146*selected*O
146*CubeSats*B-SYS
146*have*O
146*regularly*O
146*been*O
146*deployed*O
146*in*O
146*space*O
146*on*O
146*NRO*B-ORG
146*launches*O
146*.*O
147*in*O
147*2007*B-DATETIME
147*,*O
147*NRO*B-ORG
147*,*O
147*the*O
147*Air*B-ORG
147*Force*I-ORG
147*,*O
147*and*O
147*NASA*B-ORG
147*collaboratively*O
147*determined*O
147*that*O
147*CubeSats*B-SYS
147*could*O
147*have*O
147*a*O
147*role*O
147*in*O
147*supporting*O
147*government*O
147*applications*O
147*.*O
148*shortly*O
148*afterward*O
148*,*O
148*in*O
148*2008*B-DATETIME
148*,*O
148*NRO*B-ORG
148*'s*O
148*Advanced*B-ORG
148*Systems*I-ORG
148*and*I-ORG
148*Technology*I-ORG
148*Directorate*I-ORG
148*provided*O
148*funding*O
148*to*O
148*advance*O
148*Cubesat*B-SYS
148*subsystem*I-SYS
148*and*O
148*technology*O
148*payloads*O
148*.*O
149*while*O
149*the*O
149*specifics*O
149*of*O
149*NRO*B-ORG
149*'s*O
149*developments*O
149*are*O
149*not*O
149*in*O
149*the*O
149*public*O
149*domain*O
149*,*O
149*NRO*B-ORG
149*has*O
149*partnered*O
149*with*O
149*numerous*O
149*organizations*O
149*,*O
149*indirectly*O
149*enabling*O
149*capabilities*O
149*that*O
149*have*O
149*supported*O
149*the*O
149*work*O
149*of*O
149*others*O
149*for*O
149*technology*O
149*validation*O
149*and*O
149*science*O
149*measurements*O
149*.*O
150*this*O
150*includes*O
150*16*B-VAL
150*government*O
150*agencies*O
150*,*O
150*5*B-VAL
150*major*O
150*academic*O
150*partners*O
150*,*O
150*and*O
150*6*B-VAL
150*commercial*O
150*partners*O
150*to*O
150*date*O
150*.*O
151*additional*O
151*government*O
151*agencies*O
151*,*O
151*as*O
151*discussed*O
151*in*O
151*Chapter*B-RES
151*6*I-RES
151*,*O
151*support*O
151*cubesat*O
151*missions*O
151*by*O
151*providing*O
151*a*O
151*legal*O
151*and*O
151*regulatory*O
151*framework*O
151*.*O
152*for*O
152*example*O
152*,*O
152*cubesat*O
152*operators*O
152*are*O
152*required*O
152*to*O
152*obtain*O
152*radio*O
152*licenses*O
152*,*O
152*either*O
152*from*O
152*the*O
152*National*B-ORG
152*Telecommunications*I-ORG
152*and*I-ORG
152*Information*I-ORG
152*Administration*I-ORG
152*(*O
152*NTIA*B-ORG
152*)*O
152*for*O
152*federal*O
152*government*O
152*CubeSats*B-SYS
152*or*O
152*from*O
152*the*O
152*Federal*B-ORG
152*Communications*I-ORG
152*Commission*I-ORG
152*(*O
152*FCC*B-ORG
152*)*O
152*for*O
152*non-federal*O
152*CubeSats*B-SYS
152*.*O
153*under*O
153*Title*B-RES
153*51*I-RES
153*of*I-RES
153*the*I-RES
153*United*I-RES
153*States*I-RES
153*Code*I-RES
153*,*O
153*national*O
153*and*O
153*commercial*O
153*space*O
153*programs*O
153*(*O
153*P.L.*B-RES
153*111-314*I-RES
153*)*O
153*,*O
153*private*O
153*CubeSats*B-SYS
153*involved*O
153*in*O
153*remote*O
153*sensing*O
153*need*O
153*to*O
153*apply*O
153*for*O
153*a*O
153*license*O
153*from*O
153*the*O
153*National*B-ORG
153*Oceanic*I-ORG
153*and*I-ORG
153*Atmospheric*I-ORG
153*Administration*I-ORG
153*(*O
153*NOAA*B-ORG
153*)*O
153*.*O
154*in*O
154*addition*O
154*,*O
154*the*O
154*Air*B-ORG
154*Force*I-ORG
154*Joint*I-ORG
154*Space*I-ORG
154*Operations*I-ORG
154*Center*I-ORG
154*(*O
154*JSpOC*B-ORG
154*)*O
154*has*O
154*provided*O
154*the*O
154*website*O
154*spacetrack.org*O
154*for*O
154*the*O
154*community*O
154*to*O
154*acquire*O
154*orbital*O
154*position*O
154*data*O
154*for*O
154*identification*O
154*and*O
154*tracking*O
154*purposes*O
154*of*O
154*CubeSats*B-SYS
154*in*O
154*low*O
154*earth*O
154*orbit*O
154*.*O
155*this*O
155*has*O
155*been*O
155*a*O
155*valuable*O
155*,*O
155*free*O
155*resource*O
155*to*O
155*ground*O
155*operation*O
155*teams*O
155*and*O
155*to*O
155*the*O
155*worldwide*O
155*community*O
155*of*O
155*ham*O
155*(*O
155*handheld*O
155*amateur*O
155*radio*O
155*)*O
155*radio*O
155*operators*O
155*that*O
155*often*O
155*participate*O
155*in*O
155*tracking*O
155*and*O
155*decoding*O
155*telemetry*O
155*beacon*O
155*transmissions*O
155*from*O
155*CubeSats*B-SYS
155*worldwide*O
155*.*O
156*although*O
156*the*O
156*JSpOC*B-ORG
156*capabilities*O
156*were*O
156*not*O
156*originally*O
156*designed*O
156*for*O
156*this*O
156*purpose*O
156*,*O
156*their*O
156*service*O
156*has*O
156*directly*O
156*helped*O
156*enable*O
156*the*O
156*growth*O
156*of*O
156*CubeSats*B-SYS
156*for*O
156*earth*O
156*exploration*O
156*missions*O
156*.*O
157*during*O
157*the*O
157*course*O
157*of*O
157*this*O
157*study*O
157*,*O
157*the*O
157*committee*O
157*heard*O
157*a*O
157*wide*O
157*range*O
157*of*O
157*impressions*O
157*about*O
157*the*O
157*success*O
157*rate*O
157*for*O
157*CubeSats*B-SYS
157*and*O
157*whether*O
157*their*O
157*reliability*O
157*has*O
157*improved*O
157*since*O
157*their*O
157*early*O
157*use*O
157*as*O
157*educational*O
157*tools*O
157*.*O
158*whether*O
158*or*O
158*not*O
158*a*O
158*Cubesat*B-SYS
158*achieves*O
158*success*O
158*is*O
158*based*O
158*on*O
158*meeting*O
158*mission*O
158*objectives*O
158*that*O
158*can*O
158*encompass*O
158*science*O
158*,*O
158*technology*O
158*,*O
158*and*O
158*education*O
158*.*O
159*for*O
159*the*O
159*purposes*O
159*of*O
159*this*O
159*analysis*O
159*,*O
159*a*O
159*mission*O
159*is*O
159*defined*O
159*as*O
159*a*O
159*full*O
159*success*O
159*when*O
159*the*O
159*Cubesat*B-SYS
159*has*O
159*operated*O
159*in-orbit*O
159*nominally*O
159*and*O
159*has*O
159*completed*O
159*its*O
159*mission*O
159*objectives*O
159*.*O
160*a*O
160*mission*O
160*is*O
160*defined*O
160*as*O
160*a*O
160*partial*O
160*success*O
160*when*O
160*the*O
160*Cubesat*B-SYS
160*has*O
160*completed*O
160*commissioning*O
160*,*O
160*is*O
160*in*O
160*primary*O
160*operations*O
160*,*O
160*and*O
160*is*O
160*taking*O
160*actions*O
160*to*O
160*achieve*O
160*primary*O
160*mission*O
160*objectives*O
160*.*O
161*an*O
161*analysis*O
161*of*O
161*all*O
161*CubeSats*B-SYS
161*launched*O
161*through*O
161*2015*B-DATETIME
161*indicates*O
161*that*O
161*67*B-VAL
161*percent*I-VAL
161*of*O
161*them*O
161*have*O
161*been*O
161*considered*O
161*successful*O
161*in*O
161*orbit*O
161*if*O
161*they*O
161*achieved*O
161*full*O
161*success*O
161*(*O
161*33*B-VAL
161*percent*I-VAL
161*)*O
161*or*O
161*partial*O
161*success*O
161*(*O
161*34*B-VAL
161*percent*I-VAL
161*)*O
161*criteria*O
161*(*O
161*Figure*B-RES
161*10-Jan*I-RES
161*)*O
161*.*O
162*this*O
162*average*O
162*67*B-VAL
162*percent*I-VAL
162*success*O
162*rate*O
162*for*O
162*all*O
162*CubeSats*B-SYS
162*should*O
162*be*O
162*considered*O
162*in*O
162*the*O
162*context*O
162*of*O
162*the*O
162*expected*O
162*reliability*O
162*design*O
162*goals*O
162*for*O
162*NASA*B-ORG
162*class*O
162*C/D*O
162*missions*O
162*at*O
162*approximately*O
162*80*B-VAL
162*percent*I-VAL
162*and*O
162*NASA*B-ORG
162*class*O
162*A/B*O
162*and*O
162*NOAA*B-ORG
162*operational*O
162*missions*O
162*at*O
162*approximately*O
162*90*B-VAL
162*percent*I-VAL
162*.*O
163*with*O
163*concerns*O
163*about*O
163*the*O
163*lower*O
163*reliability*O
163*for*O
163*CubeSats*B-SYS
163*,*O
163*an*O
163*effective*O
163*design*O
163*practice*O
163*often*O
163*adopted*O
163*is*O
163*a*O
163*``*O
163*fly-learn-refly*O
163*''*O
163*approach*O
163*(*O
163*used*O
163*with*O
163*Aerospace*B-ORG
163*Corporation*I-ORG
163*and*O
163*also*O
163*the*O
163*NSF*B-ORG
163*cubesat*O
163*program*O
163*)*O
163*,*O
163*in*O
163*which*O
163*two*O
163*flight*O
163*models*O
163*are*O
163*developed*O
163*,*O
163*and*O
163*the*O
163*second*O
163*flight*O
163*model*O
163*is*O
163*modified*O
163*and*O
163*launched*O
163*if*O
163*any*O
163*issues*O
163*arise*O
163*during*O
163*the*O
163*first*O
163*flight*O
163*.*O
164*this*O
164*cubesat*O
164*development*O
164*approach*O
164*may*O
164*,*O
164*in*O
164*part*O
164*,*O
164*explain*O
164*why*O
164*cubesat*O
164*missions*O
164*in*O
164*the*O
164*past*O
164*8*B-DATETIME
164*years*I-DATETIME
164*(*O
164*2008-2015*B-DATETIME
164*)*O
164*have*O
164*been*O
164*significantly*O
164*more*O
164*successful*O
164*(*O
164*full*O
164*and*O
164*partial*O
164*success*O
164*)*O
164*,*O
164*at*O
164*71*B-VAL
164*percent*I-VAL
164*,*O
164*than*O
164*in*O
164*the*O
164*first*O
164*8*B-DATETIME
164*years*I-DATETIME
164*(*O
164*2000-2007*B-DATETIME
164*)*O
164*,*O
164*at*O
164*35*B-VAL
164*percent*I-VAL
164*.*O
165*as*O
165*perhaps*O
165*expected*O
165*,*O
165*education-only*O
165*CubeSats*B-SYS
165*have*O
165*had*O
165*a*O
165*lower*O
165*success*O
165*rate*O
165*of*O
165*45*B-VAL
165*percent*I-VAL
165*for*O
165*in-orbit*O
165*performance*O
165*compared*O
165*to*O
165*all*O
165*CubeSats*B-SYS
165*.*O
166*when*O
166*used*O
166*as*O
166*an*O
166*educational*O
166*tool*O
166*,*O
166*the*O
166*science*O
166*or*O
166*technology*O
166*objectives*O
166*of*O
166*cubesat*O
166*missions*O
166*are*O
166*not*O
166*usually*O
166*considered*O
166*the*O
166*highest*O
166*priority*O
166*because*O
166*most*O
166*of*O
166*the*O
166*learning*O
166*objectives*O
166*are*O
166*achieved*O
166*during*O
166*the*O
166*designing*O
166*,*O
166*building*O
166*,*O
166*and*O
166*testing*O
166*of*O
166*the*O
166*cubesat*O
166*.*O
167*while*O
167*the*O
167*educational*O
167*CubeSats*B-SYS
167*may*O
167*not*O
167*be*O
167*listed*O
167*as*O
167*successful*O
167*by*O
167*the*O
167*above*O
167*definition*O
167*of*O
167*success*O
167*,*O
167*largely*O
167*based*O
167*on*O
167*in-orbit*O
167*performance*O
167*,*O
167*these*O
167*CubeSats*B-SYS
167*are*O
167*successful*O
167*in*O
167*meeting*O
167*their*O
167*educational*O
167*objectives*O
167*and*O
167*play*O
167*an*O
167*important*O
167*role*O
167*in*O
167*training*O
167*the*O
167*next*O
167*generation*O
167*of*O
167*space*O
167*engineers*O
167*and*O
167*scientists*O
167*.*O
168*the*O
168*fly-learn-refly*O
168*approach*O
168*also*O
168*seems*O
168*justifiable*O
168*from*O
168*the*O
168*analysis*O
168*of*O
168*small*O
168*satellite*O
168*success*O
168*rates*O
168*reported*O
168*by*O
168*Richardson*B-RES
168*et*I-RES
168*al*I-RES
168*.*O
169*the*O
169*overall*O
169*success*O
169*rate*O
169*for*O
169*their*O
169*sample*O
169*of*O
169*small*O
169*satellites*B-SYS
169*was*O
169*approximately*O
169*84*B-VAL
169*percent*I-VAL
169*,*O
169*as*O
169*defined*O
169*as*O
169*the*O
169*number*O
169*of*O
169*CubeSats*B-SYS
169*to*O
169*be*O
169*fully*O
169*successful*O
169*and*O
169*half*O
169*the*O
169*number*O
169*of*O
169*CubeSats*B-SYS
169*that*O
169*have*O
169*partial*O
169*success*O
169*.*O
170*the*O
170*study*O
170*showed*O
170*that*O
170*there*O
170*was*O
170*no*O
170*significant*O
170*difference*O
170*between*O
170*CubeSats*B-SYS
170*and*O
170*small*O
170*satellites*B-SYS
170*that*O
170*are*O
170*not*O
170*consistent*O
170*with*O
170*the*O
170*cubesat*O
170*form*O
170*factor*O
170*.*O
171*the*O
171*most*O
171*important*O
171*predictor*O
171*for*O
171*success*O
171*in*O
171*this*O
171*study*O
171*was*O
171*the*O
171*experience*O
171*of*O
171*the*O
171*team*O
171*.*O
172*Richardson*B-RES
172*et*I-RES
172*al*I-RES
172*.*O
172*also*O
172*indicated*O
172*that*O
172*the*O
172*first*O
172*satellite*O
172*built*O
172*by*O
172*a*O
172*development*O
172*team*O
172*has*O
172*a*O
172*success*O
172*rate*O
172*of*O
172*approximately*O
172*72*B-VAL
172*percent*I-VAL
172*and*O
172*that*O
172*by*O
172*the*O
172*time*O
172*the*O
172*team*O
172*had*O
172*developed*O
172*more*O
172*than*O
172*five*B-VAL
172*spacecraft*B-SYS
172*,*O
172*mission*O
172*success*O
172*was*O
172*achieved*O
172*in*O
172*an*O
172*average*O
172*of*O
172*93*B-VAL
172*percent*I-VAL
172*of*O
172*all*O
172*cases*O
172*.*O
173*it*O
173*is*O
173*worthwhile*O
173*to*O
173*analyze*O
173*the*O
173*15*B-VAL
173*NSF*B-ORG
173*cubesat*O
173*science*O
173*missions*O
173*separately*O
173*.*O
174*the*O
174*NSF*B-ORG
174*CubeSats*B-SYS
174*launched*O
174*prior*O
174*to*O
174*September*B-DATETIME
174*2015*I-DATETIME
174*include*O
174*8*B-VAL
174*cubesat*O
174*missions*O
174*(*O
174*13*B-VAL
174*spacecraft*B-SYS
174*)*O
174*with*O
174*involvement*O
174*from*O
174*14*B-VAL
174*different*O
174*universities*O
174*.*O
175*of*O
175*these*O
175*NSF*B-ORG
175*Cubesat*B-SYS
175*spacecraft*I-SYS
175*launched*O
175*so*O
175*far*O
175*,*O
175*none*O
175*have*O
175*been*O
175*a*O
175*complete*O
175*failure*O
175*;*O
175*that*O
175*is*O
175*,*O
175*all*O
175*of*O
175*them*O
175*have*O
175*returned*O
175*some*O
175*science*O
175*data*O
175*.*O
176*however*O
176*,*O
176*the*O
176*RAX-1*B-SYS
176*,*O
176*CINEMA-1*B-SYS
176*,*O
176*and*O
176*Firefly*B-SYS
176*CubeSats*I-SYS
176*have*O
176*only*O
176*fulfilled*O
176*some*O
176*of*O
176*their*O
176*mission*O
176*objectives*O
176*due*O
176*to*O
176*a*O
176*power*O
176*issue*O
176*for*O
176*RAX-1*B-SYS
176*and*O
176*communication*O
176*issues*O
176*for*O
176*CINEMA-1*B-SYS
176*and*O
176*firefly*O
176*.*O
177*the*O
177*ExoCube*B-SYS
177*CubeSat*I-SYS
177*mission*O
177*also*O
177*experienced*O
177*a*O
177*communication*O
177*problem*O
177*,*O
177*and*O
177*while*O
177*larger*O
177*receiver*B-SYS
177*antennas*I-SYS
177*on*O
177*the*O
177*ground*O
177*allowed*O
177*for*O
177*receipt*O
177*of*O
177*some*O
177*magnetometer*O
177*data*O
177*,*O
177*it*O
177*is*O
177*considered*O
177*unsuccessful*O
177*until*O
177*the*O
177*team*O
177*demonstrates*O
177*new*O
177*science*O
177*results*O
177*from*O
177*their*O
177*mission*O
177*.*O
178*the*O
178*RAX-2*B-SYS
178*,*O
178*DICE*B-SYS
178*1*I-SYS
178*and*I-SYS
178*2*I-SYS
178*,*O
178*CSSWE*B-SYS
178*,*O
178*and*O
178*FIREBIRD*B-SYS
178*1*B-VAL
178*,*O
178*2*O
178*,*O
178*3*B-VAL
178*,*O
178*and*O
178*4*B-VAL
178*have*O
178*had*O
178*full*O
178*mission*O
178*success*O
178*,*O
178*thus*O
178*representing*O
178*8*B-VAL
178*of*O
178*the*O
178*12*B-VAL
178*CubeSats*B-SYS
178*(*O
178*66*B-VAL
178*percent*I-VAL
178*)*O
178*that*O
178*have*O
178*deployed*O
178*into*O
178*orbit*O
178*after*O
178*launch*O
178*with*O
178*a*O
178*full*O
178*success*O
178*rate*O
178*.*O
179*the*O
179*success*O
179*rate*O
179*,*O
179*which*O
179*meets*O
179*partial*O
179*and*O
179*full*O
179*success*O
179*criteria*O
179*,*O
179*for*O
179*the*O
179*NSF*B-ORG
179*CubeSats*B-SYS
179*(*O
179*including*O
179*re-flights*O
179*)*O
179*is*O
179*at*O
179*11*B-VAL
179*of*O
179*12*B-VAL
179*(*O
179*92*B-VAL
179*percent*I-VAL
179*)*O
179*.*O
180*for*O
180*NASA*B-ORG
180*science*I-SYS
180*CubeSats*I-SYS
180*,*O
180*the*O
180*success*O
180*rate*O
180*(*O
180*partial*O
180*and*O
180*full*O
180*success*O
180*criteria*O
180*)*O
180*is*O
180*83*B-VAL
180*percent*I-VAL
180*through*O
180*2015*B-DATETIME
180*.*O
181*in*O
181*the*O
181*committee*O
181*'s*O
181*judgment*O
181*,*O
181*the*O
181*strong*O
181*motivation*O
181*for*O
181*a*O
181*successful*O
181*mission*O
181*``*O
181*for*O
181*the*O
181*sake*O
181*of*O
181*science*O
181*as*O
181*well*O
181*as*O
181*adequate*O
181*funding*O
181*to*O
181*address*O
181*any*O
181*pre-flight*O
181*issues*O
181*or*O
181*risks*O
181**O
181*are*O
181*likely*O
181*contributing*O
181*to*O
181*these*O
181*high*O
181*success*O
181*rates*O
181*for*O
181*the*O
181*NSF*B-ORG
181*and*O
181*NASA*B-ORG
181*cubesat-based*O
181*science*O
181*missions*O
181*.*O
182*technological*O
182*innovation*O
182*and*O
182*the*O
182*resulting*O
182*scientific*O
182*impact*O
182*can*O
182*relate*O
182*to*O
182*each*O
182*other*O
182*in*O
182*a*O
182*nonobvious*O
182*way*O
182*.*O
183*it*O
183*is*O
183*obvious*O
183*that*O
183*a*O
183*better*O
183*computer*B-SYS
183*can*O
183*solve*O
183*more*O
183*complicated*O
183*calculations*O
183*,*O
183*enabling*O
183*better*O
183*models*O
183*to*O
183*be*O
183*run*O
183*,*O
183*which*O
183*hopefully*O
183*leads*O
183*to*O
183*more*O
183*scientific*O
183*insights*O
183*.*O
184*thus*O
184*,*O
184*increased*O
184*science*O
184*impact*O
184*can*O
184*directly*O
184*come*O
184*from*O
184*improved*O
184*technology*O
184*.*O
185*there*O
185*are*O
185*,*O
185*however*O
185*,*O
185*technology*O
185*innovations*O
185*that*O
185*create*O
185*a*O
185*large*O
185*impact*O
185*in*O
185*a*O
185*nonobvious*O
185*way*O
185*:*O
185*targeted*O
185*application*O
185*of*O
185*technology*O
185*can*O
185*lead*O
185*to*O
185*new*O
185*science*O
185*,*O
185*even*O
185*if*O
185*that*O
185*technology*O
185*performs*O
185*at*O
185*a*O
185*lower*O
185*level*O
185*than*O
185*the*O
185*advanced*O
185*technologies*O
185*available*O
185*.*O
186*for*O
186*example*O
186*,*O
186*a*O
186*mass-spectrometer*B-SYS
186*on*O
186*a*O
186*chip*O
186*may*O
186*have*O
186*only*O
186*10*B-VAL
186*percent*I-VAL
186*of*O
186*the*O
186*resolution*O
186*and*O
186*mass*O
186*range*O
186*of*O
186*traditional*O
186*instruments*B-SYS
186*,*O
186*but*O
186*it*O
186*can*O
186*be*O
186*carried*O
186*on*O
186*a*O
186*balloon*O
186*to*O
186*make*O
186*targeted*O
186*measurements*O
186*of*O
186*pollution*O
186*in*O
186*places*O
186*that*O
186*traditional*O
186*instruments*B-SYS
186*can*O
186*not*O
186*reach*O
186*,*O
186*leading*O
186*to*O
186*new*O
186*science*O
186*insights*O
186*.*O
187*such*O
187*targeted*O
187*science*O
187*applications*O
187*often*O
187*have*O
187*huge*O
187*commercial*O
187*potential*O
187*as*O
187*well*O
187*.*O
188*it*O
188*is*O
188*the*O
188*purpose*O
188*of*O
188*this*O
188*chapter*O
188*to*O
188*introduce*O
188*the*O
188*theoretical*O
188*foundation*O
188*of*O
188*disruptive*O
188*innovation*O
188*from*O
188*innovation*O
188*theory*O
188*and*O
188*to*O
188*create*O
188*a*O
188*foundation*O
188*for*O
188*management*O
188*recommendations*O
188*later*O
188*on*O
188*.*O
189*in*O
189*1995*B-DATETIME
189*,*O
189*clayton*O
189*christensen*O
189*introduced*O
189*the*O
189*idea*O
189*of*O
189*disruptive*O
189*innovation*O
189*``*O
189*distinguishing*O
189*it*O
189*from*O
189*sustaining*O
189*innovation*O
189**O
189*and*O
189*defined*O
189*it*O
189*as*O
189*the*O
189*process*O
189*by*O
189*which*O
189*a*O
189*product*O
189*or*O
189*service*O
189*takes*O
189*root*O
189*initially*O
189*in*O
189*simple*O
189*applications*O
189*at*O
189*the*O
189*bottom*O
189*of*O
189*a*O
189*market*O
189*and*O
189*then*O
189*relentlessly*O
189*moves*O
189*up*O
189*market*O
189*,*O
189*eventually*O
189*displacing*O
189*established*O
189*competitors*O
189*.*O
190*Figure*B-RES
190*1-Feb*I-RES
190*introduces*O
190*the*O
190*idea*O
190*that*O
190*has*O
190*been*O
190*used*O
190*to*O
190*describe*O
190*many*O
190*shifts*O
190*in*O
190*the*O
190*economy*O
190*,*O
190*from*O
190*the*O
190*introduction*O
190*of*O
190*personal*O
190*computers*B-SYS
190*(*O
190*that*O
190*disrupted*O
190*the*O
190*mainframe*O
190*computer*O
190*industry*O
190*)*O
190*,*O
190*to*O
190*cellular*O
190*phones*O
190*(*O
190*that*O
190*disrupted*O
190*fixed*O
190*line*O
190*telephony*O
190*)*O
190*,*O
190*to*O
190*smartphones*O
190*(*O
190*that*O
190*continue*O
190*disruption*O
190*of*O
190*multiple*O
190*sectors*O
190*,*O
190*inter*O
190*alia*O
190*,*O
190*computers*B-SYS
190*,*O
190*digital*B-SYS
190*cameras*I-SYS
190*,*O
190*telephones*B-SYS
190*,*O
190*and*O
190*GPS*B-SYS
190*receivers*I-SYS
190*)*O
190*.*O
191*the*O
191*term*O
191*``*O
191*disruptive*O
191*''*O
191*has*O
191*also*O
191*been*O
191*misapplied*O
191*,*O
191*where*O
191*any*O
191*innovation*O
191*that*O
191*shakes*O
191*up*O
191*an*O
191*industry*O
191*or*O
191*upsets*O
191*previously*O
191*successful*O
191*incumbents*O
191*is*O
191*incorrectly*O
191*called*O
191*disruptive*O
191*.*O
192*CubeSats*B-SYS
192*meet*O
192*many*O
192*of*O
192*the*O
192*characteristics*O
192*of*O
192*a*O
192*disruptive*O
192*innovation*O
192*.*O
193*in*O
193*this*O
193*chapter*O
193*,*O
193*the*O
193*committee*O
193*discusses*O
193*how*O
193*and*O
193*what*O
193*that*O
193*might*O
193*mean*O
193*for*O
193*the*O
193*future*O
193*development*O
193*of*O
193*the*O
193*platform*O
193*.*O
194*disruptive*O
194*innovations*O
194*have*O
194*unique*O
194*characteristics*O
194*that*O
194*distinguish*O
194*them*O
194*from*O
194*other*O
194*types*O
194*of*O
194*innovation*O
194*.*O
195*at*O
195*their*O
195*start*O
195*,*O
195*for*O
195*example*O
195*,*O
195*they*O
195*have*O
195*poorer*O
195*performance*O
195*than*O
195*the*O
195*current*O
195*standard*O
195*solution*O
195*does*O
195*.*O
196*they*O
196*are*O
196*also*O
196*significantly*O
196*cheaper*O
196*than*O
196*is*O
196*the*O
196*status*O
196*quo*O
196*and*O
196*target*O
196*underserved*O
196*or*O
196*new*O
196*applications*O
196*or*O
196*users*O
196*.*O
197*their*O
197*performance*O
197*improves*O
197*rapidly*O
197*and*O
197*at*O
197*low*O
197*cost*O
197*.*O
198*they*O
198*are*O
198*typically*O
198*introduced*O
198*by*O
198*a*O
198*nonmainstream*O
198*player*O
198*,*O
198*are*O
198*advanced*O
198*by*O
198*an*O
198*enabling*O
198*technology*O
198*,*O
198*and*O
198*follow*O
198*business*O
198*models*O
198*not*O
198*typically*O
198*followed*O
198*by*O
198*incumbents*O
198*.*O
199*examining*O
199*the*O
199*cubesat*O
199*paradigm*O
199*along*O
199*these*O
199*dimensions*O
199*indicates*O
199*that*O
199*CubeSats*B-SYS
199*may*O
199*be*O
199*a*O
199*disruptive*O
199*innovation*O
199*in*O
199*the*O
199*satellite*O
199*sector*O
199*.*O
200*if*O
200*CubeSats*B-SYS
200*are*O
200*a*O
200*disruptive*O
200*technology*O
200*,*O
200*then*O
200*that*O
200*has*O
200*implications*O
200*for*O
200*the*O
200*best*O
200*way*O
200*to*O
200*manage*O
200*their*O
200*growth*O
200*.*O
201*at*O
201*the*O
201*start*O
201*,*O
201*has*O
201*poorer*O
201*performance*O
201*than*O
201*the*O
201*status*O
201*quo*O
201*.*O
202*just*O
202*as*O
202*the*O
202*early*O
202*cameras*B-SYS
202*on*O
202*mobile*O
202*phones*O
202*were*O
202*inferior*O
202*to*O
202*digital*O
202*cameras*B-SYS
202*but*O
202*improved*O
202*over*O
202*time*O
202*,*O
202*CubeSats*B-SYS
202*began*O
202*with*O
202*a*O
202*threadbare*O
202*set*O
202*of*O
202*capabilities*O
202*,*O
202*but*O
202*today*O
202*those*O
202*capabilities*O
202*are*O
202*beginning*O
202*to*O
202*improve*O
202*as*O
202*the*O
202*technology*O
202*matures*O
202*and*O
202*the*O
202*number*O
202*of*O
202*users*O
202*increases*O
202*.*O
203*indeed*O
203*,*O
203*some*O
203*of*O
203*the*O
203*earliest*O
203*CubeSats*B-SYS
203*served*O
203*rather*O
203*limited*O
203*on-orbit*O
203*functions*O
203*other*O
203*than*O
203*beeping*O
203*back*O
203*telemetry*O
203*.*O
204*significantly*O
204*cheaper*O
204*than*O
204*the*O
204*status*O
204*quo*O
204*.*O
205*while*O
205*it*O
205*has*O
205*poorer*O
205*performance*O
205*,*O
205*a*O
205*mobile*O
205*phone*O
205*at*O
205*about*O
205*$*B-VAL
205*500*I-VAL
205*provides*O
205*users*O
205*with*O
205*a*O
205*computing*O
205*interface*O
205*at*O
205*a*O
205*lower*O
205*cost*O
205*than*O
205*for*O
205*most*O
205*computers*B-SYS
205*.*O
206*similarly*O
206*,*O
206*although*O
206*they*O
206*are*O
206*not*O
206*as*O
206*capable*O
206*as*O
206*traditional*O
206*satellites*B-SYS
206*,*O
206*CubeSats*B-SYS
206*are*O
206*typically*O
206*much*O
206*cheaper*O
206*than*O
206*traditional*O
206*satellites*B-SYS
206*.*O
207*hardware*O
207*for*O
207*a*O
207*basic*O
207*sputnik-type*O
207*Cubesat*B-SYS
207*can*O
207*be*O
207*purchased*O
207*for*O
207*only*O
207*a*O
207*few*O
207*tens*B-VAL
207*of*I-VAL
207*thousands*I-VAL
207*of*I-VAL
207*dollars*I-VAL
207*.*O
208*targets*O
208*underserved*O
208*or*O
208*new*O
208*application/user*O
208*.*O
209*just*O
209*as*O
209*3D*B-SYS
209*printers*I-SYS
209*are*O
209*bringing*O
209*in*O
209*non-traditional*O
209*manufacturers*O
209*,*O
209*such*O
209*as*O
209*members*O
209*of*O
209*the*O
209*do-it-yourself*O
209*``*O
209*maker*O
209*movement*O
209*''*O
209*as*O
209*users*O
209*,*O
209*CubeSats*B-SYS
209*are*O
209*introducing*O
209*students*O
209*and*O
209*other*O
209*participants*O
209*(*O
209*e.g.*O
209*,*O
209*information*O
209*technology*O
209*firms*O
209*rather*O
209*than*O
209*aerospace*O
209*firms*O
209*)*O
209*to*O
209*space*O
209*technology*O
209*.*O
210*TJ3Sat*B-SYS
210*,*O
210*for*O
210*example*O
210*,*O
210*was*O
210*the*O
210*first*O
210*satellite*B-SYS
210*in*O
210*history*O
210*to*O
210*be*O
210*built*O
210*by*O
210*high*O
210*school*O
210*students*O
210*.*O
211*CubeSats*B-SYS
211*are*O
211*also*O
211*introducing*O
211*new*O
211*functionalities*O
211*(*O
211*such*O
211*as*O
211*the*O
211*ability*O
211*to*O
211*stop*O
211*and*O
211*stare*O
211*at*O
211*one*O
211*bright*O
211*sun-like*O
211*star*O
211*to*O
211*search*O
211*for*O
211*transiting*O
211*exoplanets*O
211*)*O
211*often*O
211*not*O
211*feasible*O
211*with*O
211*traditional*O
211*satellites*B-SYS
211*.*O
212*most*O
212*of*O
212*all*O
212*,*O
212*by*O
212*virtue*O
212*of*O
212*being*O
212*able*O
212*to*O
212*launch*O
212*low-cost*O
212*constellations*B-SYS
212*and*O
212*swarms*B-SYS
212*comprising*O
212*hundreds*B-VAL
212*or*O
212*even*O
212*thousands*B-VAL
212*of*O
212*data*O
212*collection*O
212*platforms*O
212*,*O
212*CubeSats*B-SYS
212*have*O
212*the*O
212*potential*O
212*to*O
212*introduce*O
212*entirely*O
212*new*O
212*architectures*O
212*and*O
212*ways*O
212*to*O
212*conceptualize*O
212*space*O
212*science*O
212*.*O
213*performance*O
213*improves*O
213*rapidly*O
213*and*O
213*at*O
213*low*O
213*cost*O
213*.*O
214*initially*O
214*seen*O
214*as*O
214*a*O
214*toy*O
214*,*O
214*3D*B-SYS
214*printers*I-SYS
214*have*O
214*seen*O
214*speeds*O
214*increase*O
214*500-fold*B-VAL
214*.*O
215*another*O
215*example*O
215*of*O
215*technologies*O
215*improving*O
215*rapidly*O
215*is*O
215*the*O
215*pc*O
215*company*O
215*Compaq*B-ORG
215*increasing*O
215*its*O
215*revenue*O
215*more*O
215*than*O
215*tenfold*O
215*and*O
215*reaching*O
215*parity*O
215*with*O
215*the*O
215*industry*O
215*leader*O
215*,*O
215*DEC*B-ORG
215*,*O
215*in*O
215*only*O
215*12*B-DATETIME
215*years*I-DATETIME
215*.*O
216*similarly*O
216*,*O
216*CubeSats*B-SYS
216*that*O
216*began*O
216*as*O
216*platforms*O
216*for*O
216*education*O
216*or*O
216*technology*O
216*demonstration*O
216*are*O
216*increasingly*O
216*being*O
216*sought*O
216*to*O
216*supplement*O
216*and*O
216*supplant*O
216*traditional*O
216*satellites*B-SYS
216*and*O
216*spacecraft*B-SYS
216*.*O
217*NASA*B-ORG
217*'s*O
217*MarCO*B-SYS
217*mission*I-SYS
217*,*O
217*for*O
217*example*O
217*,*O
217*is*O
217*an*O
217*experimental*O
217*capability*O
217*designed*O
217*to*O
217*provide*O
217*additional*O
217*real-time*O
217*relay*O
217*communications*O
217*to*O
217*earth*O
217*from*O
217*NASA*B-ORG
217*'s*O
217*mars-bound*O
217*InSight*B-SYS
217*mission*I-SYS
217*during*O
217*entry*O
217*,*O
217*descent*O
217*,*O
217*and*O
217*landing*O
217*.*O
218*typically*O
218*introduced*O
218*by*O
218*a*O
218*nonmainstream*O
218*player*O
218*.*O
219*streaming*O
219*video*O
219*was*O
219*not*O
219*introduced*O
219*by*O
219*any*O
219*of*O
219*the*O
219*existing*O
219*players*O
219*in*O
219*the*O
219*home*O
219*video*O
219*market*O
219*,*O
219*but*O
219*by*O
219*a*O
219*start-up*O
219*firm*O
219*,*O
219*Netflix*B-ORG
219*.*O
220*similarly*O
220*,*O
220*CubeSats*B-SYS
220*did*O
220*not*O
220*emerge*O
220*from*O
220*the*O
220*research*O
220*and*O
220*development*O
220*laboratories*O
220*of*O
220*the*O
220*powerhouse*O
220*space*O
220*companies*O
220*like*O
220*Lockheed*B-ORG
220*Martin*I-ORG
220*,*O
220*Boeing*B-ORG
220*,*O
220*and*O
220*Northrup*B-ORG
220*Grumman*I-ORG
220*or*O
220*even*O
220*cutting-edge*O
220*government*O
220*laboratories*O
220*;*O
220*they*O
220*were*O
220*first*O
220*proposed*O
220*by*O
220*researchers*O
220*at*O
220*Stanford*B-ORG
220*University*I-ORG
220*and*O
220*California*B-ORG
220*Polytechnic*I-ORG
220*State*I-ORG
220*University*I-ORG
220*(*O
220*Cal*B-ORG
220*Poly*I-ORG
220*)*O
220*.*O
221*Cal*B-ORG
221*Poly*I-ORG
221*,*O
221*the*O
221*institution*O
221*where*O
221*the*O
221*cubesat*O
221*standard*O
221*was*O
221*created*O
221*,*O
221*was*O
221*not*O
221*a*O
221*household*O
221*name*O
221*in*O
221*the*O
221*aerospace*O
221*sector*O
221*.*O
222*all*O
222*five*B-VAL
222*of*O
222*the*O
222*winners*O
222*of*O
222*the*O
222*first*O
222*milestone*O
222*of*O
222*NASA*B-ORG
222*'s*O
222*cube*O
222*quest*O
222*challenge*O
222*are*O
222*entrepreneurial*O
222*entities*O
222*within*O
222*universities*O
222*or*O
222*relatively*O
222*unknown*O
222*companies*O
222*in*O
222*the*O
222*aerospace*O
222*sector*O
222*.*O
223*typically*O
223*advanced*O
223*by*O
223*an*O
223*enabling*O
223*technology*O
223*.*O
224*Netflix*B-ORG
224*streaming*O
224*was*O
224*propelled*O
224*by*O
224*ubiquitous*O
224*broadband*O
224*internet*O
224*service*O
224*.*O
225*similarly*O
225*,*O
225*CubeSats*B-SYS
225*are*O
225*being*O
225*helped*O
225*along*O
225*by*O
225*advances*O
225*in*O
225*non-space-related*O
225*terrestrial*O
225*,*O
225*commercial*O
225*technology*O
225*areas*O
225*:*O
225*software*O
225*advances*O
225*,*O
225*processing*O
225*power*O
225*,*O
225*data*O
225*storage*O
225*,*O
225*camera*O
225*technology*O
225*,*O
225*compression*O
225*,*O
225*and*O
225*solar*O
225*array*O
225*efficiency*O
225*.*O
226*follow*O
226*development*O
226*models*O
226*that*O
226*are*O
226*very*O
226*different*O
226*from*O
226*those*O
226*of*O
226*incumbents*O
226*.*O
227*the*O
227*Apple*B-SYS
227*iPhone*I-SYS
227*disrupted*O
227*the*O
227*laptop*O
227*sector*O
227*by*O
227*building*O
227*a*O
227*facilitated*O
227*network*O
227*connecting*O
227*application*O
227*developers*O
227*with*O
227*phone*O
227*users*O
227*.*O
228*similarly*O
228*,*O
228*cubesat*O
228*platforms*O
228*are*O
228*being*O
228*developed*O
228*by*O
228*university-based*O
228*and*O
228*private-sector*O
228*entrepreneurs*O
228*using*O
228*low-cost*O
228*off-the-*O
228*shelf*O
228*components*O
228*,*O
228*small*O
228*teams*O
228*,*O
228*rapid*O
228*iterations*O
228*,*O
228*and*O
228*high-risk*O
228*postures*O
228*.*O
229*Planet*B-ORG
229*Labs*I-ORG
229*'*O
229*CubeSats*B-SYS
229*have*O
229*gone*O
229*through*O
229*12*B-VAL
229*generations*O
229*of*O
229*design*O
229*since*O
229*the*O
229*firm*O
229*was*O
229*established*O
229*in*O
229*2010*B-DATETIME
229*,*O
229*and*O
229*the*O
229*company*O
229*claims*O
229*that*O
229*20*B-VAL
229*percent*I-VAL
229*of*O
229*its*O
229*CubeSats*B-SYS
229*(*O
229*called*O
229*Doves*B-SYS
229*)*O
229*can*O
229*fail*O
229*in*O
229*orbit*O
229*without*O
229*losing*O
229*a*O
229*meaningful*O
229*amount*O
229*of*O
229*imaging*O
229*capacity*O
229*.*O
230*this*O
230*model*O
230*is*O
230*unprecedented*O
230*in*O
230*the*O
230*risk-averse*O
230*satellite*O
230*sector*O
230*.*O
231*as*O
231*with*O
231*other*O
231*fields*O
231*,*O
231*the*O
231*small*O
231*size*O
231*and*O
231*standardized*O
231*form*O
231*factor*O
231*and*O
231*interfaces*O
231*of*O
231*CubeSats*B-SYS
231*are*O
231*key*O
231*ingredients*O
231*to*O
231*accelerating*O
231*innovation*O
231*,*O
231*rather*O
231*than*O
231*obstructing*O
231*it*O
231*.*O
232*standardization*O
232*,*O
232*in*O
232*particular*O
232*,*O
232*ensures*O
232*that*O
232*CubeSats*B-SYS
232*can*O
232*be*O
232*easily*O
232*inserted*O
232*into*O
232*launch*B-SYS
232*vehicles*I-SYS
232*,*O
232*lowering*O
232*the*O
232*overall*O
232*cost*O
232*of*O
232*integration*O
232*and*O
232*launch*O
232*.*O
233*standardization*O
233*also*O
233*allows*O
233*companies*O
233*to*O
233*develop*O
233*subsystems*B-SYS
233*,*O
233*such*O
233*as*O
233*power*O
233*boards*O
233*,*O
233*that*O
233*can*O
233*be*O
233*useful*O
233*for*O
233*many*O
233*cubesat*O
233*missions*O
233*.*O
234*it*O
234*is*O
234*important*O
234*to*O
234*note*O
234*that*O
234*disruptive*O
234*innovation*O
234*often*O
234*does*O
234*not*O
234*and*O
234*need*O
234*not*O
234*replace*O
234*the*O
234*mainstream*O
234*technology*O
234*.*O
235*Laptops*B-SYS
235*today*O
235*do*O
235*not*O
235*replace*O
235*high-performance*B-SYS
235*computers*I-SYS
235*at*O
235*the*O
235*Department*B-ORG
235*of*I-ORG
235*Energy*I-ORG
235*(*O
235*DOE*B-ORG
235*)*O
235*,*O
235*for*O
235*example*O
235*.*O
236*large*O
236*DOE*B-ORG
236*computers*O
236*excel*O
236*at*O
236*complex*O
236*computations*O
236*and*O
236*speed*O
236*,*O
236*while*O
236*laptops*O
236*excel*O
236*at*O
236*affordability*O
236*and*O
236*ease*O
236*of*O
236*use*O
236*.*O
237*similarly*O
237*,*O
237*large*O
237*spacecraft*B-SYS
237*excel*O
237*at*O
237*large-scale*O
237*investigations*O
237*,*O
237*when*O
237*,*O
237*for*O
237*example*O
237*,*O
237*several*O
237*instruments*B-SYS
237*need*O
237*to*O
237*be*O
237*collocated*O
237*.*O
238*CubeSats*B-SYS
238*excel*O
238*at*O
238*simple*O
238*,*O
238*focused*O
238*,*O
238*or*O
238*short-duration*O
238*missions*O
238*and*O
238*missions*O
238*that*O
238*need*O
238*to*O
238*be*O
238*low*O
238*cost*O
238*or*O
238*that*O
238*require*O
238*multipoint*O
238*measurements*O
238*.*O
239*there*O
239*are*O
239*lessons*O
239*to*O
239*be*O
239*drawn*O
239*from*O
239*the*O
239*literature*O
239*on*O
239*managing*O
239*disruptive*O
239*innovations*O
239*.*O
240*it*O
240*can*O
240*be*O
240*difficult*O
240*to*O
240*manage*O
240*disruptive*O
240*innovations*O
240*and*O
240*traditional*O
240*approaches*O
240*in*O
240*the*O
240*same*O
240*organization*O
240*.*O
241*disruptive*O
241*ideas*O
241*prosper*O
241*if*O
241*there*O
241*are*O
241*champions*O
241*within*O
241*such*O
241*organizations*O
241*who*O
241*allow*O
241*for*O
241*experimentation*O
241*and*O
241*risk-taking*O
241*but*O
241*,*O
241*at*O
241*the*O
241*same*O
241*time*O
241*can*O
241*also*O
241*focus*O
241*resources*O
241*on*O
241*promising*O
241*applications*O
241*,*O
241*once*O
241*their*O
241*value*O
241*becomes*O
241*clear*O
241*.*O
242*CubeSats*B-SYS
242*share*O
242*many*O
242*characteristics*O
242*of*O
242*disruptive*O
242*innovations*O
242*similar*O
242*to*O
242*innovations*O
242*in*O
242*other*O
242*sectors*O
242*(*O
242*pcs*O
242*in*O
242*computing*O
242*,*O
242*3d*O
242*printing*O
242*)*O
242*in*O
242*that*O
242*they*O
242*are*O
242*initially*O
242*more*O
242*inexpensive*O
242*than*O
242*are*O
242*traditional*O
242*satellites*B-SYS
242*,*O
242*emerged*O
242*outside*O
242*the*O
242*mainstream*O
242*industry*O
242*,*O
242*target*O
242*new*O
242*capabilities*O
242*or*O
242*new*O
242*users*O
242*,*O
242*and*O
242*initially*O
242*showed*O
242*poor*O
242*(*O
242*but*O
242*growing*O
242*)*O
242*performance*O
242*.*O
243*the*O
243*theory*O
243*of*O
243*disruptive*O
243*innovation*O
243*,*O
243*therefore*O
243*,*O
243*provides*O
243*some*O
243*best*O
243*practices*O
243*with*O
243*respect*O
243*to*O
243*enabling*O
243*cubesat*O
243*innovations*O
243*in*O
243*support*O
243*of*O
243*science*O
243*.*O
244*a*O
244*key*O
244*element*O
244*of*O
244*disruptive*O
244*innovation*O
244*,*O
244*and*O
244*the*O
244*principal*O
244*reason*O
244*for*O
244*an*O
244*often-*O
244*unexpected*O
244*evolutionary*O
244*path*O
244*,*O
244*lies*O
244*in*O
244*the*O
244*cultural*O
244*tensions*O
244*that*O
244*arise*O
244*from*O
244*its*O
244*development*O
244*.*O
245*a*O
245*novel*O
245*and*O
245*innovative*O
245*technology*O
245*that*O
245*is*O
245*cheaper*O
245*than*O
245*are*O
245*current*O
245*systems*O
245*is*O
245*not*O
245*always*O
245*welcomed*O
245*in*O
245*organizations*O
245*that*O
245*are*O
245*responsible*O
245*for*O
245*these*O
245*status*O
245*quo*O
245*systems*O
245*.*O
246*for*O
246*such*O
246*innovations*O
246*to*O
246*live*O
246*up*O
246*to*O
246*their*O
246*potential*O
246*,*O
246*the*O
246*management*O
246*of*O
246*disruptive*O
246*innovations*O
246*needs*O
246*to*O
246*be*O
246*deliberate*O
246*and*O
246*cognizant*O
246*of*O
246*the*O
246*issues*O
246*that*O
246*arise*O
246*.*O
247*thus*O
247*,*O
247*cubesat*O
247*programs*O
247*are*O
247*likely*O
247*to*O
247*be*O
247*best*O
247*managed*O
247*with*O
247*a*O
247*focus*O
247*on*O
247*decentralized*O
247*development*O
247*that*O
247*enables*O
247*innovation*O
247*via*O
247*a*O
247*wide*O
247*variety*O
247*of*O
247*approaches*O
247*.*O
248*at*O
248*the*O
248*same*O
248*time*O
248*,*O
248*this*O
248*management*O
248*needs*O
248*to*O
248*identify*O
248*and*O
248*focus*O
248*resources*O
248*onto*O
248*promising*O
248*applications*O
248*.*O
249*at*O
249*government*O
249*agencies*O
249*such*O
249*as*O
249*NASA*B-ORG
249*,*O
249*CubeSats*B-SYS
249*may*O
249*need*O
249*a*O
249*high-level*O
249*champion*O
249*who*O
249*understands*O
249*their*O
249*potential*O
249*importance*O
249*as*O
249*they*O
249*evolve*O
249*in*O
249*capability*O
249*and*O
249*scope*O
249*,*O
249*recognizing*O
249*that*O
249*major*O
249*breakthroughs*O
249*can*O
249*also*O
249*emerge*O
249*from*O
249*outside*O
249*of*O
249*the*O
249*government*O
249*,*O
249*especially*O
249*if*O
249*one*O
249*or*O
249*several*O
249*cubesat-based*O
249*companies*O
249*become*O
249*commercially*O
249*successful*O
249*.*O
250*although*O
250*investment*O
250*and*O
250*technological*O
250*development*O
250*in*O
250*the*O
250*commercial*O
250*sector*O
250*may*O
250*be*O
250*substantial*O
250*,*O
250*CubeSats*B-SYS
250*may*O
250*benefit*O
250*from*O
250*government*O
250*support*O
250*in*O
250*areas*O
250*such*O
250*as*O
250*standards*O
250*development*O
250*,*O
250*deorbiting*O
250*technologies*O
250*,*O
250*or*O
250*other*O
250*areas*O
250*of*O
250*research*O
250*and*O
250*development*O
250*that*O
250*may*O
250*not*O
250*be*O
250*supported*O
250*by*O
250*mainstream*O
250*satellite*O
250*actors*O
250*,*O
250*creating*O
250*clarity*O
250*and*O
250*growth*O
250*for*O
250*the*O
250*entire*O
250*sector*O
250*.*O
251*there*O
251*are*O
251*opportunities*O
251*for*O
251*the*O
251*government*O
251*to*O
251*leverage*O
251*commercial*O
251*progress*O
251*through*O
251*the*O
251*creation*O
251*of*O
251*public-*O
251*private*O
251*partnerships*O
251*,*O
251*such*O
251*as*O
251*data-buys*O
251*,*O
251*and*O
251*joint*O
251*developments*O
251*.*O
252*CubeSats*B-SYS
252*are*O
252*likely*O
252*to*O
252*evolve*O
252*in*O
252*more*O
252*than*O
252*one*O
252*way*O
252*,*O
252*depending*O
252*on*O
252*specific*O
252*applications*O
252*and*O
252*value*O
252*to*O
252*stakeholders*O
252*.*O
253*for*O
253*CubeSats*B-SYS
253*to*O
253*achieve*O
253*their*O
253*potential*O
253*,*O
253*these*O
253*evolutionary*O
253*trajectories*O
253*need*O
253*to*O
253*be*O
253*recognized*O
253*and*O
253*addressed*O
253*.*O
254*prematurely*O
254*limiting*O
254*what*O
254*CubeSats*B-SYS
254*can*O
254*become*O
254*will*O
254*likely*O
254*limit*O
254*their*O
254*impact*O
254*.*O
255*the*O
255*balance*O
255*of*O
255*this*O
255*report*O
255*,*O
255*especially*O
255*the*O
255*conclusions*O
255*and*O
255*recommendations*O
255*proposed*O
255*by*O
255*the*O
255*committee*O
255*,*O
255*follow*O
255*these*O
255*principles*O
255*,*O
255*and*O
255*try*O
255*to*O
255*strike*O
255*the*O
255*balance*O
255*between*O
255*enabling*O
255*where*O
255*CubeSats*B-SYS
255*are*O
255*promising*O
255*while*O
255*also*O
255*remaining*O
255*cognizant*O
255*of*O
255*the*O
255*fact*O
255*that*O
255*these*O
255*developments*O
255*have*O
255*to*O
255*fit*O
255*into*O
255*the*O
255*funding*O
255*systems*O
255*of*O
255*NASA*B-ORG
255*and*O
255*NSF*B-ORG
255*and*O
255*have*O
255*to*O
255*be*O
255*balanced*O
255*with*O
255*other*O
255*value*O
255*systems*O
255*and*O
255*priorities*O
255*.*O
256*as*O
256*discussed*O
256*previously*O
256*,*O
256*CubeSats*B-SYS
256*were*O
256*first*O
256*conceived*O
256*as*O
256*a*O
256*hands-on*O
256*education*O
256*tool*O
256*allowing*O
256*students*O
256*to*O
256*design*O
256*and*O
256*test*O
256*small*O
256*satellites*B-SYS
256*and*O
256*develop*O
256*space*O
256*missions*O
256*.*O
257*this*O
257*teaching*O
257*tool*O
257*has*O
257*now*O
257*spread*O
257*to*O
257*many*O
257*different*O
257*universities*O
257*,*O
257*especially*O
257*those*O
257*with*O
257*aerospace*O
257*and*O
257*similar*O
257*engineering*O
257*departments*O
257*.*O
258*this*O
258*rapid*O
258*adoption*O
258*of*O
258*active*O
258*and*O
258*hands-on*O
258*learning*O
258*techniques*O
258*is*O
258*consistent*O
258*with*O
258*a*O
258*trend*O
258*in*O
258*science*O
258*,*O
258*technology*O
258*,*O
258*engineering*O
258*,*O
258*and*O
258*mathematics*O
258*(*O
258*stem*O
258*)*O
258*disciplines*O
258*away*O
258*from*O
258*lecture-based*O
258*teaching*O
258*toward*O
258*alternative*O
258*teaching*O
258*models*O
258*that*O
258*show*O
258*enhanced*O
258*learning*O
258*outcomes*O
258*.*O
259*compared*O
259*to*O
259*lecture-based*O
259*learning*O
259*,*O
259*average*O
259*examination*O
259*scores*O
259*of*O
259*students*O
259*with*O
259*hands-on*O
259*approaches*O
259*are*O
259*higher*O
259*.*O
260*according*O
260*to*O
260*Freeman*B-RES
260*et*I-RES
260*al*I-RES
260*.*I-RES
260*(*O
260*2014*B-DATETIME
260*)*O
260*,*O
260*average*O
260*examination*O
260*scores*O
260*improved*O
260*by*O
260*about*O
260*6*B-VAL
260*percent*I-VAL
260*in*O
260*active*O
260*learning*O
260*sections*O
260*,*O
260*and*O
260*students*O
260*in*O
260*classes*O
260*with*O
260*traditional*O
260*lecturing*O
260*were*O
260*1.5*B-VAL
260*times*I-VAL
260*more*O
260*likely*O
260*to*O
260*fail*O
260*[*O
260*their*O
260*classes*O
260*]*O
260*than*O
260*were*O
260*students*O
260*in*O
260*classes*O
260*with*O
260*active*O
260*learning*O
260*.*O
261*there*O
261*has*O
261*been*O
261*particular*O
261*focus*O
261*on*O
261*team-based*O
261*,*O
261*hands-on*O
261*,*O
261*active-learning*O
261*techniques*O
261*,*O
261*which*O
261*provide*O
261*opportunities*O
261*for*O
261*students*O
261*to*O
261*interact*O
261*with*O
261*complex*O
261*problems*O
261*-*O
261*like*O
261*the*O
261*design*O
261*and*O
261*operation*O
261*of*O
261*a*O
261*space*O
261*mission*O
261*and*O
261*to*O
261*do*O
261*so*O
261*as*O
261*a*O
261*multifunctional*O
261*team*O
261*.*O
262*these*O
262*engaged*O
262*and*O
262*team-based*O
262*learning*O
262*techniques*O
262*have*O
262*a*O
262*positive*O
262*impact*O
262*on*O
262*retention*O
262*of*O
262*students*O
262*in*O
262*stem*O
262*fields*O
262*.*O
263*such*O
263*a*O
263*net*O
263*increase*O
263*of*O
263*stem*O
263*graduates*O
263*was*O
263*one*O
263*of*O
263*the*O
263*top*O
263*recommendations*O
263*of*O
263*the*O
263*2010*B-DATETIME
263*report*O
263*rising*O
263*above*O
263*the*O
263*gathering*O
263*storm*O
263*,*O
263*revisited*O
263*:*O
263*rapidly*O
263*approaching*O
263*category*O
263*5*B-VAL
263*and*O
263*a*O
263*matter*O
263*of*O
263*national*O
263*competitiveness*O
263*.*O
264*one*O
264*of*O
264*the*O
264*most*O
264*challenging*O
264*concepts*O
264*to*O
264*teach*O
264*in*O
264*aerospace*O
264*engineering*O
264*is*O
264*the*O
264*interdependent*O
264*subsystems*B-SYS
264*and*O
264*systems*O
264*that*O
264*make*O
264*a*O
264*successful*O
264*space*O
264*mission*O
264*.*O
265*even*O
265*though*O
265*there*O
265*are*O
265*textbooks*O
265*on*O
265*the*O
265*issue*O
265*,*O
265*active*O
265*engagement*O
265*in*O
265*system*O
265*development*O
265*is*O
265*essential*O
265*for*O
265*a*O
265*young*O
265*scientist*O
265*or*O
265*engineer*O
265*to*O
265*understand*O
265*how*O
265*their*O
265*work*O
265*fits*O
265*into*O
265*a*O
265*greater*O
265*whole*O
265*.*O
266*with*O
266*few*O
266*exceptions*O
266*,*O
266*the*O
266*active*O
266*development*O
266*of*O
266*a*O
266*space*O
266*system*O
266*is*O
266*generally*O
266*beyond*O
266*the*O
266*range*O
266*of*O
266*opportunities*O
266*offered*O
266*by*O
266*academia*O
266*and*O
266*can*O
266*only*O
266*be*O
266*experienced*O
266*through*O
266*internship*O
266*in*O
266*industry*O
266*.*O
267*CubeSats*B-SYS
267*offer*O
267*an*O
267*alternative*O
267*that*O
267*has*O
267*the*O
267*benefits*O
267*of*O
267*typically*O
267*shorter*O
267*development*O
267*lifetimes*O
267*,*O
267*a*O
267*reduced*O
267*set*O
267*of*O
267*requirements*O
267*due*O
267*to*O
267*smaller*O
267*system*O
267*complexity*O
267*,*O
267*shorter*O
267*overall*O
267*mission*O
267*life*O
267*,*O
267*and*O
267*typically*O
267*a*O
267*higher*O
267*level*O
267*of*O
267*acceptable*O
267*risk*O
267*for*O
267*the*O
267*mission*O
267*.*O
268*currently*O
268*,*O
268*within*O
268*u.s.*O
268*universities*O
268*more*O
268*than*O
268*a*O
268*thousand*B-VAL
268*students*O
268*per*O
268*year*O
268*graduate*O
268*with*O
268*some*O
268*educational*O
268*experience*O
268*on*O
268*a*O
268*cubesat*O
268*project*O
268*.*O
269*this*O
269*number*O
269*of*O
269*students*O
269*is*O
269*an*O
269*estimate*O
269*by*O
269*the*O
269*committee*O
269*that*O
269*is*O
269*based*O
269*on*O
269*self-*O
269*reported*O
269*numbers*O
269*of*O
269*nearly*O
269*50*B-VAL
269*different*O
269*universities*O
269*collected*O
269*by*O
269*the*O
269*National*B-ORG
269*Science*I-ORG
269*Foundation*I-ORG
269*(*O
269*NSF*B-ORG
269*)*O
269*and*O
269*the*O
269*Department*B-ORG
269*of*I-ORG
269*Defense*I-ORG
269*(*O
269*DOD*B-ORG
269*)*O
269*,*O
269*with*O
269*the*O
269*assumption*O
269*of*O
269*approximately*O
269*30*B-VAL
269*students*O
269*per*O
269*university*O
269*.*O
270*the*O
270*total*O
270*number*O
270*of*O
270*participating*O
270*students*O
270*is*O
270*almost*O
270*certainly*O
270*larger*O
270*as*O
270*more*O
270*universities*O
270*engage*O
270*as*O
270*part*O
270*of*O
270*the*O
270*52*B-VAL
270*NASA*B-ORG
270*Space*I-ORG
270*Grant*I-ORG
270*Consortia*I-ORG
270*,*O
270*which*O
270*also*O
270*includes*O
270*some*O
270*secondary*O
270*school*O
270*participation*O
270*.*O
271*furthermore*O
271*,*O
271*elementary*O
271*school*O
271*students*O
271*can*O
271*build*O
271*a*O
271*simple*O
271*communication*O
271*system*O
271*with*O
271*the*O
271*robert*O
271*twiggs*O
271*'*O
271*cricketsat*O
271*development*O
271*kit*O
271*,*O
271*originally*O
271*designed*O
271*to*O
271*be*O
271*flown*O
271*as*O
271*balloon*O
271*experiments*O
271*.*O
272*one*O
272*of*O
272*the*O
272*first*O
272*education-focused*O
272*satellite*O
272*development*O
272*programs*O
272*was*O
272*the*O
272*University*B-ORG
272*Nanosatellite*I-ORG
272*Program*I-ORG
272*(*O
272*UNP*B-ORG
272*)*O
272*,*O
272*a*O
272*joint*O
272*program*O
272*of*O
272*the*O
272*Air*B-ORG
272*Force*I-ORG
272*Research*I-ORG
272*Laboratory*I-ORG
272*'s*O
272*Space*B-ORG
272*Vehicles*I-ORG
272*Directorate*I-ORG
272*(*O
272*afrl/rv*O
272*)*O
272*,*O
272*the*O
272*Air*B-ORG
272*Force*I-ORG
272*Office*I-ORG
272*of*I-ORG
272*Scientific*I-ORG
272*Research*I-ORG
272*,*O
272*and*O
272*the*O
272*American*B-ORG
272*Institute*I-ORG
272*of*I-ORG
272*Aeronautics*I-ORG
272*and*I-ORG
272*Astronautics*I-ORG
272*in*O
272*1999*B-DATETIME
272*.*O
273*to*O
273*date*O
273*,*O
273*the*O
273*program*O
273*has*O
273*funded*O
273*more*O
273*than*O
273*32*B-VAL
273*small*O
273*satellite*B-SYS
273*and*O
273*cubesat*B-SYS
273*missions*O
273*.*O
274*starting*O
274*primarily*O
274*with*O
274*microsatellites*B-SYS
274*or*O
274*nanosatellites*B-SYS
274*,*O
274*UNP*B-ORG
274*missions*O
274*have*O
274*followed*O
274*the*O
274*trend*O
274*of*O
274*terrestrial-based*O
274*electronics*B-SYS
274*described*O
274*in*O
274*Chapter*B-RES
274*2*I-RES
274*:*O
274*they*O
274*have*O
274*shrunk*O
274*in*O
274*size*O
274*while*O
274*increasing*O
274*in*O
274*capability*O
274*(*O
274*missions*O
274*have*O
274*now*O
274*moved*O
274*from*O
274*mostly*O
274*50*B-VAL
274*kg*I-VAL
274*satellites*B-SYS
274*to*O
274*nanosatellites*B-SYS
274*and*O
274*picosatellites*B-SYS
274*or*O
274*CubeSats*B-SYS
274*)*O
274*.*O
275*the*O
275*primary*O
275*objective*O
275*of*O
275*this*O
275*program*O
275*is*O
275*educational*O
275*,*O
275*in*O
275*particular*O
275*in*O
275*systems*O
275*engineering*O
275*and*O
275*overall*O
275*engineering*O
275*workforce*O
275*development*O
275*.*O
276*it*O
276*has*O
276*been*O
276*described*O
276*as*O
276*supporting*O
276*the*O
276*technical*O
276*development*O
276*of*O
276*the*O
276*industrial*O
276*aerospace*O
276*workforce*O
276*both*O
276*in*O
276*military*O
276*schools*O
276*and*O
276*in*O
276*a*O
276*broader*O
276*educational*O
276*community*O
276*.*O
277*the*O
277*secondary*O
277*objective*O
277*of*O
277*this*O
277*program*O
277*is*O
277*technology*O
277*-*O
277*the*O
277*development*O
277*of*O
277*innovative*O
277*,*O
277*low-cost*O
277*technologies*O
277*of*O
277*relevance*O
277*to*O
277*dod*O
277*.*O
278*the*O
278*tertiary*O
278*objective*O
278*of*O
278*this*O
278*program*O
278*is*O
278*university*O
278*development*O
278*:*O
278*for*O
278*example*O
278*,*O
278*through*O
278*support*O
278*of*O
278*space*O
278*hardware*O
278*laboratories*O
278*.*O
279*during*O
279*its*O
279*program*O
279*lifetime*O
279*,*O
279*approximately*O
279*5000*B-VAL
279*students*O
279*have*O
279*been*O
279*actively*O
279*involved*O
279*in*O
279*educational*O
279*programs*O
279*offered*O
279*by*O
279*the*O
279*nanosatellite*O
279*program*O
279*;*O
279*a*O
279*snapshot*O
279*of*O
279*the*O
279*most*O
279*recent*O
279*funding*O
279*round*O
279*is*O
279*provided*O
279*in*O
279*Table*B-RES
279*1-Mar*I-RES
279*.*O
280*the*O
280*results*O
280*are*O
280*self-reported*O
280*by*O
280*10*B-VAL
280*of*O
280*the*O
280*participating*O
280*universities*O
280*during*O
280*2013-2015*B-DATETIME
280*and*O
280*are*O
280*given*O
280*as*O
280*examples*O
280*of*O
280*the*O
280*effects*O
280*of*O
280*the*O
280*UNP*B-ORG
280*.*O
281*during*O
281*2013-2015*B-DATETIME
281*,*O
281*the*O
281*program*O
281*primarily*O
281*benefited*O
281*undergraduate*O
281*students*O
281*but*O
281*has*O
281*also*O
281*seen*O
281*impacts*O
281*at*O
281*the*O
281*graduate*O
281*level*O
281*,*O
281*indicated*O
281*by*O
281*a*O
281*number*O
281*of*O
281*ph.d.*O
281*dissertations*O
281*.*O
282*the*O
282*UNP*B-ORG
282*program*O
282*is*O
282*designed*O
282*around*O
282*10*B-VAL
282*scheduled*O
282*milestones*O
282*mandatory*O
282*for*O
282*all*O
282*participants*O
282*,*O
282*which*O
282*include*O
282*6*B-VAL
282*design*O
282*reviews*O
282*,*O
282*and*O
282*3*B-VAL
282*skill-building*O
282*events*O
282*with*O
282*a*O
282*focus*O
282*on*O
282*education*O
282*and*O
282*team*O
282*development*O
282*.*O
283*the*O
283*milestones*O
283*follow*O
283*the*O
283*design*O
283*cycle*O
283*generally*O
283*used*O
283*for*O
283*space*O
283*payloads*O
283*,*O
283*such*O
283*as*O
283*system*O
283*concept*O
283*reviews*O
283*,*O
283*system*O
283*requirement*O
283*reviews*O
283*,*O
283*preliminary*O
283*design*O
283*review*O
283*,*O
283*and*O
283*critical*O
283*design*O
283*review*O
283*.*O
284*furthermore*O
284*,*O
284*the*O
284*complete*O
284*design*O
284*is*O
284*analyzed*O
284*in*O
284*a*O
284*proto-qualification*O
284*review*O
284*and*O
284*,*O
284*finally*O
284*,*O
284*a*O
284*flight*O
284*competition*O
284*review*O
284*.*O
285*a*O
285*critical*O
285*part*O
285*of*O
285*this*O
285*review*O
285*process*O
285*is*O
285*that*O
285*students*O
285*are*O
285*present*O
285*at*O
285*all*O
285*reviews*O
285*conducted*O
285*by*O
285*external*O
285*reviewers*O
285*,*O
285*and*O
285*they*O
285*also*O
285*are*O
285*the*O
285*authors*O
285*and*O
285*owners*O
285*of*O
285*the*O
285*design*O
285*documentation*O
285*and*O
285*design*O
285*analyses*O
285*.*O
286*the*O
286*UNP*B-ORG
286*is*O
286*currently*O
286*funded*O
286*at*O
286*approximately*O
286*$*B-VAL
286*1.25*I-VAL
286*million*I-VAL
286*per*O
286*year*O
286*through*O
286*both*O
286*awards*O
286*to*O
286*universities*O
286*and*O
286*the*O
286*program*O
286*office*O
286*,*O
286*which*O
286*is*O
286*responsible*O
286*for*O
286*program*O
286*execution*O
286*,*O
286*mission*O
286*assurance*O
286*testing*O
286*(*O
286*i.e.*O
286*,*O
286*environmental*O
286*stress*O
286*screening*O
286*)*O
286*and*O
286*launch*O
286*coordination*O
286*.*O
287*although*O
287*a*O
287*large*O
287*number*O
287*of*O
287*mission*O
287*concepts*O
287*are*O
287*developed*O
287*through*O
287*UNP*B-ORG
287*,*O
287*the*O
287*high*O
287*level*O
287*of*O
287*competition*O
287*and*O
287*limited*O
287*funds*O
287*typically*O
287*allow*O
287*for*O
287*only*O
287*one*O
287*mission*O
287*to*O
287*be*O
287*selected*O
287*to*O
287*move*O
287*forward*O
287*throughout*O
287*the*O
287*entire*O
287*program*O
287*.*O
288*however*O
288*,*O
288*for*O
288*the*O
288*latest*O
288*round*O
288*of*O
288*competition*O
288*,*O
288*the*O
288*program*O
288*has*O
288*been*O
288*restructured*O
288*to*O
288*select*O
288*as*O
288*many*O
288*missions*O
288*as*O
288*met*O
288*the*O
288*maturity*O
288*and*O
288*other*O
288*criteria*O
288*,*O
288*resulting*O
288*in*O
288*6*B-VAL
288*of*O
288*the*O
288*10*B-VAL
288*schools*O
288*moving*O
288*into*O
288*later*O
288*phases*O
288*of*O
288*the*O
288*program*O
288*.*O
289*of*O
289*the*O
289*initial*O
289*missions*O
289*to*O
289*reach*O
289*orbit*O
289*(*O
289*one*B-VAL
289*was*O
289*lost*O
289*to*O
289*a*O
289*launch*O
289*failure*O
289*)*O
289*,*O
289*all*O
289*three*B-VAL
289*met*O
289*minimum*O
289*mission*O
289*success*O
289*.*O
290*during*O
290*2016*B-DATETIME
290*and*O
290*2017*B-DATETIME
290*,*O
290*UNP*B-ORG
290*is*O
290*scheduled*O
290*to*O
290*launch*O
290*eight*B-VAL
290*student-built*O
290*satellites*B-SYS
290*through*O
290*the*O
290*Space*B-ORG
290*Test*I-ORG
290*Program*I-ORG
290*(*O
290*three*B-VAL
290*microsats*O
290*and*O
290*five*B-VAL
290*CubeSats*B-SYS
290*)*O
290*.*O
291*since*O
291*2008*B-DATETIME
291*,*O
291*the*O
291*NSF*B-ORG
291*Division*B-ORG
291*of*I-ORG
291*Atmospheric*I-ORG
291*and*I-ORG
291*Geospace*I-ORG
291*Sciences*I-ORG
291*has*O
291*funded*O
291*CubeSats*B-SYS
291*(*O
291*Figure*B-RES
291*1-Mar*I-RES
291*)*O
291*focused*O
291*on*O
291*the*O
291*advancement*O
291*of*O
291*science*O
291*in*O
291*space*O
291*weather*O
291*and*O
291*also*O
291*the*O
291*educational*O
291*benefits*O
291*to*O
291*participants*O
291*.*O
292*a*O
292*2013*B-DATETIME
292*report*O
292*of*O
292*the*O
292*program*O
292*characterizes*O
292*those*O
292*benefits*O
292*as*O
292*follows*O
292*:*O
292*they*O
292*allow*O
292*students*O
292*,*O
292*through*O
292*hands-on*O
292*work*O
292*on*O
292*real*O
292*,*O
292*exciting*O
292*,*O
292*end-to-end*O
292*projects*O
292*,*O
292*to*O
292*develop*O
292*the*O
292*necessary*O
292*skills*O
292*and*O
292*experience*O
292*needed*O
292*to*O
292*succeed*O
292*in*O
292*stem*O
292*careers*O
292*.*O
293*cubesat*O
293*projects*O
293*are*O
293*also*O
293*an*O
293*effective*O
293*tool*O
293*to*O
293*broaden*O
293*the*O
293*participation*O
293*amongst*O
293*underrepresented*O
293*groups*O
293*in*O
293*stem*O
293*research*O
293*and*O
293*education*O
293*.*O
294*the*O
294*projects*O
294*stimulate*O
294*widespread*O
294*excitement*O
294*and*O
294*involve*O
294*a*O
294*uniquely*O
294*diverse*O
294*set*O
294*of*O
294*skills*O
294*and*O
294*interest*O
294*.*O
295*therefore*O
295*,*O
295*they*O
295*appeal*O
295*to*O
295*a*O
295*broader*O
295*range*O
295*of*O
295*participants*O
295*than*O
295*more*O
295*traditional*O
295*science*O
295*and*O
295*engineering*O
295*projects*O
295*.*O
296*the*O
296*response*O
296*of*O
296*the*O
296*atmospheric*O
296*and*O
296*geospace*O
296*sciences*O
296*communities*O
296*has*O
296*been*O
296*significant*O
296*.*O
297*since*O
297*2008*B-DATETIME
297*,*O
297*5*B-VAL
297*NSF*B-ORG
297*cubesat*O
297*competitions*O
297*have*O
297*been*O
297*carried*O
297*out*O
297*,*O
297*and*O
297*15*B-VAL
297*missions*O
297*have*O
297*been*O
297*funded*O
297*for*O
297*about*O
297*$*B-VAL
297*900000*I-VAL
297*per*O
297*mission*O
297*over*O
297*a*O
297*3-year*B-DATETIME
297*development*O
297*period*O
297*.*O
298*throughout*O
298*its*O
298*activity*O
298*from*O
298*2008-2015*B-DATETIME
298*,*O
298*the*O
298*program*O
298*was*O
298*supported*O
298*by*O
298*approximately*O
298*$*B-VAL
298*15.6*I-VAL
298*million*I-VAL
298*.*O
299*the*O
299*program*O
299*remains*O
299*competitive*O
299*,*O
299*receiving*O
299*an*O
299*average*O
299*of*O
299*25*B-VAL
299*proposals*O
299*for*O
299*each*O
299*of*O
299*the*O
299*calls*O
299*,*O
299*but*O
299*typically*O
299*there*O
299*is*O
299*only*O
299*enough*O
299*funding*O
299*to*O
299*select*O
299*two*B-VAL
299*or*O
299*three*B-VAL
299*investigations*O
299*per*O
299*call*O
299*.*O
300*besides*O
300*a*O
300*thorough*O
300*proposal*O
300*review*O
300*,*O
300*requirements*O
300*dictated*O
300*by*O
300*launch*O
300*acceptance*O
300*,*O
300*and*O
300*minimal*O
300*prescriptions*O
300*for*O
300*project*O
300*management*O
300*(*O
300*testing*O
300*,*O
300*review*O
300*,*O
300*documentation*O
300*,*O
300*etc*O
300*.*O
300*)*O
300*,*O
300*each*O
300*team*O
300*is*O
300*free*O
300*to*O
300*implement*O
300*their*O
300*educational*O
300*and*O
300*management*O
300*processes*O
300*.*O
301*the*O
301*educational*O
301*content*O
301*,*O
301*therefore*O
301*,*O
301*varies*O
301*widely*O
301*depending*O
301*on*O
301*the*O
301*experience*O
301*of*O
301*a*O
301*participating*O
301*university*O
301*and*O
301*the*O
301*availability*O
301*of*O
301*experienced*O
301*mentors*O
301*or*O
301*public-private*O
301*partnerships*O
301*that*O
301*can*O
301*support*O
301*university*O
301*teams*O
301*during*O
301*the*O
301*satellite*O
301*design-build-test*O
301*process*O
301*.*O
302*according*O
302*to*O
302*the*O
302*NSF*B-ORG
302*report*O
302*on*O
302*the*O
302*program*O
302*and*O
302*reports*O
302*from*O
302*various*O
302*participating*O
302*universities*O
302*,*O
302*cubesat*O
302*developments*O
302*tend*O
302*to*O
302*be*O
302*appropriately*O
302*sized*O
302*for*O
302*undergraduate*O
302*and*O
302*graduate*O
302*students*O
302*to*O
302*work*O
302*on*O
302*for*O
302*1*B-DATETIME
302*to*I-DATETIME
302*3*I-DATETIME
302*years*I-DATETIME
302*,*O
302*with*O
302*individual*O
302*subsystem*O
302*team*O
302*sizes*O
302*typically*O
302*being*O
302*less*B-VAL
302*than*I-VAL
302*5*I-VAL
302*students*O
302*and*O
302*the*O
302*full*O
302*mission*O
302*team*O
302*sizes*O
302*typically*O
302*being*O
302*less*B-VAL
302*than*I-VAL
302*30*I-VAL
302*.*O
303*according*O
303*to*O
303*the*O
303*report*O
303*,*O
303*there*O
303*is*O
303*particular*O
303*interest*O
303*among*O
303*engineering*O
303*students*O
303*because*O
303*cubesat*O
303*programs*O
303*are*O
303*likely*O
303*the*O
303*only*O
303*way*O
303*for*O
303*students*O
303*to*O
303*be*O
303*involved*O
303*with*O
303*a*O
303*spacecraft*B-SYS
303*that*O
303*will*O
303*actually*O
303*fly*O
303*.*O
304*anecdotally*O
304*,*O
304*over*O
304*half*O
304*of*O
304*students*O
304*working*O
304*on*O
304*CubeSats*B-SYS
304*have*O
304*gone*O
304*on*O
304*to*O
304*positions*O
304*focused*O
304*on*O
304*the*O
304*aerospace*O
304*industry*O
304*.*O
305*some*O
305*nsf-funded*O
305*projects*O
305*have*O
305*made*O
305*a*O
305*deliberate*O
305*effort*O
305*to*O
305*include*O
305*minorities*O
305*,*O
305*thus*O
305*broadening*O
305*the*O
305*impact*O
305*of*O
305*this*O
305*research*O
305*and*O
305*educational*O
305*program*O
305*.*O
306*the*O
306*curricular*O
306*context*O
306*of*O
306*cubesat*O
306*design*O
306*activities*O
306*at*O
306*universities*O
306*varies*O
306*from*O
306*case*O
306*to*O
306*case*O
306*.*O
307*many*O
307*universities*O
307*do*O
307*not*O
307*have*O
307*a*O
307*formal*O
307*cubesat*O
307*course*O
307*curriculum*O
307*;*O
307*instead*O
307*,*O
307*the*O
307*cubesat*O
307*projects*O
307*tend*O
307*to*O
307*be*O
307*integrated*O
307*as*O
307*student*O
307*projects*O
307*within*O
307*system*O
307*engineering*O
307*or*O
307*spacecraft*B-SYS
307*design*O
307*courses*O
307*.*O
308*students*O
308*are*O
308*often*O
308*part*O
308*of*O
308*a*O
308*multidisciplinary*O
308*program*O
308*or*O
308*are*O
308*in*O
308*aerospace*O
308*engineering*O
308*or*O
308*other*O
308*majors*O
308*.*O
309*as*O
309*is*O
309*common*O
309*with*O
309*most*O
309*university*O
309*cubesat*O
309*student*O
309*projects*O
309*,*O
309*undergraduate*O
309*and*O
309*graduate*O
309*students*O
309*put*O
309*into*O
309*practice*O
309*their*O
309*classroom*O
309*learning*O
309*through*O
309*direct*O
309*participation*O
309*in*O
309*the*O
309*challenges*O
309*associated*O
309*with*O
309*spaceflight*O
309*hardware*O
309*design*O
309*,*O
309*fabrication*O
309*,*O
309*testing*O
309*,*O
309*and*O
309*operations*O
309*in*O
309*space*O
309*.*O
310*some*O
310*individual*O
310*students*O
310*spend*O
310*multiple*O
310*years*O
310*engaged*O
310*in*O
310*cubesat*O
310*development*O
310*while*O
310*being*O
310*mentored*O
310*by*O
310*professional*O
310*engineers*O
310*and*O
310*scientists*O
310*.*O
311*approximately*O
311*60*B-VAL
311*percent*I-VAL
311*of*O
311*nasa-funded*O
311*cubesat*O
311*programs*O
311*also*O
311*involve*O
311*universities*O
311*,*O
311*often*O
311*overlapping*O
311*with*O
311*the*O
311*set*O
311*of*O
311*universities*O
311*funded*O
311*through*O
311*AFRL*B-ORG
311*or*O
311*NSF*B-ORG
311*.*O
312*although*O
312*educational*O
312*objectives*O
312*are*O
312*most*O
312*often*O
312*not*O
312*primary*O
312*to*O
312*the*O
312*NASA*B-ORG
312*programs*O
312*,*O
312*both*O
312*NASA*B-ORG
312*program*O
312*officials*O
312*as*O
312*well*O
312*as*O
312*participating*O
312*institutions*O
312*often*O
312*name*O
312*them*O
312*as*O
312*an*O
312*essential*O
312*outcome*O
312*.*O
313*in*O
313*addition*O
313*to*O
313*university*O
313*student*O
313*projects*O
313*,*O
313*NASA*B-ORG
313*centers*I-ORG
313*and*O
313*the*O
313*private*O
313*sector*O
313*use*O
313*CubeSats*B-SYS
313*to*O
313*provide*O
313*valuable*O
313*hands-on*O
313*training*O
313*for*O
313*the*O
313*future*O
313*leaders*O
313*in*O
313*engineering*O
313*,*O
313*science*O
313*,*O
313*and*O
313*management*O
313*.*O
314*this*O
314*experience*O
314*is*O
314*akin*O
314*to*O
314*hands-on*O
314*training*O
314*from*O
314*working*O
314*with*O
314*rocket*O
314*and*O
314*balloon*O
314*experiments*O
314*,*O
314*which*O
314*provide*O
314*experience*O
314*with*O
314*the*O
314*full*O
314*cycle*O
314*of*O
314*concept*O
314*and*O
314*requirement*O
314*definitions*O
314*that*O
314*balance*O
314*scientific*O
314*goals*O
314*and*O
314*engineering*O
314*constraints*O
314*,*O
314*detailed*O
314*design*O
314*,*O
314*reviews*O
314*,*O
314*fabrication*O
314*,*O
314*test*O
314*,*O
314*launch*O
314*,*O
314*and*O
314*data*O
314*analysis*O
314*.*O
315*in*O
315*addition*O
315*to*O
315*hands-on*O
315*training*O
315*of*O
315*NASA*B-ORG
315*center*O
315*staff*O
315*,*O
315*many*O
315*of*O
315*the*O
315*NASA*B-ORG
315*technology*O
315*fellowship*O
315*students*O
315*have*O
315*the*O
315*opportunity*O
315*to*O
315*work*O
315*on*O
315*a*O
315*cubesat*O
315*project*O
315*.*O
316*on*O
316*these*O
316*smaller*O
316*space-hardware*O
316*projects*O
316*,*O
316*almost*O
316*everyone*O
316*is*O
316*involved*O
316*in*O
316*hardware*O
316*development*O
316*and*O
316*testing*O
316*.*O
317*this*O
317*is*O
317*in*O
317*contrast*O
317*with*O
317*large*O
317*satellite*O
317*projects*O
317*,*O
317*where*O
317*most*O
317*engineers*O
317*,*O
317*scientists*O
317*,*O
317*and*O
317*managers*O
317*do*O
317*not*O
317*have*O
317*the*O
317*opportunity*O
317*to*O
317*ever*O
317*touch*O
317*the*O
317*hardware*O
317*because*O
317*only*O
317*nasa-certified*O
317*technicians*O
317*are*O
317*permitted*O
317*to*O
317*handle*O
317*flight*O
317*hardware*O
317*.*O
318*every*O
318*university*O
318*,*O
318*industry*O
318*,*O
318*and*O
318*agency-based*O
318*team*O
318*that*O
318*spoke*O
318*to*O
318*the*O
318*committee*O
318*stressed*O
318*the*O
318*benefits*O
318*of*O
318*education*O
318*and*O
318*training*O
318*using*O
318*CubeSats*B-SYS
318*that*O
318*include*O
318*,*O
318*but*O
318*are*O
318*not*O
318*limited*O
318*to*O
318*,*O
318*providing*O
318*hands-on*O
318*hardware*O
318*and*O
318*software*O
318*development*O
318*experience*O
318*,*O
318*education*O
318*about*O
318*satellite*B-SYS
318*system*I-SYS
318*engineering*O
318*and*O
318*technology*O
318*,*O
318*and*O
318*cross-disciplinary*O
318*science*O
318*and*O
318*engineering*O
318*training*O
318*for*O
318*students*O
318*and*O
318*early-career*O
318*professionals*O
318*.*O
319*these*O
319*educational*O
319*programs*O
319*help*O
319*to*O
319*attract*O
319*students*O
319*into*O
319*stem*O
319*fields*O
319*and*O
319*retain*O
319*them*O
319*.*O
320*furthermore*O
320*,*O
320*cubesat*O
320*programs*O
320*provide*O
320*training*O
320*opportunities*O
320*for*O
320*young*O
320*scientists*O
320*and*O
320*engineers*O
320*in*O
320*NASA*B-ORG
320*centers*I-ORG
320*and*O
320*the*O
320*industrial*O
320*sector*O
320*,*O
320*similar*O
320*to*O
320*balloon*O
320*and*O
320*rocket*O
320*programs*O
320*.*O
321*conclusion*O
321*:*O
321*the*O
321*teaching*O
321*and*O
321*training*O
321*of*O
321*satellite*O
321*technology*O
321*,*O
321*engineering*O
321*,*O
321*and*O
321*space*O
321*science*O
321*provided*O
321*by*O
321*cubesat*O
321*programs*O
321*are*O
321*of*O
321*high*O
321*educational*O
321*and*O
321*leadership*O
321*training*O
321*value*O
321*to*O
321*participating*O
321*educational*O
321*institutions*O
321*and*O
321*for*O
321*early*O
321*career*O
321*scientists*O
321*and*O
321*engineers*O
321*.*O
322*this*O
322*chapter*O
322*discusses*O
322*the*O
322*scientific*O
322*contributions*O
322*and*O
322*potential*O
322*of*O
322*CubeSats*B-SYS
322*in*O
322*the*O
322*context*O
322*of*O
322*the*O
322*science*O
322*goals*O
322*set*O
322*in*O
322*the*O
322*decadal*O
322*surveys*O
322*from*O
322*each*O
322*of*O
322*five*B-VAL
322*space*O
322*science*O
322*subdisciplines*O
322*:*O
322*solar*O
322*and*O
322*space*O
322*physics*O
322*,*O
322*earth*O
322*science*O
322*and*O
322*applications*O
322*from*O
322*space*O
322*,*O
322*planetary*O
322*sciences*O
322*,*O
322*astronomy*O
322*and*O
322*astrophysics*O
322*,*O
322*and*O
322*biological*O
322*and*O
322*physical*O
322*sciences*O
322*in*O
322*space*O
322*.*O
323*as*O
323*described*O
323*below*O
323*,*O
323*cubesat*O
323*mission*O
323*concepts*O
323*are*O
323*highly*O
323*varied*O
323*in*O
323*terms*O
323*of*O
323*complexity*O
323*and*O
323*scale*O
323*,*O
323*filling*O
323*a*O
323*role*O
323*that*O
323*is*O
323*distinct*O
323*in*O
323*each*O
323*subdiscipline*O
323*.*O
324*for*O
324*an*O
324*example*O
324*list*O
324*of*O
324*enabling*O
324*technologies*O
324*and*O
324*potential*O
324*applications*O
324*by*O
324*discipline*O
324*,*O
324*see*O
324*Table*B-RES
324*1-May*I-RES
324*in*I-RES
324*Chapter*I-RES
324*5*I-RES
324*.*O
325*CubeSats*B-SYS
325*are*O
325*also*O
325*a*O
325*platform*O
325*for*O
325*demonstration*O
325*of*O
325*new*O
325*technologies*O
325*that*O
325*may*O
325*be*O
325*used*O
325*for*O
325*missions*O
325*of*O
325*different*O
325*sizes*O
325*.*O
326*before*O
326*discussing*O
326*each*O
326*space*O
326*science*O
326*subdiscipline*O
326*,*O
326*the*O
326*overall*O
326*impact*O
326*of*O
326*CubeSats*B-SYS
326*is*O
326*considered*O
326*,*O
326*based*O
326*on*O
326*the*O
326*committee*O
326*'s*O
326*review*O
326*of*O
326*publications*O
326*through*O
326*the*O
326*end*O
326*of*O
326*calendar*O
326*year*O
326*2015*B-DATETIME
326*.*O
327*the*O
327*number*O
327*and*O
327*quality*O
327*of*O
327*publications*O
327*are*O
327*important*O
327*measures*O
327*of*O
327*scientific*O
327*output*O
327*.*O
328*as*O
328*part*O
328*of*O
328*this*O
328*study*O
328*,*O
328*the*O
328*committee*O
328*searched*O
328*for*O
328*publications*O
328*using*O
328*a*O
328*number*O
328*of*O
328*different*O
328*sources*O
328*.*O
329*a*O
329*detailed*O
329*account*O
329*of*O
329*the*O
329*methods*O
329*and*O
329*findings*O
329*,*O
329*including*O
329*an*O
329*analysis*O
329*of*O
329*Web Of Science*B-RES
329*,*O
329*Scopus*B-RES
329*,*O
329*and*O
329*NASA/ADS*B-RES
329*,*O
329*is*O
329*provided*O
329*in*O
329*Appendix*B-RES
329*B*I-RES
329*.*O
330*Figure*B-RES
330*1-Apr*I-RES
330*shows*O
330*the*O
330*number*O
330*of*O
330*publications*O
330*as*O
330*a*O
330*function*O
330*of*O
330*year*O
330*using*O
330*the*O
330*search*O
330*terms*O
330*``*O
330*Cubesat*B-SYS
330*''*O
330*or*O
330*``*O
330*CubeSats*B-SYS
330*''*O
330*in*O
330*the*O
330*NASA/ADS*B-RES
330*abstract*O
330*service*O
330*.*O
331*about*O
331*a*O
331*quarter*O
331*of*O
331*the*O
331*papers*O
331*(*O
331*160*B-VAL
331*of*O
331*536*B-VAL
331*)*O
331*are*O
331*in*O
331*refereed*O
331*journals*O
331*.*O
332*although*O
332*the*O
332*primary*O
332*focus*O
332*of*O
332*the*O
332*committee*O
332*was*O
332*on*O
332*refereed*O
332*publications*O
332*,*O
332*both*O
332*refereed*O
332*and*O
332*non-refereed*O
332*publications*O
332*are*O
332*shown*O
332*in*O
332*Figure*B-RES
332*1-Apr*I-RES
332*.*O
332*the*O
332*number*O
332*of*O
332*refereed*O
332*publications*O
332*is*O
332*small*O
332*and*O
332*often*O
332*lags*O
332*missions*O
332*by*O
332*several*O
332*years*O
332*,*O
332*thus*O
332*,*O
332*the*O
332*inclusion*O
332*of*O
332*non-refereed*O
332*publications*O
332*provides*O
332*another*O
332*measure*O
332*of*O
332*recent*O
332*activity*O
332*.*O
333*the*O
333*number*O
333*of*O
333*both*O
333*non-refereed*O
333*and*O
333*refereed*O
333*publications*O
333*increased*O
333*rapidly*O
333*between*O
333*2008*B-DATETIME
333*and*O
333*2015*B-DATETIME
333*.*O
334*not*O
334*surprisingly*O
334*,*O
334*considering*O
334*the*O
334*distribution*O
334*of*O
334*cubesat*O
334*programs*O
334*,*O
334*74*B-VAL
334*percent*I-VAL
334*(*O
334*118*B-VAL
334*)*O
334*of*O
334*the*O
334*160*B-VAL
334*refereed*O
334*papers*O
334*were*O
334*engineering-focused*O
334*,*O
334*while*O
334*only*O
334*26*B-VAL
334*percent*I-VAL
334*(*O
334*41*B-VAL
334*)*O
334*were*O
334*science-focused*O
334*,*O
334*as*O
334*classified*O
334*by*O
334*the*O
334*committee*O
334*.*O
335*the*O
335*41*B-VAL
335*science*O
335*papers*O
335*were*O
335*further*O
335*classified*O
335*by*O
335*subfield*O
335*(*O
335*see*O
335*Figure*B-RES
335*B-4*I-RES
335*in*I-RES
335*Appendix*I-RES
335*B*I-RES
335*)*O
335*.*O
336*the*O
336*largest*O
336*presence*O
336*by*O
336*far*O
336*is*O
336*in*O
336*solar*O
336*and*O
336*space*O
336*physics*O
336*,*O
336*which*O
336*has*O
336*also*O
336*seen*O
336*the*O
336*largest*O
336*number*O
336*of*O
336*science*O
336*CubeSats*B-SYS
336*launched*O
336*,*O
336*primarily*O
336*supported*O
336*by*O
336*the*O
336*nsf-funded*O
336*cubesat*O
336*program*O
336*.*O
337*science*O
337*papers*O
337*from*O
337*nasa-funded*O
337*cubesat*O
337*science*O
337*missions*O
337*are*O
337*not*O
337*expected*O
337*until*O
337*after*O
337*they*O
337*launch*O
337*,*O
337*starting*O
337*in*O
337*2016*B-DATETIME
337*and*O
337*later*O
337*.*O
338*refereed*O
338*publications*O
338*in*O
338*astronomy*O
338*and*O
338*astrophysics*O
338*or*O
338*planetary*O
338*sciences*O
338*are*O
338*mostly*O
338*focused*O
338*on*O
338*the*O
338*description*O
338*of*O
338*new*O
338*measurement*O
338*techniques*O
338*or*O
338*data*O
338*strategies*O
338*enabled*O
338*by*O
338*CubeSats*B-SYS
338*.*O
339*the*O
339*majority*O
339*of*O
339*space*O
339*physics*O
339*papers*O
339*are*O
339*published*O
339*in*O
339*relatively*O
339*high-impact*O
339*journals*O
339*.*O
340*one*O
340*paper*O
340*was*O
340*published*O
340*in*O
340*Nature*B-RES
340*,*O
340*and*O
340*several*O
340*appeared*O
340*in*O
340*Geophysical*B-RES
340*Research*I-RES
340*Letters*I-RES
340*and*O
340*Journal*B-RES
340*of*I-RES
340*Geophysical*I-RES
340*Research*I-RES
340*:*I-RES
340*Space*I-RES
340*Physics*I-RES
340*.*O
341*in*O
341*reviewing*O
341*the*O
341*scientific*O
341*literature*O
341*,*O
341*the*O
341*committee*O
341*found*O
341*the*O
341*following*O
341*:*O
341*the*O
341*research*O
341*interest*O
341*in*O
341*CubeSats*B-SYS
341*is*O
341*increasing*O
341*with*O
341*time*O
341*,*O
341*as*O
341*demonstrated*O
341*by*O
341*the*O
341*growing*O
341*number*O
341*of*O
341*publications*O
341*.*O
342*the*O
342*majority*O
342*of*O
342*cubesat-related*O
342*publications*O
342*are*O
342*in*O
342*non-refereed*O
342*journals*O
342*,*O
342*but*O
342*the*O
342*number*O
342*of*O
342*refereed*O
342*papers*O
342*is*O
342*also*O
342*increasing*O
342*with*O
342*time*O
342*.*O
343*the*O
343*majority*O
343*(*O
343*74*B-VAL
343*percent*I-VAL
343*)*O
343*of*O
343*refereed*O
343*papers*O
343*is*O
343*engineering-focused*O
343*,*O
343*but*O
343*the*O
343*number*O
343*of*O
343*science-related*O
343*papers*O
343*is*O
343*increasing*O
343*over*O
343*time*O
343*.*O
344*the*O
344*majority*O
344*of*O
344*science*O
344*papers*O
344*is*O
344*in*O
344*the*O
344*field*O
344*of*O
344*space*O
344*physics*O
344*and*O
344*is*O
344*based*O
344*on*O
344*nsf-funded*O
344*CubeSats*B-SYS
344*.*O
345*CubeSats*B-SYS
345*have*O
345*already*O
345*produced*O
345*high-value*O
345*science*O
345*,*O
345*as*O
345*demonstrated*O
345*by*O
345*peer-reviewed*O
345*publications*O
345*in*O
345*high-impact*O
345*journals*O
345*.*O
346*the*O
346*most*O
346*recent*O
346*solar*O
346*and*O
346*space*O
346*physics*O
346*decadal*O
346*survey*O
346*,*O
346*solar*O
346*and*O
346*space*O
346*physics*O
346*:*O
346*a*O
346*science*O
346*for*O
346*a*O
346*technological*O
346*society*O
346*,*O
346*was*O
346*published*O
346*in*O
346*2013*B-DATETIME
346*and*O
346*emphasized*O
346*that*O
346*the*O
346*sun-earth*O
346*system*O
346*has*O
346*to*O
346*be*O
346*understood*O
346*as*O
346*a*O
346*coupled*O
346*system*O
346*.*O
347*the*O
347*decadal*O
347*survey*O
347*outlined*O
347*the*O
347*following*O
347*four*O
347*key*O
347*science*O
347*goals*O
347*:*O
348*determine*O
348*the*O
348*origins*O
348*of*O
348*the*O
348*sun*O
348*'s*O
348*activity*O
348*and*O
348*predict*O
348*the*O
348*variations*O
348*of*O
348*the*O
348*space*O
348*environment*O
348*.*O
349*determine*O
349*the*O
349*dynamics*O
349*and*O
349*coupling*O
349*of*O
349*earth*O
349*'s*O
349*magnetosphere*O
349*,*O
349*ionosphere*O
349*,*O
349*and*O
349*atmosphere*O
349*and*O
349*their*O
349*response*O
349*to*O
349*solar*O
349*and*O
349*terrestrial*O
349*inputs*O
349*.*O
350*determine*O
350*the*O
350*interaction*O
350*of*O
350*the*O
350*sun*O
350*with*O
350*the*O
350*solar*O
350*system*O
350*and*O
350*the*O
350*interstellar*O
350*medium*O
350*.*O
351*discover*O
351*and*O
351*characterize*O
351*fundamental*O
351*processes*O
351*that*O
351*occur*O
351*both*O
351*within*O
351*the*O
351*heliosphere*O
351*and*O
351*throughout*O
351*the*O
351*universe*O
351*.*O
352*the*O
352*decadal*O
352*survey*O
352*also*O
352*focused*O
352*on*O
352*the*O
352*importance*O
352*of*O
352*the*O
352*scientific*O
352*foundations*O
352*that*O
352*improve*O
352*the*O
352*ability*O
352*to*O
352*forecast*O
352*the*O
352*earth*O
352*'s*O
352*space*O
352*environment*O
352*.*O
353*in*O
353*addition*O
353*to*O
353*the*O
353*baseline*O
353*recommendation*O
353*of*O
353*completing*O
353*the*O
353*ongoing*O
353*science*O
353*program*O
353*,*O
353*the*O
353*first*O
353*recommendation*O
353*of*O
353*the*O
353*decadal*O
353*survey*O
353*was*O
353*to*O
353*implement*O
353*the*O
353*drive*O
353*initiative*O
353*to*O
353*diversify*O
353*observing*O
353*platforms*O
353*in*O
353*solar*O
353*and*O
353*space*O
353*physics*O
353*,*O
353*realize*O
353*the*O
353*scientific*O
353*potential*O
353*of*O
353*already*O
353*existing*O
353*assets*O
353*,*O
353*integrate*O
353*observing*O
353*platforms*O
353*into*O
353*successful*O
353*investigations*O
353*,*O
353*venture*O
353*forward*O
353*with*O
353*technology*O
353*development*O
353*,*O
353*and*O
353*educate*O
353*the*O
353*next*O
353*generation*O
353*.*O
354*CubeSats*B-SYS
354*diversify*O
354*by*O
354*providing*O
354*stand-alone*O
354*,*O
354*unique*O
354*measurements*O
354*and*O
354*measurements*O
354*that*O
354*increase*O
354*the*O
354*science-*O
354*return*O
354*of*O
354*larger*O
354*facilities*O
354*;*O
354*venture*O
354*forward*O
354*by*O
354*driving*O
354*technology*O
354*development*O
354*;*O
354*and*O
354*educate*O
354*,*O
354*as*O
354*discussed*O
354*in*O
354*Chapters*B-RES
354*1*I-RES
354*and*I-RES
354*3*I-RES
354*.*O
355*the*O
355*drive*O
355*recommendation*O
355*from*O
355*the*O
355*decadal*O
355*survey*O
355*identified*O
355*flight*O
355*opportunities*O
355*for*O
355*very*O
355*small*O
355*satellites*B-SYS
355*,*O
355*including*O
355*CubeSats*B-SYS
355*,*O
355*as*O
355*a*O
355*key*O
355*growth*O
355*area*O
355*for*O
355*both*O
355*NASA*B-ORG
355*and*O
355*NSF*B-ORG
355*.*O
356*the*O
356*decadal*O
356*survey*O
356*also*O
356*highlighted*O
356*the*O
356*importance*O
356*of*O
356*NASA*B-ORG
356*'s*O
356*explorer*O
356*program*O
356*and*O
356*proposed*O
356*an*O
356*expansion*O
356*of*O
356*this*O
356*program*O
356*,*O
356*again*O
356*recognizing*O
356*the*O
356*importance*O
356*of*O
356*diversified*O
356*observing*O
356*platforms*O
356*in*O
356*space*O
356*physics*O
356*.*O
357*with*O
357*regard*O
357*to*O
357*new*O
357*strategic*O
357*(*O
357*larger*O
357*)*O
357*mission*O
357*concepts*O
357*,*O
357*the*O
357*review*O
357*focused*O
357*on*O
357*an*O
357*Interstellar*B-SYS
357*Mapping*I-SYS
357*and*I-SYS
357*Acceleration*I-SYS
357*Probe*I-SYS
357*(*O
357*IMAP*B-SYS
357*)*O
357*to*O
357*follow*O
357*up*O
357*on*O
357*the*O
357*Interstellar*B-SYS
357*Boundary*I-SYS
357*Explorer*I-SYS
357*(*O
357*IBEX*B-SYS
357*)*O
357*and*O
357*take*O
357*advantage*O
357*of*O
357*the*O
357*overlap*O
357*with*O
357*the*O
357*historic*O
357*voyager*O
357*missions*O
357*;*O
357*the*O
357*dynamic*O
357*mission*O
357*concept*O
357*to*O
357*focus*O
357*on*O
357*the*O
357*variability*O
357*of*O
357*space*O
357*weather*O
357*driven*O
357*by*O
357*the*O
357*lower*O
357*atmosphere*O
357*weather*O
357*on*O
357*earth*O
357*;*O
357*and*O
357*medici*O
357*,*O
357*which*O
357*focuses*O
357*on*O
357*the*O
357*magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere*O
357*system*O
357*and*O
357*its*O
357*coupling*O
357*under*O
357*heliospheric*O
357*forcing*O
357*.*O
358*both*O
358*DYNAMIC*O
358*and*O
358*MEDICI*O
358*concepts*O
358*are*O
358*multi-spacecraft*O
358*missions*O
358*of*O
358*the*O
358*scale*O
358*that*O
358*has*O
358*been*O
358*demonstrated*O
358*previously*O
358*with*O
358*missions*O
358*such*O
358*as*O
358*THEMIS*B-SYS
358*,*O
358*Van*B-SYS
358*Allen*I-SYS
358*Probes*I-SYS
358*,*O
358*and*O
358*Magnetospheric*B-SYS
358*Multiscale*I-SYS
358*(*O
358*MMS*B-SYS
358*)*O
358*(*O
358*two*B-VAL
358*to*O
358*five*B-VAL
358*spacecraft*B-SYS
358*with*O
358*masses*O
358*ranging*O
358*from*O
358*approximately*O
358*100*B-VAL
358*to*I-VAL
358*1000*I-VAL
358*kg*I-VAL
358*)*O
358*.*O
359*the*O
359*final*O
359*recommendation*O
359*for*O
359*new*O
359*mission*O
359*concepts*O
359*in*O
359*the*O
359*decadal*O
359*survey*O
359*was*O
359*Geospace*B-SYS
359*Dynamics*I-SYS
359*Constellation*I-SYS
359*(*O
359*GDC*B-SYS
359*)*O
359*,*O
359*which*O
359*has*O
359*been*O
359*a*O
359*high-priority*O
359*science*O
359*recommendation*O
359*in*O
359*space*O
359*physics*O
359*for*O
359*many*O
359*years*O
359*.*O
360*GDC*B-SYS
360*would*O
360*be*O
360*a*O
360*constellation*B-SYS
360*of*O
360*at*O
360*least*O
360*six*B-VAL
360*identical*O
360*satellites*B-SYS
360*in*O
360*low*O
360*earth*O
360*orbit*O
360*providing*O
360*simultaneous*O
360*global*O
360*observations*O
360*of*O
360*the*O
360*coupled*O
360*atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere*O
360*system*O
360*.*O
361*GDC*B-SYS
361*would*O
361*make*O
361*measurements*O
361*critical*O
361*for*O
361*understanding*O
361*how*O
361*the*O
361*ionosphere-thermosphere*O
361*system*O
361*of*O
361*earth*O
361*responds*O
361*to*O
361*driving*O
361*from*O
361*above*O
361*by*O
361*the*O
361*solar*O
361*wind*O
361*and*O
361*driving*O
361*from*O
361*below*O
361*by*O
361*the*O
361*atmosphere*O
361*.*O
362*the*O
362*notional*O
362*GDC*B-SYS
362*design*O
362*presented*O
362*in*O
362*the*O
362*decadal*O
362*survey*O
362*does*O
362*not*O
362*employ*O
362*CubeSats*B-SYS
362*.*O
363*however*O
363*,*O
363*a*O
363*constellation*O
363*mission*O
363*on*O
363*the*O
363*scale*O
363*of*O
363*GDC*B-SYS
363*is*O
363*expensive*O
363*to*O
363*achieve*O
363*using*O
363*the*O
363*current*O
363*mission*O
363*paradigm*O
363*and*O
363*NASA*B-ORG
363*heliophysics*O
363*projected*O
363*funding*O
363*profile*O
363*.*O
364*cubesat-derived*O
364*technology*O
364*can*O
364*benefit*O
364*missions*O
364*of*O
364*this*O
364*scale*O
364*,*O
364*as*O
364*demonstrated*O
364*by*O
364*the*O
364*CYGNSS*B-SYS
364*earth*O
364*science*O
364*mission*O
364*,*O
364*a*O
364*constellation*O
364*of*O
364*eight*B-VAL
364*small*O
364*spacecraft*B-SYS
364*(*O
364*not*O
364*CubeSats*B-SYS
364*)*O
364*measuring*O
364*ocean*O
364*surface*O
364*winds*O
364*associated*O
364*with*O
364*tropical*O
364*cyclones*O
364*(*O
364*see*O
364*Figure*B-RES
364*4-Apr*I-RES
364*below*O
364*)*O
364*.*O
365*the*O
365*decadal*O
365*survey*O
365*also*O
365*described*O
365*two*O
365*future*O
365*mission*O
365*concepts*O
365*that*O
365*are*O
365*not*O
365*achievable*O
365*within*O
365*the*O
365*next*O
365*decade*B-DATETIME
365*because*O
365*significant*O
365*technology*O
365*development*O
365*is*O
365*required*O
365*.*O
366*the*O
366*Magnetospheric*B-SYS
366*Constellation*I-SYS
366*(*O
366*MagCon*B-SYS
366*)*O
366*mission*O
366*,*O
366*consisting*O
366*of*O
366*several*O
366*tens*B-VAL
366*of*O
366*spacecraft*B-SYS
366*measuring*O
366*particles*O
366*and*O
366*fields*O
366*,*O
366*would*O
366*provide*O
366*a*O
366*global*O
366*view*O
366*of*O
366*how*O
366*the*O
366*magnetosphere*O
366*stores*O
366*and*O
366*releases*O
366*energy*O
366*in*O
366*the*O
366*magnetotail*O
366*and*O
366*accelerates*O
366*particles*O
366*that*O
366*supply*O
366*the*O
366*radiation*O
366*belts*O
366*.*O
367*it*O
367*would*O
367*also*O
367*provide*O
367*the*O
367*first*O
367*set*O
367*of*O
367*space*O
367*weather*O
367*buoys*O
367*,*O
367*making*O
367*space*O
367*weather*O
367*measurements*O
367*much*O
367*like*O
367*those*O
367*at*O
367*terrestrial*O
367*weather*O
367*stations*O
367*(*O
367*Figure*B-RES
367*2-Apr*I-RES
367*)*O
367*.*O
368*Magnetospheric*B-SYS
368*Constellation*I-SYS
368*and*I-SYS
368*Tomography*I-SYS
368*(*O
368*MagCat*B-SYS
368*)*O
368*would*O
368*provide*O
368*global*O
368*imaging*O
368*of*O
368*the*O
368*magnetosphere*O
368*for*O
368*the*O
368*first*O
368*time*O
368*.*O
369*although*O
369*the*O
369*decadal*O
369*survey*O
369*did*O
369*not*O
369*specify*O
369*the*O
369*size*O
369*or*O
369*geometry*O
369*of*O
369*spacecraft*B-SYS
369*required*O
369*to*O
369*implement*O
369*these*O
369*concepts*O
369*,*O
369*missions*O
369*such*O
369*as*O
369*MagCat*B-SYS
369*and*O
369*MagCon*B-SYS
369*,*O
369*which*O
369*require*O
369*tens*B-VAL
369*to*I-VAL
369*hundreds*I-VAL
369*of*O
369*spacecraft*B-SYS
369*,*O
369*will*O
369*never*O
369*be*O
369*achievable*O
369*without*O
369*a*O
369*new*O
369*development*O
369*approach*O
369*.*O
370*CubeSats*B-SYS
370*have*O
370*shown*O
370*their*O
370*ability*O
370*to*O
370*produce*O
370*high-priority*O
370*science*O
370*in*O
370*space*O
370*physics*O
370*.*O
371*for*O
371*example*O
371*,*O
371*Radio*B-SYS
371*Aurora*I-SYS
371*Explorer*I-SYS
371*(*O
371*RAX*B-SYS
371*)*O
371*-2*O
371*worked*O
371*with*O
371*ground-based*O
371*radar*B-SYS
371*to*O
371*measure*O
371*ionospheric*O
371*irregularities*O
371*(*O
371*Chapter*B-RES
371*1*I-RES
371*,*O
371*Figure*B-RES
371*8-Jan*I-RES
371*)*O
371*;*O
371*CSSWE*B-SYS
371*has*O
371*contributed*O
371*to*O
371*the*O
371*understanding*O
371*of*O
371*radiation*O
371*belt*O
371*variability*O
371*(*O
371*Figure*B-RES
371*3-Apr*I-RES
371*)*O
371*.*O
372*a*O
372*number*O
372*of*O
372*other*O
372*missions*O
372*are*O
372*inflight*O
372*and*O
372*returning*O
372*science*O
372*data*O
372*or*O
372*in*O
372*development*O
372*.*O
373*thus*O
373*far*O
373*,*O
373*most*O
373*of*O
373*these*O
373*successes*O
373*come*O
373*from*O
373*the*O
373*NSF*B-ORG
373*cubesat*O
373*program*O
373*.*O
374*there*O
374*are*O
374*two*O
374*general*O
374*categories*O
374*where*O
374*CubeSats*B-SYS
374*have*O
374*the*O
374*most*O
374*potential*O
374*to*O
374*contribute*O
374*to*O
374*space*O
374*physics*O
374*research*O
374*:*O
374*targeted*O
374*science*O
374*investigations*O
374*with*O
374*either*O
374*unique*O
374*orbits*O
374*or*O
374*new*O
374*instruments*B-SYS
374*and*O
374*constellation*B-SYS
374*missions*O
374*.*O
375*both*O
375*CSSWE*B-SYS
375*and*O
375*RAX*B-SYS
375*addressed*O
375*targeted*O
375*science*O
375*questions*O
375*that*O
375*are*O
375*part*O
375*of*O
375*the*O
375*broad*O
375*science*O
375*goals*O
375*outlined*O
375*in*O
375*the*O
375*decadal*O
375*survey*O
375*.*O
376*these*O
376*missions*O
376*augmented*O
376*larger*O
376*missions*O
376*(*O
376*Van*B-SYS
376*Allen*I-SYS
376*Probes*I-SYS
376*in*O
376*the*O
376*case*O
376*of*O
376*CSSWE*B-SYS
376*)*O
376*or*O
376*ground-based*O
376*instrumentation*O
376*(*O
376*PFISR*B-SYS
376*in*O
376*the*O
376*case*O
376*of*O
376*RAX*B-SYS
376*)*O
376*,*O
376*increasing*O
376*the*O
376*return*O
376*on*O
376*investment*O
376*for*O
376*large*O
376*facilities*O
376*.*O
377*large*O
377*constellations*B-SYS
377*of*I-SYS
377*CubeSats*I-SYS
377*have*O
377*not*O
377*yet*O
377*flown*O
377*,*O
377*even*O
377*though*O
377*they*O
377*appear*O
377*to*O
377*be*O
377*a*O
377*natural*O
377*application*O
377*of*O
377*this*O
377*disruptive*O
377*technology*O
377*to*O
377*magnetospheric*O
377*research*O
377*.*O
378*traditional*O
378*approaches*O
378*for*O
378*gathering*O
378*multipoint*O
378*data*O
378*often*O
378*have*O
378*cost*O
378*estimates*O
378*well*O
378*beyond*O
378*typical*O
378*budgetary*O
378*constraints*O
378*for*O
378*missions*O
378*.*O
379*the*O
379*Edison*B-SYS
379*Demonstration*I-SYS
379*of*I-SYS
379*Smallsat*I-SYS
379*Networks*I-SYS
379*(*O
379*EDSN*B-SYS
379*)*O
379*mission*O
379*,*O
379*consisting*O
379*of*O
379*eight*B-VAL
379*CubeSats*B-SYS
379*operating*O
379*in*O
379*a*O
379*swarm*O
379*configuration*O
379*,*O
379*was*O
379*a*O
379*first*O
379*attempt*O
379*toward*O
379*demonstrating*O
379*larger*O
379*constellations*B-SYS
379*and*O
379*inter-spacecraft*O
379*network*O
379*operations*O
379*.*O
380*the*O
380*spacecraft*B-SYS
380*were*O
380*successfully*O
380*built*O
380*but*O
380*were*O
380*lost*O
380*when*O
380*the*O
380*launch*O
380*vehicle*O
380*failed*O
380*in*O
380*November*B-DATETIME
380*2015*I-DATETIME
380*.*O
381*there*O
381*are*O
381*several*O
381*examples*O
381*of*O
381*successful*O
381*missions*O
381*employing*O
381*two*B-VAL
381*CubeSats*B-SYS
381*.*O
382*both*O
382*FIREBIRD*B-SYS
382*and*O
382*Aerocube-6*B-SYS
382*used*O
382*closely*O
382*separated*O
382*spacecraft*B-SYS
382*to*O
382*study*O
382*radiation*O
382*belt*O
382*losses*O
382*.*O
383*Aerocube-6*B-SYS
383*has*O
383*successfully*O
383*demonstrated*O
383*the*O
383*use*O
383*of*O
383*differential*O
383*drag*O
383*for*O
383*controlling*O
383*spacecraft*B-SYS
383*separation*O
383*in*O
383*low*O
383*earth*O
383*orbit*O
383*.*O
384*these*O
384*and*O
384*other*O
384*cubesat*O
384*missions*O
384*under*O
384*development*O
384*may*O
384*be*O
384*viewed*O
384*as*O
384*pathfinders*O
384*to*O
384*future*O
384*space*O
384*physics*O
384*missions*O
384*that*O
384*will*O
384*use*O
384*many*O
384*spacecraft*B-SYS
384*to*O
384*carry*O
384*out*O
384*critical*O
384*multipoint*O
384*measurements*O
384*necessary*O
384*for*O
384*understanding*O
384*the*O
384*coupled*O
384*sun-earth*O
384*system*O
384*.*O
385*CubeSats*B-SYS
385*,*O
385*or*O
385*the*O
385*technology*O
385*they*O
385*enable*O
385*,*O
385*may*O
385*be*O
385*the*O
385*most*O
385*effective*O
385*path*O
385*toward*O
385*large*O
385*constellation*O
385*missions*O
385*.*O
386*future*O
386*space*O
386*physics*O
386*constellations*B-SYS
386*such*O
386*as*O
386*MagCon*B-SYS
386*may*O
386*require*O
386*spacecraft*B-SYS
386*of*O
386*a*O
386*different*O
386*form*O
386*factor*O
386*or*O
386*size*O
386*than*O
386*traditional*O
386*CubeSats*B-SYS
386*require*O
386*,*O
386*but*O
386*cubesat-derived*O
386*technology*O
386*can*O
386*play*O
386*an*O
386*important*O
386*role*O
386*in*O
386*their*O
386*development*O
386*.*O
387*in*O
387*addition*O
387*to*O
387*technology*O
387*development*O
387*that*O
387*will*O
387*enable*O
387*constellation*O
387*missions*O
387*,*O
387*CubeSats*B-SYS
387*have*O
387*already*O
387*been*O
387*instrumental*O
387*in*O
387*demonstrating*O
387*miniaturized*B-SYS
387*sensors*I-SYS
387*for*O
387*use*O
387*in*O
387*space*O
387*physics*O
387*.*O
388*for*O
388*example*O
388*,*O
388*the*O
388*energetic*O
388*particle*O
388*detector*O
388*flown*O
388*on*O
388*CSSWE*B-SYS
388*is*O
388*a*O
388*miniaturized*O
388*version*O
388*of*O
388*the*O
388*REPT*B-SYS
388*instrument*I-SYS
388*on*O
388*Van*B-SYS
388*Allen*I-SYS
388*Probes*I-SYS
388*.*O
389*in*O
389*the*O
389*future*O
389*,*O
389*better*O
389*and*O
389*more*O
389*capable*O
389*miniaturized*O
389*instruments*B-SYS
389*will*O
389*continue*O
389*to*O
389*enable*O
389*targeted*O
389*science*O
389*.*O
390*concepts*O
390*are*O
390*being*O
390*developed*O
390*that*O
390*not*O
390*only*O
390*provide*O
390*in*O
390*situ*O
390*measurements*O
390*of*O
390*energetic*O
390*particles*O
390*,*O
390*plasmas*O
390*,*O
390*and*O
390*fields*O
390*but*O
390*also*O
390*key*O
390*observations*O
390*of*O
390*the*O
390*sun*O
390*.*O
391*for*O
391*example*O
391*,*O
391*a*O
391*scaled-down*O
391*HMI*B-SYS
391*(*O
391*Helioseismic*B-SYS
391*and*I-SYS
391*Magnetic*I-SYS
391*Imager*I-SYS
391*)*O
391*,*O
391*which*O
391*provides*O
391*key*O
391*insights*O
391*into*O
391*the*O
391*evolution*O
391*of*O
391*the*O
391*solar*O
391*magnetic*O
391*field*O
391*,*O
391*could*O
391*be*O
391*packaged*O
391*to*O
391*fit*O
391*into*O
391*a*O
391*cubesat*O
391*,*O
391*as*O
391*could*O
391*the*O
391*Polarimetric*B-SYS
391*and*I-SYS
391*Helioseismic*I-SYS
391*Imager*I-SYS
391*(*O
391*SO/PHI*B-SYS
391*)*O
391*developed*O
391*for*O
391*the*O
391*European*B-ORG
391*Space*I-ORG
391*Agency*I-ORG
391*'s*O
391*(*O
391*ESA*B-ORG
391*'s*O
391*)*O
391*solar*O
391*orbiter*O
391*mission*O
391*.*O
392*Coronagraphs*B-SYS
392*,*O
392*ultraviolet*B-SYS
392*(*O
392*UV*B-SYS
392*)*O
392*,*O
392*and*O
392*extreme*B-SYS
392*ultraviolet*I-SYS
392*(*O
392*EUV*B-SYS
392*)*O
392*imagers*B-SYS
392*could*O
392*also*O
392*be*O
392*implemented*O
392*as*O
392*CubeSats*B-SYS
392*.*O
393*these*O
393*imaging*O
393*applications*O
393*will*O
393*require*O
393*developments*O
393*in*O
393*high-rate*O
393*communication*O
393*and*O
393*pointing*O
393*capability*O
393*.*O
394*CubeSats*B-SYS
394*can*O
394*have*O
394*short*O
394*development*O
394*cycles*O
394*that*O
394*allow*O
394*for*O
394*rapid*O
394*response*O
394*to*O
394*targeted*O
394*opportunities*O
394*,*O
394*for*O
394*example*O
394*,*O
394*augmenting*O
394*larger*O
394*missions*O
394*such*O
394*as*O
394*CSSWE*B-SYS
394*did*O
394*for*O
394*the*O
394*Van*B-SYS
394*Allen*I-SYS
394*Probes*I-SYS
394*.*O
395*they*O
395*can*O
395*also*O
395*be*O
395*used*O
395*in*O
395*hazardous*O
395*orbits*O
395*not*O
395*accessible*O
395*to*O
395*traditional*O
395*large*O
395*observatories*O
395*-*O
395*for*O
395*example*O
395*,*O
395*probing*O
395*the*O
395*atmospheric*O
395*boundary*O
395*region*O
395*and*O
395*lower*O
395*ionosphere*O
395*(*O
395*a*O
395*few*O
395*hundred*O
395*kilometers*O
395*in*O
395*altitude*O
395*)*O
395*where*O
395*orbital*O
395*lifetimes*O
395*are*O
395*short*O
395*.*O
396*as*O
396*mentioned*O
396*previously*O
396*,*O
396*constellations*B-SYS
396*can*O
396*enable*O
396*transformational*O
396*understanding*O
396*of*O
396*the*O
396*dynamics*O
396*and*O
396*coupling*O
396*of*O
396*the*O
396*earth*O
396*'s*O
396*magnetosphere*O
396*,*O
396*ionosphere*O
396*,*O
396*and*O
396*atmosphere*O
396*.*O
397*Constellations*B-SYS
397*of*O
397*tens*B-VAL
397*to*I-VAL
397*hundreds*I-VAL
397*of*O
397*spacecraft*B-SYS
397*would*O
397*provide*O
397*significant*O
397*advancements*O
397*over*O
397*missions*O
397*like*O
397*the*O
397*MMS*B-SYS
397*mission*O
397*and*O
397*the*O
397*Van*B-SYS
397*Allen*I-SYS
397*Probes*I-SYS
397*,*O
397*allowing*O
397*for*O
397*separation*O
397*of*O
397*temporal*O
397*and*O
397*spatial*O
397*variation*O
397*on*O
397*fast*O
397*enough*O
397*timescales*O
397*to*O
397*resolve*O
397*physical*O
397*mechanisms*O
397*.*O
398*a*O
398*constellation*O
398*of*O
398*CubeSats*B-SYS
398*or*O
398*other*O
398*small*O
398*satellites*B-SYS
398*could*O
398*make*O
398*fundamental*O
398*discoveries*O
398*about*O
398*how*O
398*the*O
398*magnetosphere*O
398*stores*O
398*,*O
398*processes*O
398*,*O
398*and*O
398*releases*O
398*energy*O
398*in*O
398*response*O
398*to*O
398*the*O
398*solar*O
398*wind*O
398*,*O
398*as*O
398*illustrated*O
398*by*O
398*the*O
398*MagCon*B-SYS
398*concept*O
398*.*O
399*another*O
399*example*O
399*is*O
399*a*O
399*constellation*O
399*of*O
399*magnetographs*B-SYS
399*spaced*O
399*throughout*O
399*earth*O
399*'s*O
399*orbit*O
399*that*O
399*could*O
399*provide*O
399*magnetic*O
399*maps*O
399*of*O
399*the*O
399*entire*O
399*sun*O
399*,*O
399*enhancing*O
399*the*O
399*forecast*O
399*accuracy*O
399*for*O
399*solar*O
399*outbursts*O
399*.*O
400*in*O
400*addition*O
400*to*O
400*constellations*B-SYS
400*where*O
400*multiple*O
400*satellites*B-SYS
400*are*O
400*in*O
400*different*O
400*orbits*O
400*,*O
400*a*O
400*swarm*O
400*utilizes*O
400*multiple*O
400*satellites*B-SYS
400*flying*O
400*in*O
400*formation*O
400*near*O
400*each*O
400*other*O
400*in*O
400*similar*O
400*orbits*O
400*.*O
401*formation*O
401*flying*O
401*with*O
401*a*O
401*positional*O
401*knowledge*O
401*of*O
401*a*O
401*meter*O
401*or*O
401*less*O
401*is*O
401*now*O
401*possible*O
401*with*O
401*CubeSats*B-SYS
401*.*O
402*swarms*O
402*could*O
402*be*O
402*used*O
402*to*O
402*study*O
402*small-scale*O
402*structure*O
402*in*O
402*the*O
402*auroral*O
402*acceleration*O
402*region*O
402*,*O
402*for*O
402*example*O
402*.*O
403*both*O
403*constellations*B-SYS
403*and*O
403*swarms*B-SYS
403*would*O
403*require*O
403*propulsion*O
403*for*O
403*placing*O
403*the*O
403*satellites*B-SYS
403*into*O
403*their*O
403*science*O
403*orbits*O
403*and*O
403*for*O
403*station*O
403*keeping*O
403*.*O
404*CubeSats*B-SYS
404*and*O
404*platforms*O
404*taking*O
404*advantage*O
404*of*O
404*cubesat-derived*O
404*technology*O
404*have*O
404*the*O
404*potential*O
404*to*O
404*make*O
404*a*O
404*unique*O
404*contribution*O
404*to*O
404*the*O
404*field*O
404*of*O
404*solar*O
404*and*O
404*space*O
404*physics*O
404*(*O
404*heliophysics*O
404*)*O
404*and*O
404*have*O
404*already*O
404*proven*O
404*their*O
404*value*O
404*in*O
404*obtaining*O
404*breakthrough*O
404*science*O
404*.*O
405*the*O
405*recommendations*O
405*in*O
405*the*O
405*solar*O
405*and*O
405*space*O
405*physics*O
405*decadal*O
405*survey*O
405*emphasized*O
405*diversification*O
405*and*O
405*integration*O
405*of*O
405*platforms*O
405*of*O
405*different*O
405*sizes*O
405*.*O
406*it*O
406*also*O
406*emphasized*O
406*that*O
406*the*O
406*coupled*O
406*sun-earth*O
406*system*O
406*must*O
406*be*O
406*investigated*O
406*using*O
406*a*O
406*system-science*O
406*approach*O
406*and*O
406*highlighted*O
406*the*O
406*importance*O
406*of*O
406*multipoint*O
406*measurements*O
406*to*O
406*accomplish*O
406*this*O
406*.*O
407*advances*O
407*in*O
407*pointing*O
407*,*O
407*high-rate*O
407*communication*O
407*,*O
407*sensor*O
407*technology*O
407*,*O
407*and*O
407*propulsion*B-SYS
407*will*O
407*enable*O
407*CubeSats*B-SYS
407*and*O
407*other*O
407*small*O
407*satellites*B-SYS
407*to*O
407*address*O
407*a*O
407*wide*O
407*array*O
407*of*O
407*space*O
407*physics*O
407*science*O
407*goals*O
407*.*O
408*CubeSats*B-SYS
408*have*O
408*proven*O
408*their*O
408*ability*O
408*to*O
408*address*O
408*the*O
408*high-priority*O
408*science*O
408*goals*O
408*outlined*O
408*in*O
408*the*O
408*solar*O
408*and*O
408*space*O
408*physics*O
408*decadal*O
408*survey*O
408*and*O
408*are*O
408*specifically*O
408*mentioned*O
408*there*O
408*.*O
409*in*O
409*the*O
409*area*O
409*of*O
409*solar*O
409*and*O
409*space*O
409*physics*O
409*,*O
409*CubeSats*B-SYS
409*are*O
409*particularly*O
409*useful*O
409*for*O
409*achieving*O
409*targeted*O
409*science*O
409*provided*O
409*by*O
409*novel*O
409*measurements*O
409*or*O
409*augmentation*O
409*of*O
409*larger*O
409*facilities*O
409*and*O
409*for*O
409*enabling*O
409*constellation*O
409*and*O
409*swarm*O
409*missions*O
409*.*O
410*the*O
410*first*O
410*earth*O
410*science*O
410*and*O
410*applications*O
410*from*O
410*space*O
410*decadal*O
410*survey*O
410*(*O
410*hereafter*O
410*esas*O
410*2007*B-DATETIME
410*)*O
410*was*O
410*published*O
410*nearly*O
410*a*O
410*decade*B-DATETIME
410*ago*O
410*,*O
410*followed*O
410*by*O
410*a*O
410*midterm*O
410*review*O
410*.*O
411*the*O
411*decadal*O
411*survey*O
411*was*O
411*organized*O
411*primarily*O
411*around*O
411*the*O
411*following*O
411*questions*O
411*central*O
411*to*O
411*earth*O
411*system*O
411*science*O
411*:*O
411*how*O
411*is*O
411*the*O
411*global*O
411*earth*O
411*system*O
411*changing*O
411*?*O
412*what*O
412*are*O
412*the*O
412*sources*O
412*of*O
412*change*O
412*in*O
412*the*O
412*earth*O
412*system*O
412*and*O
412*their*O
412*magnitude*O
412*and*O
412*trends*O
412*?*O
413*how*O
413*will*O
413*the*O
413*earth*O
413*system*O
413*change*O
413*in*O
413*the*O
413*future*O
413*?*O
414*how*O
414*can*O
414*earth*O
414*system*O
414*science*O
414*improve*O
414*mitigation*O
414*of*O
414*and*O
414*adaptation*O
414*to*O
414*global*O
414*change*O
414*?*O
415*many*O
415*of*O
415*the*O
415*recommendations*O
415*of*O
415*the*O
415*earth*O
415*science*O
415*decadal*O
415*survey*O
415*present*O
415*rather*O
415*well-defined*O
415*missions*O
415*and*O
415*investigations*O
415*,*O
415*many*O
415*which*O
415*have*O
415*not*O
415*yet*O
415*flown*O
415*,*O
415*focusing*O
415*on*O
415*a*O
415*range*O
415*of*O
415*science*O
415*problems*O
415*,*O
415*including*O
415*the*O
415*earth*O
415*radiation*O
415*budget*O
415*,*O
415*surface*O
415*and*O
415*ice*O
415*sheet*O
415*deformation*O
415*,*O
415*land*O
415*surface*O
415*composition*O
415*and*O
415*vegetation*O
415*type*O
415*and*O
415*structure*O
415*,*O
415*atmospheric*O
415*gas/aerosol*O
415*composition*O
415*,*O
415*and*O
415*ocean*O
415*color*O
415*.*O
416*the*O
416*decadal*O
416*survey*O
416*also*O
416*recommended*O
416*the*O
416*creation*O
416*of*O
416*an*O
416*innovative*O
416*,*O
416*principal-investigator*O
416*(*O
416*pi*O
416*)*O
416*#NAME?*O
416*line*O
416*of*O
416*missions*O
416*,*O
416*the*O
416*earth*O
416*venture*O
416*class*O
416*.*O
417*the*O
417*second*O
417*decadal*O
417*survey*O
417*in*O
417*earth*O
417*science*O
417*and*O
417*applications*O
417*from*O
417*space*O
417*,*O
417*sponsored*O
417*by*O
417*NASA*B-ORG
417*,*O
417*the*O
417*National*B-ORG
417*Oceanic*I-ORG
417*and*I-ORG
417*Atmospheric*I-ORG
417*Administration*I-ORG
417*(*O
417*NOAA*B-ORG
417*)*O
417*,*O
417*and*O
417*the*O
417*U.S.*B-ORG
417*Geological*I-ORG
417*Survey*I-ORG
417*(*O
417*USGS*B-ORG
417*)*O
417*,*O
417*was*O
417*initiated*O
417*in*O
417*fall*B-DATETIME
417*2015*I-DATETIME
417*;*O
417*a*O
417*final*O
417*report*O
417*is*O
417*anticipated*O
417*in*O
417*summer*B-DATETIME
417*2017*I-DATETIME
417*(*O
417*esas*O
417*2017*B-DATETIME
417*)*O
417*.*O
418*the*O
418*survey*O
418*occurs*O
418*against*O
418*a*O
418*backdrop*O
418*of*O
418*highly*O
418*constrained*O
418*federal*O
418*and*O
418*agency*O
418*budgets*O
418*.*O
419*in*O
419*addition*O
419*,*O
419*for*O
419*NASA*B-ORG
419*,*O
419*the*O
419*survey*O
419*context*O
419*includes*O
419*a*O
419*backlog*O
419*of*O
419*missions*O
419*recommended*O
419*by*O
419*the*O
419*2007*B-DATETIME
419*survey*O
419*report*O
419*,*O
419*increased*O
419*responsibility*O
419*without*O
419*commensurate*O
419*budget*O
419*increases*O
419*-*O
419*for*O
419*sustained*O
419*or*O
419*continuity*O
419*measurements*O
419*,*O
419*and*O
419*growing*O
419*demands*O
419*for*O
419*the*O
419*information*O
419*products*O
419*derived*O
419*from*O
419*earth*O
419*observations*O
419*.*O
420*for*O
420*NOAA*B-ORG
420*,*O
420*the*O
420*survey*O
420*context*O
420*includes*O
420*challenges*O
420*in*O
420*ensuring*O
420*continuity*O
420*of*O
420*service*O
420*from*O
420*critical*O
420*operational*O
420*systems*O
420*,*O
420*especially*O
420*the*O
420*polar-orbiting*O
420*spacecraft*B-SYS
420*that*O
420*feed*O
420*numerical*O
420*weather*O
420*prediction*O
420*models*O
420*.*O
421*USGS*B-ORG
421*looks*O
421*to*O
421*ensure*O
421*continuity*O
421*of*O
421*data*O
421*from*O
421*its*O
421*Landsat*B-SYS
421*series*I-SYS
421*of*O
421*spacecraft*B-SYS
421*.*O
422*to*O
422*meet*O
422*current*O
422*and*O
422*future*O
422*needs*O
422*,*O
422*the*O
422*relevant*O
422*agencies*O
422*are*O
422*challenged*O
422*with*O
422*the*O
422*need*O
422*to*O
422*accomplish*O
422*more*O
422*with*O
422*less*O
422*.*O
423*thus*O
423*,*O
423*for*O
423*example*O
423*,*O
423*language*O
423*in*O
423*the*O
423*survey*O
423*'s*O
423*task*O
423*statement*O
423*asks*O
423*the*O
423*steering*O
423*committee*O
423*to*O
423*make*O
423*their*O
423*recommendations*O
423*to*O
423*NASA*B-ORG
423*cognizant*O
423*of*O
423*the*O
423*likely*O
423*emergence*O
423*of*O
423*new*O
423*technologies*O
423*;*O
423*for*O
423*NOAA*B-ORG
423*and*O
423*USGS*B-ORG
423*,*O
423*recommendations*O
423*are*O
423*to*O
423*be*O
423*made*O
423*with*O
423*the*O
423*expectation*O
423*that*O
423*the*O
423*capabilities*O
423*of*O
423*non-traditional*O
423*providers*O
423*of*O
423*earth*O
423*observations*O
423*continue*O
423*to*O
423*increase*O
423*in*O
423*scope*O
423*and*O
423*quality*O
423*.*O
424*CubeSats*B-SYS
424*launched*O
424*to*O
424*date*O
424*have*O
424*primarily*O
424*focused*O
424*on*O
424*education*O
424*,*O
424*technology*O
424*development*O
424*,*O
424*solar*O
424*and*O
424*space*O
424*physics*O
424*science*O
424*,*O
424*and*O
424*commercial*O
424*earth*O
424*imaging*O
424*.*O
425*despite*O
425*the*O
425*fact*O
425*that*O
425*all*O
425*of*O
425*the*O
425*CubeSats*B-SYS
425*that*O
425*have*O
425*flown*O
425*thus*O
425*far*O
425*have*O
425*done*O
425*so*O
425*in*O
425*low*O
425*earth*O
425*orbit*O
425*(*O
425*leo*O
425*)*O
425*,*O
425*the*O
425*earth*O
425*science*O
425*community*O
425*has*O
425*not*O
425*yet*O
425*exploited*O
425*the*O
425*potential*O
425*that*O
425*CubeSats*B-SYS
425*have*O
425*to*O
425*offer*O
425*either*O
425*in*O
425*terms*O
425*of*O
425*lower-cost*O
425*,*O
425*faster*O
425*science*O
425*return*O
425*,*O
425*or*O
425*unique*O
425*observations*O
425*that*O
425*are*O
425*made*O
425*feasible*O
425*by*O
425*the*O
425*platform*O
425*(*O
425*e.g.*O
425*,*O
425*constellation*O
425*measurements*O
425*)*O
425*.*O
426*NASA*B-ORG
426*'s*O
426*Earth*B-ORG
426*Science*I-ORG
426*Technology*I-ORG
426*Office*I-ORG
426*(*O
426*ESTO*B-ORG
426*)*O
426*has*O
426*used*O
426*CubeSats*B-SYS
426*for*O
426*earth*O
426*science*O
426*technology*O
426*development*O
426*with*O
426*more*O
426*than*O
426*a*O
426*dozen*O
426*active*O
426*CubeSat*B-SYS
426*instrument*I-SYS
426*subsystem*I-SYS
426*development*O
426*and*O
426*technology*O
426*flight*O
426*maturation*O
426*projects*O
426*.*O
427*cubesat*O
427*technology*O
427*development*O
427*has*O
427*also*O
427*been*O
427*funded*O
427*internally*O
427*at*O
427*individual*O
427*NASA*B-ORG
427*centers*I-ORG
427*.*O
428*at*O
428*the*O
428*same*O
428*time*O
428*,*O
428*there*O
428*has*O
428*been*O
428*significant*O
428*commercial*O
428*development*O
428*of*O
428*CubeSats*B-SYS
428*for*O
428*observations*O
428*that*O
428*have*O
428*some*O
428*overlap*O
428*with*O
428*earth*O
428*science*O
428*objectives*O
428*namely*O
428*,*O
428*earth*O
428*surface*O
428*imaging*O
428*(*O
428*e.g.*O
428*,*O
428*Planet*B-ORG
428*Labs*I-ORG
428*,*O
428*Skybox*B-SYS
428*)*O
428*and*O
428*more*O
428*recently*O
428*atmospheric*O
428*sounding*O
428*(*O
428*e.g.*O
428*,*O
428*PlanetIQ*B-ORG
428*,*O
428*Spire*B-ORG
428*)*O
428*.*O
429*the*O
429*applicability*O
429*of*O
429*commercial*O
429*earth*O
429*observations*O
429*for*O
429*earth*O
429*science*O
429*(*O
429*e.g.*O
429*,*O
429*purchase*O
429*of*O
429*science*O
429*data*O
429*as*O
429*a*O
429*service*O
429*from*O
429*commercial*O
429*firms*O
429*)*O
429*depends*O
429*on*O
429*many*O
429*factors*O
429*,*O
429*including*O
429*duration*O
429*of*O
429*data*O
429*record*O
429*,*O
429*data*O
429*resolution*O
429*,*O
429*and*O
429*quality*O
429*of*O
429*calibrations*O
429*.*O
430*current*O
430*technology*O
430*cubesat*O
430*projects*O
430*funded*O
430*by*O
430*NASA*B-ORG
430*fall*O
430*into*O
430*two*B-VAL
430*categories*O
430*.*O
431*the*O
431*first*O
431*is*O
431*the*O
431*use*O
431*of*O
431*the*O
431*platform*O
431*to*O
431*demonstrate*O
431*technology*O
431*destined*O
431*for*O
431*use*O
431*on*O
431*larger*O
431*missions*O
431*.*O
432*the*O
432*objective*O
432*of*O
432*the*O
432*3U*B-VAL
432*CubeSat*B-SYS
432*GRIFEX*I-SYS
432*,*O
432*for*O
432*example*O
432*,*O
432*was*O
432*to*O
432*verify*O
432*the*O
432*spaceborne*O
432*performance*O
432*of*O
432*a*O
432*state-of-the-art*O
432*readout*O
432*integrated*O
432*circuit/focal*O
432*plane*O
432*array*O
432*that*O
432*specifically*O
432*targets*O
432*the*O
432*requirements*O
432*of*O
432*the*O
432*geostationary*O
432*coastal*O
432*and*O
432*air*O
432*pollution*O
432*events*O
432*(*O
432*geo-cape*O
432*)*O
432*mission*O
432*concept*O
432*in*O
432*esas*O
432*2007*B-DATETIME
432*.*O
433*increasingly*O
433*,*O
433*however*O
433*,*O
433*a*O
433*second*O
433*category*O
433*of*O
433*technology*O
433*CubeSats*B-SYS
433*is*O
433*being*O
433*used*O
433*to*O
433*prove*O
433*technology*O
433*intended*O
433*for*O
433*use*O
433*in*O
433*science*O
433*payloads*O
433*on*O
433*future*O
433*targeted*O
433*cubesat*O
433*science*O
433*missions*O
433*themselves*O
433*or*O
433*as*O
433*constellation*O
433*precursors*O
433*.*O
434*the*O
434*Temporal*B-SYS
434*Experiment*I-SYS
434*for*I-SYS
434*Storms*I-SYS
434*and*I-SYS
434*Tropical*I-SYS
434*Systems*I-SYS
434*Demonstration*I-SYS
434*(*O
434*TEMPEST-D*B-SYS
434*)*O
434*is*O
434*a*O
434*6U*B-VAL
434*mission*O
434*currently*O
434*developing*O
434*a*O
434*millimeter-wave*B-SYS
434*radiometer*I-SYS
434*for*O
434*cloud*O
434*precipitation*O
434*that*O
434*could*O
434*fly*O
434*as*O
434*a*O
434*part*O
434*of*O
434*the*O
434*TEMPEST*B-SYS
434*CubeSat*I-SYS
434*constellation*I-SYS
434*as*O
434*an*O
434*earth*O
434*venture*O
434*mission*O
434*concept*O
434*.*O
435*another*O
435*example*O
435*is*O
435*the*O
435*Radiometer*B-SYS
435*Assessment*I-SYS
435*using*I-SYS
435*Vertically*I-SYS
435*Aligned*I-SYS
435*Nanotubes*I-SYS
435*(*O
435*RAVAN*B-SYS
435*)*O
435*3U*B-VAL
435*cubesat*O
435*that*O
435*will*O
435*demonstrate*O
435*a*O
435*payload*O
435*that*O
435*could*O
435*be*O
435*incorporated*O
435*into*O
435*a*O
435*cubesat*O
435*or*O
435*hosted*O
435*payload*O
435*constellation*O
435*for*O
435*measuring*O
435*earth*O
435*'s*O
435*radiation*O
435*budget*O
435*.*O
436*in*O
436*March*B-DATETIME
436*2016*I-DATETIME
436*,*O
436*while*O
436*the*O
436*present*O
436*report*O
436*was*O
436*being*O
436*written*O
436*,*O
436*NASA*B-ORG
436*,*O
436*through*O
436*its*O
436*earth*O
436*venture*O
436*program*O
436*,*O
436*selected*O
436*the*O
436*time-resolved*O
436*observations*O
436*of*O
436*precipitation*O
436*structure*O
436*and*O
436*storm*O
436*intensity*O
436*with*O
436*a*O
436*constellation*O
436*of*O
436*smallsats*O
436*(*O
436*TROPICS*B-SYS
436*)*O
436*investigation*O
436*,*O
436*which*O
436*will*O
436*be*O
436*a*O
436*constellation*O
436*of*O
436*12*B-VAL
436*3U*B-VAL
436*CubeSats*B-SYS
436*studying*O
436*the*O
436*development*O
436*of*O
436*tropical*O
436*cyclones*O
436*.*O
437*this*O
437*cubesat*O
437*constellation*O
437*will*O
437*be*O
437*able*O
437*to*O
437*make*O
437*rapid*O
437*revisits*O
437*,*O
437*allowing*O
437*its*O
437*microwave*B-SYS
437*radiometers*I-SYS
437*to*O
437*measure*O
437*temperature*O
437*,*O
437*humidity*O
437*,*O
437*precipitation*O
437*,*O
437*and*O
437*cloud*O
437*properties*O
437*as*O
437*frequently*O
437*as*O
437*every*O
437*21*B-DATETIME
437*minutes*I-DATETIME
437*.*O
438*cubesat-derived*O
438*technology*O
438*is*O
438*also*O
438*enabling*O
438*missions*O
438*using*O
438*platforms*O
438*larger*O
438*than*O
438*the*O
438*12U*B-VAL
438*cubesat*O
438*size*O
438*limit*O
438*considered*O
438*in*O
438*this*O
438*report*O
438*.*O
439*this*O
439*is*O
439*manifested*O
439*in*O
439*the*O
439*Cyclone*B-SYS
439*Global*I-SYS
439*Navigation*I-SYS
439*Satellite*I-SYS
439*System*I-SYS
439*(*O
439*CYGNSS*B-SYS
439*)*O
439*earth*O
439*venture*O
439*mission*O
439*(*O
439*Figure*B-RES
439*4-Apr*I-RES
439*)*O
439*.*O
440*CYGNSS*B-SYS
440*is*O
440*complementary*O
440*to*O
440*traditional*O
440*spacecraft*B-SYS
440*that*O
440*measure*O
440*winds*O
440*.*O
441*by*O
441*going*O
441*from*O
441*active*O
441*to*O
441*passive*O
441*technology*O
441*using*O
441*GPS*B-SYS
441*,*O
441*CYGNSS*B-SYS
441*requires*O
441*significantly*O
441*less*O
441*power*O
441*than*O
441*does*O
441*a*O
441*spacecraft*B-SYS
441*using*O
441*the*O
441*traditional*O
441*technique*O
441*.*O
442*this*O
442*results*O
442*in*O
442*smaller*O
442*,*O
442*less*O
442*costly*O
442*spacecraft*B-SYS
442*that*O
442*are*O
442*cubesat*O
442*derived*O
442*,*O
442*are*O
442*larger*O
442*than*O
442*12U*B-VAL
442*,*O
442*and*O
442*do*O
442*not*O
442*have*O
442*standardized*O
442*cubesat*O
442*dimensions*O
442*,*O
442*making*O
442*a*O
442*constellation*O
442*feasible*O
442*.*O
443*the*O
443*combined*O
443*measurements*O
443*from*O
443*multiple*O
443*spacecraft*B-SYS
443*provide*O
443*higher*O
443*time*O
443*resolution*O
443*,*O
443*returning*O
443*data*O
443*on*O
443*timescales*O
443*relevant*O
443*for*O
443*the*O
443*development*O
443*of*O
443*storms*O
443*.*O
444*even*O
444*though*O
444*not*O
444*yet*O
444*proven*O
444*in*O
444*flight*O
444*,*O
444*it*O
444*is*O
444*likely*O
444*that*O
444*CubeSats*B-SYS
444*and*O
444*missions*O
444*derived*O
444*from*O
444*cubesat*O
444*technology*O
444*have*O
444*the*O
444*potential*O
444*to*O
444*address*O
444*decadal*O
444*survey*O
444*earth*O
444*science*O
444*goals*O
444*through*O
444*targeted*O
444*investigations*O
444*(*O
444*e.g.*O
444*,*O
444*CubeSats*B-SYS
444*are*O
444*being*O
444*developed*O
444*to*O
444*measure*O
444*solar*O
444*irradiance*O
444*and*O
444*earth*O
444*'s*O
444*energy*O
444*budget*O
444*)*O
444*and*O
444*by*O
444*enabling*O
444*new*O
444*kinds*O
444*of*O
444*earth*O
444*science*O
444*observations*O
444*.*O
445*perhaps*O
445*chief*O
445*among*O
445*these*O
445*are*O
445*multipoint*O
445*or*O
445*constellation-type*O
445*earth*O
445*measurements*O
445*,*O
445*which*O
445*provide*O
445*much*O
445*greater*O
445*temporal*O
445*coverage*O
445*than*O
445*that*O
445*possible*O
445*with*O
445*single*B-VAL
445*,*O
445*large*O
445*spacecraft*B-SYS
445*.*O
446*a*O
446*single*O
446*spacecraft*B-SYS
446*in*O
446*LEO*O
446*provides*O
446*high-spatial-resolution*O
446*imaging*O
446*,*O
446*but*O
446*poor*O
446*temporal*O
446*coverage*O
446*;*O
446*a*O
446*single*O
446*geostationary*O
446*earth*O
446*orbit*O
446*(*O
446*geo*O
446*)*O
446*spacecraft*B-SYS
446*provides*O
446*diurnal*O
446*temporal*O
446*coverage*O
446*,*O
446*but*O
446*at*O
446*the*O
446*expense*O
446*of*O
446*spatial*O
446*resolution*O
446*.*O
447*a*O
447*LEO*O
447*constellation*O
447*comprising*O
447*several*O
447*or*O
447*dozens*O
447*of*O
447*individual*O
447*small*O
447*spacecrafts*B-SYS
447*could*O
447*provide*O
447*both*O
447*global*O
447*spatial*O
447*and*O
447*high*O
447*temporal*O
447*resolution*O
447*.*O
448*the*O
448*understanding*O
448*of*O
448*many*O
448*earth*O
448*processes*O
448*benefit*O
448*from*O
448*this*O
448*kind*O
448*of*O
448*observation*O
448*,*O
448*including*O
448*severe*O
448*weather*O
448*,*O
448*cloud*O
448*formation*O
448*and*O
448*evolutionary*O
448*processes*O
448*,*O
448*aerosols*O
448*or*O
448*air*O
448*quality*O
448*related*O
448*measurements*O
448*,*O
448*atmospheric*O
448*photochemistry*O
448*,*O
448*vegetation*O
448*,*O
448*ocean*O
448*color*O
448*,*O
448*and*O
448*earth*O
448*outgoing*O
448*radiation*O
448*.*O
449*Constellations*B-SYS
449*of*O
449*lower-cost*O
449*spacecraft*B-SYS
449*also*O
449*can*O
449*provide*O
449*for*O
449*replenishment*O
449*over*O
449*time*O
449*,*O
449*allowing*O
449*technology*O
449*updates*O
449*or*O
449*replacement*O
449*of*O
449*failed*O
449*spacecraft*B-SYS
449*or*O
449*instruments*B-SYS
449*.*O
450*to*O
450*enable*O
450*such*O
450*missions*O
450*,*O
450*a*O
450*number*O
450*of*O
450*technological*O
450*advances*O
450*are*O
450*required*O
450*.*O
451*these*O
451*include*O
451*the*O
451*need*O
451*for*O
451*high-rate*O
451*communication*O
451*and*O
451*accurate*O
451*pointing*O
451*for*O
451*high-resolution*O
451*applications*O
451*and*O
451*propulsion*B-SYS
451*needed*O
451*for*O
451*station*O
451*keeping*O
451*and*O
451*establishment*O
451*of*O
451*constellations*B-SYS
451*.*O
452*as*O
452*an*O
452*example*O
452*,*O
452*CubeSats*B-SYS
452*could*O
452*offer*O
452*valuable*O
452*data*O
452*for*O
452*weather*O
452*and*O
452*climate*O
452*forecasting*O
452*and*O
452*projections*O
452*.*O
453*global*O
453*navigation*O
453*satellite*O
453*system-radio*O
453*occultation*O
453*(*O
453*gnss-ro*O
453*)*O
453*is*O
453*a*O
453*precise*O
453*,*O
453*cost-effective*O
453*technique*O
453*for*O
453*measuring*O
453*earth*O
453*'s*O
453*atmosphere*O
453*from*O
453*space*O
453*,*O
453*leveraging*O
453*existing*O
453*global*B-SYS
453*navigation*I-SYS
453*satellite*I-SYS
453*systems*I-SYS
453*,*O
453*and*O
453*providing*O
453*atmospheric*O
453*measurements*O
453*similar*O
453*to*O
453*those*O
453*obtained*O
453*from*O
453*weather*O
453*balloons*O
453*,*O
453*on*O
453*a*O
453*global*O
453*scale*O
453*.*O
454*there*O
454*are*O
454*commercial*O
454*efforts*O
454*under*O
454*way*O
454*utilizing*O
454*cubesat*O
454*technology*O
454*with*O
454*the*O
454*potential*O
454*of*O
454*making*O
454*gnss-ro*O
454*measurements*O
454*analogous*O
454*to*O
454*the*O
454*constellation*O
454*observing*O
454*system*O
454*for*O
454*meteorology*O
454*,*O
454*ionosphere*O
454*,*O
454*and*O
454*climate*O
454*(*O
454*cosmic*O
454*)*O
454*mission*O
454*,*O
454*a*O
454*constellation*O
454*of*O
454*six*B-VAL
454*70-kg*B-VAL
454*microsatellites*B-SYS
454*that*O
454*has*O
454*been*O
454*making*O
454*atmospheric*O
454*soundings*O
454*of*O
454*temperature*O
454*,*O
454*moisture*O
454*,*O
454*and*O
454*pressure*O
454*in*O
454*the*O
454*troposphere*O
454*and*O
454*stratosphere*O
454*using*O
454*gnss-ro*O
454*for*O
454*nearly*O
454*a*O
454*decade*B-DATETIME
454*.*O
455*cubesat-enabled*O
455*constellations*B-SYS
455*could*O
455*deliver*O
455*tens*B-VAL
455*of*I-VAL
455*thousands*I-VAL
455*of*O
455*occultations*O
455*daily*O
455*and*O
455*make*O
455*them*O
455*available*O
455*in*O
455*near*O
455*real*O
455*time*O
455*.*O
456*an*O
456*area*O
456*that*O
456*is*O
456*challenging*O
456*for*O
456*Earth*B-SYS
456*science*I-SYS
456*satellite*I-SYS
456*observations*O
456*is*O
456*both*O
456*absolute*O
456*and*O
456*relative*O
456*calibration*O
456*between*O
456*data*O
456*sets*O
456*,*O
456*especially*O
456*if*O
456*the*O
456*data*O
456*are*O
456*used*O
456*for*O
456*long-term*O
456*data*O
456*analysis*O
456*for*O
456*climate-related*O
456*questions*O
456*.*O
457*some*O
457*earth*O
457*science*O
457*problems*O
457*require*O
457*determination*O
457*of*O
457*trends*O
457*at*O
457*the*O
457*percent*O
457*level*O
457*per*O
457*decade*B-DATETIME
457*.*O
458*it*O
458*is*O
458*not*O
458*clear*O
458*whether*O
458*this*O
458*can*O
458*be*O
458*done*O
458*inexpensively*O
458*,*O
458*but*O
458*comparative*O
458*measurements*O
458*with*O
458*enough*O
458*lower-accuracy*O
458*sensors*B-SYS
458*may*O
458*be*O
458*possible*O
458*.*O
459*an*O
459*application*O
459*of*O
459*CubeSats*B-SYS
459*in*O
459*earth*O
459*science*O
459*is*O
459*the*O
459*potential*O
459*to*O
459*make*O
459*observations*O
459*that*O
459*mitigate*O
459*the*O
459*gaps*O
459*in*O
459*operational*O
459*data*O
459*from*O
459*critical*O
459*satellite*B-SYS
459*systems*I-SYS
459*,*O
459*in*O
459*part*O
459*because*O
459*of*O
459*their*O
459*lower*O
459*cost*O
459*and*O
459*shorter*O
459*development*O
459*cycles*O
459*.*O
460*perhaps*O
460*the*O
460*most*O
460*significant*O
460*gap*O
460*in*O
460*satellite*O
460*data*O
460*is*O
460*in*O
460*observations*O
460*critical*O
460*for*O
460*routine*O
460*weather*O
460*forecasting*O
460*and*O
460*climate*O
460*monitoring*O
460*,*O
460*the*O
460*prediction*O
460*of*O
460*extreme*O
460*weather*O
460*,*O
460*military*O
460*operations*O
460*,*O
460*and*O
460*the*O
460*emergency*O
460*response*O
460*to*O
460*wildfires*O
460*and*O
460*other*O
460*natural*O
460*disasters*O
460*.*O
461*there*O
461*will*O
461*likely*O
461*be*O
461*a*O
461*gap*O
461*in*O
461*data*O
461*of*O
461*1*B-DATETIME
461*to*I-DATETIME
461*4*I-DATETIME
461*years*I-DATETIME
461*between*O
461*the*O
461*National*B-SYS
461*Polar-*I-SYS
461*orbiting*I-SYS
461*Operational*I-SYS
461*Environmental*I-SYS
461*Satellite*I-SYS
461*System*I-SYS
461*(*O
461*NPOESS*B-SYS
461*)*O
461*preparatory*O
461*project*O
461*(*O
461*npp*O
461*)*O
461*spacecraft*B-SYS
461*and*O
461*the*O
461*next-*O
461*generation*O
461*Joint*B-SYS
461*Polar*I-SYS
461*Satellite*I-SYS
461*System*I-SYS
461*(*O
461*JPSS*B-SYS
461*)*O
461*.*O
462*there*O
462*are*O
462*also*O
462*potential*O
462*gaps*O
462*in*O
462*Department*B-ORG
462*of*I-ORG
462*Defense*I-ORG
462*(*O
462*DOD*B-SYS
462*)*O
462*and*O
462*european*O
462*polar*O
462*satellite*O
462*programs*O
462*that*O
462*provide*O
462*data*O
462*for*O
462*NOAA*B-ORG
462*forecasts*O
462*.*O
463*further*O
463*,*O
463*NOAA*B-ORG
463*geostationary operational environmental satellite*B-SYS
463*(*O
463*GOES*B-SYS
463*)*O
463*program*O
463*faces*O
463*a*O
463*period*O
463*of*O
463*more*O
463*than*O
463*1*B-DATETIME
463*year*I-DATETIME
463*without*O
463*a*O
463*backup*O
463*satellite*O
463*on*O
463*orbit*O
463*.*O
464*a*O
464*number*O
464*of*O
464*commercial*O
464*efforts*O
464*are*O
464*developing*O
464*cubesat*O
464*or*O
464*small*O
464*satellite*B-SYS
464*constellations*I-SYS
464*seeking*O
464*to*O
464*address*O
464*these*O
464*gaps*O
464*using*O
464*the*O
464*gnss-ro*O
464*sounding*O
464*technique*O
464*pioneered*O
464*by*O
464*the*O
464*cosmic*O
464*mission*O
464*.*O
465*for*O
465*example*O
465*,*O
465*Spire*B-ORG
465*,*O
465*GeoOptics*B-ORG
465*,*O
465*and*O
465*PlanetIQ*B-ORG
465*are*O
465*developing*O
465*cubesat-based*O
465*gnss-ro*B-SYS
465*constellations*I-SYS
465*.*O
466*Landsat*B-SYS
466*8*I-SYS
466*has*O
466*been*O
466*operating*O
466*since*O
466*2013*B-DATETIME
466*,*O
466*and*O
466*Landsat*B-SYS
466*9*I-SYS
466*is*O
466*not*O
466*planned*O
466*for*O
466*launch*O
466*until*O
466*2021*B-DATETIME
466*.*O
467*to*O
467*help*O
467*mitigate*O
467*a*O
467*possible*O
467*loss*O
467*of*O
467*the*O
467*Thermal*B-SYS
467*infrared*I-SYS
467*sensor*I-SYS
467*on*O
467*L8*B-SYS
467*before*O
467*L9*B-SYS
467*flies*O
467*,*O
467*the*O
467*class*O
467*D*O
467*Thermal*B-SYS
467*Infrared*I-SYS
467*Free*I-SYS
467*Flyer*I-SYS
467*(*O
467*TIR-FF*B-SYS
467*)*O
467*was*O
467*considered*O
467*as*O
467*a*O
467*possibility*O
467*for*O
467*launch*O
467*in*O
467*2019*B-DATETIME
467*.*O
468*TIR-FF*B-SYS
468*was*O
468*part*O
468*of*O
468*the*O
468*president*O
468*'s*O
468*fiscal*O
468*year*O
468*2016*B-DATETIME
468*budget*O
468*request*O
468*for*O
468*USGS*B-ORG
468*,*O
468*but*O
468*it*O
468*was*O
468*not*O
468*funded*O
468*by*O
468*congress*O
468*.*O
469*TIR-FF*B-SYS
469*would*O
469*have*O
469*been*O
469*a*O
469*low-cost*O
469*thermal*O
469*infrared*O
469*(*O
469*TIR*O
469*)*O
469*free-flying*B-SYS
469*small*I-SYS
469*satellite*I-SYS
469*-*O
469*not*O
469*a*O
469*Cubesat*O
469*-*O
469*possibly*O
469*larger*O
469*than*O
469*12U*B-VAL
469*,*O
469*designed*O
469*to*O
469*ensure*O
469*data*O
469*continuity*O
469*by*O
469*flying*O
469*in*O
469*formation*O
469*with*O
469*L8*B-SYS
469*and*O
469*would*O
469*have*O
469*carried*O
469*a*O
469*microbolometer*B-SYS
469*TIR*I-SYS
469*sensor*I-SYS
469*and*O
469*cloud*B-SYS
469*camera*I-SYS
469*.*O
470*if*O
470*successful*O
470*at*O
470*providing*O
470*data*O
470*with*O
470*sufficient*O
470*quality*O
470*,*O
470*TIR-FF*B-SYS
470*would*O
470*have*O
470*had*O
470*the*O
470*potential*O
470*to*O
470*fill*O
470*this*O
470*gap*O
470*and*O
470*lay*O
470*the*O
470*groundwork*O
470*for*O
470*filling*O
470*future*O
470*gaps*O
470*in*O
470*imaging*O
470*data*O
470*using*O
470*a*O
470*targeted*O
470*small*O
470*spacecraft*B-SYS
470*mission*O
470*.*O
471*the*O
471*solar*O
471*irradiance*O
471*reaching*O
471*earth*O
471*is*O
471*an*O
471*essential*O
471*climate*O
471*variable*O
471*.*O
472*the*O
472*total*O
472*solar*O
472*irradiance*O
472*(*O
472*tsi*O
472*)*O
472*has*O
472*been*O
472*measured*O
472*continuously*O
472*since*O
472*the*O
472*late*O
472*1970s*B-DATETIME
472*.*O
473*the*O
473*sorce*O
473*mission*O
473*is*O
473*near*O
473*the*O
473*end*O
473*of*O
473*its*O
473*mission*O
473*life*O
473*,*O
473*and*O
473*with*O
473*the*O
473*loss*O
473*of*O
473*the*O
473*Total*B-SYS
473*Irradiance*I-SYS
473*Monitor*I-SYS
473*(*O
473*TIM*B-SYS
473*)*O
473*on*O
473*the*O
473*glory*O
473*mission*O
473*and*O
473*the*O
473*descope*O
473*of*O
473*the*O
473*Total*B-SYS
473*and*I-SYS
473*Spectral*I-SYS
473*Solar*I-SYS
473*Irradiance*I-SYS
473*Sensor*I-SYS
473*(*O
473*TSIS*B-SYS
473*)*O
473*from*O
473*JPSS-1*B-SYS
473*,*O
473*the*O
473*Total*B-SYS
473*Solar*I-SYS
473*Irradiance*I-SYS
473*Calibration*I-SYS
473*Transfer*I-SYS
473*Experiment*I-SYS
473*(*O
473*TCTE*B-SYS
473*)*O
473*mission*O
473*is*O
473*bridging*O
473*the*O
473*gap*O
473*for*O
473*tsi*O
473*.*O
474*the*O
474*TCTE*B-SYS
474*mission*O
474*is*O
474*expected*O
474*to*O
474*end*O
474*operations*O
474*after*O
474*an*O
474*overlap*O
474*period*O
474*with*O
474*another*O
474*TSIS*B-SYS
474*,*O
474*to*O
474*be*O
474*installed*O
474*on*O
474*the*O
474*International*B-SYS
474*Space*I-SYS
474*Station*I-SYS
474*(*O
474*ISS*B-SYS
474*)*O
474*in*O
474*2017*B-DATETIME
474*.*O
475*continuity*O
475*of*O
475*the*O
475*solar*O
475*irradiance*O
475*record*O
475*,*O
475*however*O
475*,*O
475*is*O
475*precarious*O
475*.*O
476*miniaturized*O
476*total*O
476*and*O
476*spectral*B-SYS
476*irradiance*I-SYS
476*sensors*I-SYS
476*are*O
476*under*O
476*development*O
476*,*O
476*suitable*O
476*for*O
476*flight*O
476*on*O
476*CubeSats*B-SYS
476*,*O
476*and*O
476*plans*O
476*exist*O
476*to*O
476*use*O
476*small*O
476*spacecraft*B-SYS
476*to*O
476*enable*O
476*a*O
476*robust*O
476*,*O
476*overlapping*O
476*solar*O
476*irradiance*O
476*record*O
476*into*O
476*the*O
476*future*O
476*at*O
476*a*O
476*lower*O
476*average*O
476*operating*O
476*cost*O
476*than*O
476*traditional*O
476*measurements*O
476*.*O
477*most*O
477*CubeSats*B-SYS
477*in*O
477*LEO*O
477*today*O
477*are*O
477*commercial*B-SYS
477*satellites*I-SYS
477*that*O
477*focus*O
477*on*O
477*remote*O
477*sensing*O
477*,*O
477*imagery*O
477*,*O
477*and*O
477*earth*O
477*observation*O
477*.*O
478*the*O
478*majority*O
478*of*O
478*nasa-funded*O
478*CubeSats*B-SYS
478*in*O
478*earth*O
478*science*O
478*to*O
478*date*O
478*are*O
478*technology*O
478*demonstrations*O
478*.*O
479*the*O
479*earth*O
479*science*O
479*community*O
479*is*O
479*just*O
479*starting*O
479*to*O
479*exploit*O
479*CubeSats*B-SYS
479*and*O
479*cubesat-derived*O
479*small*B-SYS
479*satellites*I-SYS
479*as*O
479*a*O
479*platform*O
479*for*O
479*doing*O
479*science*O
479*,*O
479*for*O
479*example*O
479*,*O
479*with*O
479*the*O
479*TROPICS*B-SYS
479*and*O
479*CYGNSS*B-SYS
479*missions*O
479*.*O
480*CubeSats*B-SYS
480*have*O
480*the*O
480*potential*O
480*to*O
480*provide*O
480*high-temporal-resolution*O
480*measurements*O
480*through*O
480*constellations*B-SYS
480*and*O
480*to*O
480*mitigate*O
480*data*O
480*gaps*O
480*.*O
481*to*O
481*realize*O
481*this*O
481*potential*O
481*,*O
481*technology*O
481*developments*O
481*in*O
481*sensors*B-SYS
481*and*O
481*instruments*B-SYS
481*-*O
481*in*O
481*particular*O
481*in*O
481*their*O
481*calibration*O
481*,*O
481*high-rate*O
481*communications*O
481*,*O
481*and*O
481*propulsion*B-SYS
481*to*O
481*set*O
481*up*O
481*and*O
481*maintain*O
481*constellations*B-SYS
481*-*O
481*are*O
481*needed*O
481*.*O
482*CubeSats*B-SYS
482*provide*O
482*technology*O
482*demonstration*O
482*for*O
482*earth*O
482*science*O
482*missions*O
482*,*O
482*but*O
482*the*O
482*earth*O
482*science*O
482*community*O
482*is*O
482*just*O
482*starting*O
482*to*O
482*exploit*O
482*CubeSats*B-SYS
482*and*O
482*cubesat-derived*O
482*small*B-SYS
482*satellites*I-SYS
482*for*O
482*science*O
482*.*O
483*CubeSats*B-SYS
483*hold*O
483*promise*O
483*for*O
483*earth*O
483*science*O
483*in*O
483*several*O
483*ways*O
483*:*O
483*CubeSats*B-SYS
483*and*O
483*cubesat-associated*O
483*technologies*O
483*can*O
483*enable*O
483*targeted*O
483*science*O
483*and*O
483*can*O
483*augment*O
483*existing*O
483*capabilities*O
483*by*O
483*providing*O
483*particular*O
483*earth*O
483*science*O
483*measurements*O
483*that*O
483*take*O
483*advantage*O
483*of*O
483*the*O
483*cubesat*O
483*platform*O
483*.*O
484*CubeSats*B-SYS
484*and*O
484*cubesat-associated*O
484*technologies*O
484*can*O
484*provide*O
484*unique*O
484*science*O
484*opportunities*O
484*as*O
484*constellations*B-SYS
484*or*O
484*swarms*B-SYS
484*by*O
484*providing*O
484*distributed*O
484*,*O
484*multipoint*O
484*measurements*O
484*for*O
484*high-temporal-resolution*O
484*,*O
484*global-scale*O
484*measurements*O
484*.*O
485*CubeSats*B-SYS
485*or*O
485*related*O
485*systems*O
485*have*O
485*the*O
485*potential*O
485*to*O
485*mitigate*O
485*data*O
485*gaps*O
485*(*O
485*e.g.*O
485*,*O
485*JPSS*B-SYS
485*,*O
485*Landsat*B-SYS
485*,*O
485*TSIS*B-SYS
485*)*O
485*and*O
485*provide*O
485*sustained*O
485*measurements*O
485*(*O
485*including*O
485*monitoring*O
485*)*O
485*.*O
486*CubeSats*B-SYS
486*are*O
486*potentially*O
486*more*O
486*responsive*O
486*to*O
486*observation*O
486*needs*O
486*and*O
486*in*O
486*the*O
486*employment*O
486*of*O
486*new*O
486*technologies*O
486*,*O
486*owing*O
486*to*O
486*their*O
486*shorter*O
486*development*O
486*cycles*O
486*.*O
487*the*O
487*2011*B-DATETIME
487*planetary*O
487*science*O
487*decadal*O
487*survey*O
487*,*O
487*vision*O
487*and*O
487*voyages*O
487*for*O
487*planetary*O
487*science*O
487*in*O
487*the*O
487*decade*O
487*2013-2022*B-DATETIME
487*,*O
487*revolved*O
487*around*O
487*the*O
487*following*O
487*three*B-VAL
487*major*O
487*themes*O
487*:*O
487*building*O
487*new*O
487*worlds*O
487*-*O
487*understanding*O
487*solar*O
487*system*O
487*origins*O
487*,*O
487*planetary*O
487*habitats*O
487*-*O
487*searching*O
487*for*O
487*the*O
487*requirements*O
487*for*O
487*life*O
487*,*O
487*and*O
487*workings*O
487*of*O
487*solar*O
487*system*O
487*-*O
487*revealing*O
487*planetary*O
487*processes*O
487*through*O
487*time*O
487*.*O
488*many*O
488*of*O
488*the*O
488*objectives*O
488*require*O
488*close*O
488*proximity*O
488*observations*O
488*with*O
488*sophisticated*O
488*instruments*B-SYS
488*for*O
488*elemental*O
488*and*O
488*mineralogy*O
488*measurements*O
488*.*O
489*some*O
489*observations*O
489*pertaining*O
489*to*O
489*origin*O
489*science*O
489*and*O
489*habitability*O
489*may*O
489*be*O
489*obtained*O
489*only*O
489*from*O
489*in*O
489*situ*O
489*investigations*O
489*and*O
489*sampling*O
489*.*O
490*some*O
490*of*O
490*these*O
490*observations*O
490*and*O
490*targets*O
490*are*O
490*also*O
490*of*O
490*interest*O
490*to*O
490*human*O
490*exploration*O
490*,*O
490*planetary*O
490*defense*O
490*,*O
490*and*O
490*reconnaissance*O
490*for*O
490*in*O
490*situ*O
490*resource*O
490*utilization*O
490*.*O
491*the*O
491*high-priority*O
491*flagship*O
491*missions*O
491*recommended*O
491*by*O
491*the*O
491*decadal*O
491*survey*O
491*include*O
491*the*O
491*first*O
491*mission*O
491*in*O
491*a*O
491*mars*O
491*sample-return*O
491*campaign*O
491*,*O
491*a*O
491*mission*O
491*to*O
491*europa*O
491*addressing*O
491*the*O
491*planetary*O
491*habitat*O
491*goals*O
491*,*O
491*and*O
491*a*O
491*Uranus*B-SYS
491*orbiter*I-SYS
491*and*O
491*probe*O
491*.*O
492*the*O
492*decadal*O
492*survey*O
492*'s*O
492*highest*O
492*recommendations*O
492*included*O
492*increasing*O
492*the*O
492*research*O
492*and*O
492*analysis*O
492*(*O
492*r*O
492*&*O
492*a*O
492*)*O
492*program*O
492*and*O
492*the*O
492*establishment*O
492*of*O
492*a*O
492*technology*O
492*development*O
492*program*O
492*,*O
492*as*O
492*well*O
492*as*O
492*strengthening*O
492*the*O
492*discovery*O
492*program*O
492*,*O
492*which*O
492*has*O
492*produced*O
492*significant*O
492*and*O
492*cost-effective*O
492*science*O
492*return*O
492*operating*O
492*in*O
492*a*O
492*pi*O
492*mode*O
492*.*O
493*priorities*O
493*for*O
493*the*O
493*next*O
493*pi-led*O
493*new*O
493*frontiers*O
493*missions*O
493*include*O
493*a*O
493*comet*O
493*surface*O
493*sample*O
493*return*O
493*,*O
493*a*O
493*lunar*O
493*south*O
493*pole-aitken*O
493*basin*O
493*sample*O
493*return*O
493*mission*O
493*,*O
493*as*O
493*well*O
493*as*O
493*three*B-VAL
493*other*O
493*missions*O
493*.*O
494*there*O
494*are*O
494*currently*O
494*no*O
494*deep*O
494*space*O
494*CubeSats*B-SYS
494*in*O
494*flight*O
494*launched*O
494*by*O
494*NASA*B-ORG
494*or*O
494*NSF*B-ORG
494*,*O
494*hence*O
494*no*O
494*track*O
494*record*O
494*of*O
494*success*O
494*,*O
494*no*O
494*heritage*O
494*hardware*O
494*,*O
494*and*O
494*no*O
494*lessons*O
494*learned*O
494*.*O
495*however*O
495*,*O
495*there*O
495*are*O
495*eight*B-VAL
495*planetary*O
495*cubesat*O
495*missions*O
495*and*O
495*three*B-VAL
495*non-flight*O
495*planetary*O
495*technology*O
495*systems*O
495*under*O
495*development*O
495*by*O
495*NASA*B-ORG
495*.*O
496*classification*O
496*based*O
496*on*O
496*the*O
496*committee*O
496*'s*O
496*databases*O
496*,*O
496*referenced*O
496*in*O
496*Chapter*B-RES
496*1*I-RES
496*,*O
496*are*O
496*as*O
496*follows*O
496*:*O
496*two*B-VAL
496*technology*O
496*and*O
496*instrument*O
496*demonstration*O
496*missions*O
496*(*O
496*inspire*O
496*,*O
496*MarCO*B-SYS
496*)*O
496*at*O
496*and*O
496*beyond*O
496*lunar*O
496*orbit*O
496*;*O
496*three*B-VAL
496*science*O
496*(*O
496*LunaH-Map*B-SYS
496*,*O
496*Q-PACE*B-SYS
496*,*O
496*Lunar*B-SYS
496*Flashlight*I-SYS
496*)*O
496*and*O
496*two*B-VAL
496*technology*O
496*missions*O
496*(*O
496*Lunar*B-SYS
496*IceCube*I-SYS
496*,*O
496*Skyfire*B-SYS
496*)*O
496*at*O
496*or*O
496*near*O
496*the*O
496*moon*O
496*;*O
496*and*O
496*one*O
496*exploration*O
496*science*O
496*mission*O
496*at*O
496*a*O
496*near*O
496*earth*O
496*asteroid*O
496*(*O
496*NEA*B-SYS
496*)*O
496*scout*O
496*all*O
496*to*O
496*be*O
496*launched*O
496*in*O
496*the*O
496*2016-2018*B-DATETIME
496*time*O
496*frame*O
496*.*O
497*the*O
497*three*B-VAL
497*non-flight*O
497*planetary*O
497*technology*O
497*demonstrations*O
497*are*O
497*DAVID*B-SYS
497*,*O
497*HALO*B-SYS
497*,*O
497*and*O
497*MMO*B-SYS
497*.*O
498*significant*O
498*progress*O
498*in*O
498*electronics*B-SYS
498*miniaturization*O
498*in*O
498*the*O
498*past*O
498*decade*B-DATETIME
498*has*O
498*led*O
498*to*O
498*increased*O
498*interest*O
498*for*O
498*small*O
498*platforms*O
498*,*O
498*including*O
498*CubeSats*B-SYS
498*.*O
499*JAXA*B-ORG
499*'s*O
499*hayabusa*O
499*mission*O
499*carried*O
499*the*O
499*Minerva*B-SYS
499*hopper*I-SYS
499*(*O
499*approximately*O
499*1U*B-VAL
499*in*O
499*size*O
499*,*O
499*although*O
499*with*O
499*a*O
499*different*O
499*geometrical*O
499*shape*O
499*)*O
499*for*O
499*in*O
499*situ*O
499*imaging*O
499*of*O
499*an*O
499*NEA*B-SYS
499*.*O
500*despite*O
500*a*O
500*failed*O
500*deployment*O
500*,*O
500*Minerva*B-SYS
500*demonstrated*O
500*its*O
500*functionality*O
500*by*O
500*transmitting*O
500*images*O
500*of*O
500*the*O
500*mothership*O
500*.*O
501*in*O
501*2005*B-DATETIME
501*,*O
501*the*O
501*cubesat*B-SYS
501*form*O
501*factor*O
501*was*O
501*introduced*O
501*into*O
501*planetary*O
501*exploration*O
501*concepts*O
501*with*O
501*the*O
501*Planetary*B-SYS
501*Hitchhiker*I-SYS
501*,*O
501*which*O
501*would*O
501*use*O
501*an*O
501*Evolved*B-SYS
501*Expendable*I-SYS
501*Launch*I-SYS
501*Vehicle*I-SYS
501*(*I-SYS
501*EELV*I-SYS
501*)*I-SYS
501*Secondary*B-SYS
501*Payload*I-SYS
501*Adapter*I-SYS
501*(*I-SYS
501*ESPA*I-SYS
501*)*I-SYS
501*as*O
501*the*O
501*main*O
501*vehicle*O
501*and*O
501*telecom*O
501*relay*O
501*,*O
501*dropping*O
501*CubeSats*B-SYS
501*at*O
501*multiple*O
501*asteroids*O
501*(*O
501*this*O
501*concept*O
501*was*O
501*not*O
501*funded*O
501*to*O
501*move*O
501*forward*O
501*)*O
501*.*O
502*since*O
502*then*O
502*,*O
502*a*O
502*large*O
502*number*O
502*of*O
502*cubesat*O
502*concepts*O
502*have*O
502*been*O
502*proposed*O
502*and*O
502*presented*O
502*at*O
502*conferences*O
502*(*O
502*e.g.*O
502*,*O
502*interplanetary*O
502*smallsat*O
502*conference*O
502*,*O
502*icubesat*O
502*,*O
502*lunarcubes*O
502*)*O
502*,*O
502*based*O
502*on*O
502*the*O
502*premise*O
502*that*O
502*enabling*O
502*technologies*O
502*and*O
502*launch*O
502*opportunities*O
502*will*O
502*soon*O
502*become*O
502*available*O
502*.*O
503*interest*O
503*for*O
503*developing*O
503*efficient*O
503*,*O
503*long-range*O
503*propulsion*B-SYS
503*systems*I-SYS
503*that*O
503*could*O
503*fit*O
503*within*O
503*the*O
503*cubesat*B-SYS
503*form*O
503*factor*O
503*began*O
503*during*O
503*the*O
503*same*O
503*period*O
503*with*O
503*the*O
503*demonstration*O
503*of*O
503*solar*O
503*sail*O
503*deployment*O
503*from*O
503*the*O
503*3U*B-VAL
503*NanoSail-D2*B-SYS
503*CubeSat*I-SYS
503*in*O
503*2008*B-DATETIME
503*.*O
504*interest*O
504*in*O
504*deep*O
504*space*O
504*exploration*O
504*concepts*O
504*using*O
504*independent*O
504*CubeSats*B-SYS
504*expanded*O
504*in*O
504*2011*B-DATETIME
504*after*O
504*staehle*B-RES
504*et*I-RES
504*al*I-RES
504*.*I-RES
504*published*O
504*results*O
504*from*O
504*a*O
504*NASA*B-ORG
504*innovative*O
504*advanced*O
504*concepts*O
504*(*O
504*niac*O
504*)*O
504*technology*O
504*gap*O
504*assessment*O
504*study*O
504*.*O
505*this*O
505*was*O
505*followed*O
505*by*O
505*the*O
505*NASA/JPL*B-SYS
505*INSPIRE*I-SYS
505*technology*I-SYS
505*demonstrator*I-SYS
505*(*O
505*3U*B-VAL
505*)*O
505*,*O
505*which*O
505*is*O
505*still*O
505*awaiting*O
505*launch*O
505*.*O
506*the*O
506*prospect*O
506*of*O
506*obtaining*O
506*space-qualified*O
506*CubeSat*B-SYS
506*transponder*I-SYS
506*,*O
506*propulsion*B-SYS
506*,*O
506*and*O
506*attitude*B-SYS
506*control*I-SYS
506*then*O
506*led*O
506*to*O
506*the*O
506*selection*O
506*in*O
506*2013*B-DATETIME
506*of*O
506*three*B-VAL
506*cubesat*O
506*missions*O
506*to*O
506*be*O
506*launched*O
506*with*O
506*the*O
506*Space*B-SYS
506*Launch*I-SYS
506*System*I-SYS
506*'s*O
506*Exploration*B-SYS
506*Mission*I-SYS
506*1*I-SYS
506*(*O
506*EM-1*B-SYS
506*)*O
506*in*O
506*2018*B-DATETIME
506*,*O
506*which*O
506*was*O
506*focused*O
506*on*O
506*a*O
506*range*O
506*of*O
506*science*O
506*topics*O
506*,*O
506*including*O
506*asteroid*O
506*multiscale*O
506*imaging*O
506*,*O
506*detection*O
506*of*O
506*lunar*O
506*water*O
506*,*O
506*and*O
506*the*O
506*effect*O
506*of*O
506*deep*O
506*space*O
506*radiation*O
506*on*O
506*plants*O
506*.*O
507*in*O
507*2015*B-DATETIME
507*,*O
507*NASA*B-ORG
507*'s*O
507*Planetary*B-ORG
507*Science*I-ORG
507*Division*I-ORG
507*introduced*O
507*the*O
507*SIMPLEx*B-ORG
507*(*O
507*small*O
507*,*O
507*innovative*O
507*missions*O
507*for*O
507*planetary*O
507*exploration*O
507*)*O
507*program*O
507*whose*O
507*selections*O
507*in*O
507*September*B-DATETIME
507*2015*I-DATETIME
507*included*O
507*LunaH-Map*B-SYS
507*(*O
507*Figure*B-RES
507*5-Apr*I-RES
507*)*O
507*and*O
507*Q-PACE*B-SYS
507*(*O
507*see*O
507*Figure*B-RES
507*7-Apr*I-RES
507*in*I-RES
507*the*I-RES
507*Astronomy*I-RES
507*and*I-RES
507*Astrophysics*I-RES
507*section*I-RES
507*)*O
507*,*O
507*a*O
507*low-gravity*O
507*laboratory*O
507*in*O
507*earth*O
507*orbit*O
507*.*O
508*other*O
508*missions*O
508*in*O
508*development*O
508*include*O
508*the*O
508*Mars*B-SYS
508*CubeSat*I-SYS
508*One*I-SYS
508*(*O
508*MarCO*B-SYS
508*)*O
508*(*O
508*Figure*B-RES
508*1-9*I-RES
508*)*O
508*,*O
508*a*O
508*technology*O
508*demonstration*O
508*.*O
509*CubeSats*B-SYS
509*have*O
509*also*O
509*been*O
509*proposed*O
509*as*O
509*secondary*B-SYS
509*payloads*I-SYS
509*on*O
509*bigger*O
509*spacecraft*B-SYS
509*to*O
509*increase*O
509*the*O
509*science*O
509*return*O
509*of*O
509*the*O
509*whole*O
509*mission*O
509*by*O
509*acquiring*O
509*complementary*O
509*observations*O
509*.*O
510*in*O
510*October*B-DATETIME
510*2014*I-DATETIME
510*,*O
510*ESA*B-ORG
510*selected*O
510*five*B-VAL
510*cubesat*O
510*concepts*O
510*for*O
510*further*O
510*development*O
510*to*O
510*accompany*O
510*the*O
510*aida*O
510*mission*O
510*(*O
510*asteroid*O
510*impact*O
510*and*O
510*deflection*O
510*assessment*O
510*)*O
510*currently*O
510*in*O
510*Phase*B-RES
510*A*I-RES
510*.*O
511*CubeSats*B-SYS
511*and*O
511*platforms*O
511*taking*O
511*advantage*O
511*of*O
511*cubesat*O
511*technology*O
511*have*O
511*the*O
511*potential*O
511*to*O
511*make*O
511*unique*O
511*contributions*O
511*to*O
511*planetary*O
511*science*O
511*by*O
511*creating*O
511*unique*O
511*vantage*O
511*points*O
511*or*O
511*multipoint*O
511*measurements*O
511*(*O
511*e.g.*O
511*,*O
511*in*O
511*situ*O
511*package*O
511*(*O
511*s*O
511*)*O
511*complementary*O
511*to*O
511*an*O
511*orbiter*B-SYS
511*)*O
511*;*O
511*exploring*O
511*high-risk*O
511*or*O
511*uncharted*O
511*regions*O
511*;*O
511*and*O
511*serving*O
511*as*O
511*low-gravity*B-SYS
511*laboratories*I-SYS
511*.*O
512*as*O
512*an*O
512*example*O
512*of*O
512*exploring*O
512*uncharted*O
512*regions*O
512*,*O
512*NASA*B-ORG
512*Planetary*I-ORG
512*Science*I-ORG
512*Division*I-ORG
512*selected*O
512*for*O
512*study*O
512*10*B-VAL
512*university-led*O
512*concepts*O
512*that*O
512*would*O
512*complement*O
512*the*O
512*europa*O
512*clipper*O
512*mission*O
512*.*O
513*CubeSats*B-SYS
513*in*O
513*leo*O
513*contribute*O
513*to*O
513*planetary*O
513*exploration*O
513*by*O
513*providing*O
513*natural*O
513*low-gravity*B-SYS
513*laboratories*I-SYS
513*(*O
513*see*O
513*the*O
513*section*B-RES
513*Other*I-RES
513*U.S.*I-RES
513*Government*I-RES
513*Programs*I-RES
513*)*O
513*,*O
513*as*O
513*well*O
513*as*O
513*observation*O
513*platforms*O
513*for*O
513*astronomical*O
513*observations*O
513*of*O
513*planetary*O
513*bodies*O
513*.*O
514*possible*O
514*applications*O
514*include*O
514*the*O
514*long-term*O
514*monitoring*O
514*of*O
514*planetary*O
514*atmospheres*O
514*(*O
514*jupiter*O
514*,*O
514*mars*O
514*)*O
514*and*O
514*the*O
514*tracking*O
514*of*O
514*meteors*O
514*as*O
514*they*O
514*break*O
514*up*O
514*upon*O
514*entering*O
514*earth*O
514*atmosphere*O
514*.*O
515*CubeSats*B-SYS
515*can*O
515*also*O
515*be*O
515*used*O
515*as*O
515*platforms*O
515*for*O
515*technology*O
515*demonstration*O
515*to*O
515*enable*O
515*future*O
515*large*O
515*missions*O
515*.*O
516*two*B-VAL
516*of*O
516*the*O
516*discovery-13*O
516*proposals*O
516*selected*O
516*for*O
516*Phase*B-RES
516*A*I-RES
516*study*O
516*(*O
516*September*B-DATETIME
516*2014*I-DATETIME
516*)*O
516*included*O
516*CubeSats*B-SYS
516*.*O
517*one*O
517*would*O
517*obtain*O
517*field*O
517*measurements*O
517*at*O
517*an*O
517*asteroid*O
517*in*O
517*coordination*O
517*with*O
517*its*O
517*mothership*B-SYS
517*while*O
517*the*O
517*other*O
517*would*O
517*obtain*O
517*noble*O
517*gas*O
517*measurements*O
517*in*O
517*venus*O
517*atmosphere*O
517*,*O
517*a*O
517*high-priority*O
517*objective*O
517*of*O
517*the*O
517*2011*B-DATETIME
517*decadal*O
517*survey*O
517*.*O
518*those*O
518*technology*O
518*demonstration*O
518*options*O
518*,*O
518*if*O
518*funded*O
518*,*O
518*would*O
518*include*O
518*the*O
518*development*O
518*of*O
518*a*O
518*deep*B-SYS
518*space*I-SYS
518*deployer*I-SYS
518*capable*O
518*of*O
518*sustaining*O
518*long*O
518*cruise*O
518*time*O
518*and*O
518*equipped*O
518*with*O
518*its*O
518*own*O
518*telecommunication*B-SYS
518*and*O
518*computer*B-SYS
518*to*O
518*limit*O
518*the*O
518*impact*O
518*of*O
518*the*O
518*cubesat*B-SYS
518*on*O
518*the*O
518*mothership*B-SYS
518*.*O
519*CubeSat-based*B-SYS
519*constellation*I-SYS
519*networks*I-SYS
519*have*O
519*also*O
519*been*O
519*suggested*O
519*as*O
519*part*O
519*of*O
519*the*O
519*telecom*B-SYS
519*infrastructure*I-SYS
519*to*O
519*support*O
519*the*O
519*human*O
519*exploration*O
519*of*O
519*the*O
519*martian*O
519*system*O
519*,*O
519*which*O
519*the*O
519*MarCO*B-SYS
519*mission*I-SYS
519*plans*O
519*to*O
519*demonstrate*O
519*.*O
520*deep*O
520*space*O
520*cubesat*O
520*missions*O
520*can*O
520*have*O
520*lower*O
520*risk*O
520*tolerance*O
520*,*O
520*and*O
520*thus*O
520*higher*O
520*cost*O
520*,*O
520*than*O
520*traditional*O
520*CubeSats*B-SYS
520*(*O
520*although*O
520*they*O
520*may*O
520*still*O
520*be*O
520*cheaper*O
520*than*O
520*the*O
520*traditional*O
520*alternative*O
520*for*O
520*planetary*O
520*science*O
520*)*O
520*due*O
520*to*O
520*the*O
520*constrained*O
520*launch*O
520*date*O
520*and*O
520*single*B-VAL
520*launch*O
520*opportunity*O
520*typical*O
520*of*O
520*planetary*O
520*missions*O
520*.*O
521*therefore*O
521*,*O
521*the*O
521*fly-learn-refly*O
521*paradigm*O
521*also*O
521*does*O
521*not*O
521*apply*O
521*.*O
522*additionally*O
522*,*O
522*planetary*O
522*protection*O
522*requirements*O
522*may*O
522*apply*O
522*,*O
522*depending*O
522*on*O
522*the*O
522*destination*O
522*.*O
523*while*O
523*these*O
523*may*O
523*be*O
523*more*O
523*easily*O
523*implementable*O
523*on*O
523*CubeSats*B-SYS
523*because*O
523*of*O
523*their*O
523*small*O
523*size*O
523*,*O
523*there*O
523*is*O
523*a*O
523*perceived*O
523*risk*O
523*of*O
523*contamination*O
523*of*O
523*a*O
523*mothership*B-SYS
523*.*O
524*other*O
524*perceived*O
524*risks*O
524*,*O
524*such*O
524*as*O
524*post-deployment*O
524*impact*O
524*with*O
524*a*O
524*mothership*B-SYS
524*or*O
524*pressurized*O
524*containers*O
524*,*O
524*may*O
524*pose*O
524*a*O
524*barrier*O
524*to*O
524*the*O
524*use*O
524*of*O
524*CubeSats*B-SYS
524*on*O
524*future*O
524*deep*O
524*space*O
524*missions*O
524*.*O
525*the*O
525*traditional*O
525*cubesat*O
525*form*O
525*factor*O
525*is*O
525*too*O
525*restrictive*O
525*for*O
525*some*O
525*planetary*O
525*applications*O
525*due*O
525*to*O
525*instrument*O
525*or*O
525*aperture*O
525*size*O
525*,*O
525*thermal*O
525*control*O
525*issues*O
525*,*O
525*and*O
525*radiation*O
525*environment*O
525*.*O
526*for*O
526*example*O
526*,*O
526*it*O
526*can*O
526*be*O
526*difficult*O
526*to*O
526*maintain*O
526*low*O
526*temperatures*O
526*for*O
526*focal*O
526*plane*O
526*arrays*O
526*and*O
526*to*O
526*maintain*O
526*the*O
526*thermal*O
526*stability*O
526*of*O
526*optical*B-SYS
526*systems*I-SYS
526*in*O
526*the*O
526*presence*O
526*of*O
526*tightly*O
526*stacked*O
526*electronics*B-SYS
526*and*O
526*frequent*O
526*and*O
526*long*O
526*radio-communication*O
526*passes*O
526*needed*O
526*for*O
526*long-distance*O
526*communication*O
526*.*O
527*free-flying*B-SYS
527*planetary*I-SYS
527*CubeSats*I-SYS
527*can*O
527*suffer*O
527*from*O
527*stringent*O
527*limitations*O
527*such*O
527*as*O
527*telecommunication*O
527*back*O
527*to*O
527*earth*O
527*,*O
527*implying*O
527*the*O
527*need*O
527*for*O
527*a*O
527*larger*O
527*antenna*B-SYS
527*or*O
527*supporting*O
527*communication*B-SYS
527*infrastructure*I-SYS
527*.*O
528*existing*O
528*and*O
528*upcoming*O
528*propulsion*B-SYS
528*systems*I-SYS
528*can*O
528*provide*O
528*the*O
528*change*O
528*in*O
528*velocity*O
528*required*O
528*to*O
528*reach*O
528*a*O
528*variety*O
528*of*O
528*targets*O
528*,*O
528*but*O
528*the*O
528*very*O
528*low*O
528*thrust*O
528*implies*O
528*flight*O
528*times*O
528*beyond*O
528*the*O
528*expected*O
528*lifetime*O
528*of*O
528*cubesat*O
528*parts*O
528*.*O
529*extra*O
529*spacecraft*B-SYS
529*volume*O
529*may*O
529*be*O
529*required*O
529*for*O
529*larger*O
529*propulsion*B-SYS
529*systems*I-SYS
529*.*O
530*even*O
530*though*O
530*there*O
530*are*O
530*no*O
530*active*O
530*planetary*O
530*CubeSats*B-SYS
530*or*O
530*published*O
530*science*O
530*results*O
530*from*O
530*CubeSats*B-SYS
530*in*O
530*planetary*O
530*science*O
530*,*O
530*there*O
530*is*O
530*demonstrated*O
530*interest*O
530*by*O
530*the*O
530*planetary*O
530*science*O
530*community*O
530*,*O
530*and*O
530*multiple*O
530*CubeSats*B-SYS
530*are*O
530*currently*O
530*under*O
530*development*O
530*.*O
531*however*O
531*,*O
531*the*O
531*traditional*O
531*cubesat*O
531*form*O
531*factor*O
531*is*O
531*often*O
531*not*O
531*viable*O
531*for*O
531*planetary*O
531*science*O
531*due*O
531*to*O
531*telecommunications*O
531*,*O
531*propulsion*O
531*,*O
531*thermal*O
531*,*O
531*and*O
531*other*O
531*constraints*O
531*.*O
532*CubeSats*B-SYS
532*in*O
532*planetary*O
532*science*O
532*have*O
532*potential*O
532*in*O
532*three*B-VAL
532*areas*O
532*:*O
532*creating*O
532*unique*O
532*vantage*O
532*points*O
532*or*O
532*multipoint*O
532*measurements*O
532*,*O
532*exploring*O
532*high-risk*O
532*or*O
532*uncharted*O
532*regions*O
532*,*O
532*and*O
532*serving*O
532*as*O
532*low-gravity*B-SYS
532*laboratories*I-SYS
532*.*O
533*however*O
533*,*O
533*they*O
533*can*O
533*have*O
533*unique*O
533*challenges*O
533*:*O
533*the*O
533*traditional*O
533*form*O
533*factor*O
533*may*O
533*not*O
533*be*O
533*appropriate*O
533*,*O
533*and*O
533*there*O
533*may*O
533*be*O
533*lower*O
533*risk*O
533*tolerance*O
533*due*O
533*to*O
533*the*O
533*nature*O
533*of*O
533*single*B-VAL
533*mission*O
533*opportunities*O
533*and*O
533*potential*O
533*risk*O
533*to*O
533*a*O
533*mothership*B-SYS
533*.*O
534*the*O
534*science*O
534*goals*O
534*for*O
534*2012-2021*B-DATETIME
534*put*O
534*forward*O
534*in*O
534*the*O
534*astronomy*B-RES
534*and*I-RES
534*astrophysics*I-RES
534*decadal*I-RES
534*survey*I-RES
534*report*I-RES
534*new*O
534*worlds*O
534*,*O
534*new*O
534*horizons*O
534*in*O
534*astronomy*O
534*and*O
534*astrophysics*O
534*,*O
534*called*O
534*Astro2010*B-RES
534*,*O
534*are*O
534*the*O
534*following*O
534*:*O
534*cosmic*O
534*dawn*O
534*:*O
534*searching*O
534*for*O
534*the*O
534*first*B-VAL
534*stars*O
534*,*O
534*galaxies*O
534*,*O
534*and*O
534*black*O
534*holes*O
534*,*O
534*new*O
534*worlds*O
534*:*O
534*seeking*O
534*nearby*O
534*habitable*O
534*planets*O
534*,*O
534*and*O
534*physics*O
534*of*O
534*the*O
534*universe*O
534*:*O
534*advancing*O
534*understanding*O
534*of*O
534*the*O
534*fundamental*O
534*physics*O
534*of*O
534*the*O
534*universe*O
534*.*O
535*the*O
535*program*O
535*envisioned*O
535*to*O
535*accomplish*O
535*these*O
535*goals*O
535*primarily*O
535*involved*O
535*large*O
535*observatories*O
535*in*O
535*space*O
535*,*O
535*such*O
535*as*O
535*the*O
535*Wide-Field*B-SYS
535*InfraRed*I-SYS
535*Survey*I-SYS
535*Telescope*I-SYS
535*(*O
535*WFIRST*B-SYS
535*)*O
535*,*O
535*the*O
535*gravitational*B-SYS
535*wave*I-SYS
535*observatory*I-SYS
535*LISA*I-SYS
535*,*O
535*and*O
535*the*O
535*X-ray*B-SYS
535*observatory*I-SYS
535*IXO*I-SYS
535*.*O
536*large*O
536*observatories*B-SYS
536*such*O
536*as*O
536*these*O
536*recommended*O
536*missions*O
536*and*O
536*the*O
536*James*B-SYS
536*Webb*I-SYS
536*Space*I-SYS
536*Telescope*I-SYS
536*(*O
536*JWST*B-SYS
536*)*O
536*the*O
536*top*O
536*priority*O
536*from*O
536*the*O
536*2001*B-DATETIME
536*decadal*O
536*survey*O
536*are*O
536*required*O
536*for*O
536*many*O
536*applications*O
536*due*O
536*to*O
536*the*O
536*natural*O
536*faintness*O
536*of*O
536*observation*O
536*targets*O
536*that*O
536*can*O
536*only*O
536*be*O
536*detected*O
536*with*O
536*sufficient*O
536*collecting*O
536*power*O
536*.*O
537*also*O
537*included*O
537*in*O
537*Astro2010*B-RES
537*was*O
537*a*O
537*major*O
537*augmentation*O
537*to*O
537*the*O
537*program*O
537*of*O
537*explorer*O
537*missions*O
537*small*O
537*(*O
537*i.e.*O
537*,*O
537*hundreds*B-VAL
537*of*O
537*kilograms*O
537*)*O
537*,*O
537*cost-capped*O
537*,*O
537*pi-led*O
537*spacecraft*B-SYS
537*that*O
537*are*O
537*competitively*O
537*selected*O
537*.*O
538*smaller*O
538*efforts*O
538*in*O
538*space*O
538*include*O
538*technology*O
538*development*O
538*for*O
538*finding*O
538*and*O
538*characterizing*O
538*nearby*O
538*terrestrial*O
538*exoplanets*O
538*.*O
539*due*O
539*to*O
539*the*O
539*large*O
539*distances*O
539*of*O
539*the*O
539*objects*O
539*studied*O
539*in*O
539*astronomy*O
539*and*O
539*astrophysics*O
539*,*O
539*telescopic*O
539*observations*O
539*are*O
539*needed*O
539*.*O
540*space-based*O
540*observations*O
540*provide*O
540*the*O
540*ability*O
540*to*O
540*observe*O
540*in*O
540*wavelengths*O
540*absorbed*O
540*by*O
540*the*O
540*atmosphere*O
540*or*O
540*ionosphere*O
540*(*O
540*e.g.*O
540*,*O
540*ultraviolet*O
540*,*O
540*x-ray*O
540*,*O
540*<*B-VAL
540*50*I-VAL
540*mhz*I-VAL
540*radio*O
540*,*O
540*and*O
540*parts*O
540*of*O
540*the*O
540*infrared*O
540*)*O
540*,*O
540*observe*O
540*without*O
540*interruptions*O
540*due*O
540*to*O
540*daylight*O
540*and*O
540*clouds*O
540*,*O
540*have*O
540*very*O
540*stable*O
540*sensitivity*O
540*and*O
540*image*O
540*quality*O
540*,*O
540*and*O
540*observe*O
540*without*O
540*the*O
540*distorting*O
540*effect*O
540*of*O
540*atmospheric*O
540*turbulence*O
540*.*O
541*like*O
541*any*O
541*spacecraft*B-SYS
541*,*O
541*CubeSats*B-SYS
541*can*O
541*potentially*O
541*provide*O
541*the*O
541*access*O
541*to*O
541*space*O
541*required*O
541*for*O
541*these*O
541*kinds*O
541*of*O
541*measurements*O
541*,*O
541*potentially*O
541*at*O
541*relatively*O
541*low*O
541*cost*O
541*.*O
542*Astro2010*B-RES
542*recognized*O
542*that*O
542*significant*O
542*contributions*O
542*have*O
542*been*O
542*made*O
542*over*O
542*the*O
542*past*O
542*decade*B-DATETIME
542*by*O
542*explorer*O
542*missions*O
542*such*O
542*as*O
542*wmap*O
542*,*O
542*swift*O
542*,*O
542*wise*O
542*,*O
542*galex*O
542*,*O
542*and*O
542*nustar*O
542*,*O
542*which*O
542*utilized*O
542*small*O
542*(*O
542*hundreds*B-VAL
542*of*O
542*kilograms*O
542*)*O
542*spacecraft*B-SYS
542*.*O
543*however*O
543*,*O
543*there*O
543*is*O
543*little*O
543*mention*O
543*of*O
543*much*O
543*smaller*O
543*systems*O
543*,*O
543*such*O
543*as*O
543*CubeSats*B-SYS
543*or*O
543*nanosatellites*B-SYS
543*,*O
543*in*O
543*the*O
543*decadal*O
543*survey*O
543*.*O
544*furthermore*O
544*,*O
544*the*O
544*astrophysics*O
544*community*O
544*'s*O
544*interest*O
544*in*O
544*the*O
544*use*O
544*of*O
544*CubeSats*B-SYS
544*has*O
544*continued*O
544*to*O
544*lag*O
544*behind*O
544*that*O
544*of*O
544*other*O
544*NASA*B-ORG
544*science*O
544*divisions*O
544*because*O
544*there*O
544*are*O
544*unique*O
544*challenges*O
544*in*O
544*astrophysics*O
544*.*O
545*many*O
545*applications*O
545*require*O
545*large*O
545*apertures*O
545*for*O
545*high*O
545*angular*O
545*resolution*O
545*and*O
545*sensitivity*O
545*,*O
545*precise*O
545*attitude*B-SYS
545*control*I-SYS
545*,*O
545*and*O
545*large*O
545*data*O
545*rates*O
545*.*O
546*nevertheless*O
546*,*O
546*the*O
546*interest*O
546*in*O
546*the*O
546*use*O
546*of*O
546*CubeSats*B-SYS
546*is*O
546*growing*O
546*,*O
546*and*O
546*there*O
546*are*O
546*a*O
546*number*O
546*of*O
546*mission*O
546*concepts*O
546*that*O
546*address*O
546*Astro2010*B-RES
546*science*O
546*goals*O
546*.*O
547*the*O
547*aperture*O
547*of*O
547*an*O
547*instrument*O
547*hosted*O
547*by*O
547*a*O
547*cubesat*O
547*typically*O
547*is*O
547*constrained*O
547*by*O
547*the*O
547*cubesat*O
547*'s*O
547*small*O
547*size*O
547*.*O
548*however*O
548*,*O
548*CubeSats*B-SYS
548*can*O
548*provide*O
548*dedicated*O
548*observations*O
548*of*O
548*specific*O
548*targets*O
548*,*O
548*thus*O
548*somewhat*O
548*compensating*O
548*for*O
548*the*O
548*limited*O
548*aperture*O
548*size*O
548*.*O
549*only*O
549*a*O
549*limited*O
549*number*O
549*of*O
549*astronomy*O
549*CubeSats*B-SYS
549*have*O
549*been*O
549*selected*O
549*to*O
549*date*O
549*,*O
549*and*O
549*none*O
549*have*O
549*resulted*O
549*in*O
549*published*O
549*scientific*O
549*results*O
549*.*O
550*the*O
550*Cosmic*B-SYS
550*X-ray*I-SYS
550*Background*I-SYS
550*Nanosatellite-1*I-SYS
550*(*O
550*CXBN-1*B-SYS
550*)*O
550*is*O
550*a*O
550*2U*B-VAL
550*cubesat*O
550*that*O
550*was*O
550*launched*O
550*by*O
550*the*O
550*NASA*B-ORG
550*CubeSat*I-ORG
550*Launch*I-ORG
550*Initiative*I-ORG
550*'s*O
550*elana*O
550*program*O
550*in*O
550*2012*B-DATETIME
550*to*O
550*make*O
550*precise*O
550*measurements*O
550*of*O
550*cosmic*O
550*(*O
550*diffuse*O
550*)*O
550*x-ray*O
550*(*O
550*20-50*B-VAL
550*keV*I-VAL
550*)*O
550*background*O
550*.*O
551*the*O
551*mission*O
551*did*O
551*not*O
551*meet*O
551*its*O
551*science*O
551*objectives*O
551*due*O
551*to*O
551*a*O
551*telemetry*O
551*problem*O
551*.*O
552*however*O
552*,*O
552*a*O
552*follow-on*O
552*mission*O
552*(*O
552*CXBN-2*B-SYS
552*)*O
552*was*O
552*selected*O
552*for*O
552*a*O
552*2016*B-DATETIME
552*launch*O
552*.*O
553*other*O
553*missions*O
553*make*O
553*use*O
553*the*O
553*of*O
553*the*O
553*stop*B-SYS
553*and*O
553*stare*O
553*ability*O
553*of*O
553*CubeSats*B-SYS
553*,*O
553*where*O
553*each*O
553*cubesat*O
553*in*O
553*an*O
553*array*O
553*can*O
553*be*O
553*dedicated*O
553*to*O
553*observing*O
553*a*O
553*single*B-VAL
553*object*O
553*for*O
553*long*O
553*periods*O
553*of*O
553*time*O
553*.*O
554*the*O
554*BRITE*B-SYS
554*constellation*I-SYS
554*(*O
554*Figure*B-RES
554*6-Apr*I-RES
554*)*O
554*used*O
554*this*O
554*technique*O
554*to*O
554*study*O
554*stellar*O
554*variability*O
554*.*O
555*exoplanetsat*O
555*is*O
555*a*O
555*mission*O
555*under*O
555*development*O
555*employing*O
555*a*O
555*suite*O
555*of*O
555*CubeSats*B-SYS
555*to*O
555*make*O
555*ultra-stable*O
555*brightness*O
555*observations*O
555*of*O
555*sun-like*O
555*stars*O
555*to*O
555*search*O
555*for*O
555*transiting*O
555*exoplanets*O
555*.*O
556*addressing*O
556*many*O
556*of*O
556*the*O
556*science*O
556*goals*O
556*set*O
556*out*O
556*in*O
556*the*O
556*decadal*O
556*survey*O
556*requires*O
556*arcsecond*O
556*or*O
556*better*O
556*pointing*O
556*to*O
556*enable*O
556*locking*O
556*onto*O
556*an*O
556*astrophysical*O
556*object*O
556*or*O
556*to*O
556*allow*O
556*integration*O
556*of*O
556*data*O
556*from*O
556*multiple*O
556*exposures*O
556*.*O
557*the*O
557*best*O
557*cubesat*O
557*pointing*O
557*capability*O
557*currently*O
557*claimed*O
557*is*O
557*11*B-VAL
557*arcseconds*I-VAL
557*,*O
557*although*O
557*it*O
557*has*O
557*not*O
557*yet*O
557*been*O
557*demonstrated*O
557*in*O
557*flight*O
557*.*O
558*the*O
558*10*B-VAL
558*cm*I-VAL
558*optics*O
558*that*O
558*fit*O
558*in*O
558*a*O
558*1U*B-VAL
558*form*O
558*factor*O
558*give*O
558*a*O
558*1*B-VAL
558*arcsecond*I-VAL
558*fwhm*O
558*diffraction*O
558*limit*O
558*at*O
558*visible*O
558*wavelengths*O
558*,*O
558*thus*O
558*requiring*O
558*arcsecond*O
558*or*O
558*better*O
558*pointing*O
558*for*O
558*observations*O
558*in*O
558*the*O
558*visible*O
558*part*O
558*of*O
558*the*O
558*spectrum*O
558*.*O
559*several*O
559*technology*O
559*demonstration*O
559*missions*O
559*are*O
559*under*O
559*way*O
559*to*O
559*improve*O
559*cubesat*O
559*pointing*O
559*capabilities*O
559*.*O
560*the*O
560*arcsecond*O
560*space*O
560*telescope*O
560*enabling*O
560*research*O
560*in*O
560*astrophysics*O
560*(*O
560*asteria*O
560*)*O
560*is*O
560*a*O
560*JPL*B-ORG
560*phaeton*O
560*early-career*O
560*project*O
560*to*O
560*achieve*O
560*arcsecond-level*O
560*line*O
560*of*O
560*sight*O
560*pointing*O
560*error*O
560*and*O
560*highly*O
560*stable*O
560*focal*O
560*plane*O
560*temperature*O
560*control*O
560*.*O
561*if*O
561*successful*O
561*,*O
561*missions*O
561*such*O
561*as*O
561*this*O
561*will*O
561*enable*O
561*the*O
561*high-precision*O
561*photometry*O
561*required*O
561*for*O
561*transiting*O
561*exoplanet*O
561*detection*O
561*,*O
561*for*O
561*example*O
561*.*O
562*deployables*O
562*offer*O
562*a*O
562*potential*O
562*workaround*O
562*for*O
562*the*O
562*size*O
562*constraints*O
562*of*O
562*a*O
562*cubesat*O
562*.*O
563*a*O
563*structure*O
563*such*O
563*as*O
563*a*O
563*solar*B-SYS
563*panel*I-SYS
563*or*O
563*antenna*B-SYS
563*is*O
563*folded*O
563*up*O
563*and*O
563*housed*O
563*in*O
563*the*O
563*cubesat*B-SYS
563*for*O
563*launch*O
563*and*O
563*then*O
563*unfolded*O
563*into*O
563*a*O
563*larger*O
563*structure*O
563*after*O
563*orbit*O
563*insertion*O
563*.*O
564*a*O
564*deployable*O
564*petal*B-SYS
564*telescope*I-SYS
564*is*O
564*currently*O
564*under*O
564*development*O
564*to*O
564*enable*O
564*larger*O
564*apertures*O
564*.*O
565*swarms*B-SYS
565*or*O
565*constellations*B-SYS
565*will*O
565*enable*O
565*interferometric*O
565*applications*O
565*,*O
565*another*O
565*workaround*O
565*for*O
565*the*O
565*size-constraint*O
565*of*O
565*a*O
565*cubesat*B-SYS
565*.*O
566*an*O
566*interferometer*B-SYS
566*at*O
566*very*O
566*low*O
566*frequencies*O
566*(*O
566*<*B-VAL
566*30*I-VAL
566*mhz*I-VAL
566*)*O
566*is*O
566*currently*O
566*being*O
566*developed*O
566*as*O
566*a*O
566*chinese-european*O
566*collaboration*O
566*.*O
567*the*O
567*dsl*O
567*mission*O
567*,*O
567*consisting*O
567*of*O
567*10-50*B-VAL
567*CubeSats*B-SYS
567*in*O
567*lunar*O
567*orbit*O
567*,*O
567*could*O
567*provide*O
567*images*O
567*at*O
567*frequencies*O
567*not*O
567*accessible*O
567*from*O
567*the*O
567*ground*O
567*and*O
567*at*O
567*significantly*O
567*higher*O
567*spatial*O
567*resolution*O
567*than*O
567*ever*O
567*achieved*O
567*before*O
567*at*O
567*these*O
567*frequencies*O
567*.*O
568*this*O
568*mission*O
568*would*O
568*conduct*O
568*a*O
568*full*O
568*sky*O
568*survey*O
568*to*O
568*study*O
568*transients*O
568*,*O
568*map*O
568*diffuse*O
568*galactic*O
568*emission*O
568*,*O
568*possibly*O
568*probe*O
568*signals*O
568*from*O
568*the*O
568*early*O
568*universe*O
568*,*O
568*and*O
568*address*O
568*a*O
568*number*O
568*of*O
568*other*O
568*science*O
568*goals*O
568*.*O
569*precision*O
569*guidance*O
569*,*O
569*navigation*O
569*,*O
569*and*O
569*control*O
569*-*O
569*or*O
569*at*O
569*least*O
569*knowledge*O
569*of*O
569*the*O
569*relevant*O
569*quantities*O
569*-*O
569*are*O
569*critical*O
569*for*O
569*enabling*O
569*interferometers*B-SYS
569*at*O
569*shorter*O
569*wavelengths*O
569*.*O
570*in*O
570*principle*O
570*,*O
570*interferometers*B-SYS
570*could*O
570*provide*O
570*spacecraft*B-SYS
570*separations*O
570*larger*O
570*than*O
570*earth*O
570*,*O
570*allowing*O
570*for*O
570*higher*O
570*spatial*O
570*resolution*O
570*than*O
570*is*O
570*currently*O
570*available*O
570*from*O
570*earth-based*O
570*very*O
570*long*O
570*baseline*O
570*interferometry*O
570*(*O
570*vlbi*O
570*)*O
570*.*O
571*finally*O
571*,*O
571*CubeSats*B-SYS
571*are*O
571*being*O
571*used*O
571*to*O
571*demonstrate*O
571*enabling*O
571*technologies*O
571*that*O
571*may*O
571*feed*O
571*into*O
571*the*O
571*development*O
571*of*O
571*the*O
571*large*O
571*missions*O
571*of*O
571*the*O
571*future*O
571*.*O
572*the*O
572*aarest*O
572*(*O
572*autonomous*O
572*assembly*O
572*of*O
572*a*O
572*reconfigurable*O
572*space*O
572*telescope*O
572*)*O
572*mission*O
572*is*O
572*a*O
572*proof-of-concept*O
572*mission*O
572*to*O
572*demonstrate*O
572*the*O
572*autonomous*O
572*assembly*O
572*of*O
572*a*O
572*large*O
572*primary*B-SYS
572*mirror*I-SYS
572*using*O
572*small*O
572*independent*O
572*spacecraft*B-SYS
572*,*O
572*each*O
572*with*O
572*a*O
572*single*B-VAL
572*mirror*O
572*.*O
573*the*O
573*small*O
573*aperture*O
573*size*O
573*and*O
573*pointing*O
573*accuracy*O
573*currently*O
573*available*O
573*with*O
573*CubeSats*B-SYS
573*has*O
573*so*O
573*far*O
573*limited*O
573*the*O
573*use*O
573*of*O
573*the*O
573*platform*O
573*for*O
573*astronomy*O
573*and*O
573*astrophysics*O
573*.*O
574*however*O
574*,*O
574*CubeSats*B-SYS
574*can*O
574*currently*O
574*achieve*O
574*niche*O
574*mission*O
574*objectives*O
574*.*O
575*they*O
575*can*O
575*be*O
575*used*O
575*as*O
575*a*O
575*dedicated*O
575*spacecraft*B-SYS
575*to*O
575*stare*O
575*at*O
575*single*B-VAL
575*bright*O
575*targets*O
575*for*O
575*long*O
575*periods*O
575*of*O
575*time*O
575*,*O
575*making*O
575*them*O
575*ideal*O
575*for*O
575*studying*O
575*sources*O
575*that*O
575*vary*O
575*on*O
575*a*O
575*variety*O
575*of*O
575*timescales*O
575*.*O
576*CubeSat*B-SYS
576*constellations*I-SYS
576*create*O
576*opportunities*O
576*for*O
576*interferometry*O
576*and*O
576*other*O
576*multi-aperture*O
576*applications*O
576*.*O
577*arcsecond*O
577*pointing*O
577*capability*O
577*is*O
577*needed*O
577*to*O
577*achieve*O
577*many*O
577*science*O
577*objectives*O
577*such*O
577*as*O
577*exoplanet*O
577*detection*O
577*.*O
578*although*O
578*many*O
578*astronomy*O
578*and*O
578*astrophysics*O
578*science*O
578*goals*O
578*require*O
578*larger*O
578*mission*O
578*platforms*O
578*than*O
578*CubeSats*B-SYS
578*,*O
578*some*O
578*science*O
578*opportunities*O
578*can*O
578*be*O
578*enhanced*O
578*by*O
578*the*O
578*use*O
578*of*O
578*CubeSats*B-SYS
578*.*O
579*these*O
579*include*O
579*but*O
579*are*O
579*not*O
579*limited*O
579*to*O
579*the*O
579*following*O
579*:*O
580*observations*O
580*of*O
580*variable*O
580*sources*O
580*including*O
580*variable*O
580*stars*O
580*and*O
580*transiting*O
580*planets*O
580*-*O
580*a*O
580*cubesat*O
580*can*O
580*stare*O
580*for*O
580*long*O
580*time*O
580*periods*O
580*at*O
580*targets*O
580*of*O
580*interest*O
580*.*O
581*interferometry*O
581*-*O
581*CubeSats*B-SYS
581*can*O
581*form*O
581*swarms*B-SYS
581*and*O
581*arrays*O
581*that*O
581*create*O
581*new*O
581*opportunities*O
581*for*O
581*multi-aperture*O
581*observations*O
581*.*O
582*technology*O
582*de-risking*O
582*-*O
582*CubeSats*B-SYS
582*can*O
582*be*O
582*platforms*O
582*for*O
582*new*O
582*technology*O
582*development*O
582*and*O
582*testing*O
582*of*O
582*sensors*B-SYS
582*and*O
582*system*O
582*methodologies*O
582*that*O
582*will*O
582*enable*O
582*larger*O
582*missions*O
582*.*O
583*this*O
583*section*O
583*addresses*O
583*other*O
583*areas*O
583*where*O
583*CubeSats*B-SYS
583*have*O
583*proved*O
583*or*O
583*have*O
583*the*O
583*potential*O
583*to*O
583*advance*O
583*scientific*O
583*knowledge*O
583*,*O
583*encompassing*O
583*biology*O
583*research*O
583*in*O
583*natural*O
583*gravity*O
583*and*O
583*radiation*O
583*environments*O
583*and*O
583*microgravity*O
583*research*O
583*for*O
583*material*O
583*physics*O
583*.*O
584*a*O
584*comprehensive*O
584*list*O
584*of*O
584*science*O
584*objectives*O
584*are*O
584*presented*O
584*in*O
584*the*O
584*2011*B-DATETIME
584*biological*O
584*and*O
584*physical*O
584*sciences*O
584*in*O
584*space*O
584*decadal*O
584*survey*O
584*report*O
584*recapturing*O
584*a*O
584*future*O
584*for*O
584*space*O
584*exploration*O
584*:*O
584*life*O
584*and*O
584*physical*O
584*sciences*O
584*research*O
584*for*O
584*a*O
584*new*O
584*era*O
584*.*O
585*some*O
585*example*O
585*objectives*O
585*potentially*O
585*relevant*O
585*to*O
585*CubeSats*B-SYS
585*include*O
585*the*O
585*following*O
585*:*O
585*plant*O
585*and*O
585*microbial*O
585*growth*O
585*and*O
585*response*O
585*to*O
585*the*O
585*space*O
585*environment*O
585*,*O
585*study*O
585*of*O
585*complex*O
585*fluids*O
585*and*O
585*soft*O
585*matter*O
585*in*O
585*the*O
585*microgravity*B-SYS
585*laboratory*I-SYS
585*,*O
585*and*O
585*advanced*O
585*materials*O
585*design*O
585*and*O
585*development*O
585*for*O
585*exploration*O
585*.*O
586*biology*O
586*research*O
586*is*O
586*of*O
586*particular*O
586*interest*O
586*to*O
586*NASA*B-ORG
586*because*O
586*it*O
586*helps*O
586*characterize*O
586*the*O
586*impact*O
586*of*O
586*space*O
586*environment*O
586*on*O
586*a*O
586*human*O
586*crew*O
586*while*O
586*characterizing*O
586*the*O
586*potential*O
586*limits*O
586*of*O
586*terrestrial*O
586*biology*O
586*to*O
586*move*O
586*beyond*O
586*earth*O
586*.*O
587*information*O
587*of*O
587*interest*O
587*includes*O
587*monitoring*O
587*the*O
587*metabolic*O
587*activity*O
587*and*O
587*genome*O
587*alteration*O
587*of*O
587*plants*O
587*and*O
587*possibly*O
587*also*O
587*microbes*O
587*and*O
587*small*O
587*animals*O
587*.*O
588*this*O
588*information*O
588*has*O
588*intrinsic*O
588*value*O
588*to*O
588*terrestrial*O
588*biology*O
588*in*O
588*extraterrestrial*O
588*environments*O
588*and*O
588*can*O
588*also*O
588*be*O
588*extrapolated*O
588*to*O
588*predict*O
588*the*O
588*impact*O
588*of*O
588*long-term*O
588*exposure*O
588*to*O
588*deep*O
588*space*O
588*on*O
588*the*O
588*human*O
588*body*O
588*.*O
589*it*O
589*is*O
589*also*O
589*of*O
589*interest*O
589*to*O
589*astrobiology*O
589*in*O
589*order*O
589*to*O
589*assess*O
589*the*O
589*potential*O
589*for*O
589*life*O
589*to*O
589*survive*O
589*beyond*O
589*earth*O
589*.*O
590*spaceborne*O
590*in*O
590*situ*O
590*laboratories*B-SYS
590*also*O
590*provide*O
590*novel*O
590*ways*O
590*to*O
590*approach*O
590*fundamental*O
590*and*O
590*material*O
590*physics*O
590*questions*O
590*.*O
591*indeed*O
591*,*O
591*it*O
591*is*O
591*very*O
591*difficult*O
591*to*O
591*simulate*O
591*microgravity*O
591*on*O
591*earth*O
591*over*O
591*extended*O
591*periods*O
591*of*O
591*time*O
591*and*O
591*expensive*O
591*to*O
591*develop*O
591*and*O
591*run*O
591*that*O
591*type*O
591*of*O
591*experiment*O
591*on*O
591*the*O
591*ISS*B-SYS
591*.*O
592*moreover*O
592*,*O
592*there*O
592*are*O
592*advantages*O
592*in*O
592*that*O
592*CubeSats*B-SYS
592*can*O
592*more*O
592*readily*O
592*achieve*O
592*longer*O
592*periods*O
592*of*O
592*microgravity*O
592*than*O
592*on*O
592*an*O
592*operational*O
592*platform*O
592*such*O
592*as*O
592*the*O
592*ISS*B-SYS
592*.*O
593*the*O
593*need*O
593*for*O
593*microgravity*O
593*research*O
593*is*O
593*also*O
593*explicitly*O
593*called*O
593*out*O
593*in*O
593*the*O
593*planetary*O
593*science*O
593*decadal*O
593*survey*O
593*.*O
594*biology*O
594*research*O
594*in*O
594*space*O
594*motivated*O
594*the*O
594*early*O
594*development*O
594*of*O
594*fully*O
594*automated*O
594*CubeSats*B-SYS
594*,*O
594*starting*O
594*with*O
594*GeneSat*B-SYS
594*in*O
594*2006*B-DATETIME
594*,*O
594*the*O
594*first*B-VAL
594*science*O
594*cubesat*O
594*.*O
595*GeneSat*B-SYS
595*provided*O
595*a*O
595*life*O
595*support*O
595*environment*O
595*and*O
595*nutrients*O
595*to*O
595*bacteria*O
595*and*O
595*tracked*O
595*the*O
595*production*O
595*of*O
595*proteins*O
595*as*O
595*a*O
595*result*O
595*of*O
595*genetic*O
595*activity*O
595*.*O
596*in*O
596*2007*B-DATETIME
596*,*O
596*NASA*B-ORG
596*released*O
596*a*O
596*call*O
596*for*O
596*small*O
596*payloads*B-SYS
596*for*O
596*astrobiology*O
596*research*O
596*that*O
596*received*O
596*a*O
596*large*O
596*number*O
596*of*O
596*concepts*O
596*and*O
596*resulted*O
596*in*O
596*the*O
596*selection*O
596*of*O
596*the*O
596*O/OREOS*B-SYS
596*mission*I-SYS
596*(*O
596*Organism/Organic*B-SYS
596*Exposure*I-SYS
596*to*I-SYS
596*Orbital*I-SYS
596*Stresses*I-SYS
596*)*O
596*(*O
596*Figure*B-RES
596*1-8*I-RES
596*)*O
596*.*O
597*more*O
597*recently*O
597*,*O
597*NASA*B-ORG
597*Advanced*I-ORG
597*Exploration*I-ORG
597*Systems*I-ORG
597*selected*O
597*the*O
597*BioSentinel*B-SYS
597*6U*I-SYS
597*mission*O
597*,*O
597*led*O
597*by*O
597*NASA*B-ORG
597*Ames*I-ORG
597*Research*I-ORG
597*Center*I-ORG
597*,*O
597*to*O
597*pursue*O
597*radiation*O
597*studies*O
597*in*O
597*an*O
597*earth*O
597*trailing*O
597*heliocentric*O
597*orbit*O
597*.*O
598*two*B-VAL
598*recent*O
598*examples*O
598*illustrate*O
598*the*O
598*value*O
598*and*O
598*potential*O
598*offered*O
598*by*O
598*small*O
598*and*O
598*automated*O
598*laboratories*O
598*in*O
598*space*O
598*.*O
599*O/OREOS*B-SYS
599*monitored*O
599*the*O
599*effects*O
599*of*O
599*space*O
599*exposure*O
599*on*O
599*organic*O
599*molecules*O
599*and*O
599*biological*O
599*organisms*O
599*,*O
599*advancing*O
599*the*O
599*state*O
599*of*O
599*the*O
599*art*O
599*by*O
599*the*O
599*first*B-VAL
599*real-time*O
599*analysis*O
599*of*O
599*the*O
599*dynamic*O
599*response*O
599*of*O
599*organics*O
599*and*O
599*biomarkers*O
599*to*O
599*direct*O
599*solar*O
599*irradiation*O
599*for*O
599*long*O
599*exposures*O
599*under*O
599*simulated*O
599*and*O
599*controlled*O
599*environments*O
599*.*O
600*another*O
600*goal*O
600*of*O
600*the*O
600*O/OREOS*B-SYS
600*mission*I-SYS
600*was*O
600*to*O
600*demonstrate*O
600*the*O
600*capability*O
600*for*O
600*CubeSats*B-SYS
600*to*O
600*autonomously*O
600*perform*O
600*in*O
600*situ*O
600*biological*O
600*experiments*O
600*in*O
600*a*O
600*relevant*O
600*environment*O
600*at*O
600*low*O
600*cost*O
600*.*O
601*Q-PACE*B-SYS
601*(*O
601*Figure*B-RES
601*4-7*I-RES
601*)*O
601*,*O
601*currently*O
601*under*O
601*development*O
601*and*O
601*selected*O
601*for*O
601*launch*O
601*under*O
601*the*O
601*CSLI*B-ORG
601*program*O
601*in*O
601*fall*B-DATETIME
601*2016*I-DATETIME
601*,*O
601*uses*O
601*the*O
601*microgravity*O
601*environment*O
601*to*O
601*study*O
601*the*O
601*mechanics*O
601*of*O
601*early*O
601*planetesimal*O
601*development*O
601*and*O
601*accretion*O
601*,*O
601*important*O
601*for*O
601*understanding*O
601*solar*O
601*system*O
601*formation*O
601*.*O
602*a*O
602*similar*O
602*mission*O
602*,*O
602*called*O
602*AOSAT36*B-SYS
602*(*O
602*Asteroid*B-SYS
602*Origins*I-SYS
602*Satellite*I-SYS
602*)*O
602*,*O
602*is*O
602*also*O
602*under*O
602*development*O
602*,*O
602*internally*O
602*funded*O
602*by*O
602*the*O
602*Arizona*B-ORG
602*State*I-ORG
602*University*I-ORG
602*,*O
602*selected*O
602*in*O
602*2015*B-DATETIME
602*for*O
602*launch*O
602*as*O
602*part*O
602*of*O
602*the*O
602*elana*O
602*program*O
602*.*O
603*for*O
603*many*O
603*applications*O
603*,*O
603*a*O
603*micro-laboratory*B-SYS
603*lends*O
603*itself*O
603*to*O
603*the*O
603*advantages*O
603*provided*O
603*by*O
603*the*O
603*cubesat*O
603*standard*O
603*.*O
604*performance*O
604*requirements*O
604*(*O
604*e.g.*O
604*,*O
604*mass*O
604*,*O
604*power*O
604*,*O
604*pointing*O
604*)*O
604*are*O
604*generally*O
604*compatible*O
604*with*O
604*cubesat*O
604*resources*O
604*.*O
605*data*O
605*downlink*O
605*is*O
605*manageable*O
605*with*O
605*a*O
605*uhf*O
605*or*O
605*S-band*B-SYS
605*patch*I-SYS
605*antenna*I-SYS
605*,*O
605*although*O
605*the*O
605*small*O
605*data*O
605*rates*O
605*limit*O
605*the*O
605*return*O
605*of*O
605*high-*O
605*quality*O
605*science*O
605*images*O
605*(*O
605*e.g.*O
605*,*O
605*uncompressed*O
605*)*O
605*.*O
606*the*O
606*observing*O
606*sensors*B-SYS
606*themselves*O
606*have*O
606*benefited*O
606*from*O
606*miniaturization*O
606*advances*O
606*over*O
606*the*O
606*past*O
606*decade*B-DATETIME
606*and*O
606*the*O
606*introduction*O
606*of*O
606*new*O
606*technologies*O
606*(*O
606*e.g.*O
606*,*O
606*3-d*O
606*printing*O
606*,*O
606*micro-eletromechanical*B-SYS
606*systems*I-SYS
606*)*O
606*,*O
606*although*O
606*the*O
606*absence*O
606*of*O
606*off-the-shelf*O
606*components*O
606*in*O
606*most*O
606*cases*O
606*require*O
606*new*O
606*technological*O
606*and*O
606*engineering*O
606*solutions*O
606*that*O
606*may*O
606*be*O
606*resource*O
606*intensive*O
606*.*O
607*the*O
607*missions*O
607*discussed*O
607*in*O
607*the*O
607*previous*O
607*subsection*O
607*have*O
607*been*O
607*developed*O
607*for*O
607*leo*O
607*,*O
607*which*O
607*simplifies*O
607*their*O
607*design*O
607*.*O
608*building*O
608*on*O
608*the*O
608*success*O
608*of*O
608*the*O
608*GeneSat*B-SYS
608*,*O
608*pharmasat*B-SYS
608*,*O
608*and*O
608*O/OREOS*B-SYS
608*missions*O
608*,*O
608*NASA*B-ORG
608*Ames*I-ORG
608*Research*I-ORG
608*Center*I-ORG
608*is*O
608*now*O
608*developing*O
608*the*O
608*bio-sentinel*O
608*mission*O
608*,*O
608*which*O
608*is*O
608*scheduled*O
608*to*O
608*launch*O
608*in*O
608*2018*B-DATETIME
608*with*O
608*the*O
608*first*B-VAL
608*launch*O
608*of*O
608*the*O
608*Space*B-SYS
608*Launch*I-SYS
608*System*I-SYS
608*on*O
608*EM-1*B-SYS
608*.*O
609*this*O
609*6U*B-VAL
609*cubesat*O
609*includes*O
609*a*O
609*4U*B-VAL
609*science*B-SYS
609*payload*I-SYS
609*that*O
609*will*O
609*track*O
609*the*O
609*degradation*O
609*and*O
609*repair*O
609*of*O
609*yeast*O
609*dna*O
609*as*O
609*a*O
609*result*O
609*of*O
609*radiation*O
609*at*O
609*the*O
609*lunar*O
609*orbit*O
609*.*O
610*this*O
610*mission*O
610*takes*O
610*advantage*O
610*of*O
610*the*O
610*space*O
610*offered*O
610*by*O
610*a*O
610*6U*B-VAL
610*cubesat*O
610*to*O
610*increase*O
610*the*O
610*number*O
610*,*O
610*quality*O
610*,*O
610*and*O
610*control*B-SYS
610*of*O
610*the*O
610*samples*O
610*and*O
610*monitor*O
610*radiation*O
610*with*O
610*multiple*O
610*sensors*B-SYS
610*.*O
611*experience*O
611*gained*O
611*from*O
611*the*O
611*development*O
611*of*O
611*CubeSat-based*B-SYS
611*laboratories*I-SYS
611*was*O
611*also*O
611*leveraged*O
611*to*O
611*develop*O
611*automated*O
611*experiments*O
611*that*O
611*run*O
611*on*O
611*ISS*B-SYS
611*NanoRacks*B-SYS
611*without*O
611*the*O
611*need*O
611*for*O
611*crew*O
611*monitoring*O
611*.*O
612*the*O
612*implementation*O
612*of*O
612*cubesat-based*O
612*autonomous*O
612*in*B-SYS
612*situ*I-SYS
612*laboratories*I-SYS
612*comes*O
612*with*O
612*a*O
612*number*O
612*of*O
612*challenges*O
612*.*O
613*the*O
613*small*O
613*resources*O
613*available*O
613*to*O
613*the*O
613*science*O
613*experiment*O
613*limit*O
613*the*O
613*extent*O
613*of*O
613*testing*O
613*and*O
613*monitoring*O
613*.*O
614*the*O
614*small*O
614*cubesat*O
614*form*O
614*factor*O
614*may*O
614*introduce*O
614*boundary*O
614*effects*O
614*in*O
614*material*O
614*physics*O
614*experiments*O
614*,*O
614*which*O
614*decreases*O
614*the*O
614*effective*O
614*volume*O
614*usable*O
614*for*O
614*science*O
614*observations*O
614*.*O
615*low*O
615*downlink*O
615*rates*O
615*may*O
615*prevent*O
615*the*O
615*use*O
615*of*O
615*high-resolution*O
615*imaging*O
615*that*O
615*would*O
615*be*O
615*complementary*O
615*to*O
615*analytical*O
615*measurement*O
615*techniques*O
615*unless*O
615*resources*O
615*are*O
615*traded*O
615*between*O
615*payload*O
615*and*O
615*telecommunications*O
615*.*O
616*automated*O
616*experimental*O
616*protocols*O
616*are*O
616*complex*O
616*to*O
616*implement*O
616*and*O
616*,*O
616*in*O
616*many*O
616*cases*O
616*,*O
616*require*O
616*the*O
616*introduction*O
616*of*O
616*new*O
616*technologies*O
616*or*O
616*engineering*O
616*solutions*O
616*that*O
616*can*O
616*not*O
616*be*O
616*attained*O
616*with*O
616*commercial*O
616*off-the-shelf*O
616*components*O
616*.*O
617*another*O
617*major*O
617*limitation*O
617*that*O
617*applies*O
617*to*O
617*both*O
617*biological*O
617*and*O
617*,*O
617*to*O
617*lesser*O
617*extent*O
617*,*O
617*material*O
617*physics*O
617*study*O
617*is*O
617*the*O
617*long*O
617*lead*O
617*time*O
617*required*O
617*for*O
617*flying*O
617*on*O
617*certain*O
617*rockets*O
617*(*O
617*e.g.*O
617*,*O
617*EM-1*B-SYS
617*)*O
617*,*O
617*which*O
617*would*O
617*require*O
617*that*O
617*the*O
617*specimens*O
617*be*O
617*left*O
617*under*O
617*limited*O
617*temperature*O
617*control*O
617*for*O
617*periods*O
617*of*O
617*months*O
617*and*O
617*may*O
617*also*O
617*lead*O
617*to*O
617*contamination*O
617*of*O
617*the*O
617*samples*O
617*.*O
618*this*O
618*hinders*O
618*biology*O
618*investigations*O
618*using*O
618*complex*O
618*organisms*O
618*(*O
618*e.g.*O
618*,*O
618*small*O
618*animals*O
618*,*O
618*most*O
618*mammalian*O
618*cultures*O
618*,*O
618*multicellular*O
618*microorganisms*O
618*)*O
618*.*O
619*the*O
619*long*O
619*lead*O
619*time*O
619*may*O
619*also*O
619*impact*O
619*the*O
619*stability*O
619*of*O
619*reagents*O
619*or*O
619*drugs*O
619*used*O
619*as*O
619*part*O
619*of*O
619*the*O
619*experiment*O
619*.*O
620*this*O
620*aspect*O
620*may*O
620*be*O
620*addressed*O
620*with*O
620*new*O
620*approaches*O
620*to*O
620*thermal*O
620*engineering*O
620*and*O
620*packaging*O
620*,*O
620*which*O
620*in*O
620*turn*O
620*adds*O
620*to*O
620*development*O
620*complexity*O
620*.*O
621*the*O
621*scale*O
621*of*O
621*the*O
621*CubeSat-based*B-SYS
621*laboratory*I-SYS
621*(*O
621*approximately*O
621*1U*B-VAL
621*)*O
621*is*O
621*a*O
621*constraint*O
621*to*O
621*the*O
621*type*O
621*of*O
621*processes*O
621*that*O
621*can*O
621*be*O
621*simulated*O
621*and*O
621*may*O
621*pose*O
621*boundary*O
621*issues*O
621*.*O
622*still*O
622*,*O
622*they*O
622*offer*O
622*a*O
622*novel*O
622*avenue*O
622*for*O
622*studying*O
622*processes*O
622*that*O
622*would*O
622*remain*O
622*poorly*O
622*understood*O
622*otherwise*O
622*,*O
622*due*O
622*to*O
622*the*O
622*lack*O
622*of*O
622*access*O
622*to*O
622*low-gravity*O
622*environments*O
622*.*O
623*CubeSats*B-SYS
623*offer*O
623*a*O
623*platform*O
623*for*O
623*investigating*O
623*processes*O
623*in*O
623*environments*O
623*that*O
623*can*O
623*not*O
623*be*O
623*reproduced*O
623*on*O
623*earth*O
623*or*O
623*under*O
623*constrained*O
623*conditions*O
623*.*O
624*in*O
624*particular*O
624*,*O
624*CubeSats*B-SYS
624*can*O
624*provide*O
624*access*O
624*to*O
624*microgravity*O
624*and*O
624*relevant*O
624*radiation*O
624*environments*O
624*for*O
624*extended*O
624*periods*O
624*of*O
624*time*O
624*.*O
625*CubeSats*B-SYS
625*have*O
625*already*O
625*performed*O
625*science*O
625*in*O
625*microgravity*O
625*and*O
625*biological*O
625*sciences*O
625*and*O
625*continue*O
625*to*O
625*offer*O
625*opportunities*O
625*for*O
625*future*O
625*investigations*O
625*.*O
626*however*O
626*,*O
626*the*O
626*use*O
626*of*O
626*CubeSats*B-SYS
626*as*O
626*microgravity*O
626*laboratories*O
626*for*O
626*live*O
626*specimens*O
626*is*O
626*limited*O
626*by*O
626*size*O
626*constraints*O
626*and*O
626*the*O
626*difficulty*O
626*of*O
626*maintaining*O
626*life*O
626*support*O
626*during*O
626*satellite*O
626*integration*O
626*and*O
626*launch*O
626*delays*O
626*.*O
627*CubeSats*B-SYS
627*play*O
627*a*O
627*different*O
627*role*O
627*in*O
627*each*O
627*science*O
627*discipline*O
627*,*O
627*and*O
627*therefore*O
627*,*O
627*there*O
627*are*O
627*a*O
627*wide*O
627*range*O
627*of*O
627*cubesat*O
627*mission*O
627*concepts*O
627*in*O
627*terms*O
627*of*O
627*complexity*O
627*and*O
627*scale*O
627*.*O
628*the*O
628*science*O
628*potential*O
628*of*O
628*CubeSats*B-SYS
628*has*O
628*already*O
628*been*O
628*demonstrated*O
628*in*O
628*the*O
628*field*O
628*of*O
628*solar*O
628*and*O
628*space*O
628*physics*O
628*where*O
628*CubeSats*B-SYS
628*have*O
628*delivered*O
628*high-impact*O
628*results*O
628*and*O
628*have*O
628*augmented*O
628*larger*O
628*facilities*O
628*.*O
629*in*O
629*earth*O
629*science*O
629*,*O
629*CubeSats*B-SYS
629*and*O
629*cubesat-enabled*O
629*technologies*O
629*have*O
629*so*O
629*far*O
629*been*O
629*underutilized*O
629*for*O
629*science*O
629*.*O
630*however*O
630*,*O
630*the*O
630*CYGNSS*B-SYS
630*venture-class*O
630*mission*O
630*heavily*O
630*relies*O
630*on*O
630*cubesat*O
630*technology*O
630*.*O
631*a*O
631*number*O
631*of*O
631*missions*O
631*are*O
631*under*O
631*development*O
631*in*O
631*planetary*O
631*science*O
631*but*O
631*have*O
631*not*O
631*yet*O
631*flown*O
631*.*O
632*these*O
632*missions*O
632*can*O
632*be*O
632*higher*O
632*cost*O
632*and*O
632*have*O
632*lower*O
632*risk*O
632*tolerance*O
632*than*O
632*traditional*O
632*CubeSats*B-SYS
632*do*O
632*(*O
632*although*O
632*they*O
632*may*O
632*still*O
632*be*O
632*cheaper*O
632*than*O
632*the*O
632*traditional*O
632*alternative*O
632*for*O
632*planetary*O
632*science*O
632*)*O
632*,*O
632*and*O
632*the*O
632*fly-learn-refly*O
632*paradigm*O
632*generally*O
632*does*O
632*not*O
632*apply*O
632*.*O
633*most*O
633*astronomy-*O
633*and*O
633*astrophysics-themed*O
633*cubesat*O
633*concepts*O
633*are*O
633*still*O
633*notional*O
633*,*O
633*with*O
633*many*O
633*requiring*O
633*significant*O
633*advances*O
633*in*O
633*pointing*O
633*and*O
633*other*O
633*technologies*O
633*to*O
633*be*O
633*scientifically*O
633*useful*O
633*.*O
634*in*O
634*biological*O
634*and*O
634*physical*O
634*sciences*O
634*in*O
634*space*O
634*,*O
634*CubeSats*B-SYS
634*complement*O
634*research*O
634*on*O
634*the*O
634*ISS*B-SYS
634*and*O
634*are*O
634*the*O
634*only*O
634*viable*O
634*alternative*O
634*to*O
634*the*O
634*ISS*B-SYS
634*as*O
634*well*O
634*,*O
634*with*O
634*the*O
634*potential*O
634*to*O
634*provide*O
634*access*O
634*to*O
634*deep*O
634*space*O
634*environments*O
634*.*O
635*technology*O
635*development*O
635*continues*O
635*to*O
635*play*O
635*an*O
635*important*O
635*role*O
635*in*O
635*promoting*O
635*the*O
635*use*O
635*of*O
635*CubeSats*B-SYS
635*.*O
636*in*O
636*particular*O
636*,*O
636*sensor*O
636*development*O
636*,*O
636*optical*O
636*,*O
636*or*O
636*other*O
636*methods*O
636*for*O
636*high-rate*O
636*communication*O
636*,*O
636*arcsecond*O
636*pointing*O
636*,*O
636*and*O
636*propulsion*O
636*will*O
636*enable*O
636*future*O
636*capabilities*O
636*and*O
636*science*O
636*applications*O
636*.*O
637*the*O
637*set*O
637*of*O
637*science*O
637*goals*O
637*where*O
637*the*O
637*use*O
637*of*O
637*CubeSats*B-SYS
637*would*O
637*be*O
637*enabling*O
637*is*O
637*evolving*O
637*too*O
637*quickly*O
637*to*O
637*comprehensively*O
637*list*O
637*,*O
637*and*O
637*,*O
637*per*O
637*the*O
637*statement*O
637*of*O
637*task*O
637*in*O
637*Appendix*B-RES
637*A*I-RES
637*,*O
637*this*O
637*committee*O
637*has*O
637*not*O
637*been*O
637*tasked*O
637*with*O
637*prioritizing*O
637*cubesat*O
637*missions*O
637*.*O
638*however*O
638*,*O
638*the*O
638*following*O
638*provides*O
638*a*O
638*sampling*O
638*of*O
638*high-priority*O
638*science*O
638*goals*O
638*that*O
638*could*O
638*potentially*O
638*be*O
638*pursued*O
638*using*O
638*the*O
638*CubeSats*B-SYS
638*:*O
638*solar*O
638*and*O
638*space*O
638*physics*O
638*,*O
638*earth*O
638*science*O
638*and*O
638*applications*O
638*from*O
638*space*O
638*-*O
638*exploration*O
638*of*O
638*earth*O
638*'s*O
638*atmospheric*O
638*boundary*O
638*region*O
638*.*O
639*CubeSats*B-SYS
639*are*O
639*uniquely*O
639*suited*O
639*because*O
639*of*O
639*their*O
639*expendability*O
639*to*O
639*explore*O
639*the*O
639*scientific*O
639*processes*O
639*that*O
639*shape*O
639*the*O
639*upper*O
639*atmospheric*O
639*boundary*O
639*using*O
639*short-lifetime*O
639*,*O
639*low-altitude*O
639*orbits*O
639*.*O
640*solar*O
640*and*O
640*space*O
640*physics*O
640*-*O
640*measurement*O
640*of*O
640*plasma*O
640*processes*O
640*in*O
640*the*O
640*magnetosphere-ionosphere*O
640*system*O
640*.*O
641*a*O
641*10-100*B-VAL
641*satellite*B-SYS
641*constellation*I-SYS
641*of*O
641*CubeSats*B-SYS
641*carrying*O
641*magnetometers*B-SYS
641*and*O
641*plasma*B-SYS
641*instrumentation*I-SYS
641*can*O
641*provide*O
641*detailed*O
641*information*O
641*about*O
641*the*O
641*spatial*O
641*and*O
641*temporal*O
641*evolution*O
641*of*O
641*magnetospheric*O
641*plasmas*O
641*.*O
642*earth*O
642*science*O
642*and*O
642*applications*O
642*from*O
642*space*O
642*-*O
642*multipoint*O
642*,*O
642*high*O
642*temporal*O
642*resolution*O
642*of*O
642*earth*O
642*processes*O
642*.*O
643*Satellite*B-SYS
643*constellations*I-SYS
643*in*O
643*low*O
643*earth*O
643*orbit*O
643*could*O
643*provide*O
643*both*O
643*global*O
643*and*O
643*diurnal*O
643*observations*O
643*of*O
643*earth*O
643*processes*O
643*that*O
643*vary*O
643*throughout*O
643*the*O
643*day*O
643*,*O
643*such*O
643*as*O
643*severe*O
643*storms*O
643*,*O
643*and*O
643*are*O
643*currently*O
643*under-sampled*O
643*by*O
643*sun-synchronous*O
643*observatories*O
643*.*O
644*earth*O
644*science*O
644*and*O
644*applications*O
644*from*O
644*space*O
644*-*O
644*mitigation*O
644*of*O
644*data*O
644*gaps*O
644*and*O
644*continuous*O
644*monitoring*O
644*.*O
645*anticipated*O
645*and*O
645*potential*O
645*gaps*O
645*(*O
645*caused*O
645*by*O
645*launch*O
645*or*O
645*instrument*O
645*failures*O
645*and*O
645*budget*O
645*constraints*O
645*)*O
645*in*O
645*weather*O
645*satellite*O
645*data*O
645*,*O
645*land*O
645*surface*O
645*imaging*O
645*,*O
645*and*O
645*solar*O
645*irradiance*O
645*measurement*O
645*may*O
645*have*O
645*the*O
645*potential*O
645*to*O
645*be*O
645*mitigated*O
645*by*O
645*observations*O
645*from*O
645*small*O
645*spacecraft*B-SYS
645*enabled*O
645*by*O
645*cubesat*O
645*technology*O
645*.*O
646*planetary*O
646*science*O
646*-*O
646*measuring*O
646*the*O
646*distribution*O
646*of*O
646*lunar*O
646*water*O
646*.*O
647*cubesat*O
647*concepts*O
647*could*O
647*map*O
647*the*O
647*distribution*O
647*of*O
647*water*O
647*on*O
647*the*O
647*moon*O
647*with*O
647*a*O
647*variety*O
647*of*O
647*complementary*O
647*techniques*O
647*,*O
647*such*O
647*as*O
647*neutron*O
647*spectroscopy*O
647*and*O
647*infrared*O
647*spectroscopy*O
647*.*O
648*planetary*O
648*science*O
648*-*O
648*in*O
648*situ*O
648*investigation*O
648*of*O
648*the*O
648*physical*O
648*and*O
648*chemical*O
648*properties*O
648*of*O
648*planetary*O
648*surfaces*O
648*or*O
648*atmospheres*O
648*.*O
649*deployable*O
649*(*O
649*daughter-ship*B-SYS
649*)*O
649*CubeSats*B-SYS
649*could*O
649*expand*O
649*the*O
649*scope*O
649*of*O
649*the*O
649*motherships*B-SYS
649*with*O
649*complementary*O
649*science*O
649*or*O
649*site*O
649*exploration*O
649*.*O
650*planetary*O
650*science*O
650*-*O
650*measurements*O
650*of*O
650*planetary*O
650*magnetospheres*O
650*.*O
651*Constellation*B-SYS
651*of*I-SYS
651*CubeSats*I-SYS
651*could*O
651*provide*O
651*simultaneous*O
651*fields*O
651*and*O
651*particle*O
651*measurements*O
651*at*O
651*multiple*O
651*sites*O
651*in*O
651*planetary*O
651*magnetospheres*O
651*.*O
652*such*O
652*measurements*O
652*in*O
652*the*O
652*vicinity*O
652*of*O
652*large*O
652*icy*O
652*satellites*O
652*could*O
652*help*O
652*determine*O
652*the*O
652*magnetic*O
652*field*O
652*induced*O
652*in*O
652*deep*O
652*oceans*O
652*.*O
653*astronomy*O
653*and*O
653*astrophysics*O
653*-*O
653*search*O
653*for*O
653*extrasolar*O
653*planets*O
653*.*O
654*a*O
654*cubesat*O
654*could*O
654*stop*O
654*and*O
654*stare*O
654*for*O
654*a*O
654*long*O
654*time*O
654*at*O
654*one*O
654*bright*O
654*sun-like*O
654*star*O
654*to*O
654*search*O
654*for*O
654*transiting*O
654*exoplanets*O
654*.*O
655*astronomy*O
655*and*O
655*astrophysics*O
655*,*O
655*solar*O
655*and*O
655*space*O
655*physics*O
655*-*O
655*low-frequency*O
655*radio*O
655*science*O
655*.*O
656*Interferometers*B-SYS
656*made*O
656*of*O
656*CubeSats*B-SYS
656*could*O
656*explore*O
656*the*O
656*local*O
656*space*O
656*environment*O
656*and*O
656*also*O
656*galactic*O
656*and*O
656*extragalactic*O
656*sources*O
656*with*O
656*spatial*O
656*resolution*O
656*in*O
656*ways*O
656*not*O
656*accessible*O
656*from*O
656*earth*O
656*.*O
657*biological*O
657*and*O
657*physical*O
657*sciences*O
657*in*O
657*space*O
657*-*O
657*investigate*O
657*the*O
657*survival*O
657*and*O
657*adaptation*O
657*of*O
657*organisms*O
657*to*O
657*space*O
657*.*O
658*CubeSats*B-SYS
658*offer*O
658*a*O
658*platform*O
658*to*O
658*understand*O
658*the*O
658*effects*O
658*of*O
658*the*O
658*environment*O
658*encountered*O
658*in*O
658*deep*O
658*space*O
658*,*O
658*such*O
658*as*O
658*micro-gravity*O
658*and*O
658*high*O
658*levels*O
658*of*O
658*radiation*O
658*.*O
659*the*O
659*committee*O
659*made*O
659*the*O
659*following*O
659*conclusions*O
659*related*O
659*to*O
659*science*O
659*:*O
659*CubeSats*B-SYS
659*have*O
659*already*O
659*produced*O
659*high-value*O
659*science*O
659*as*O
659*demonstrated*O
659*by*O
659*peer-reviewed*O
659*publications*O
659*that*O
659*address*O
659*decadal*O
659*survey*O
659*science*O
659*goals*O
659*.*O
660*CubeSats*B-SYS
660*are*O
660*useful*O
660*as*O
660*instruments*B-SYS
660*of*O
660*targeted*O
660*investigations*O
660*to*O
660*augment*O
660*the*O
660*capabilities*O
660*of*O
660*large*O
660*missions*O
660*and*O
660*ground-based*O
660*facilities*O
660*,*O
660*they*O
660*are*O
660*enabling*O
660*new*O
660*kinds*O
660*of*O
660*measurements*O
660*,*O
660*and*O
660*they*O
660*have*O
660*the*O
660*potential*O
660*to*O
660*mitigate*O
660*gaps*O
660*in*O
660*measurements*O
660*where*O
660*continuity*O
660*is*O
660*critical*O
660*.*O
661*although*O
661*all*O
661*science*O
661*disciplines*O
661*can*O
661*benefit*O
661*from*O
661*innovative*O
661*cubesat*O
661*missions*O
661*,*O
661*CubeSats*B-SYS
661*can*O
661*not*O
661*address*O
661*all*O
661*science*O
661*objectives*O
661*and*O
661*are*O
661*not*O
661*a*O
661*low-cost*O
661*substitute*O
661*for*O
661*all*O
661*platforms*O
661*.*O
662*some*O
662*activities*O
662*,*O
662*such*O
662*as*O
662*those*O
662*needing*O
662*large*O
662*apertures*O
662*,*O
662*high-power*O
662*instruments*B-SYS
662*,*O
662*or*O
662*very-high-precision*O
662*pointing*O
662*,*O
662*most*O
662*likely*O
662*will*O
662*always*O
662*require*O
662*larger*O
662*platforms*O
662*because*O
662*of*O
662*fundamental*O
662*and*O
662*practical*O
662*constraints*O
662*of*O
662*small*O
662*spacecraft*B-SYS
662*.*O
663*constellations*O
663*of*O
663*10*B-VAL
663*to*I-VAL
663*100*I-VAL
663*satellites*B-SYS
663*can*O
663*provide*O
663*transformational*O
663*science*O
663*,*O
663*particularly*O
663*in*O
663*solar*O
663*and*O
663*space*O
663*physics*O
663*and*O
663*earth*O
663*science*O
663*where*O
663*high-cadence*O
663*or*O
663*multipoint*O
663*measurements*O
663*are*O
663*essential*O
663*for*O
663*studying*O
663*highly*O
663*coupled*O
663*systems*O
663*.*O
664*constellations*O
664*or*O
664*swarms*B-SYS
664*may*O
664*also*O
664*provide*O
664*important*O
664*science*O
664*capabilities*O
664*in*O
664*astronomy*O
664*.*O
665*CubeSats*B-SYS
665*provide*O
665*a*O
665*realistic*O
665*and*O
665*possible*O
665*path*O
665*toward*O
665*such*O
665*constellation*O
665*missions*O
665*.*O
666*CubeSats*B-SYS
666*have*O
666*significantly*O
666*evolved*O
666*during*O
666*the*O
666*past*O
666*decade*B-DATETIME
666*,*O
666*which*O
666*could*O
666*be*O
666*expected*O
666*of*O
666*a*O
666*disruptive*O
666*innovation*O
666*,*O
666*described*O
666*in*O
666*Chapter*B-RES
666*2*I-RES
666*.*O
667*the*O
667*science*O
667*capabilities*O
667*of*O
667*CubeSats*B-SYS
667*ultimately*O
667*depend*O
667*on*O
667*their*O
667*technological*O
667*status*O
667*.*O
668*due*O
668*to*O
668*their*O
668*geometrical*O
668*and*O
668*mass*O
668*constraints*O
668*,*O
668*CubeSats*B-SYS
668*provide*O
668*a*O
668*unique*O
668*innovation*O
668*platform*O
668*from*O
668*which*O
668*to*O
668*rethink*O
668*many*O
668*engineering*O
668*subsystems*B-SYS
668*,*O
668*especially*O
668*in*O
668*the*O
668*context*O
668*of*O
668*modern*O
668*developments*O
668*in*O
668*integrated*O
668*sensors*B-SYS
668*,*O
668*as*O
668*well*O
668*as*O
668*advances*O
668*in*O
668*computational*O
668*and*O
668*communications*O
668*technologies*O
668*.*O
669*such*O
669*development*O
669*may*O
669*have*O
669*important*O
669*consequences*O
669*beyond*O
669*CubeSats*B-SYS
669*for*O
669*spacecraft*B-SYS
669*of*O
669*various*O
669*sizes*O
669*.*O
670*Table*B-RES
670*5-1*I-RES
670*presents*O
670*some*O
670*of*O
670*the*O
670*cubesat*O
670*enabling*O
670*technologies*O
670*and*O
670*examples*O
670*of*O
670*potential*O
670*applications*O
670*derived*O
670*from*O
670*Chapter*B-RES
670*4*I-RES
670*discussion*O
670*of*O
670*each*O
670*science*O
670*discipline*O
670*.*O
671*for*O
671*many*O
671*disciplines*O
671*,*O
671*advancement*O
671*in*O
671*propulsion*O
671*and*O
671*high-bandwidth*O
671*communications*O
671*would*O
671*be*O
671*enabling*O
671*.*O
672*in*O
672*particular*O
672*,*O
672*propulsion*O
672*,*O
672*which*O
672*could*O
672*enable*O
672*significant*O
672*new*O
672*science*O
672*applications*O
672*,*O
672*has*O
672*rarely*O
672*been*O
672*used*O
672*with*O
672*CubeSats*B-SYS
672*.*O
673*thermal*O
673*control*O
673*,*O
673*as*O
673*well*O
673*as*O
673*electrical*O
673*power*O
673*generation*O
673*,*O
673*storage*O
673*,*O
673*and*O
673*management*O
673*(*O
673*although*O
673*not*O
673*listed*O
673*for*O
673*each*O
673*discipline*O
673*)*O
673*,*O
673*are*O
673*other*O
673*challenging*O
673*areas*O
673*that*O
673*are*O
673*important*O
673*for*O
673*the*O
673*continued*O
673*evolution*O
673*of*O
673*CubeSats*B-SYS
673*.*O
674*see*O
674*Table*B-RES
674*5-2*I-RES
674*for*O
674*a*O
674*brief*O
674*overview*O
674*of*O
674*the*O
674*status*O
674*and*O
674*capabilities*O
674*of*O
674*cubesat*O
674*technologies*O
674*,*O
674*from*O
674*early*O
674*CubeSats*B-SYS
674*(*O
674*past*O
674*)*O
674*,*O
674*to*O
674*widely*O
674*available*O
674*and*O
674*widely*O
674*used*O
674*systems*O
674*(*O
674*available*O
674*)*O
674*,*O
674*to*O
674*capabilities*O
674*on*O
674*the*O
674*cusp*O
674*of*O
674*development*O
674*or*O
674*that*O
674*may*O
674*not*O
674*yet*O
674*be*O
674*widely*O
674*available*O
674*(*O
674*emerging*O
674*)*O
674*.*O
675*many*O
675*highly*O
675*capable*O
675*CubeSat*B-SYS
675*technologies*O
675*are*O
675*under*O
675*development*O
675*,*O
675*and*O
675*as*O
675*is*O
675*common*O
675*in*O
675*rapidly*O
675*evolving*O
675*fields*O
675*,*O
675*notable*O
675*gaps*O
675*sometimes*O
675*exist*O
675*between*O
675*flight-proven*O
675*technologies*O
675*and*O
675*claimed*O
675*performance*O
675*levels*O
675*.*O
676*moreover*O
676*,*O
676*the*O
676*fast*O
676*pace*O
676*of*O
676*the*O
676*technology*O
676*development*O
676*,*O
676*highly*O
676*engaged*O
676*academic*O
676*and*O
676*commercial*O
676*communities*O
676*,*O
676*and*O
676*rapid*O
676*and*O
676*frequent*O
676*flight*O
676*opportunities*O
676*allow*O
676*closing*O
676*of*O
676*technology*O
676*gaps*O
676*at*O
676*a*O
676*much*O
676*quicker*O
676*pace*O
676*than*O
676*elsewhere*O
676*in*O
676*the*O
676*space*O
676*sector*O
676*.*O
677*private*O
677*industry*O
677*is*O
677*an*O
677*important*O
677*stakeholder*O
677*in*O
677*the*O
677*cubesat*O
677*ecosystem*O
677*-*O
677*one*O
677*that*O
677*the*O
677*government*O
677*and*O
677*scientific*O
677*community*O
677*can*O
677*leverage*O
677*to*O
677*promote*O
677*its*O
677*own*O
677*cost-effectiveness*O
677*.*O
678*Figure*B-RES
678*1-3*I-RES
678*shows*O
678*that*O
678*76*B-VAL
678*percent*I-VAL
678*of*O
678*CubeSats*B-SYS
678*launched*O
678*in*O
678*2014*B-DATETIME
678*were*O
678*commercial*O
678*,*O
678*and*O
678*many*O
678*technology*O
678*developments*O
678*in*O
678*the*O
678*sector*O
678*are*O
678*either*O
678*made*O
678*or*O
678*driven*O
678*by*O
678*commercial*O
678*actors*O
678*.*O
679*many*O
679*of*O
679*the*O
679*companies*O
679*active*O
679*in*O
679*the*O
679*CubeSat*B-SYS
679*sector*O
679*,*O
679*especially*O
679*operators*O
679*and*O
679*launch*O
679*providers*O
679*,*O
679*are*O
679*relatively*O
679*new*O
679*.*O
680*a*O
680*sign*O
680*that*O
680*these*O
680*emerging*O
680*players*O
680*are*O
680*an*O
680*important*O
680*element*O
680*of*O
680*the*O
680*CubeSat*B-SYS
680*ecosystem*O
680*is*O
680*the*O
680*fact*O
680*that*O
680*all*O
680*five*O
680*of*O
680*the*O
680*winners*O
680*of*O
680*the*O
680*first*B-VAL
680*milestone*O
680*of*O
680*NASA*B-ORG
680*cube*O
680*quest*O
680*challenge*O
680*are*O
680*entrepreneurial*O
680*entities*O
680*within*O
680*universities*O
680*or*O
680*relatively*O
680*unknown*O
680*companies*O
680*in*O
680*the*O
680*aerospace*O
680*sector*O
680*.*O
681*currently*O
681*,*O
681*most*O
681*cubesat*O
681*companies*O
681*are*O
681*headquartered*O
681*in*O
681*the*O
681*united*O
681*states*O
681*,*O
681*although*O
681*the*O
681*sector*O
681*has*O
681*global*O
681*participation*O
681*.*O
682*Spire*B-ORG
682*,*O
682*for*O
682*example*O
682*,*O
682*has*O
682*locations*O
682*in*O
682*the*O
682*united*O
682*states*O
682*,*O
682*the*O
682*united*O
682*kingdom*O
682*,*O
682*and*O
682*singapore*O
682*.*O
683*although*O
683*it*O
683*is*O
683*not*O
683*possible*O
683*to*O
683*separate*O
683*cubesat*O
683*companies*O
683*from*O
683*small*O
683*satellite*O
683*companies*O
683*,*O
683*conference*O
683*attendance*O
683*statistics*O
683*show*O
683*that*O
683*the*O
683*dominant*O
683*presence*O
683*of*O
683*both*O
683*is*O
683*from*O
683*the*O
683*united*O
683*states*O
683*.*O
684*nearly*O
684*600*B-VAL
684*companies*O
684*were*O
684*represented*O
684*at*O
684*the*O
684*2013*B-DATETIME
684*smallsat*O
684*conference*O
684*in*O
684*utah*O
684*,*O
684*of*O
684*which*O
684*approximately*O
684*75*B-VAL
684*percent*I-VAL
684*were*O
684*from*O
684*the*O
684*united*O
684*states*O
684*.*O
685*however*O
685*,*O
685*as*O
685*evidenced*O
685*in*O
685*the*O
685*smallsat*O
685*conference*O
685*,*O
685*global*O
685*participation*O
685*is*O
685*increasing*O
685*.*O
686*a*O
686*review*O
686*of*O
686*participation*O
686*statistics*O
686*in*O
686*the*O
686*past*O
686*2*B-DATETIME
686*years*I-DATETIME
686*shows*O
686*that*O
686*,*O
686*excluding*O
686*the*O
686*united*O
686*states*O
686*,*O
686*countries*O
686*with*O
686*the*O
686*most*O
686*industry*O
686*presence*O
686*are*O
686*japan*O
686*and*O
686*in*O
686*europe*O
686*,*O
686*in*O
686*particular*O
686*the*O
686*united*O
686*kingdom*O
686*,*O
686*the*O
686*netherlands*O
686*,*O
686*and*O
686*sweden*O
686*.*O
687*in*O
687*2015*B-DATETIME
687*,*O
687*companies*O
687*from*O
687*13*B-VAL
687*countries*O
687*were*O
687*represented*O
687*that*O
687*had*O
687*not*O
687*attended*O
687*in*O
687*2014*B-DATETIME
687*.*O
688*the*O
688*commercial*O
688*cubesat*O
688*sector*O
688*is*O
688*composed*O
688*of*O
688*a*O
688*number*O
688*of*O
688*segments*O
688*,*O
688*such*O
688*as*O
688*the*O
688*following*O
688*:*O
688*firms*O
688*that*O
688*focus*O
688*on*O
688*hardware*O
688*and*O
688*software*O
688*manufacturing*O
688*and*O
688*development*O
688*,*O
688*including*O
688*manufacture*O
688*of*O
688*components*O
688*.*O
689*current*O
689*examples*O
689*include*O
689*both*O
689*established*O
689*and*O
689*newer*O
689*firms*O
689*such*O
689*as*O
689*Blue*B-ORG
689*Canyon*I-ORG
689*Technologies*I-ORG
689*,*O
689*Black*B-ORG
689*Swift*I-ORG
689*Technologies*I-ORG
689*,*O
689*Maryland*B-ORG
689*Aerospace*I-ORG
689*Inc.*I-ORG
689*,*O
689*Pumpkin*B-ORG
689*Inc.*I-ORG
689*,*O
689*SSBV*B-ORG
689*Aerospace*I-ORG
689*and*I-ORG
689*Technology*I-ORG
689*Group*I-ORG
689*,*O
689*Sinclair*B-ORG
689*Interplanetary*I-ORG
689*,*O
689*Tyvak*B-ORG
689*Nano-Satellite*I-ORG
689*Systems*I-ORG
689*Inc.*I-ORG
689*,*O
689*and*O
689*Tethers*B-ORG
689*Unlimited*I-ORG
689*,*O
689*inc.*O
689*,*O
689*in*O
689*the*O
689*united*O
689*states*O
689*and*O
689*Clyde*B-ORG
689*Space*I-ORG
689*,*O
689*Gomspace*B-ORG
689*,*O
689*and*O
689*Innovative*B-ORG
689*Solutions*I-ORG
689*in*I-ORG
689*Space*I-ORG
689*in*O
689*europe*O
689*.*O
690*firms*O
690*that*O
690*focus*O
690*primarily*O
690*on*O
690*operations*O
690*and*O
690*data*O
690*services*O
690*.*O
691*examples*O
691*include*O
691*Canopus*B-ORG
691*Systems*I-ORG
691*LLC*I-ORG
691*,*O
691*Planet*B-ORG
691*Labs*I-ORG
691*,*O
691*Spire*B-ORG
691*,*O
691*and*O
691*Terran*B-ORG
691*Orbital*I-ORG
691*,*O
691*who*O
691*operate*O
691*CubeSats*B-SYS
691*alongside*O
691*larger*O
691*but*O
691*still*O
691*small*O
691*spacecraft*B-SYS
691*.*O
692*Planet*B-ORG
692*Labs*I-ORG
692*,*O
692*for*O
692*example*O
692*,*O
692*covers*O
692*the*O
692*entirety*O
692*of*O
692*the*O
692*supply*O
692*chain*O
692*and*O
692*manufactures*O
692*its*O
692*CubeSats*B-SYS
692*,*O
692*operates*O
692*them*O
692*,*O
692*and*O
692*sells*O
692*imagery*O
692*.*O
693*cubesat-enabled*O
693*companies*O
693*that*O
693*focus*O
693*exclusively*O
693*on*O
693*downstream*O
693*activities*O
693*,*O
693*such*O
693*as*O
693*image*O
693*analysis*O
693*(*O
693*examples*O
693*include*O
693*Mapbox*B-ORG
693*,*O
693*Orbital*B-ORG
693*Analysis*I-ORG
693*,*O
693*and*O
693*Windward*B-ORG
693*)*O
693*,*O
693*and*O
693*use*O
693*emerging*O
693*techniques*O
693*in*O
693*big*O
693*data*O
693*(*O
693*e.g.*O
693*,*O
693*deep*O
693*learning*O
693*)*O
693*to*O
693*analyze*O
693*the*O
693*petabyte-sized*O
693*data*O
693*sets*O
693*to*O
693*which*O
693*cubesat*O
693*data*O
693*are*O
693*added*O
693*.*O
694*an*O
694*emerging*O
694*set*O
694*of*O
694*launch*O
694*providers*O
694*,*O
694*often*O
694*not*O
694*exclusively*O
694*focused*O
694*on*O
694*CubeSats*B-SYS
694*,*O
694*includes*O
694*both*O
694*brokers*O
694*such*O
694*as*O
694*Spaceflight*B-ORG
694*Industries*I-ORG
694*,*O
694*Tyvak*B-SYS
694*,*O
694*and*O
694*Innovative*B-ORG
694*Solutions*I-ORG
694*in*I-ORG
694*Space*I-ORG
694*in*O
694*europe*O
694*,*O
694*that*O
694*connect*O
694*developers*O
694*with*O
694*launchers*O
694*as*O
694*well*O
694*as*O
694*launch*O
694*providers*O
694*such*O
694*as*O
694*SpaceX*B-ORG
694*,*O
694*new*O
694*launch*O
694*systems*O
694*like*O
694*Virgin*B-ORG
694*Galactic*I-ORG
694*LauncherOne*I-ORG
694*,*O
694*or*O
694*emerging*O
694*small*O
694*launcher*O
694*companies*O
694*like*O
694*Rocket*B-ORG
694*Labs*I-ORG
694*.*O
695*of*O
695*the*O
695*24*B-VAL
695*or*O
695*so*O
695*companies*O
695*that*O
695*can*O
695*launch*O
695*CubeSats*B-SYS
695*as*O
695*primary*O
695*and*O
695*secondary*B-SYS
695*payloads*I-SYS
695*,*O
695*fewer*O
695*than*O
695*20*B-VAL
695*percent*I-VAL
695*focus*O
695*on*O
695*CubeSats*B-SYS
695*alone*O
695*.*O
696*most*O
696*commercial*O
696*CubeSats*B-SYS
696*,*O
696*and*O
696*hence*O
696*the*O
696*companies*O
696*operating*O
696*them*O
696*,*O
696*are*O
696*engaged*O
696*in*O
696*remote*O
696*sensing*O
696*and*O
696*earth*O
696*observation*O
696*and*O
696*technology*O
696*demonstrations*O
696*.*O
697*of*O
697*the*O
697*total*O
697*commercial*O
697*CubeSats*B-SYS
697*(*O
697*177*B-VAL
697*out*O
697*of*O
697*the*O
697*425*B-VAL
697*total*O
697*CubeSats*B-SYS
697*launched*O
697*since*O
697*2000*B-DATETIME
697*)*O
697*,*O
697*the*O
697*vast*O
697*majority*O
697*are*O
697*related*O
697*to*O
697*imaging*O
697*(*O
697*Figure*B-RES
697*5-1*I-RES
697*)*O
697*.*O
698*it*O
698*is*O
698*worth*O
698*noting*O
698*that*O
698*most*O
698*of*O
698*the*O
698*177*B-VAL
698*were*O
698*launched*O
698*in*O
698*the*O
698*past*O
698*2*B-DATETIME
698*years*I-DATETIME
698*,*O
698*and*O
698*150*B-VAL
698*were*O
698*imaging*B-SYS
698*satellites*I-SYS
698*launched*O
698*by*O
698*Planet*B-ORG
698*Labs*I-ORG
698*.*O
699*Planet*B-ORG
699*Labs*I-ORG
699*plans*O
699*to*O
699*launch*O
699*250*B-VAL
699*CubeSats*B-SYS
699*in*O
699*2016*B-DATETIME
699*.*O
700*the*O
700*sources*O
700*of*O
700*funds*O
700*for*O
700*cubesat*O
700*companies*O
700*are*O
700*varied*O
700*and*O
700*not*O
700*generally*O
700*publicly*O
700*available*O
700*or*O
700*tracked*O
700*.*O
701*for*O
701*example*O
701*,*O
701*Planet*B-ORG
701*Labs*I-ORG
701*has*O
701*raised*O
701*almost*O
701*$200*B-VAL
701*million*I-VAL
701*in*O
701*venture*O
701*capital*O
701*,*O
701*while*O
701*Spire*B-ORG
701*has*O
701*raised*O
701*$66.5*B-VAL
701*million*I-VAL
701*.*O
702*companies*O
702*like*O
702*Accion*B-ORG
702*Systems*I-ORG
702*and*O
702*Phase*B-ORG
702*Four*I-ORG
702*,*O
702*that*O
702*are*O
702*developing*O
702*propulsion*B-SYS
702*systems*I-SYS
702*for*O
702*CubeSats*B-SYS
702*,*O
702*have*O
702*also*O
702*been*O
702*funded*O
702*all*O
702*or*O
702*in*O
702*part*O
702*by*O
702*angel*O
702*or*O
702*venture*O
702*funds*O
702*.*O
703*many*O
703*companies*O
703*find*O
703*the*O
703*united*O
703*states*O
703*to*O
703*be*O
703*an*O
703*ideal*O
703*location*O
703*because*O
703*of*O
703*the*O
703*better*O
703*funding*O
703*environment*O
703*.*O
704*for*O
704*example*O
704*,*O
704*new*O
704*zealand*O
704*'s*O
704*Rocket*B-ORG
704*Labs*I-ORG
704*has*O
704*moved*O
704*its*O
704*headquarters*O
704*to*O
704*the*O
704*united*O
704*states*O
704*for*O
704*better*O
704*access*O
704*to*O
704*investments*O
704*and*O
704*experienced*O
704*partners*O
704*.*O
705*that*O
705*said*O
705*,*O
705*companies*O
705*in*O
705*other*O
705*countries*O
705*are*O
705*also*O
705*able*O
705*to*O
705*raise*O
705*venture*O
705*funds*O
705*,*O
705*such*O
705*as*O
705*lithuania*O
705*'s*O
705*NanoAvionics*B-ORG
705*,*O
705*a*O
705*seed*O
705*stage*O
705*company*O
705*in*O
705*europe*O
705*that*O
705*has*O
705*raised*O
705*$200,000*B-VAL
705*.*O
706*overall*O
706*,*O
706*with*O
706*only*O
706*very*O
706*few*O
706*exceptions*O
706*,*O
706*these*O
706*companies*O
706*have*O
706*emerged*O
706*outside*O
706*of*O
706*the*O
706*mainstream*O
706*aerospace*O
706*community*O
706*,*O
706*which*O
706*is*O
706*consistent*O
706*with*O
706*the*O
706*conclusion*O
706*above*O
706*that*O
706*CubeSats*B-SYS
706*are*O
706*a*O
706*disruptive*O
706*innovation*O
706*(*O
706*see*O
706*Chapter*B-RES
706*2*I-RES
706*)*O
706*.*O
707*like*O
707*other*O
707*disruptive*O
707*innovations*O
707*,*O
707*CubeSats*B-SYS
707*use*O
707*deeply*O
707*entrepreneurial*O
707*paradigms*O
707*and*O
707*funding*O
707*mechanisms*O
707*and*O
707*new*O
707*,*O
707*often*O
707*exploratory*O
707*business*O
707*models*O
707*,*O
707*making*O
707*CubeSats*B-SYS
707*a*O
707*low-cost*O
707*way*O
707*to*O
707*collect*O
707*space-based*O
707*data*O
707*of*O
707*commercial*O
707*interest*O
707*.*O
708*the*O
708*increasing*O
708*number*O
708*of*O
708*commercial*O
708*CubeSats*B-SYS
708*and*O
708*other*O
708*small*O
708*satellites*B-SYS
708*in*O
708*development*O
708*have*O
708*many*O
708*benefits*O
708*for*O
708*science-based*O
708*missions*O
708*.*O
709*first*O
709*,*O
709*commercial*O
709*entities*O
709*may*O
709*be*O
709*able*O
709*to*O
709*take*O
709*greater*O
709*levels*O
709*of*O
709*risk*O
709*and*O
709*test*O
709*innovative*O
709*ideas*O
709*.*O
710*as*O
710*an*O
710*example*O
710*,*O
710*while*O
710*the*O
710*principles*O
710*of*O
710*GPS*B-SYS
710*radio*O
710*occultation*O
710*were*O
710*developed*O
710*and*O
710*tested*O
710*within*O
710*government*O
710*,*O
710*firms*O
710*like*O
710*PlanetIQ*B-ORG
710*and*O
710*Spire*B-ORG
710*were*O
710*among*O
710*the*O
710*first*B-VAL
710*to*O
710*develop*O
710*commercial*O
710*applications*O
710*based*O
710*on*O
710*them*O
710*.*O
711*commercial*O
711*approaches*O
711*also*O
711*tend*O
711*to*O
711*be*O
711*low*O
711*cost*O
711*,*O
711*providing*O
711*researchers*O
711*with*O
711*lower-cost*O
711*options*O
711*for*O
711*data*O
711*collection*O
711*,*O
711*enabling*O
711*the*O
711*avenue*O
711*of*O
711*scientific*O
711*data*O
711*purchase*O
711*.*O
712*lastly*O
712*,*O
712*commercial*O
712*developments*O
712*are*O
712*able*O
712*to*O
712*create*O
712*lower-cost*O
712*components*O
712*and*O
712*technologies*O
712*and*O
712*have*O
712*created*O
712*a*O
712*sizable*O
712*market*O
712*for*O
712*spacecraft*B-SYS
712*components*O
712*and*O
712*subsystems*B-SYS
712*.*O
713*there*O
713*are*O
713*now*O
713*a*O
713*number*O
713*of*O
713*vendors*O
713*for*O
713*off-the-shelf*O
713*components*O
713*,*O
713*or*O
713*those*O
713*requiring*O
713*minor*O
713*modifications*O
713*,*O
713*useful*O
713*for*O
713*mission*O
713*development*O
713*.*O
714*Star*B-SYS
714*trackers*I-SYS
714*,*O
714*attitude*B-SYS
714*control*I-SYS
714*systems*I-SYS
714*,*O
714*momentum*B-SYS
714*wheels*I-SYS
714*,*O
714*transponders*B-SYS
714*,*O
714*and*O
714*power*B-SYS
714*supplies*I-SYS
714*are*O
714*examples*O
714*of*O
714*such*O
714*stock*O
714*items*O
714*,*O
714*exploiting*O
714*economies*O
714*of*O
714*scale*O
714*not*O
714*available*O
714*to*O
714*other*O
714*space*O
714*platforms*O
714*to*O
714*drive*O
714*the*O
714*price*O
714*point*O
714*down*O
714*.*O
715*however*O
715*,*O
715*some*O
715*long-lead-time*O
715*items*O
715*,*O
715*such*O
715*as*O
715*solar*B-SYS
715*arrays*I-SYS
715*,*O
715*do*O
715*remain*O
715*.*O
716*commercial*O
716*firms*O
716*are*O
716*a*O
716*driver*O
716*of*O
716*both*O
716*innovative*O
716*application*O
716*and*O
716*technology*O
716*development*O
716*in*O
716*the*O
716*cubesat*O
716*sector*O
716*.*O
717*commercial*O
717*activity*O
717*has*O
717*accelerated*O
717*the*O
717*development*O
717*of*O
717*technologies*O
717*for*O
717*example*O
717*,*O
717*attitude*B-SYS
717*control*I-SYS
717*,*O
717*making*O
717*it*O
717*more*O
717*robust*O
717*and*O
717*reliable*O
717*for*O
717*use*O
717*in*O
717*science*O
717*missions*O
717*.*O
718*perhaps*O
718*the*O
718*most*O
718*significant*O
718*improvement*O
718*in*O
718*cubesat*O
718*technology*O
718*performance*O
718*has*O
718*been*O
718*in*O
718*attitude*O
718*determination*O
718*and*O
718*control*B-SYS
718*because*O
718*this*O
718*has*O
718*,*O
718*in*O
718*turn*O
718*,*O
718*enabled*O
718*the*O
718*development*O
718*and*O
718*application*O
718*of*O
718*other*O
718*subsystems*B-SYS
718*,*O
718*such*O
718*as*O
718*enhanced*O
718*communication*O
718*.*O
719*early*O
719*CubeSats*B-SYS
719*used*O
719*simple*O
719*,*O
719*often*O
719*passive*B-SYS
719*attitude*I-SYS
719*control*I-SYS
719*systems*I-SYS
719*such*O
719*as*O
719*permanent*O
719*magnets*O
719*or*O
719*electromagnets*O
719*,*O
719*resulting*O
719*in*O
719*attitude*B-SYS
719*control*I-SYS
719*of*O
719*order*O
719*±10*B-VAL
719*degrees*I-VAL
719*in*O
719*low*O
719*earth*O
719*orbit*O
719*(*O
719*leo*O
719*)*O
719*.*O
720*cubesat*O
720*attitude*O
720*determination*O
720*techniques*O
720*have*O
720*significantly*O
720*advanced*O
720*in*O
720*the*O
720*past*O
720*decade*B-DATETIME
720*,*O
720*with*O
720*many*O
720*of*O
720*the*O
720*techniques*O
720*found*O
720*on*O
720*larger*O
720*spacecraft*B-SYS
720*now*O
720*also*O
720*available*O
720*on*O
720*CubeSats*B-SYS
720*.*O
721*these*O
721*include*O
721*Sun*B-SYS
721*and*I-SYS
721*Earth*I-SYS
721*sensors*I-SYS
721*;*O
721*angular*B-SYS
721*rate*I-SYS
721*sensors*I-SYS
721*,*O
721*including*O
721*inertial*O
721*measurement*O
721*units*O
721*;*O
721*and*O
721*star*B-SYS
721*trackers*I-SYS
721*.*O
722*likewise*O
722*,*O
722*attitude*B-SYS
722*control*I-SYS
722*systems*I-SYS
722*have*O
722*improved*O
722*,*O
722*with*O
722*systems*O
722*such*O
722*as*O
722*reaction*B-SYS
722*wheels*I-SYS
722*and*O
722*control*B-SYS
722*moment*I-SYS
722*gyros*I-SYS
722*now*O
722*commercially*O
722*available*O
722*from*O
722*a*O
722*number*O
722*of*O
722*retailers*O
722*.*O
723*consequently*O
723*,*O
723*attitude*O
723*determination*O
723*has*O
723*seen*O
723*significant*O
723*advances*O
723*(*O
723*Figure*B-RES
723*5-2*I-RES
723*)*O
723*,*O
723*with*O
723*some*O
723*CubeSat*B-SYS
723*systems*O
723*now*O
723*claiming*O
723*accuracy*O
723*capabilities*O
723*of*O
723*<10*B-VAL
723*arcseconds*I-VAL
723*,*O
723*enabling*O
723*theoretical*O
723*3-axis*B-VAL
723*control*O
723*to*O
723*tens*B-VAL
723*of*I-VAL
723*arcseconds*I-VAL
723*(*O
723*<30-40*B-VAL
723*arcseconds*I-VAL
723*)*O
723*.*O
724*the*O
724*Optical*B-SYS
724*Communication*I-SYS
724*and*I-SYS
724*Sensor*I-SYS
724*Demonstration*I-SYS
724*series*I-SYS
724*of*I-SYS
724*CubeSats*I-SYS
724*(*O
724*OCSD-A*B-SYS
724*through*I-SYS
724*C*I-SYS
724*)*O
724*aims*O
724*to*O
724*demonstrate*O
724*attitude*B-SYS
724*control*I-SYS
724*of*O
724*±0.1*B-VAL
724*degree*I-VAL
724*(*O
724*360*B-VAL
724*arcseconds*I-VAL
724*)*O
724*,*O
724*comparable*O
724*to*O
724*many*O
724*small*B-SYS
724*spacecraft*I-SYS
724*platforms*I-SYS
724*currently*O
724*used*O
724*for*O
724*earth*O
724*observation*O
724*science*O
724*missions*O
724*.*O
725*furthermore*O
725*,*O
725*the*O
725*MinXSS*B-SYS
725*(*O
725*Miniature*B-SYS
725*X-ray*I-SYS
725*Solar*I-SYS
725*Spectrometer*I-SYS
725*)*O
725*,*O
725*due*O
725*for*O
725*deployment*O
725*from*O
725*the*O
725*International*B-SYS
725*Space*I-SYS
725*Station*I-SYS
725*in*O
725*early*B-DATETIME
725*2016*I-DATETIME
725*,*O
725*seeks*O
725*to*O
725*demonstrate*O
725*attitude*B-SYS
725*control*I-SYS
725*in*O
725*tens*B-VAL
725*of*I-VAL
725*arcseconds*I-VAL
725*using*O
725*a*O
725*commercially*O
725*available*O
725*Attitude*B-SYS
725*Determination*I-SYS
725*and*I-SYS
725*Control*I-SYS
725*System*I-SYS
725*(*O
725*ADCS*B-SYS
725*)*O
725*,*O
725*a*O
725*potential*O
725*improvement*O
725*of*O
725*three*B-VAL
725*orders*O
725*of*O
725*magnitude*O
725*from*O
725*early*O
725*CubeSats*B-SYS
725*.*O
726*many*O
726*CubeSats*B-SYS
726*depend*O
726*on*O
726*the*O
726*observations*O
726*made*O
726*by*O
726*the*O
726*Joint*B-ORG
726*Space*I-ORG
726*Operations*I-ORG
726*Center*I-ORG
726*(*O
726*JSpOC*B-ORG
726*)*O
726*(*O
726*two-line*O
726*elements*O
726*)*O
726*,*O
726*which*O
726*are*O
726*available*O
726*free*O
726*of*O
726*charge*O
726*.*O
727*however*O
727*,*O
727*some*O
727*operators*O
727*also*O
727*use*O
727*two-way*O
727*ranging*O
727*for*O
727*increased*O
727*accuracy*O
727*.*O
728*orbits*O
728*derived*O
728*from*O
728*two-way*O
728*uhf*O
728*ranging*O
728*data*O
728*can*O
728*be*O
728*accurate*O
728*to*O
728*within*B-VAL
728*2*I-VAL
728*km*I-VAL
728*within*B-VAL
728*24*I-VAL
728*hours*I-VAL
728*of*O
728*the*O
728*epoch*O
728*.*O
729*the*O
729*onboard*O
729*use*O
729*of*O
729*GPS*B-SYS
729*is*O
729*also*O
729*becoming*O
729*increasingly*O
729*common*O
729*for*O
729*orbit*O
729*determination*O
729*,*O
729*and*O
729*it*O
729*offers*O
729*further*O
729*improvements*O
729*in*O
729*accuracy*O
729*to*O
729*around*B-VAL
729*10*I-VAL
729*m*I-VAL
729*in*O
729*position*O
729*and*O
729*1*B-VAL
729*m/s*I-VAL
729*in*O
729*velocity*O
729*in*O
729*post-processing*O
729*.*O
730*it*O
730*should*O
730*be*O
730*noted*O
730*that*O
730*GPS*B-SYS
730*is*O
730*not*O
730*used*O
730*for*O
730*attitude*O
730*determination*O
730*,*O
730*as*O
730*it*O
730*can*O
730*be*O
730*on*O
730*larger*O
730*spacecraft*B-SYS
730*,*O
730*due*O
730*to*O
730*the*O
730*challenge*O
730*of*O
730*gaining*O
730*sufficient*O
730*separation*O
730*between*O
730*antennas*B-SYS
730*.*O
731*attitude*O
731*control*O
731*is*O
731*typically*O
731*realized*O
731*through*O
731*the*O
731*use*O
731*of*O
731*a*O
731*reaction*B-SYS
731*wheel*I-SYS
731*system*I-SYS
731*;*O
731*however*O
731*,*O
731*their*O
731*utility*O
731*remains*O
731*somewhat*O
731*limited*O
731*by*O
731*the*O
731*lack*O
731*of*O
731*a*O
731*reactive*B-SYS
731*propulsion*I-SYS
731*system*I-SYS
731*.*O
732*this*O
732*challenge*O
732*extends*O
732*to*O
732*that*O
732*of*O
732*orbit*O
732*control*O
732*;*O
732*however*O
732*,*O
732*methods*O
732*such*O
732*as*O
732*differential*O
732*drag*O
732*control*O
732*have*O
732*been*O
732*used*O
732*to*O
732*gain*O
732*orbit*O
732*separation*O
732*between*O
732*spacecraft*B-SYS
732*and*O
732*do*O
732*offer*O
732*some*O
732*limited*O
732*orbit-maneuvering*O
732*capability*O
732*.*O
733*Communication*B-SYS
733*systems*I-SYS
733*have*O
733*been*O
733*limited*O
733*historically*O
733*by*O
733*the*O
733*external*O
733*surface*O
733*area*O
733*on*O
733*CubeSats*B-SYS
733*,*O
733*the*O
733*available*O
733*power*O
733*,*O
733*and*O
733*attitude*B-SYS
733*control*I-SYS
733*.*O
734*furthermore*O
734*,*O
734*the*O
734*availability*O
734*of*O
734*suitable*O
734*ground*B-SYS
734*stations*I-SYS
734*and*O
734*adequate*O
734*spectrum*O
734*allocation*O
734*means*O
734*that*O
734*communication*O
734*is*O
734*not*O
734*only*O
734*a*O
734*technical*O
734*issue*O
734*but*O
734*also*O
734*a*O
734*regulatory*O
734*one*O
734*.*O
735*many*O
735*science*O
735*missions*O
735*in*O
735*leo*O
735*can*O
735*be*O
735*accomplished*O
735*with*O
735*widely*O
735*available*O
735*antenna*B-SYS
735*technology*O
735*,*O
735*as*O
735*long*O
735*as*O
735*required*O
735*data*O
735*rates*O
735*are*O
735*moderate*O
735*.*O
736*note*O
736*that*O
736*commonly*O
736*available*O
736*data*O
736*rates*O
736*have*O
736*increased*O
736*from*O
736*around*O
736*9.6*B-VAL
736*kbps*I-VAL
736*to*O
736*over*O
736*1*I-VAL
736*Mbps*I-VAL
736*in*O
736*recent*O
736*years*O
736*.*O
737*however*O
737*,*O
737*as*O
737*missions*O
737*become*O
737*more*O
737*sophisticated*O
737*,*O
737*it*O
737*is*O
737*expected*O
737*that*O
737*researchers*O
737*and*O
737*users*O
737*will*O
737*require*O
737*faster*O
737*access*O
737*to*O
737*ever-increasing*O
737*amounts*O
737*of*O
737*data*O
737*.*O
738*this*O
738*would*O
738*put*O
738*additional*O
738*pressure*O
738*on*O
738*the*O
738*technological*O
738*requirements*O
738*of*O
738*cubesat*O
738*communication*O
738*technology*O
738*and*O
738*in*O
738*the*O
738*development*O
738*of*O
738*ground*B-SYS
738*stations*I-SYS
738*.*O
739*as*O
739*an*O
739*example*O
739*,*O
739*for*O
739*the*O
739*FIREBIRD*B-SYS
739*mission*O
739*,*O
739*only*O
739*0.5*B-VAL
739*percent*I-VAL
739*of*O
739*the*O
739*high-rate*O
739*data*O
739*was*O
739*received*O
739*due*O
739*to*O
739*the*O
739*limitations*O
739*of*O
739*the*O
739*telemetry*B-SYS
739*system*I-SYS
739*.*O
740*if*O
740*the*O
740*mission*O
740*had*O
740*a*O
740*radio*B-SYS
740*with*O
740*high*O
740*enough*O
740*bandwidth*O
740*to*O
740*retrieve*O
740*all*O
740*of*O
740*the*O
740*data*O
740*,*O
740*it*O
740*would*O
740*also*O
740*have*O
740*required*O
740*significantly*O
740*more*O
740*power*O
740*.*O
741*the*O
741*introduction*O
741*of*O
741*interplanetary*O
741*CubeSats*B-SYS
741*has*O
741*driven*O
741*the*O
741*development*O
741*of*O
741*high-performance*B-SYS
741*radios*I-SYS
741*also*O
741*capable*O
741*of*O
741*two-way*O
741*communication*O
741*(*O
741*for*O
741*command*O
741*,*O
741*navigation*B-SYS
741*)*O
741*,*O
741*such*O
741*as*O
741*the*O
741*IRIS*B-SYS
741*transponder*I-SYS
741*developed*O
741*for*O
741*the*O
741*inspire*O
741*and*O
741*MarCO*O
741*missions*O
741*.*O
742*large*O
742*antennae*B-SYS
742*are*O
742*also*O
742*required*O
742*in*O
742*order*O
742*to*O
742*enable*O
742*data*O
742*retrieval*O
742*for*O
742*several*O
742*of*O
742*the*O
742*deep*O
742*space*O
742*CubeSats*B-SYS
742*under*O
742*development*O
742*or*O
742*ready*O
742*to*O
742*launch*O
742*,*O
742*such*O
742*as*O
742*the*O
742*near*O
742*earth*O
742*asteroid*O
742*(*O
742*NEA*B-SYS
742*)*O
742*scout*O
742*and*O
742*MarCO*B-SYS
742*missions*O
742*that*O
742*will*O
742*all*O
742*communicate*O
742*from*O
742*about*O
742*1*B-VAL
742*AU*I-VAL
742*from*O
742*earth*O
742*.*O
743*MarCO*B-SYS
743*uses*O
743*technology*O
743*developed*O
743*within*O
743*ISARA*B-SYS
743*(*O
743*Integrated*B-SYS
743*Solar*I-SYS
743*Array*I-SYS
743*and*I-SYS
743*Reflectarray*I-SYS
743*Antenna*I-SYS
743*)*O
743*technology*O
743*demonstration*O
743*mission*O
743*.*O
744*a*O
744*further*O
744*potentially*O
744*attractive*O
744*solution*O
744*for*O
744*CubeSats*B-SYS
744*would*O
744*be*O
744*the*O
744*use*O
744*of*O
744*low-power*O
744*optical*O
744*communications*O
744*.*O
745*this*O
745*could*O
745*alleviate*O
745*some*O
745*spectrum*O
745*regulation*O
745*concerns*O
745*while*O
745*providing*O
745*potential*O
745*for*O
745*multiple*O
745*gigabits-per-second*B-VAL
745*data*O
745*rates*O
745*.*O
746*the*O
746*nasa-sponsored*O
746*,*O
746*aerospace*O
746*corporation-developed*O
746*ocsd*O
746*series*O
746*plans*O
746*to*O
746*demonstrate*O
746*data*O
746*rates*O
746*up*O
746*to*O
746*approximately*O
746*600*B-VAL
746*Mbps*I-VAL
746*using*O
746*optical*O
746*communications*O
746*in*O
746*2016*B-DATETIME
746*,*O
746*using*O
746*an*O
746*80*B-VAL
746*cm*I-VAL
746*diameter*O
746*ground*O
746*station*O
746*(*O
746*telescope*B-SYS
746*)*O
746*.*O
747*often*O
747*,*O
747*as*O
747*secondary*B-SYS
747*payloads*I-SYS
747*,*O
747*CubeSats*B-SYS
747*are*O
747*launched*O
747*into*O
747*an*O
747*orbit*O
747*selected*O
747*by*O
747*the*O
747*primary*B-SYS
747*launch*I-SYS
747*payload*I-SYS
747*,*O
747*thus*O
747*posing*O
747*a*O
747*limitation*O
747*on*O
747*the*O
747*type*O
747*of*O
747*orbital*O
747*designs*O
747*available*O
747*for*O
747*nonmobile*O
747*CubeSats*B-SYS
747*.*O
748*mobility*O
748*enabled*O
748*by*O
748*onboard*O
748*propulsion*B-SYS
748*(*O
748*or*O
748*other*O
748*strategies*O
748*discussed*O
748*below*O
748*)*O
748*is*O
748*,*O
748*therefore*O
748*,*O
748*required*O
748*to*O
748*provide*O
748*scientific*O
748*CubeSats*B-SYS
748*with*O
748*the*O
748*ability*O
748*to*O
748*change*O
748*,*O
748*or*O
748*maintain*O
748*,*O
748*their*O
748*orbits*O
748*once*O
748*they*O
748*are*O
748*in*O
748*space*O
748*.*O
749*mobility*O
749*also*O
749*enables*O
749*formation*O
749*flying*O
749*,*O
749*orbital*O
749*deployment*O
749*and*O
749*maintenance*O
749*of*O
749*constellations*B-SYS
749*,*O
749*and*O
749*an*O
749*ability*O
749*to*O
749*compensate*O
749*for*O
749*atmospheric*O
749*drag*O
749*or*O
749*trigger*O
749*deorbit*O
749*at*O
749*the*O
749*satellite*O
749*'s*O
749*end*O
749*of*O
749*life*O
749*.*O
750*mobility*O
750*can*O
750*be*O
750*characterized*O
750*by*O
750*the*O
750*effective*O
750*change*O
750*in*O
750*satellite*O
750*velocity*O
750*,*O
750*or*O
750*delta-v*O
750*.*O
751*for*O
751*example*O
751*,*O
751*in*O
751*leos*O
751*,*O
751*a*O
751*delta-v*O
751*of*O
751*100*B-VAL
751*m/s*I-VAL
751*provides*O
751*a*O
751*change*O
751*of*O
751*about*O
751*200*B-VAL
751*km*I-VAL
751*in*O
751*orbital*O
751*altitude*O
751*.*O
752*mobility*O
752*also*O
752*complements*O
752*the*O
752*capability*O
752*of*O
752*CubeSats*B-SYS
752*to*O
752*control*B-SYS
752*their*O
752*attitude*O
752*to*O
752*the*O
752*precision*O
752*required*O
752*by*O
752*a*O
752*particular*O
752*mission*O
752*and*O
752*would*O
752*be*O
752*required*O
752*to*O
752*dump*O
752*stored*O
752*momentum*O
752*from*O
752*the*O
752*reaction*B-SYS
752*wheels*I-SYS
752*for*O
752*CubeSats*B-SYS
752*beyond*O
752*leo*O
752*,*O
752*when*O
752*the*O
752*magnetic*O
752*field*O
752*of*O
752*earth*O
752*can*O
752*no*O
752*longer*O
752*be*O
752*used*O
752*.*O
753*at*O
753*present*O
753*,*O
753*limited*O
753*mobility*O
753*options*O
753*exist*O
753*without*O
753*overly*O
753*penalizing*O
753*the*O
753*volume*O
753*available*O
753*to*O
753*the*O
753*payload*O
753*.*O
754*Chemical*B-SYS
754*and*I-SYS
754*electric*I-SYS
754*propulsion*I-SYS
754*devices*I-SYS
754*have*O
754*been*O
754*proposed*O
754*and*O
754*developed*O
754*for*O
754*CubeSats*B-SYS
754*,*O
754*each*O
754*having*O
754*particular*O
754*miniaturization*O
754*and*O
754*operational*O
754*challenges*O
754*.*O
755*Chemical*B-SYS
755*thrusters*I-SYS
755*make*O
755*use*O
755*of*O
755*reactions*O
755*that*O
755*increase*O
755*the*O
755*kinetic*O
755*energy*O
755*of*O
755*propellants*O
755*.*O
756*in*O
756*general*O
756*,*O
756*the*O
756*performance*O
756*of*O
756*chemical*B-SYS
756*thrusters*I-SYS
756*improves*O
756*at*O
756*higher*O
756*temperatures*O
756*and*O
756*pressures*O
756*,*O
756*both*O
756*of*O
756*which*O
756*present*O
756*a*O
756*serious*O
756*concern*O
756*when*O
756*launched*O
756*as*O
756*secondary*B-SYS
756*payloads*I-SYS
756*.*O
757*to*O
757*protect*O
757*the*O
757*primary*O
757*payload*O
757*,*O
757*CubeSats*B-SYS
757*have*O
757*to*O
757*comply*O
757*with*O
757*the*O
757*launch*O
757*services*O
757*program*O
757*level*O
757*Poly*B-SYS
757*Picosatellite*I-SYS
757*Orbital*I-SYS
757*Deployer*I-SYS
757*(*O
757*P-POD*B-SYS
757*)*O
757*and*O
757*cubesat*O
757*requirements*O
757*document*O
757*(*O
757*LSP-Req-317-01*B-RES
757*)*O
757*;*O
757*a*O
757*waiver*O
757*is*O
757*required*O
757*to*O
757*allow*O
757*chemically*O
757*reactive*O
757*substances*O
757*and*O
757*pressurized*O
757*vessels*O
757*over*O
757*1.2*B-VAL
757*atm*I-VAL
757*in*O
757*a*O
757*cubesat*O
757*.*O
758*electric*O
758*propulsion*O
758*has*O
758*much*O
758*higher*O
758*fuel*O
758*efficiency*O
758*than*O
758*chemical*O
758*propulsion*O
758*has*O
758*but*O
758*,*O
758*in*O
758*general*O
758*,*O
758*produces*O
758*lower*O
758*forces*O
758*.*O
759*given*O
759*the*O
759*small*O
759*mass*O
759*of*O
759*CubeSats*B-SYS
759*and*O
759*assuming*O
759*sufficient*O
759*time*O
759*to*O
759*maneuver*O
759*,*O
759*electric*O
759*propulsion*O
759*could*O
759*be*O
759*effective*O
759*and*O
759*consume*O
759*small*O
759*quantities*O
759*of*O
759*propellant*O
759*.*O
760*in*O
760*general*O
760*,*O
760*electric*O
760*propulsion*O
760*does*O
760*not*O
760*use*O
760*reactive*O
760*materials*O
760*that*O
760*could*O
760*damage*O
760*primary*O
760*payloads*O
760*,*O
760*although*O
760*most*O
760*concepts*O
760*with*O
760*heritage*O
760*from*O
760*larger*O
760*satellites*B-SYS
760*still*O
760*need*O
760*to*O
760*carry*O
760*pressurized*O
760*vessels*O
760*.*O
761*fuel*O
761*efficiency*O
761*is*O
761*directly*O
761*linked*O
761*to*O
761*the*O
761*specific*O
761*impulse*O
761*(*O
761*isp*O
761*)*O
761*of*O
761*a*O
761*propulsion*B-SYS
761*system*I-SYS
761*;*O
761*as*O
761*isp*O
761*increases*O
761*,*O
761*the*O
761*amount*O
761*of*O
761*propellant*O
761*needed*O
761*will*O
761*decrease*O
761*exponentially*O
761*(*O
761*see*O
761*Figure*B-RES
761*5-3*I-RES
761*)*O
761*,*O
761*as*O
761*such*O
761*chemical*B-SYS
761*propulsion*I-SYS
761*systems*I-SYS
761*have*O
761*a*O
761*lower*O
761*isp*O
761*than*O
761*do*O
761*electric*B-SYS
761*propulsion*I-SYS
761*systems*I-SYS
761*.*O
762*there*O
762*are*O
762*a*O
762*few*O
762*options*O
762*at*O
762*different*O
762*stages*O
762*of*O
762*development*O
762*that*O
762*could*O
762*circumvent*O
762*the*O
762*need*O
762*for*O
762*a*O
762*launch*O
762*waiver*O
762*.*O
763*for*O
763*example*O
763*,*O
763*the*O
763*chemical*B-SYS
763*thruster*I-SYS
763*HYDROS*I-SYS
763*developed*O
763*by*O
763*Tethers*B-ORG
763*Unlimited*I-ORG
763*burns*O
763*hydrogen*O
763*and*O
763*oxygen*O
763*obtained*O
763*from*O
763*hydrolysis*O
763*of*O
763*water*O
763*that*O
763*is*O
763*brought*O
763*to*O
763*space*O
763*non-pressurized*O
763*.*O
764*propulsion*O
764*also*O
764*has*O
764*significant*O
764*impact*O
764*on*O
764*system*O
764*volumes*O
764*because*O
764*high-performance*B-SYS
764*propulsion*I-SYS
764*systems*I-SYS
764*are*O
764*generally*O
764*difficult*O
764*to*O
764*miniaturize*O
764*to*O
764*<2U*B-VAL
764*(*O
764*two-unit*O
764*)*O
764*configurations*O
764*.*O
765*see*O
765*Appendix*B-RES
765*C*I-RES
765*,*O
765*Table*B-RES
765*C-1*I-RES
765*for*O
765*details*O
765*on*O
765*micro-propulsion*O
765*options*O
765*for*O
765*CubeSats*B-SYS
765*and*O
765*their*O
765*technical*O
765*maturity*O
765*to*O
765*date*O
765*.*O
766*non-propulsive*O
766*mobility*O
766*techniques*O
766*include*O
766*all*O
766*other*O
766*forms*O
766*that*O
766*do*O
766*not*O
766*require*O
766*the*O
766*use*O
766*of*O
766*propellants*O
766*.*O
767*differential*O
767*drag*O
767*can*O
767*be*O
767*used*O
767*to*O
767*control*O
767*the*O
767*relative*O
767*separation*O
767*between*O
767*two*B-VAL
767*or*O
767*more*O
767*spacecraft*B-SYS
767*traveling*O
767*along*O
767*the*O
767*same*O
767*nominal*O
767*orbit*O
767*while*O
767*on*O
767*their*O
767*relatively*O
767*long*O
767*orbital*O
767*decay*O
767*(*O
767*e.g.*O
767*,*O
767*used*O
767*on*O
767*Aerocube-6*B-SYS
767*)*O
767*.*O
768*deployable*O
768*structures*O
768*to*O
768*significantly*O
768*increase*O
768*drag*O
768*,*O
768*accelerating*O
768*orbital*O
768*decay*O
768*and*O
768*forcing*O
768*re-entry*O
768*at*O
768*the*O
768*satellite*B-SYS
768*'s*O
768*end*O
768*of*O
768*life*O
768*(*O
768*e.g.*O
768*,*O
768*used*O
768*on*O
768*CYGNSS*B-SYS
768*)*O
768*.*O
769*systems*O
769*based*O
769*on*O
769*electromagnetic*O
769*forces*O
769*,*O
769*like*O
769*the*O
769*Electro-Magnetic-Formation*B-SYS
769*Flight*I-SYS
769*(*O
769*EMFF*B-SYS
769*)*O
769*where*O
769*each*O
769*spacecraft*B-SYS
769*includes*O
769*orthogonal*O
769*current*O
769*coils*O
769*that*O
769*induce*O
769*magnetic*O
769*forces*O
769*on*O
769*its*O
769*close*O
769*neighbors*O
769*to*O
769*control*O
769*relative*O
769*attitude*O
769*and*O
769*spacing*O
769*.*O
770*Electrodynamic*B-SYS
770*tethers*I-SYS
770*,*O
770*which*O
770*are*O
770*long*O
770*conductive*O
770*wires*O
770*that*O
770*are*O
770*deployed*O
770*from*O
770*the*O
770*spacecraft*B-SYS
770*and*O
770*could*O
770*produce*O
770*thrust*O
770*or*O
770*electrodynamic*O
770*drag*O
770*,*O
770*depending*O
770*on*O
770*the*O
770*direction*O
770*of*O
770*the*O
770*electric*O
770*current*O
770*running*O
770*along*O
770*them*O
770*while*O
770*interacting*O
770*with*O
770*earth*O
770*'s*O
770*magnetic*O
770*field*O
770*.*O
771*Solar*B-SYS
771*sails*I-SYS
771*making*O
771*use*O
771*of*O
771*photon*O
771*pressure*O
771*to*O
771*change*O
771*the*O
771*momentum*O
771*of*O
771*the*O
771*spacecraft*B-SYS
771*and*O
771*enable*O
771*propellantless*O
771*mobility*O
771*with*O
771*potential*O
771*applications*O
771*for*O
771*deep*O
771*space*O
771*CubeSats*B-SYS
771*.*O
772*early*O
772*CubeSats*B-SYS
772*employed*O
772*body-mounted*O
772*solar*B-SYS
772*arrays*I-SYS
772*,*O
772*generating*O
772*an*O
772*orbit*O
772*average*O
772*power*O
772*of*O
772*a*O
772*few*O
772*watts*O
772*per*O
772*cubesat*O
772*unit*O
772*.*O
773*with*O
773*the*O
773*growth*O
773*of*O
773*CubeSats*B-SYS
773*from*O
773*1U*B-VAL
773*to*I-VAL
773*3U*I-VAL
773*and*O
773*beyond*O
773*,*O
773*the*O
773*available*O
773*orbit-averaged*O
773*power*O
773*from*O
773*body-mounted*O
773*cells*O
773*naturally*O
773*increases*O
773*.*O
774*however*O
774*,*O
774*such*O
774*mounting*O
774*remains*O
774*fundamentally*O
774*limited*O
774*;*O
774*hence*O
774*,*O
774*the*O
774*use*O
774*of*O
774*deployable*O
774*solar*B-SYS
774*array*I-SYS
774*panels*I-SYS
774*has*O
774*become*O
774*increasingly*O
774*common*O
774*-*O
774*enabled*O
774*by*O
774*the*O
774*improvement*O
774*in*O
774*attitude*B-SYS
774*control*I-SYS
774*systems*I-SYS
774*discussed*O
774*in*O
774*the*O
774*subsection*B-RES
774*Attitude*I-RES
774*and*I-RES
774*Orbit*I-RES
774*Determination*I-RES
774*and*I-RES
774*Control*I-RES
774*.*O
775*consequently*O
775*,*O
775*orbit*O
775*average*O
775*powers*O
775*of*O
775*>50*B-VAL
775*w*I-VAL
775*on*O
775*a*O
775*3U*B-VAL
775*CubeSat*B-SYS
775*are*O
775*now*O
775*widely*O
775*available*O
775*.*O
776*future*O
776*solar*B-SYS
776*cell*I-SYS
776*power*O
776*generation*O
776*may*O
776*theoretically*O
776*reach*O
776*efficiency*O
776*values*O
776*as*O
776*high*O
776*as*O
776*70*B-VAL
776*percent*I-VAL
776*.*O
777*however*O
777*,*O
777*to*O
777*fully*O
777*tap*O
777*the*O
777*potential*O
777*of*O
777*such*O
777*increases*O
777*in*O
777*efficiency*O
777*in*O
777*CubeSats*B-SYS
777*,*O
777*cells*O
777*need*O
777*to*O
777*be*O
777*compact*O
777*enough*O
777*(*O
777*low*O
777*mass*O
777*and*O
777*volume*O
777*)*O
777*,*O
777*and*O
777*efforts*O
777*would*O
777*likely*O
777*be*O
777*required*O
777*to*O
777*increase*O
777*specific*O
777*power*O
777*.*O
778*a*O
778*potentially*O
778*important*O
778*future*O
778*technology*O
778*could*O
778*be*O
778*combining*O
778*deployable*B-SYS
778*systems*I-SYS
778*with*O
778*flexible*O
778*solar*B-SYS
778*cells*I-SYS
778*.*O
779*terrestrial*O
779*systems*O
779*of*O
779*>20*B-VAL
779*percent*I-VAL
779*efficiency*O
779*are*O
779*available*O
779*today*O
779*,*O
779*and*O
779*so*O
779*a*O
779*10*B-VAL
779*m2*I-VAL
779*deployed*O
779*surface*O
779*could*O
779*generate*O
779*>2*B-VAL
779*kw*I-VAL
779*of*O
779*power*O
779*in*O
779*earth*O
779*orbit*O
779*.*O
780*due*O
780*to*O
780*the*O
780*low*O
780*price*O
780*point*O
780*and*O
780*efficiency*O
780*,*O
780*the*O
780*use*O
780*of*O
780*Lithium-ion*B-SYS
780*and*O
780*Lithium-polymer*B-SYS
780*batteries*I-SYS
780*are*O
780*relatively*O
780*standard*O
780*within*O
780*CubeSats*B-SYS
780*.*O
781*a*O
781*number*O
781*of*O
781*retailers*O
781*offer*O
781*off-the-shelf*O
781*products*O
781*that*O
781*typically*O
781*incorporate*O
781*heaters*B-SYS
781*,*O
781*as*O
781*well*O
781*as*O
781*protection*O
781*against*O
781*fire*O
781*,*O
781*thermal*O
781*runaway*O
781*,*O
781*and*O
781*other*O
781*hazards*O
781*.*O
782*CubeSat*B-SYS
782*Lithium-polymer*B-SYS
782*batteries*I-SYS
782*are*O
782*readily*O
782*available*O
782*at*O
782*power*O
782*densities*O
782*of*O
782*>150*B-VAL
782*wh/kg*I-VAL
782*.*O
783*as*O
783*such*O
783*,*O
783*onboard*O
783*power*O
783*storage*O
783*in*O
783*excess*O
783*of*O
783*30*B-VAL
783*Whr*I-VAL
783*is*O
783*widely*O
783*available*O
783*.*O
784*other*O
784*units*O
784*are*O
784*available*O
784*with*O
784*storage*O
784*levels*O
784*up*O
784*to*O
784*160*B-VAL
784*Wh*I-VAL
784*,*O
784*but*O
784*they*O
784*require*O
784*greater*O
784*volume*O
784*,*O
784*while*O
784*some*O
784*units*O
784*can*O
784*be*O
784*connected*O
784*in*O
784*parallel*O
784*to*O
784*achieve*O
784*higher*O
784*capacities*O
784*.*O
785*low*O
785*technology*O
785*readiness*O
785*level*O
785*(*O
785*trl*O
785*)*O
785*concepts*O
785*exist*O
785*for*O
785*cubesat-compatible*O
785*radioisotope*B-SYS
785*thermoelectric*I-SYS
785*generators*I-SYS
785*.*O
786*these*O
786*concepts*O
786*build*O
786*on*O
786*the*O
786*principles*O
786*developed*O
786*for*O
786*early*O
786*artificial*B-SYS
786*cardiac*I-SYS
786*pacemakers*I-SYS
786*,*O
786*prior*O
786*to*O
786*Lithium-ion*B-SYS
786*batteries*I-SYS
786*becoming*O
786*widespread*O
786*,*O
786*replacing*O
786*the*O
786*plutonium-238*O
786*with*O
786*a*O
786*more*O
786*accessible*O
786*fuel*O
786*such*O
786*as*O
786*strontium*O
786*oxide*O
786*to*O
786*produce*O
786*around*O
786*5*B-VAL
786*mW*I-VAL
786*at*O
786*less*O
786*than*O
786*7*B-VAL
786*percent*I-VAL
786*efficiency*O
786*.*O
787*these*O
787*devices*O
787*could*O
787*provide*O
787*a*O
787*useful*O
787*source*O
787*of*O
787*heat*O
787*in*O
787*the*O
787*outer*O
787*solar*O
787*system*O
787*,*O
787*but*O
787*they*O
787*also*O
787*increase*O
787*the*O
787*complexity*O
787*of*O
787*the*O
787*thermal*O
787*design*O
787*and*O
787*may*O
787*have*O
787*possible*O
787*issues*O
787*with*O
787*launch*O
787*constraints*O
787*.*O
788*both*O
788*onboard*O
788*electrical*O
788*power*O
788*generation*O
788*and*O
788*storage*O
788*have*O
788*improved*O
788*significantly*O
788*since*O
788*the*O
788*first*B-VAL
788*CubeSats*B-SYS
788*.*O
789*although*O
789*the*O
789*improvement*O
789*has*O
789*not*O
789*been*O
789*of*O
789*the*O
789*magnitude*O
789*seen*O
789*in*O
789*attitude*B-SYS
789*control*I-SYS
789*systems*I-SYS
789*,*O
789*storage*O
789*capabilities*O
789*continue*O
789*to*O
789*track*O
789*terrestrial*O
789*capabilities*O
789*;*O
789*however*O
789*,*O
789*peak*O
789*power*O
789*levels*O
789*remain*O
789*limited*O
789*by*O
789*battery*O
789*discharge*O
789*rates*O
789*due*O
789*to*O
789*thermal*O
789*concerns*O
789*.*O
790*given*O
790*the*O
790*power-intensive*O
790*characteristics*O
790*and*O
790*densely*O
790*packed*O
790*dimensions*O
790*of*O
790*payloads*O
790*,*O
790*thermal*O
790*control*O
790*can*O
790*be*O
790*a*O
790*critical*O
790*issue*O
790*for*O
790*many*O
790*science*O
790*missions*O
790*;*O
790*however*O
790*,*O
790*as*O
790*the*O
790*power*O
790*density*O
790*continues*O
790*to*O
790*increase*O
790*,*O
790*it*O
790*is*O
790*likely*O
790*that*O
790*thermal*O
790*control*O
790*of*O
790*CubeSats*B-SYS
790*will*O
790*become*O
790*even*O
790*more*O
790*challenging*O
790*.*O
791*historically*O
791*,*O
791*CubeSats*B-SYS
791*have*O
791*largely*O
791*employed*O
791*passive*O
791*thermal*O
791*control*O
791*techniques*O
791*,*O
791*including*O
791*paint*O
791*,*O
791*thermal*O
791*tape/straps*O
791*,*O
791*and*O
791*multi-layer*O
791*insulation*O
791*(*O
791*mli*O
791*)*O
791*.*O
792*many*O
792*missions*O
792*addressing*O
792*biological*O
792*science*O
792*objectives*O
792*,*O
792*such*O
792*as*O
792*pharmasa*O
792*and*O
792*O/OREOS*B-SYS
792*,*O
792*used*O
792*mli*O
792*and*O
792*coatings*O
792*to*O
792*assist*O
792*thermal*O
792*regulation*O
792*.*O
793*certain*O
793*other*O
793*passive*O
793*techniques*O
793*,*O
793*such*O
793*as*O
793*heat-pipes*B-SYS
793*or*O
793*thermal*B-SYS
793*louvers*I-SYS
793*,*O
793*have*O
793*previously*O
793*been*O
793*considered*O
793*ill-suited*O
793*to*O
793*CubeSats*B-SYS
793*but*O
793*are*O
793*becoming*O
793*more*O
793*feasible*O
793*(*O
793*see*O
793*dellingr*O
793*cubesat*O
793*)*O
793*.*O
794*recent*O
794*development*O
794*in*O
794*the*O
794*area*O
794*of*O
794*thermal*O
794*control*O
794*for*O
794*CubeSats*B-SYS
794*with*O
794*applicability*O
794*to*O
794*low-temperature*O
794*payloads*O
794*,*O
794*such*O
794*as*O
794*optical*B-SYS
794*sensors*I-SYS
794*and*O
794*imaging*B-SYS
794*spectrometers*I-SYS
794*,*O
794*include*O
794*the*O
794*concept*O
794*of*O
794*a*O
794*deployable*B-SYS
794*Sun*I-SYS
794*shield*I-SYS
794*,*O
794*as*O
794*planned*O
794*for*O
794*the*O
794*3U*B-VAL
794*CryoCube-1*B-SYS
794*,*O
794*which*O
794*has*O
794*an*O
794*estimated*O
794*launch*O
794*date*O
794*in*O
794*2016*B-DATETIME
794*.*O
795*this*O
795*concept*O
795*is*O
795*anticipated*O
795*to*O
795*support*O
795*multi-month*O
795*experiments*O
795*using*O
795*the*O
795*attitude*B-SYS
795*control*I-SYS
795*system*I-SYS
795*coupled*O
795*with*O
795*the*O
795*Sun*B-SYS
795*shield*I-SYS
795*to*O
795*attain*O
795*temperatures*O
795*of*O
795*approximately*O
795*100*B-VAL
795*K*I-VAL
795*,*O
795*while*O
795*active*O
795*cooling*O
795*will*O
795*reduce*O
795*this*O
795*further*O
795*to*O
795*around*O
795*30*B-VAL
795*K*I-VAL
795*.*O
796*other*O
796*developments*O
796*,*O
796*such*O
796*as*O
796*a*O
796*pulse*B-SYS
796*tube*I-SYS
796*micro-cryocooler*I-SYS
796*,*O
796*are*O
796*also*O
796*being*O
796*designed*O
796*to*O
796*fit*O
796*within*O
796*0.5U*B-VAL
796*and*O
796*0.345*B-VAL
796*kg*I-VAL
796*.*O
797*a*O
797*deployable*B-SYS
797*radiator*I-SYS
797*would*O
797*offer*O
797*the*O
797*potential*O
797*to*O
797*dissipate*O
797*significant*O
797*amounts*O
797*of*O
797*heat*O
797*;*O
797*however*O
797*,*O
797*the*O
797*concept*O
797*is*O
797*challenging*O
797*on*O
797*a*O
797*cubesat*O
797*.*O
798*the*O
798*widespread*O
798*use*O
798*of*O
798*deployables*O
798*on*O
798*CubeSats*B-SYS
798*for*O
798*power*O
798*generation*O
798*with*O
798*solar*B-SYS
798*array*I-SYS
798*panels*I-SYS
798*,*O
798*antennae*B-SYS
798*,*O
798*and*O
798*Sun*B-SYS
798*shields*I-SYS
798*has*O
798*already*O
798*been*O
798*discussed*O
798*.*O
799*another*O
799*area*O
799*of*O
799*active*O
799*research*O
799*is*O
799*the*O
799*deployment*O
799*of*O
799*large*O
799*gossamer*B-SYS
799*structures*I-SYS
799*and*O
799*large*O
799*area*O
799*instrumentation*O
799*surfaces*O
799*(*O
799*Figure*B-RES
799*5-4*I-RES
799*)*O
799*.*O
800*the*O
800*NanoSail-D2*B-SYS
800*CubeSat*I-SYS
800*deployed*O
800*a*O
800*10*B-VAL
800*m2*I-VAL
800*gossamer*O
800*structure*O
800*in*O
800*2011*B-DATETIME
800*to*O
800*study*O
800*the*O
800*deployment*O
800*of*O
800*such*O
800*structures*O
800*both*O
800*for*O
800*application*O
800*in*O
800*solar*O
800*sailing*O
800*and*O
800*as*O
800*a*O
800*drag*O
800*augmentation*O
800*device*O
800*to*O
800*reduce*O
800*the*O
800*orbit*O
800*lifetime*O
800*,*O
800*hence*O
800*,*O
800*aiding*O
800*adherence*O
800*to*O
800*space*O
800*debris*O
800*mitigation*O
800*guidelines*O
800*(*O
800*discussed*O
800*in*O
800*Chapter*B-RES
800*6*I-RES
800*)*O
800*.*O
801*similar*O
801*so-called*O
801*drag-sails*B-SYS
801*of*O
801*varying*O
801*architectures*O
801*are*O
801*commercially*O
801*available*O
801*to*O
801*purchase*O
801*.*O
802*the*O
802*NEA*O
802*scout*O
802*cubesat*O
802*mission*O
802*,*O
802*due*O
802*to*O
802*launch*O
802*with*O
802*the*O
802*orion*O
802*em1*O
802*mission*O
802*on*O
802*the*O
802*maiden*O
802*flight*O
802*of*O
802*the*O
802*Space*B-SYS
802*Launch*I-SYS
802*System*I-SYS
802*(*O
802*SLS*B-SYS
802*)*O
802*planned*O
802*for*O
802*2018*B-DATETIME
802*,*O
802*will*O
802*deploy*O
802*gossamer*B-SYS
802*structures*I-SYS
802*in*O
802*a*O
802*solar*O
802*sailing*O
802*mode*O
802*.*O
803*the*O
803*structure*B-SYS
803*as*O
803*envisioned*O
803*will*O
803*be*O
803*supported*O
803*by*O
803*four*B-VAL
803*booms*B-SYS
803*,*O
803*giving*O
803*a*O
803*sail*O
803*area*O
803*of*O
803*approximately*O
803*85*B-VAL
803*m2*I-VAL
803*.*O
804*Electrodynamic*B-SYS
804*tethers*I-SYS
804*have*O
804*been*O
804*proposed*O
804*to*O
804*assist*O
804*in*O
804*end-of-life*O
804*deorbiting*O
804*by*O
804*generating*O
804*drag*O
804*force*O
804*through*O
804*an*O
804*electromagnetic*O
804*interaction*O
804*with*O
804*earth*O
804*'s*O
804*magnetic*O
804*field*O
804*.*O
805*such*O
805*tethers*B-SYS
805*need*O
805*to*O
805*be*O
805*deployed*O
805*to*O
805*lengths*O
805*of*O
805*hundreds*B-VAL
805*of*I-VAL
805*meters*I-VAL
805*to*I-VAL
805*several*I-VAL
805*kilometers*I-VAL
805*and*O
805*may*O
805*require*O
805*active*O
805*electronics*B-SYS
805*.*O
806*deploying*O
806*a*O
806*tether*B-SYS
806*,*O
806*especially*O
806*from*O
806*an*O
806*inactive*O
806*and*O
806*potentially*O
806*tumbling*O
806*spacecraft*B-SYS
806*,*O
806*is*O
806*a*O
806*challenging*O
806*concept*O
806*.*O
807*the*O
807*AeroCube-5*B-SYS
807*CubeSats*I-SYS
807*are*O
807*currently*O
807*flying*O
807*end-of-life*O
807*electrodynamic*B-SYS
807*tethers*I-SYS
807*,*O
807*with*O
807*expected*O
807*activation*O
807*in*O
807*2016*B-DATETIME
807*.*O
808*there*O
808*have*O
808*also*O
808*been*O
808*recent*O
808*developments*O
808*in*O
808*parabolic*B-SYS
808*deployable*I-SYS
808*mesh*I-SYS
808*antennas*I-SYS
808*to*O
808*support*O
808*interplanetary*O
808*cubesat*O
808*communications*O
808*and*O
808*development*O
808*of*O
808*active*O
808*sensors*B-SYS
808*such*O
808*as*O
808*radars*B-SYS
808*(*O
808*see*O
808*Figure*B-RES
808*5-5*I-RES
808*)*O
808*.*O
809*examples*O
809*include*O
809*the*O
809*0.5*B-VAL
809*m*I-VAL
809*Ka-band*B-SYS
809*Parabolic*I-SYS
809*Deployable*I-SYS
809*Antenna*I-SYS
809*(*O
809*KaPDA*B-SYS
809*)*O
809*developed*O
809*for*O
809*the*O
809*NASA*B-ORG
809*esto-sponsored*O
809*RainCube*B-SYS
809*6U*I-SYS
809*precipitation*I-SYS
809*radar*I-SYS
809*CubeSat*I-SYS
809*(*O
809*antenna*B-SYS
809*stows*O
809*within*O
809*1.5U*B-VAL
809*)*O
809*,*O
809*as*O
809*well*O
809*as*O
809*the*O
809*usc/isi-designed*O
809*0.5*B-VAL
809*m*I-VAL
809*deployable*B-SYS
809*antenna*I-SYS
809*that*O
809*flew*O
809*on*O
809*the*O
809*Aeneas*B-SYS
809*CubeSat*I-SYS
809*as*O
809*a*O
809*technology*O
809*demonstration*O
809*from*O
809*which*O
809*KaPDA*B-SYS
809*was*O
809*derived*O
809*.*O
810*the*O
810*cubesat*O
810*form*O
810*factor*O
810*,*O
810*power*O
810*constraints*O
810*,*O
810*and*O
810*thermal*O
810*environments*O
810*offer*O
810*formidable*O
810*challenges*O
810*to*O
810*the*O
810*development*O
810*of*O
810*sensors*B-SYS
810*that*O
810*can*O
810*perform*O
810*valuable*O
810*science*O
810*measurements*O
810*as*O
810*part*O
810*of*O
810*cubesat*O
810*missions*O
810*.*O
811*the*O
811*development*O
811*of*O
811*such*O
811*instruments*B-SYS
811*and*O
811*novel*O
811*sensors*B-SYS
811*is*O
811*thus*O
811*a*O
811*critical*O
811*element*O
811*for*O
811*science*O
811*CubeSats*B-SYS
811*and*O
811*,*O
811*depending*O
811*on*O
811*the*O
811*science*O
811*requirements*O
811*,*O
811*will*O
811*involve*O
811*instruments*B-SYS
811*that*O
811*measure*O
811*field*O
811*,*O
811*plasmas*O
811*,*O
811*and*O
811*particles*O
811*at*O
811*a*O
811*variety*O
811*of*O
811*masses*O
811*and*O
811*energies*O
811*as*O
811*well*O
811*as*O
811*electromagnetic*O
811*radiation*O
811*across*O
811*the*O
811*spectrum*O
811*.*O
812*often*O
812*,*O
812*heritage*O
812*sensors*B-SYS
812*have*O
812*to*O
812*scale*O
812*down*O
812*in*O
812*size*O
812*to*O
812*fit*O
812*within*O
812*1U*B-VAL
812*of*O
812*a*O
812*cubesat*O
812*mission*O
812*,*O
812*leading*O
812*to*O
812*sensitivity*O
812*changes*O
812*of*O
812*1/r2*O
812*or*O
812*even*O
812*1/r3*O
812*for*O
812*a*O
812*scaling*O
812*factor*O
812*r*O
812*,*O
812*especially*O
812*for*O
812*sensors*B-SYS
812*that*O
812*collect*O
812*particles*O
812*or*O
812*photons*O
812*.*O
813*the*O
813*sensitivity*O
813*of*O
813*these*O
813*sensors*B-SYS
813*and*O
813*their*O
813*dynamic*O
813*range*O
813*are*O
813*markedly*O
813*reduced*O
813*,*O
813*especially*O
813*if*O
813*R*B-VAL
813*>*I-VAL
813*2*I-VAL
813*.*O
814*depending*O
814*on*O
814*the*O
814*measurement*O
814*requirements*O
814*,*O
814*scaling*O
814*heritage*O
814*instruments*B-SYS
814*therefore*O
814*does*O
814*not*O
814*guarantee*O
814*success*O
814*,*O
814*and*O
814*often*O
814*,*O
814*new*O
814*approaches*O
814*need*O
814*to*O
814*be*O
814*considered*O
814*to*O
814*perform*O
814*the*O
814*measurements*O
814*.*O
815*cubesat*O
815*instrument*O
815*builders*O
815*are*O
815*also*O
815*reimagining*O
815*their*O
815*instruments*B-SYS
815*based*O
815*on*O
815*commercial*O
815*off-the-shelf*O
815*(*O
815*cots*O
815*)*O
815*parts*O
815*.*O
816*for*O
816*example*O
816*,*O
816*the*O
816*cinema*O
816*mission*O
816*used*O
816*a*O
816*cots-based*O
816*magneto­resistive*B-SYS
816*space*I-SYS
816*magnetometer*I-SYS
816*.*O
817*new*O
817*detectors*O
817*for*O
817*imaging*O
817*leverage*O
817*progress*O
817*in*O
817*semiconductor*O
817*technologies*O
817*-*O
817*for*O
817*example*O
817*,*O
817*with*O
817*the*O
817*use*O
817*of*O
817*avalanche*B-SYS
817*photodiodes*I-SYS
817*.*O
818*these*O
818*enable*O
818*the*O
818*detection*O
818*of*O
818*very-low-intensity*O
818*signals*O
818*(*O
818*i.e.*O
818*,*O
818*down*O
818*to*O
818*a*O
818*single*B-VAL
818*photon*O
818*)*O
818*,*O
818*which*O
818*compensate*O
818*for*O
818*decreased*O
818*aperture*O
818*and*O
818*are*O
818*of*O
818*particular*O
818*interest*O
818*for*O
818*astrophysics*O
818*and*O
818*for*O
818*planetary*O
818*imaging*O
818*(*O
818*e.g.*O
818*,*O
818*during*O
818*fast*O
818*flyby*O
818*or*O
818*suboptimal*O
818*illumination*O
818*)*O
818*.*O
819*an*O
819*approach*O
819*to*O
819*the*O
819*realization*O
819*of*O
819*very*O
819*large*O
819*apertures*O
819*for*O
819*cosmology*O
819*is*O
819*via*O
819*the*O
819*coordination*O
819*of*O
819*a*O
819*large*O
819*array*B-SYS
819*of*I-SYS
819*antennas*I-SYS
819*and*O
819*the*O
819*synthesis*O
819*of*O
819*their*O
819*observations*O
819*.*O
820*while*O
820*the*O
820*hardware*O
820*is*O
820*very*O
820*simple*O
820*(*O
820*dipole*B-SYS
820*antennas*I-SYS
820*)*O
820*,*O
820*science*O
820*output*O
820*relies*O
820*on*O
820*robust*O
820*data*O
820*handling*O
820*and*O
820*processing*O
820*.*O
821*other*O
821*imaging*O
821*techniques*O
821*also*O
821*rely*O
821*on*O
821*strong*O
821*support*O
821*from*O
821*science*O
821*software*O
821*and*O
821*command*O
821*and*O
821*data*O
821*handling*O
821*(*O
821*c*O
821*&*O
821*dh*O
821*)*O
821*systems*O
821*,*O
821*such*O
821*as*O
821*the*O
821*cameras*B-SYS
821*from*O
821*Planet*B-ORG
821*Labs*I-ORG
821*and*O
821*skybox*O
821*,*O
821*that*O
821*use*O
821*nonstandard*O
821*techniques*O
821*like*O
821*time-delay*O
821*integration*O
821*and*O
821*other*O
821*super-resolution*O
821*techniques*O
821*that*O
821*had*O
821*been*O
821*previously*O
821*developed*O
821*for*O
821*microscopy*O
821*.*O
822*of*O
822*special*O
822*importance*O
822*to*O
822*various*O
822*science-based*O
822*cubesat*O
822*missions*O
822*are*O
822*technologies*O
822*that*O
822*require*O
822*a*O
822*stable*O
822*and*O
822*highly*O
822*calibrated*O
822*performance*O
822*(*O
822*i.e.*O
822*,*O
822*for*O
822*earth*O
822*observations*O
822*)*O
822*,*O
822*good*O
822*thermal*O
822*stability*O
822*,*O
822*especially*O
822*at*O
822*low*O
822*temperatures*O
822*(*O
822*i.e.*O
822*,*O
822*for*O
822*infrared*O
822*observations*O
822*and*O
822*some*O
822*microgravity*O
822*science*O
822*)*O
822*,*O
822*and*O
822*measurements*O
822*that*O
822*require*O
822*distributed*O
822*apertures*O
822*(*O
822*i.e.*O
822*,*O
822*for*O
822*interferometry*O
822*applications*O
822*)*O
822*.*O
823*each*O
823*cockpit*B-SYS
823*voice*I-SYS
823*recorder*I-SYS
823*shall*O
823*record*O
823*voice*O
823*communications*O
823*transmitted*O
823*from*O
823*or*O
823*received*O
823*in*O
823*the*O
823*airplane*B-SYS
823*by*O
823*radio*O
823*.*O
824*each*O
824*cockpit*B-SYS
824*voice*I-SYS
824*recorder*I-SYS
824*shall*O
824*record*O
824*voice*O
824*communications*O
824*of*O
824*flightcrew*O
824*members*O
824*on*O
824*the*O
824*flight*B-SYS
824*deck*I-SYS
824*.*O
825*each*O
825*cockpit*B-SYS
825*voice*I-SYS
825*recorder*I-SYS
825*shall*O
825*record*O
825*voice*O
825*communications*O
825*of*O
825*flightcrew*O
825*members*O
825*on*O
825*the*O
825*flight*B-SYS
825*deck*I-SYS
825*,*O
825*using*O
825*the*O
825*airplane*B-SYS
825*'s*O
825*interphone*B-SYS
825*system*I-SYS
825*.*O
826*each*O
826*cockpit*B-SYS
826*voice*I-SYS
826*recorder*I-SYS
826*shall*O
826*record*O
826*voice*O
826*or*O
826*audio*O
826*signals*O
826*identifying*O
826*navigation*B-SYS
826*or*O
826*approach*O
826*aids*O
826*introduced*O
826*into*O
826*a*O
826*headset*B-SYS
826*or*O
826*speaker*B-SYS
826*.*O
827*each*O
827*cockpit*B-SYS
827*voice*I-SYS
827*recorder*I-SYS
827*shall*O
827*record*O
827*voice*O
827*communications*O
827*of*O
827*flightcrew*O
827*members*O
827*using*O
827*the*O
827*passenger*B-SYS
827*loudspeaker*I-SYS
827*system*I-SYS
827*,*O
827*if*O
827*there*O
827*is*O
827*such*O
827*a*O
827*system*O
827*and*O
827*if*O
827*the*O
827*fourth*B-VAL
827*channel*O
827*is*O
827*available*O
827*in*O
827*accordance*O
827*with*O
827*the*O
827*requirements*O
827*of*O
827*paragraph*B-RES
827*(*I-RES
827*c*I-RES
827*)*I-RES
827*(*I-RES
827*4*I-RES
827*)*I-RES
827*(*I-RES
827*ii*I-RES
827*)*I-RES
827*of*O
827*this*O
827*section*B-RES
827*.*O
828*each*O
828*cockpit*B-SYS
828*voice*I-SYS
828*recorder*I-SYS
828*shall*O
828*record*O
828*datalink*O
828*messages*O
828*as*O
828*the*O
828*output*O
828*signal*O
828*from*O
828*the*O
828*communications*B-SYS
828*unit*I-SYS
828*that*O
828*translates*O
828*the*O
828*signal*O
828*into*O
828*usable*O
828*data*O
828*.*O
829*the*O
829*microphone*B-SYS
829*must*O
829*be*O
829*so*O
829*located*O
829*and*O
829*,*O
829*if*O
829*necessary*O
829*,*O
829*the*O
829*preamplifiers*O
829*and*O
829*filters*O
829*of*O
829*the*O
829*recorder*B-SYS
829*must*O
829*be*O
829*so*O
829*adjusted*O
829*or*O
829*supplemented*O
829*,*O
829*so*O
829*that*O
829*the*O
829*intelligibility*O
829*of*O
829*the*O
829*recorded*O
829*communications*O
829*is*O
829*as*O
829*high*O
829*as*O
829*practicable*O
829*when*O
829*recorded*O
829*under*O
829*flight*B-SYS
829*cockpit*I-SYS
829*noise*O
829*conditions*O
829*and*O
829*played*O
829*back*O
829*.*O
830*each*O
830*cockpit*B-SYS
830*voice*I-SYS
830*recorder*I-SYS
830*must*O
830*be*O
830*installed*O
830*so*O
830*that*O
830*it*O
830*receives*O
830*its*O
830*electrical*O
830*power*O
830*from*O
830*the*O
830*bus*B-SYS
830*that*O
830*provides*O
830*the*O
830*maximum*O
830*reliability*O
830*for*O
830*operation*O
830*of*O
830*the*O
830*cockpit*B-SYS
830*voice*I-SYS
830*recorder*I-SYS
830*without*O
830*jeopardizing*O
830*service*O
830*to*O
830*essential*O
830*or*O
830*emergency*O
830*loads*O
830*.*O
831*each*O
831*cockpit*B-SYS
831*voice*I-SYS
831*recorder*I-SYS
831*must*O
831*be*O
831*installed*O
831*so*O
831*that*O
831*it*O
831*remains*O
831*powered*O
831*for*O
831*as*O
831*long*O
831*as*O
831*possible*O
831*without*O
831*jeopardizing*O
831*emergency*O
831*operation*O
831*of*O
831*the*O
831*airplane*B-SYS
831*.*O
832*each*O
832*cockpit*B-SYS
832*voice*I-SYS
832*recorder*I-SYS
832*must*O
832*be*O
832*installed*O
832*so*O
832*that*O
832*there*O
832*is*O
832*an*O
832*automatic*O
832*means*O
832*to*O
832*simultaneously*O
832*stop*O
832*the*O
832*recorder*B-SYS
832*and*O
832*prevent*O
832*each*O
832*erasure*O
832*feature*O
832*from*O
832*functioning*O
832*,*O
832*within*O
832*10*B-VAL
832*minutes*I-VAL
832*after*O
832*crash*O
832*impact*O
832*.*O
833*each*O
833*cockpit*B-SYS
833*voice*I-SYS
833*recorder*I-SYS
833*must*O
833*be*O
833*installed*O
833*so*O
833*that*O
833*there*O
833*is*O
833*an*O
833*aural*O
833*or*O
833*visual*O
833*means*O
833*for*O
833*preflight*O
833*checking*O
833*of*O
833*the*O
833*recorder*B-SYS
833*for*O
833*proper*O
833*operation*O
833*.*O
834*each*O
834*cockpit*B-SYS
834*voice*I-SYS
834*recorder*I-SYS
834*must*O
834*be*O
834*installed*O
834*so*O
834*that*O
834*any*O
834*single*B-VAL
834*electrical*O
834*failure*O
834*external*O
834*to*O
834*the*O
834*recorder*B-SYS
834*does*O
834*not*O
834*disable*O
834*both*O
834*the*O
834*cockpit*B-SYS
834*voice*I-SYS
834*recorder*I-SYS
834*and*O
834*the*O
834*flight*B-SYS
834*data*I-SYS
834*recorder*I-SYS
834*.*O
835*each*O
835*cockpit*B-SYS
835*voice*I-SYS
835*recorder*I-SYS
835*must*O
835*be*O
835*installed*O
835*so*O
835*that*O
835*it*O
835*has*O
835*an*O
835*independent*O
835*power*B-SYS
835*source*I-SYS
835*that*O
835*provides*O
835*10*B-VAL
835*±1*I-VAL
835*minutes*I-VAL
835*of*O
835*electrical*O
835*power*O
835*to*O
835*operate*O
835*both*O
835*the*O
835*cockpit*B-SYS
835*voice*I-SYS
835*recorder*I-SYS
835*and*O
835*cockpit-mounted*B-SYS
835*area*I-SYS
835*microphone*I-SYS
835*.*O
836*each*O
836*cockpit*B-SYS
836*voice*I-SYS
836*recorder*I-SYS
836*must*O
836*be*O
836*installed*O
836*so*O
836*that*O
836*it*O
836*has*O
836*an*O
836*independent*O
836*power*B-SYS
836*source*I-SYS
836*that*O
836*is*O
836*located*O
836*as*O
836*close*O
836*as*O
836*practicable*O
836*to*O
836*the*O
836*cockpit*B-SYS
836*voice*I-SYS
836*recorder*I-SYS
836*.*O
837*each*O
837*cockpit*B-SYS
837*voice*I-SYS
837*recorder*I-SYS
837*must*O
837*be*O
837*installed*O
837*so*O
837*that*O
837*it*O
837*has*O
837*an*O
837*independent*O
837*power*B-SYS
837*source*I-SYS
837*to*O
837*which*O
837*the*O
837*cockpit*B-SYS
837*voice*I-SYS
837*recorder*I-SYS
837*and*O
837*cockpit-mounted*B-SYS
837*area*I-SYS
837*microphone*I-SYS
837*are*O
837*switched*O
837*automatically*O
837*in*O
837*the*O
837*event*O
837*that*O
837*all*O
837*other*O
837*power*O
837*to*O
837*the*O
837*cockpit*B-SYS
837*voice*I-SYS
837*recorder*I-SYS
837*is*O
837*interrupted*O
837*either*O
837*by*O
837*normal*O
837*shutdown*O
837*or*O
837*by*O
837*any*O
837*other*O
837*loss*O
837*of*O
837*power*O
837*to*O
837*the*O
837*electrical*B-SYS
837*power*I-SYS
837*bus*I-SYS
837*.*O
838*the*O
838*recorder*B-SYS
838*container*I-SYS
838*must*O
838*be*O
838*located*O
838*and*O
838*mounted*O
838*to*O
838*minimize*O
838*the*O
838*probability*O
838*of*O
838*rupture*O
838*of*O
838*the*O
838*container*O
838*as*O
838*a*O
838*result*O
838*of*O
838*crash*O
838*impact*O
838*and*O
838*consequent*O
838*heat*O
838*damage*O
838*to*O
838*the*O
838*recorder*B-SYS
838*from*O
838*fire*O
838*.*O
839*except*O
839*as*O
839*provided*O
839*in*O
839*paragraph*B-RES
839*(*I-RES
839*e*I-RES
839*)*I-RES
839*(*I-RES
839*2*I-RES
839*)*I-RES
839*of*O
839*this*O
839*section*O
839*,*O
839*the*O
839*recorder*B-SYS
839*container*I-SYS
839*must*O
839*be*O
839*located*O
839*as*O
839*far*O
839*aft*O
839*as*O
839*practicable*O
839*,*O
839*but*O
839*need*O
839*not*O
839*be*O
839*outside*O
839*of*O
839*the*O
839*pressurized*O
839*compartment*O
839*,*O
839*and*O
839*may*O
839*not*O
839*be*O
839*located*O
839*where*O
839*aft-mounted*O
839*engines*B-SYS
839*may*O
839*crush*O
839*the*O
839*container*O
839*during*O
839*impact*O
839*.*O
840*if*O
840*the*O
840*cockpit*B-SYS
840*voice*I-SYS
840*recorder*I-SYS
840*has*O
840*a*O
840*bulk*B-SYS
840*erasure*I-SYS
840*device*I-SYS
840*,*O
840*the*O
840*installation*O
840*must*O
840*be*O
840*designed*O
840*to*O
840*minimize*O
840*the*O
840*probability*O
840*of*O
840*inadvertent*O
840*operation*O
840*and*O
840*actuation*O
840*of*O
840*the*O
840*device*O
840*during*O
840*crash*O
840*impact*O
840*.*O
841*each*O
841*recorder*B-SYS
841*container*I-SYS
841*must*O
841*be*O
841*either*O
841*bright*O
841*orange*O
841*or*O
841*bright*O
841*yellow*O
841*.*O
842*each*O
842*recorder*B-SYS
842*container*I-SYS
842*must*O
842*have*O
842*reflective*O
842*tape*O
842*affixed*O
842*to*O
842*its*O
842*external*O
842*surface*O
842*to*O
842*facilitate*O
842*its*O
842*location*O
842*under*O
842*water*O
842*.*O
843*each*O
843*recorder*B-SYS
843*container*I-SYS
843*must*O
843*have*O
843*an*O
843*underwater*B-SYS
843*locating*I-SYS
843*device*I-SYS
843*,*O
843*when*O
843*required*O
843*by*O
843*the*O
843*operating*O
843*rules*O
843*of*O
843*this*O
843*chapter*B-RES
843*,*O
843*on*O
843*or*O
843*adjacent*O
843*to*O
843*the*O
843*container*O
843*,*O
843*which*O
843*is*O
843*secured*O
843*in*O
843*such*O
843*manner*O
843*that*O
843*they*O
843*are*O
843*not*O
843*likely*O
843*to*O
843*be*O
843*separated*O
843*during*O
843*crash*O
843*impact*O
843*.*O
844*each*O
844*flight*B-SYS
844*recorder*I-SYS
844*required*O
844*by*O
844*the*O
844*operating*O
844*rules*O
844*of*O
844*this*O
844*chapter*B-RES
844*must*O
844*be*O
844*installed*O
844*so*O
844*that*O
844*it*O
844*is*O
844*supplied*O
844*with*O
844*airspeed*O
844*,*O
844*altitude*O
844*,*O
844*and*O
844*directional*O
844*data*O
844*obtained*O
844*from*O
844*sources*O
844*that*O
844*meet*O
844*the*O
844*aircraft*O
844*level*O
844*system*O
844*requirements*O
844*and*O
844*the*O
844*functionality*O
844*specified*O
844*in*O
844*Section*B-RES
844*23-2500*I-RES
844*.*O
845*each*O
845*flight*B-SYS
845*recorder*I-SYS
845*required*O
845*by*O
845*the*O
845*operating*O
845*rules*O
845*of*O
845*this*O
845*chapter*B-RES
845*must*O
845*be*O
845*installed*O
845*so*O
845*that*O
845*the*O
845*vertical*B-SYS
845*acceleration*I-SYS
845*sensor*I-SYS
845*is*O
845*rigidly*O
845*attached*O
845*,*O
845*and*O
845*located*O
845*longitudinally*O
845*either*O
845*within*O
845*the*O
845*approved*O
845*center*O
845*of*O
845*gravity*O
845*limits*O
845*of*O
845*the*O
845*airplane*B-SYS
845*,*O
845*or*O
845*at*O
845*a*O
845*distance*O
845*forward*O
845*or*O
845*aft*O
845*of*O
845*these*O
845*limits*O
845*that*O
845*does*O
845*not*O
845*exceed*O
845*25*B-VAL
845*percent*I-VAL
845*of*O
845*the*O
845*airplane*B-SYS
845*'s*O
845*mean*O
845*aerodynamic*O
845*chord*O
845*.*O
846*each*O
846*flight*B-SYS
846*recorder*I-SYS
846*required*O
846*by*O
846*the*O
846*operating*O
846*rules*O
846*of*O
846*this*O
846*chapter*B-RES
846*must*O
846*be*O
846*installed*O
846*so*O
846*that*O
846*it*O
846*receives*O
846*its*O
846*electrical*O
846*power*O
846*from*O
846*the*O
846*bus*B-SYS
846*that*O
846*provides*O
846*the*O
846*maximum*O
846*reliability*O
846*for*O
846*operation*O
846*of*O
846*the*O
846*flight*B-SYS
846*data*I-SYS
846*recorder*I-SYS
846*without*O
846*jeopardizing*O
846*service*O
846*to*O
846*essential*O
846*or*O
846*emergency*O
846*loads*O
846*.*O
847*each*O
847*flight*B-SYS
847*recorder*I-SYS
847*required*O
847*by*O
847*the*O
847*operating*O
847*rules*O
847*of*O
847*this*O
847*chapter*B-RES
847*must*O
847*be*O
847*installed*O
847*so*O
847*that*O
847*it*O
847*remains*O
847*powered*O
847*for*O
847*as*O
847*long*O
847*as*O
847*possible*O
847*without*O
847*jeopardizing*O
847*emergency*O
847*operation*O
847*of*O
847*the*O
847*airplane*B-SYS
847*.*O
848*each*O
848*flight*B-SYS
848*recorder*I-SYS
848*required*O
848*by*O
848*the*O
848*operating*O
848*rules*O
848*of*O
848*this*O
848*chapter*B-RES
848*must*O
848*be*O
848*installed*O
848*so*O
848*that*O
848*there*O
848*is*O
848*an*O
848*aural*O
848*or*O
848*visual*O
848*means*O
848*for*O
848*preflight*O
848*checking*O
848*of*O
848*the*O
848*recorder*B-SYS
848*for*O
848*proper*O
848*recording*O
848*of*O
848*data*O
848*in*O
848*the*O
848*storage*O
848*medium*O
848*.*O
849*each*O
849*flight*B-SYS
849*recorder*I-SYS
849*required*O
849*by*O
849*the*O
849*operating*O
849*rules*O
849*of*O
849*this*O
849*chapter*B-RES
849*must*O
849*be*O
849*installed*O
849*so*O
849*that*O
849*except*O
849*for*O
849*recorders*B-SYS
849*powered*O
849*solely*O
849*by*O
849*the*O
849*engine-driven*B-SYS
849*electrical*I-SYS
849*generator*I-SYS
849*system*I-SYS
849*,*O
849*there*O
849*is*O
849*an*O
849*automatic*O
849*means*O
849*to*O
849*simultaneously*O
849*stop*O
849*a*O
849*recorder*B-SYS
849*that*O
849*has*O
849*a*O
849*data*O
849*erasure*O
849*feature*O
849*and*O
849*prevent*O
849*each*O
849*erasure*O
849*feature*O
849*from*O
849*functioning*O
849*,*O
849*within*O
849*10*B-VAL
849*minutes*I-VAL
849*after*O
849*crash*O
849*impact*O
849*.*O
850*each*O
850*flight*B-SYS
850*recorder*I-SYS
850*required*O
850*by*O
850*the*O
850*operating*O
850*rules*O
850*of*O
850*this*O
850*chapter*B-RES
850*must*O
850*be*O
850*installed*O
850*so*O
850*that*O
850*any*O
850*single*B-VAL
850*electrical*O
850*failure*O
850*external*O
850*to*O
850*the*O
850*recorder*B-SYS
850*does*O
850*not*O
850*disable*O
850*both*O
850*the*O
850*cockpit*B-SYS
850*voice*I-SYS
850*recorder*I-SYS
850*and*O
850*the*O
850*flight*B-SYS
850*data*I-SYS
850*recorder*I-SYS
850*.*O
851*each*O
851*flight*B-SYS
851*recorder*I-SYS
851*required*O
851*by*O
851*the*O
851*operating*O
851*rules*O
851*of*O
851*this*O
851*chapter*B-RES
851*must*O
851*be*O
851*installed*O
851*so*O
851*that*O
851*it*O
851*is*O
851*in*O
851*a*O
851*separate*O
851*container*O
851*from*O
851*the*O
851*cockpit*B-SYS
851*voice*I-SYS
851*recorder*I-SYS
851*when*O
851*both*O
851*are*O
851*required*O
851*.*O
852*each*O
852*non-ejectable*B-SYS
852*record*I-SYS
852*container*I-SYS
852*must*O
852*be*O
852*located*O
852*and*O
852*mounted*O
852*so*O
852*as*O
852*to*O
852*minimize*O
852*the*O
852*probability*O
852*of*O
852*container*O
852*rupture*O
852*resulting*O
852*from*O
852*crash*O
852*impact*O
852*and*O
852*subsequent*O
852*damage*O
852*to*O
852*the*O
852*record*O
852*from*O
852*fire*O
852*.*O
853*the*O
853*record*B-SYS
853*container*I-SYS
853*must*O
853*be*O
853*located*O
853*as*O
853*far*O
853*aft*O
853*as*O
853*practicable*O
853*,*O
853*but*O
853*need*O
853*not*O
853*be*O
853*aft*O
853*of*O
853*the*O
853*pressurized*O
853*compartment*O
853*,*O
853*and*O
853*may*O
853*not*O
853*be*O
853*where*O
853*aft-mounted*O
853*engines*B-SYS
853*may*O
853*crush*O
853*the*O
853*container*O
853*upon*O
853*impact*O
853*.*O
854*each*O
854*recorder*B-SYS
854*container*I-SYS
854*must*O
854*be*O
854*either*O
854*bright*O
854*orange*O
854*or*O
854*bright*O
854*yellow*O
854*.*O
855*each*O
855*recorder*B-SYS
855*container*I-SYS
855*must*O
855*have*O
855*reflective*O
855*tape*O
855*affixed*O
855*to*O
855*its*O
855*external*O
855*surface*O
855*to*O
855*facilitate*O
855*its*O
855*location*O
855*under*O
855*water*O
855*.*O
856*each*O
856*recorder*B-SYS
856*container*I-SYS
856*must*O
856*have*O
856*an*O
856*underwater*B-SYS
856*locating*I-SYS
856*device*I-SYS
856*,*O
856*when*O
856*required*O
856*by*O
856*the*O
856*operating*O
856*rules*O
856*of*O
856*this*O
856*chapter*B-RES
856*,*O
856*on*O
856*or*O
856*adjacent*O
856*to*O
856*the*O
856*container*O
856*,*O
856*which*O
856*is*O
856*secured*O
856*in*O
856*such*O
856*a*O
856*manner*O
856*that*O
856*they*O
856*are*O
856*not*O
856*likely*O
856*to*O
856*be*O
856*separated*O
856*during*O
856*crash*O
856*impact*O
856*.*O
857*the*O
857*airplane*B-SYS
857*must*O
857*be*O
857*controllable*O
857*and*O
857*maneuverable*O
857*,*O
857*without*O
857*requiring*O
857*exceptional*O
857*piloting*O
857*skill*O
857*,*O
857*alertness*O
857*,*O
857*or*O
857*strength*O
857*,*O
857*within*O
857*the*O
857*operating*O
857*envelope*O
857*at*O
857*all*O
857*loading*O
857*conditions*O
857*for*O
857*which*O
857*certification*O
857*is*O
857*requested*O
857*.*O
858*the*O
858*airplane*B-SYS
858*must*O
858*be*O
858*controllable*O
858*and*O
858*maneuverable*O
858*,*O
858*without*O
858*requiring*O
858*exceptional*O
858*piloting*O
858*skill*O
858*,*O
858*alertness*O
858*,*O
858*or*O
858*strength*O
858*,*O
858*within*O
858*the*O
858*operating*O
858*envelope*O
858*during*O
858*all*O
858*phases*O
858*of*O
858*flight*O
858*.*O
859*the*O
859*airplane*B-SYS
859*must*O
859*be*O
859*controllable*O
859*and*O
859*maneuverable*O
859*,*O
859*without*O
859*requiring*O
859*exceptional*O
859*piloting*O
859*skill*O
859*,*O
859*alertness*O
859*,*O
859*or*O
859*strength*O
859*,*O
859*within*O
859*the*O
859*operating*O
859*envelope*O
859*with*O
859*likely*O
859*reversible*O
859*flight*B-SYS
859*control*I-SYS
859*or*O
859*propulsion*B-SYS
859*system*I-SYS
859*failure*O
859*.*O
860*the*O
860*airplane*B-SYS
860*must*O
860*be*O
860*controllable*O
860*and*O
860*maneuverable*O
860*,*O
860*without*O
860*requiring*O
860*exceptional*O
860*piloting*O
860*skill*O
860*,*O
860*alertness*O
860*,*O
860*or*O
860*strength*O
860*,*O
860*within*O
860*the*O
860*operating*O
860*envelope*O
860*during*O
860*configuration*O
860*changes*O
860*.*O
861*the*O
861*airplane*B-SYS
861*must*O
861*be*O
861*able*O
861*to*O
861*complete*O
861*a*O
861*landing*O
861*without*O
861*causing*O
861*substantial*O
861*damage*O
861*or*O
861*serious*O
861*injury*O
861*using*O
861*the*O
861*steepest*O
861*approved*O
861*approach*O
861*gradient*O
861*procedures*O
861*and*O
861*providing*O
861*a*O
861*reasonable*O
861*margin*O
861*below*O
861*v_ref*B-VAL
861*or*O
861*above*O
861*approach*O
861*angle*O
861*of*O
861*attack*O
861*.*O
862*for*O
862*levels*B-VAL
862*1,2*I-VAL
862*,*I-VAL
862*and*I-VAL
862*3*I-VAL
862*,*O
862*the*O
862*airplane*B-SYS
862*must*O
862*maintain*O
862*lateral*O
862*and*O
862*directional*O
862*trim*O
862*in*O
862*cruise*O
862*without*O
862*further*O
862*force*O
862*upon*O
862*,*O
862*or*O
862*movement*O
862*of*O
862*,*O
862*the*O
862*primary*O
862*flight*B-SYS
862*controls*I-SYS
862*or*O
862*corresponding*O
862*trim*B-SYS
862*controls*I-SYS
862*by*O
862*the*O
862*pilot*O
862*,*O
862*or*O
862*the*O
862*flight*B-SYS
862*control*I-SYS
862*system*I-SYS
862*.*O
863*for*O
863*level*B-VAL
863*4*I-VAL
863*,*O
863*the*O
863*airplane*B-SYS
863*must*O
863*maintain*O
863*lateral*O
863*and*O
863*directional*O
863*trim*O
863*during*O
863*normal*O
863*operations*O
863*without*O
863*further*O
863*force*O
863*upon*O
863*,*O
863*or*O
863*movement*O
863*of*O
863*,*O
863*the*O
863*primary*O
863*flight*B-SYS
863*controls*I-SYS
863*or*O
863*corresponding*O
863*trim*B-SYS
863*controls*I-SYS
863*by*O
863*the*O
863*pilot*O
863*,*O
863*or*O
863*the*O
863*flight*B-SYS
863*control*I-SYS
863*system*I-SYS
863*.*O
864*the*O
864*airplane*B-SYS
864*must*O
864*maintain*O
864*longitudinal*O
864*trim*O
864*without*O
864*further*O
864*force*O
864*upon*O
864*,*O
864*or*O
864*movement*O
864*of*O
864*,*O
864*the*O
864*primary*O
864*flight*B-SYS
864*controls*I-SYS
864*or*O
864*corresponding*O
864*trim*B-SYS
864*controls*I-SYS
864*by*O
864*the*O
864*pilot*O
864*,*O
864*or*O
864*the*O
864*flight*B-SYS
864*control*I-SYS
864*system*I-SYS
864*during*O
864*climb*O
864*.*O
865*the*O
865*airplane*B-SYS
865*must*O
865*maintain*O
865*longitudinal*O
865*trim*O
865*without*O
865*further*O
865*force*O
865*upon*O
865*,*O
865*or*O
865*movement*O
865*of*O
865*,*O
865*the*O
865*primary*O
865*flight*B-SYS
865*controls*I-SYS
865*or*O
865*corresponding*O
865*trim*B-SYS
865*controls*I-SYS
865*by*O
865*the*O
865*pilot*O
865*,*O
865*or*O
865*the*O
865*flight*B-SYS
865*control*I-SYS
865*system*I-SYS
865*during*O
865*level*O
865*flight*O
865*.*O
866*the*O
866*airplane*B-SYS
866*must*O
866*maintain*O
866*longitudinal*O
866*trim*O
866*without*O
866*further*O
866*force*O
866*upon*O
866*,*O
866*or*O
866*movement*O
866*of*O
866*,*O
866*the*O
866*primary*O
866*flight*B-SYS
866*controls*I-SYS
866*or*O
866*corresponding*O
866*trim*B-SYS
866*controls*I-SYS
866*by*O
866*the*O
866*pilot*O
866*,*O
866*or*O
866*the*O
866*flight*B-SYS
866*control*I-SYS
866*system*I-SYS
866*during*O
866*descent*O
866*.*O
867*the*O
867*airplane*B-SYS
867*must*O
867*maintain*O
867*longitudinal*O
867*trim*O
867*without*O
867*further*O
867*force*O
867*upon*O
867*,*O
867*or*O
867*movement*O
867*of*O
867*,*O
867*the*O
867*primary*O
867*flight*B-SYS
867*controls*I-SYS
867*or*O
867*corresponding*O
867*trim*B-SYS
867*controls*I-SYS
867*by*O
867*the*O
867*pilot*O
867*,*O
867*or*O
867*the*O
867*flight*B-SYS
867*control*I-SYS
867*system*I-SYS
867*during*O
867*approach*O
867*.*O
868*Airplanes*B-SYS
868*not*O
868*certified*O
868*for*O
868*aerobatics*O
868*must*O
868*have*O
868*static*O
868*longitudinal*O
868*,*O
868*lateral*O
868*,*O
868*and*O
868*directional*O
868*stability*O
868*in*O
868*normal*O
868*operations*O
868*.*O
869*Airplanes*B-SYS
869*not*O
869*certified*O
869*for*O
869*aerobatics*O
869*must*O
869*have*O
869*dynamic*O
869*short*O
869*period*O
869*and*O
869*dutch*O
869*roll*O
869*stability*O
869*in*O
869*normal*O
869*operations*O
869*.*O
870*Airplanes*B-SYS
870*not*O
870*certified*O
870*for*O
870*aerobatics*O
870*must*O
870*provide*O
870*stable*O
870*control*O
870*force*O
870*feedback*O
870*throughout*O
870*the*O
870*operating*O
870*envelope*O
870*.*O
871*no*O
871*airplane*B-SYS
871*may*O
871*exhibit*O
871*any*O
871*divergent*O
871*longitudinal*O
871*stability*O
871*characteristic*O
871*so*O
871*unstable*O
871*as*O
871*to*O
871*increase*O
871*the*O
871*pilot*O
871*'s*O
871*workload*O
871*or*O
871*otherwise*O
871*endanger*O
871*the*O
871*airplane*B-SYS
871*and*O
871*its*O
871*occupants*O
871*.*O
872*the*O
872*airplane*B-SYS
872*must*O
872*have*O
872*controllable*O
872*stall*O
872*characteristics*O
872*in*O
872*straight*O
872*flight*O
872*,*O
872*turning*O
872*flight*O
872*,*O
872*and*O
872*accelerated*O
872*turning*O
872*flight*O
872*with*O
872*a*O
872*clear*O
872*and*O
872*distinctive*O
872*stall*O
872*warning*O
872*that*O
872*provides*O
872*sufficient*O
872*margin*O
872*to*O
872*prevent*O
872*inadvertent*O
872*stalling*O
872*.*O
873*Single-engine*B-SYS
873*airplanes*I-SYS
873*,*O
873*not*O
873*certified*O
873*for*O
873*aerobatics*O
873*,*O
873*must*O
873*not*O
873*have*O
873*a*O
873*tendency*O
873*to*O
873*inadvertently*O
873*depart*O
873*controlled*O
873*flight*O
873*.*O
874*levels*B-VAL
874*1*I-VAL
874*and*I-VAL
874*2*I-VAL
874*multiengine*B-SYS
874*airplanes*I-SYS
874*,*O
874*not*O
874*certified*O
874*for*O
874*aerobatics*O
874*,*O
874*must*O
874*not*O
874*have*O
874*a*O
874*tendency*O
874*to*O
874*inadvertently*O
874*depart*O
874*controlled*O
874*flight*O
874*from*O
874*thrust*O
874*asymmetry*O
874*after*O
874*a*O
874*critical*O
874*loss*O
874*of*O
874*thrust*O
874*.*O
875*Airplanes*B-SYS
875*certified*O
875*for*O
875*aerobatics*O
875*that*O
875*include*O
875*spins*O
875*must*O
875*have*O
875*controllable*O
875*stall*O
875*characteristics*O
875*and*O
875*the*O
875*ability*O
875*to*O
875*recover*O
875*within*O
875*one*B-VAL
875*and*I-VAL
875*one-half*I-VAL
875*additional*O
875*turns*O
875*after*O
875*initiation*O
875*of*O
875*the*O
875*first*B-VAL
875*control*O
875*action*O
875*from*O
875*any*O
875*point*O
875*in*O
875*a*O
875*spin*O
875*,*O
875*not*O
875*exceeding*O
875*six*B-VAL
875*turns*O
875*or*O
875*any*O
875*greater*O
875*number*O
875*of*O
875*turns*O
875*for*O
875*which*O
875*certification*O
875*is*O
875*requested*O
875*,*O
875*while*O
875*remaining*O
875*within*O
875*the*O
875*operating*O
875*limitations*O
875*of*O
875*the*O
875*airplane*B-SYS
875*.*O
876*spin*O
876*characteristics*O
876*in*O
876*airplanes*B-SYS
876*certified*O
876*for*O
876*aerobatics*O
876*that*O
876*includes*O
876*spins*O
876*must*O
876*recover*O
876*without*O
876*exceeding*O
876*limitations*O
876*and*O
876*may*O
876*not*O
876*result*O
876*in*O
876*unrecoverable*O
876*spins*O
876*with*O
876*any*O
876*typical*O
876*use*O
876*of*O
876*the*O
876*flight*B-SYS
876*or*I-SYS
876*engine*I-SYS
876*power*I-SYS
876*controls*I-SYS
876*.*O
877*spin*O
877*characteristics*O
877*in*O
877*airplanes*B-SYS
877*certified*O
877*for*O
877*aerobatics*O
877*that*O
877*includes*O
877*spins*O
877*must*O
877*recover*O
877*without*O
877*exceeding*O
877*limitations*O
877*and*O
877*may*O
877*not*O
877*result*O
877*in*O
877*unrecoverable*O
877*spins*O
877*due*O
877*to*O
877*pilot*O
877*disorientation*O
877*or*O
877*incapacitation*O
877*.*O
878*for*O
878*airplanes*B-SYS
878*intended*O
878*for*O
878*operation*O
878*on*O
878*land*O
878*or*O
878*water*O
878*,*O
878*the*O
878*airplane*B-SYS
878*must*O
878*have*O
878*controllable*O
878*longitudinal*O
878*and*O
878*directional*O
878*handling*O
878*characteristics*O
878*during*O
878*taxi*O
878*,*O
878*takeoff*O
878*,*O
878*and*O
878*landing*O
878*operations*O
878*.*O
879*vibration*O
879*and*O
879*buffeting*O
879*,*O
879*for*O
879*operations*O
879*up*O
879*to*O
879*v_d/m_d*B-VAL
879*,*O
879*must*O
879*not*O
879*interfere*O
879*with*O
879*the*O
879*control*O
879*of*O
879*the*O
879*airplane*B-SYS
879*or*O
879*cause*O
879*excessive*O
879*fatigue*O
879*to*O
879*the*O
879*flightcrew*O
879*.*O
880*for*O
880*high-speed*B-SYS
880*airplanes*I-SYS
880*and*O
880*all*O
880*airplanes*B-SYS
880*with*O
880*a*O
880*maximum*O
880*operating*O
880*altitude*O
880*greater*B-VAL
880*than*I-VAL
880*25,000*I-VAL
880*feet*I-VAL
880*(*O
880*7,620*B-VAL
880*meters*I-VAL
880*)*O
880*pressure*O
880*altitude*O
880*,*O
880*there*O
880*must*O
880*be*O
880*no*O
880*perceptible*O
880*buffeting*O
880*in*O
880*cruise*O
880*configuration*O
880*at*O
880*1g*B-VAL
880*and*O
880*at*O
880*any*O
880*speed*O
880*up*O
880*to*O
880*v_mo/m_mo*B-VAL
880*,*O
880*except*O
880*stall*O
880*buffeting*O
880*.*O
881*high-speed*O
881*airplanes*B-SYS
881*must*O
881*have*O
881*recovery*O
881*characteristics*O
881*that*O
881*do*O
881*not*O
881*result*O
881*in*O
881*structural*O
881*damage*O
881*or*O
881*loss*O
881*of*O
881*control*O
881*,*O
881*beginning*O
881*at*O
881*any*O
881*likely*O
881*speed*O
881*up*O
881*to*O
881*v_mo/m_mo*B-VAL
881*,*O
881*following*O
881*an*O
881*inadvertent*O
881*speed*O
881*increase*O
881*.*O
882*high-speed*O
882*airplanes*B-SYS
882*must*O
882*have*O
882*recovery*O
882*characteristics*O
882*that*O
882*do*O
882*not*O
882*result*O
882*in*O
882*structural*O
882*damage*O
882*or*O
882*loss*O
882*of*O
882*control*O
882*,*O
882*beginning*O
882*at*O
882*any*O
882*likely*O
882*speed*O
882*up*O
882*to*O
882*v_mo/m_mo*B-VAL
882*,*O
882*following*O
882*a*O
882*high-speed*O
882*trim*O
882*upset*O
882*for*O
882*airplanes*B-SYS
882*where*O
882*dynamic*O
882*pressure*O
882*can*O
882*impair*O
882*the*O
882*longitudinal*B-SYS
882*trim*I-SYS
882*system*I-SYS
882*operation*O
882*.*O
883*the*O
883*structural*O
883*design*O
883*airspeeds*O
883*must*O
883*be*O
883*sufficiently*O
883*greater*O
883*than*O
883*the*O
883*stalling*O
883*speed*O
883*of*O
883*the*O
883*airplane*B-SYS
883*to*O
883*safeguard*O
883*against*O
883*loss*O
883*of*O
883*control*O
883*in*O
883*turbulent*O
883*air*O
883*.*O
884*the*O
884*structural*O
884*design*O
884*airspeeds*O
884*must*O
884*provide*O
884*sufficient*O
884*margin*O
884*for*O
884*the*O
884*establishment*O
884*of*O
884*practical*O
884*operational*O
884*limiting*O
884*airspeeds*O
884*.*O
885*the*O
885*structure*B-SYS
885*must*O
885*support*O
885*limit*O
885*loads*O
885*without*O
885*interference*O
885*with*O
885*the*O
885*safe*O
885*operation*O
885*of*O
885*the*O
885*airplane*B-SYS
885*.*O
886*the*O
886*structure*B-SYS
886*must*O
886*support*O
886*limit*O
886*loads*O
886*without*O
886*detrimental*O
886*permanent*O
886*deformation*O
886*.*O
887*the*O
887*structure*B-SYS
887*must*O
887*support*O
887*ultimate*O
887*loads*O
887*.*O
888*the*O
888*procedures*O
888*developed*O
888*for*O
888*compliance*O
888*with*O
888*paragraph*B-RES
888*(*I-RES
888*a*I-RES
888*)*I-RES
888*of*O
888*this*O
888*section*O
888*must*O
888*be*O
888*capable*O
888*of*O
888*detecting*O
888*structural*O
888*damage*O
888*before*O
888*the*O
888*damage*O
888*could*O
888*result*O
888*in*O
888*structural*O
888*failure*O
888*for*O
888*level*B-VAL
888*4*I-VAL
888*airplanes*B-SYS
888*.*O
889*Pressurized*B-SYS
889*airplanes*I-SYS
889*must*O
889*be*O
889*capable*O
889*of*O
889*continued*O
889*safe*O
889*flight*O
889*and*O
889*landing*O
889*following*O
889*a*O
889*sudden*O
889*release*O
889*of*O
889*cabin*B-SYS
889*pressure*O
889*,*O
889*including*O
889*sudden*O
889*releases*O
889*caused*O
889*by*O
889*door*B-SYS
889*and*O
889*window*O
889*failures*O
889*.*O
890*for*O
890*pressurized*O
890*airplanes*B-SYS
890*with*O
890*maximum*O
890*operating*O
890*altitude*O
890*greater*B-VAL
890*than*I-VAL
890*41,000*I-VAL
890*feet*I-VAL
890*,*O
890*the*O
890*procedures*O
890*developed*O
890*for*O
890*compliance*O
890*with*O
890*paragraph*B-RES
890*(*I-RES
890*a*I-RES
890*)*I-RES
890*of*O
890*this*O
890*section*O
890*must*O
890*be*O
890*capable*O
890*of*O
890*detecting*O
890*damage*O
890*to*O
890*the*O
890*pressurized*B-SYS
890*cabin*I-SYS
890*structure*B-SYS
890*before*O
890*the*O
890*damage*O
890*could*O
890*result*O
890*in*O
890*rapid*O
890*decompression*O
890*that*O
890*would*O
890*result*O
890*in*O
890*serious*O
890*or*O
890*fatal*O
890*injuries*O
890*.*O
891*the*O
891*airplane*B-SYS
891*must*O
891*be*O
891*designed*O
891*to*O
891*minimize*O
891*hazards*O
891*to*O
891*the*O
891*airplane*B-SYS
891*due*O
891*to*O
891*structural*O
891*damage*O
891*caused*O
891*by*O
891*high-energy*O
891*fragments*O
891*from*O
891*an*O
891*uncontained*B-SYS
891*engine*I-SYS
891*or*O
891*rotating*B-SYS
891*machinery*I-SYS
891*failure*O
891*.*O
892*the*O
892*airplane*B-SYS
892*must*O
892*be*O
892*free*O
892*from*O
892*flutter*O
892*,*O
892*control*O
892*reversal*O
892*,*O
892*and*O
892*divergence*O
892*at*O
892*all*O
892*speeds*O
892*within*O
892*and*O
892*sufficiently*O
892*beyond*O
892*the*O
892*structural*O
892*design*O
892*envelope*O
892*.*O
893*the*O
893*airplane*B-SYS
893*must*O
893*be*O
893*free*O
893*from*O
893*flutter*O
893*,*O
893*control*O
893*reversal*O
893*,*O
893*and*O
893*divergence*O
893*for*O
893*any*O
893*configuration*O
893*and*O
893*condition*O
893*of*O
893*operation*O
893*.*O
894*the*O
894*airplane*B-SYS
894*must*O
894*be*O
894*free*O
894*from*O
894*flutter*O
894*,*O
894*control*O
894*reversal*O
894*,*O
894*and*O
894*divergence*O
894*accounting*O
894*for*O
894*critical*O
894*degrees*O
894*of*O
894*freedom*O
894*.*O
895*the*O
895*airplane*B-SYS
895*must*O
895*be*O
895*free*O
895*from*O
895*flutter*O
895*,*O
895*control*O
895*reversal*O
895*,*O
895*and*O
895*divergence*O
895*accounting*O
895*for*O
895*any*O
895*critical*O
895*failures*O
895*or*O
895*malfunctions*O
895*.*O
896*the*O
896*control*B-SYS
896*system*I-SYS
896*must*O
896*be*O
896*free*O
896*from*O
896*jamming*O
896*,*O
896*excessive*O
896*friction*O
896*,*O
896*and*O
896*excessive*O
896*deflection*O
896*when*O
896*the*O
896*airplane*B-SYS
896*is*O
896*subjected*O
896*to*O
896*expected*O
896*limit*O
896*airloads*O
896*.*O
897*Doors*B-SYS
897*,*O
897*canopies*B-SYS
897*,*O
897*and*O
897*exits*B-SYS
897*must*O
897*be*O
897*protected*O
897*against*O
897*inadvertent*O
897*opening*O
897*in*O
897*flight*O
897*,*O
897*unless*O
897*shown*O
897*to*O
897*create*O
897*no*O
897*hazard*O
897*when*O
897*opened*O
897*in*O
897*flight*O
897*.*O
898*each*O
898*part*O
898*of*O
898*the*O
898*airplane*B-SYS
898*,*O
898*including*O
898*small*O
898*parts*O
898*such*O
898*as*O
898*fasteners*B-SYS
898*,*O
898*must*O
898*be*O
898*protected*O
898*against*O
898*deterioration*O
898*or*O
898*loss*O
898*of*O
898*strength*O
898*due*O
898*to*O
898*any*O
898*cause*O
898*likely*O
898*to*O
898*occur*O
898*in*O
898*the*O
898*expected*O
898*operational*O
898*environment*O
898*.*O
899*each*O
899*part*O
899*of*O
899*the*O
899*airplane*B-SYS
899*must*O
899*have*O
899*adequate*O
899*provisions*O
899*for*O
899*ventilation*O
899*and*O
899*drainage*O
899*.*O
900*for*O
900*each*O
900*part*O
900*that*O
900*requires*O
900*maintenance*O
900*,*O
900*preventive*O
900*maintenance*O
900*,*O
900*or*O
900*servicing*O
900*,*O
900*a*O
900*means*O
900*into*O
900*the*O
900*aircraft*B-SYS
900*design*O
900*must*O
900*be*O
900*incorporated*O
900*to*O
900*allow*O
900*such*O
900*actions*O
900*to*O
900*be*O
900*accomplished*O
900*.*O
901*the*O
901*airplane*B-SYS
901*,*O
901*even*O
901*when*O
901*damaged*O
901*in*O
901*an*O
901*emergency*O
901*landing*O
901*,*O
901*must*O
901*protect*O
901*each*O
901*occupant*O
901*against*O
901*injury*O
901*that*O
901*would*O
901*preclude*O
901*egress*O
901*when*O
901*properly*O
901*using*O
901*safety*B-SYS
901*equipment*I-SYS
901*and*O
901*features*O
901*provided*O
901*for*O
901*in*O
901*the*O
901*design*O
901*.*O
902*the*O
902*airplane*B-SYS
902*,*O
902*even*O
902*when*O
902*damaged*O
902*in*O
902*an*O
902*emergency*O
902*landing*O
902*,*O
902*must*O
902*protect*O
902*each*O
902*occupant*O
902*against*O
902*injury*O
902*that*O
902*would*O
902*preclude*O
902*egress*O
902*when*O
902*the*O
902*occupant*O
902*experiences*O
902*ultimate*O
902*static*O
902*inertia*O
902*loads*O
902*likely*O
902*to*O
902*occur*O
902*in*O
902*an*O
902*emergency*O
902*landing*O
902*.*O
903*the*O
903*airplane*B-SYS
903*,*O
903*even*O
903*when*O
903*damaged*O
903*in*O
903*an*O
903*emergency*O
903*landing*O
903*,*O
903*must*O
903*protect*O
903*each*O
903*occupant*O
903*against*O
903*injury*O
903*that*O
903*would*O
903*preclude*O
903*egress*O
903*when*O
903*items*O
903*of*O
903*mass*O
903*,*O
903*including*O
903*engines*B-SYS
903*or*O
903*auxiliary*B-SYS
903*power*I-SYS
903*units*I-SYS
903*(*O
903*APUs*B-SYS
903*)*O
903*,*O
903*within*O
903*or*O
903*aft*O
903*of*O
903*the*O
903*cabin*B-SYS
903*,*O
903*that*O
903*could*O
903*injure*O
903*an*O
903*occupant*O
903*,*O
903*experience*O
903*ultimate*O
903*static*O
903*inertia*O
903*loads*O
903*likely*O
903*to*O
903*occur*O
903*in*O
903*an*O
903*emergency*O
903*landing*O
903*.*O
904*the*O
904*emergency*O
904*landing*O
904*conditions*O
904*specified*O
904*in*O
904*paragraph*B-RES
904*(*I-RES
904*a*I-RES
904*)*I-RES
904*(*I-RES
904*1*I-RES
904*)*I-RES
904*and*O
904*(*B-RES
904*a*I-RES
904*)*I-RES
904*(*I-RES
904*2*I-RES
904*)*I-RES
904*of*O
904*this*O
904*section*O
904*,*O
904*must*O
904*include*O
904*dynamic*O
904*conditions*O
904*that*O
904*are*O
904*likely*O
904*to*O
904*occur*O
904*in*O
904*an*O
904*emergency*O
904*landing*O
904*.*O
905*the*O
905*emergency*O
905*landing*O
905*conditions*O
905*specified*O
905*in*O
905*paragraph*B-RES
905*(*I-RES
905*a*I-RES
905*)*I-RES
905*(*I-RES
905*1*I-RES
905*)*I-RES
905*and*O
905*(*B-RES
905*a*I-RES
905*)*I-RES
905*(*I-RES
905*2*I-RES
905*)*I-RES
905*of*O
905*this*O
905*section*O
905*,*O
905*must*O
905*not*O
905*generate*O
905*loads*O
905*experienced*O
905*by*O
905*the*O
905*occupants*O
905*,*O
905*which*O
905*exceed*O
905*established*O
905*human*O
905*injury*O
905*criteria*O
905*for*O
905*human*O
905*tolerance*O
905*due*O
905*to*O
905*restraint*O
905*or*O
905*contact*O
905*with*O
905*objects*O
905*in*O
905*the*O
905*airplane*B-SYS
905*.*O
906*the*O
906*airplane*B-SYS
906*must*O
906*provide*O
906*protection*O
906*for*O
906*all*O
906*occupants*O
906*,*O
906*accounting*O
906*for*O
906*likely*O
906*flight*O
906*,*O
906*ground*O
906*,*O
906*and*O
906*emergency*O
906*landing*O
906*conditions*O
906*.*O
907*each*O
907*occupant*B-SYS
907*protection*I-SYS
907*system*I-SYS
907*must*O
907*perform*O
907*its*O
907*intended*O
907*function*O
907*and*O
907*not*O
907*create*O
907*a*O
907*hazard*O
907*that*O
907*could*O
907*cause*O
907*a*O
907*secondary*O
907*injury*O
907*to*O
907*an*O
907*occupant*O
907*.*O
908*the*O
908*occupant*B-SYS
908*protection*I-SYS
908*system*I-SYS
908*must*O
908*not*O
908*prevent*O
908*occupant*O
908*egress*O
908*or*O
908*interfere*O
908*with*O
908*the*O
908*operation*O
908*of*O
908*the*O
908*airplane*B-SYS
908*when*O
908*not*O
908*in*O
908*use*O
908*.*O
909*each*O
909*baggage*B-SYS
909*and*I-SYS
909*cargo*I-SYS
909*compartment*I-SYS
909*must*O
909*be*O
909*designed*O
909*for*O
909*its*O
909*maximum*O
909*weight*O
909*of*O
909*contents*O
909*and*O
909*for*O
909*the*O
909*critical*O
909*load*O
909*distributions*O
909*at*O
909*the*O
909*maximum*O
909*load*O
909*factors*O
909*corresponding*O
909*to*O
909*the*O
909*flight*O
909*and*O
909*ground*O
909*load*O
909*conditions*O
909*determined*O
909*under*O
909*this*O
909*part*O
909*.*O
910*each*O
910*baggage*B-SYS
910*and*I-SYS
910*cargo*I-SYS
910*compartment*I-SYS
910*must*O
910*have*O
910*a*O
910*means*O
910*to*O
910*prevent*O
910*the*O
910*contents*O
910*of*O
910*the*O
910*compartment*O
910*from*O
910*becoming*O
910*a*O
910*hazard*O
910*by*O
910*impacting*O
910*occupants*O
910*or*O
910*shifting*O
910*.*O
911*each*O
911*baggage*B-SYS
911*and*I-SYS
911*cargo*I-SYS
911*compartment*I-SYS
911*must*O
911*protect*O
911*any*O
911*controls*B-SYS
911*,*O
911*wiring*B-SYS
911*,*O
911*lines*B-SYS
911*,*O
911*equipment*B-SYS
911*,*O
911*or*O
911*accessories*B-SYS
911*whose*O
911*damage*O
911*or*O
911*failure*O
911*would*O
911*affect*O
911*safe*O
911*operations*O
911*.*O
912*the*O
912*airplane*B-SYS
912*flight*B-SYS
912*control*I-SYS
912*systems*I-SYS
912*must*O
912*be*O
912*designed*O
912*to*O
912*operate*O
912*easily*O
912*,*O
912*smoothly*O
912*,*O
912*and*O
912*positively*O
912*enough*O
912*to*O
912*allow*O
912*proper*O
912*performance*O
912*of*O
912*their*O
912*functions*O
912*.*O
913*the*O
913*airplane*B-SYS
913*flight*I-SYS
913*control*I-SYS
913*systems*I-SYS
913*must*O
913*be*O
913*designed*O
913*to*O
913*protect*O
913*against*O
913*likely*O
913*hazards*O
913*.*O
914*Trim*B-SYS
914*systems*I-SYS
914*must*O
914*protect*O
914*against*O
914*inadvertent*O
914*,*O
914*incorrect*O
914*,*O
914*or*O
914*abrupt*O
914*trim*O
914*operation*O
914*.*O
915*Trim*B-SYS
915*systems*I-SYS
915*must*O
915*provide*O
915*a*O
915*means*O
915*to*O
915*indicate*O
915*the*O
915*direction*O
915*of*O
915*trim*B-SYS
915*control*I-SYS
915*movement*O
915*relative*O
915*to*O
915*airplane*B-SYS
915*motion*O
915*.*O
916*Trim*B-SYS
916*systems*I-SYS
916*must*O
916*provide*O
916*a*O
916*means*O
916*to*O
916*indicate*O
916*the*O
916*trim*O
916*position*O
916*with*O
916*respect*O
916*to*O
916*the*O
916*trim*O
916*range*O
916*.*O
917*Trim*B-SYS
917*systems*I-SYS
917*must*O
917*provide*O
917*a*O
917*means*O
917*to*O
917*indicate*O
917*the*O
917*neutral*O
917*position*O
917*for*O
917*lateral*O
917*and*O
917*directional*O
917*trim*O
917*.*O
918*Trim*B-SYS
918*systems*I-SYS
918*must*O
918*provide*O
918*a*O
918*means*O
918*to*O
918*indicate*O
918*the*O
918*range*O
918*for*O
918*takeoff*O
918*for*O
918*all*O
918*applicant*O
918*requested*O
918*center*O
918*of*O
918*gravity*O
918*ranges*O
918*and*O
918*configurations*O
918*.*O
919*the*O
919*landing*B-SYS
919*gear*I-SYS
919*must*O
919*provide*O
919*stable*O
919*support*O
919*and*O
919*control*O
919*to*O
919*the*O
919*airplane*B-SYS
919*during*O
919*surface*O
919*operation*O
919*.*O
920*the*O
920*landing*B-SYS
920*gear*I-SYS
920*must*O
920*account*O
920*for*O
920*likely*O
920*system*O
920*failures*O
920*and*O
920*likely*O
920*operation*O
920*environments*O
920*(*O
920*including*O
920*anticipated*O
920*limitation*O
920*exceedances*O
920*and*O
920*emergency*O
920*procedures*O
920*)*O
920*.*O
921*all*O
921*airplanes*B-SYS
921*must*O
921*have*O
921*a*O
921*reliable*O
921*means*O
921*of*O
921*stopping*O
921*the*O
921*airplane*B-SYS
921*with*O
921*sufficient*O
921*kinetic*O
921*energy*O
921*absorption*O
921*to*O
921*account*O
921*for*O
921*landing*O
921*.*O
922*Airplanes*B-SYS
922*that*O
922*are*O
922*required*O
922*to*O
922*demonstrate*O
922*aborted*O
922*takeoff*O
922*capability*O
922*must*O
922*account*O
922*for*O
922*this*O
922*additional*O
922*kinetic*O
922*energy*O
922*.*O
923*for*O
923*airplanes*B-SYS
923*that*O
923*have*O
923*a*O
923*system*O
923*that*O
923*actuates*O
923*the*O
923*landing*B-SYS
923*gear*I-SYS
923*there*O
923*must*O
923*be*O
923*a*O
923*positive*O
923*means*O
923*to*O
923*keep*O
923*the*O
923*landing*B-SYS
923*gear*I-SYS
923*in*O
923*the*O
923*landing*O
923*position*O
923*.*O
924*for*O
924*airplanes*B-SYS
924*that*O
924*have*O
924*a*O
924*system*O
924*that*O
924*actuates*O
924*the*O
924*landing*B-SYS
924*gear*I-SYS
924*there*O
924*must*O
924*be*O
924*an*O
924*alternative*O
924*means*O
924*available*O
924*to*O
924*bring*O
924*the*O
924*landing*B-SYS
924*gear*I-SYS
924*in*O
924*the*O
924*landing*O
924*position*O
924*when*O
924*a*O
924*non-deployed*O
924*system*O
924*position*O
924*would*O
924*be*O
924*a*O
924*hazard*O
924*.*O
925*Airplanes*B-SYS
925*intended*O
925*for*O
925*operations*O
925*on*O
925*water*O
925*,*O
925*must*O
925*provide*O
925*buoyancy*O
925*of*O
925*80*B-VAL
925*percent*I-VAL
925*in*I-VAL
925*excess*I-VAL
925*of*O
925*the*O
925*buoyancy*O
925*required*O
925*to*O
925*support*O
925*the*O
925*maximum*O
925*weight*O
925*of*O
925*the*O
925*airplane*B-SYS
925*in*O
925*fresh*O
925*water*O
925*.*O
926*Airplanes*B-SYS
926*intended*O
926*for*O
926*operations*O
926*on*O
926*water*O
926*,*O
926*must*O
926*have*O
926*sufficient*O
926*margin*O
926*so*O
926*the*O
926*airplane*B-SYS
926*will*O
926*stay*O
926*afloat*O
926*at*O
926*rest*O
926*in*O
926*calm*O
926*water*O
926*without*O
926*capsizing*O
926*in*O
926*case*O
926*of*O
926*a*O
926*likely*O
926*float*O
926*or*O
926*hull*O
926*flooding*O
926*.*O
927*with*O
927*the*O
927*cabin*B-SYS
927*configured*O
927*for*O
927*takeoff*O
927*or*O
927*landing*O
927*,*O
927*the*O
927*airplane*B-SYS
927*must*O
927*be*O
927*designed*O
927*to*O
927*facilitate*O
927*rapid*O
927*and*O
927*safe*O
927*evacuation*O
927*of*O
927*the*O
927*airplane*B-SYS
927*in*O
927*conditions*O
927*likely*O
927*to*O
927*occur*O
927*following*O
927*an*O
927*emergency*O
927*landing*O
927*,*O
927*excluding*O
927*ditching*O
927*for*O
927*level*B-VAL
927*1*I-VAL
927*,*O
927*level*B-VAL
927*2*I-VAL
927*and*O
927*single*B-VAL
927*engine*B-SYS
927*level*B-VAL
927*3*I-VAL
927*airplanes*B-SYS
927*.*O
928*with*O
928*the*O
928*cabin*B-SYS
928*configured*O
928*for*O
928*takeoff*O
928*or*O
928*landing*O
928*,*O
928*the*O
928*airplane*B-SYS
928*must*O
928*have*O
928*means*O
928*of*O
928*egress*O
928*(*O
928*openings*O
928*,*O
928*exits*B-SYS
928*or*O
928*emergency*B-SYS
928*exits*I-SYS
928*)*O
928*,*O
928*that*O
928*can*O
928*be*O
928*readily*O
928*located*O
928*and*O
928*opened*O
928*from*O
928*the*O
928*inside*O
928*and*O
928*outside*O
928*.*O
929*with*O
929*the*O
929*cabin*B-SYS
929*configured*O
929*for*O
929*takeoff*O
929*or*O
929*landing*O
929*,*O
929*the*O
929*airplane*B-SYS
929*must*O
929*have*O
929*easy*O
929*access*O
929*to*O
929*emergency*B-SYS
929*exits*I-SYS
929*when*O
929*present*O
929*.*O
930*Airplanes*B-SYS
930*approved*O
930*for*O
930*aerobatics*O
930*must*O
930*have*O
930*a*O
930*means*O
930*to*O
930*egress*O
930*the*O
930*airplane*B-SYS
930*in*O
930*flight*O
930*.*O
931*the*O
931*airplane*B-SYS
931*design*O
931*must*O
931*allow*O
931*clear*O
931*communication*O
931*between*O
931*the*O
931*flightcrew*O
931*and*O
931*passengers*O
931*.*O
932*the*O
932*airplane*B-SYS
932*design*O
932*must*O
932*protect*O
932*the*O
932*pilot*O
932*and*O
932*flight*B-SYS
932*controls*I-SYS
932*from*O
932*propellers*B-SYS
932*.*O
933*the*O
933*airplane*B-SYS
933*design*O
933*must*O
933*protect*O
933*occupants*O
933*from*O
933*serious*O
933*injury*O
933*due*O
933*to*O
933*damage*O
933*to*O
933*windshields*B-SYS
933*,*O
933*windows*B-SYS
933*,*O
933*and*O
933*canopies*B-SYS
933*.*O
934*for*O
934*level*B-VAL
934*4*I-VAL
934*airplanes*B-SYS
934*,*O
934*each*O
934*windshield*B-SYS
934*and*O
934*its*O
934*supporting*B-SYS
934*structure*I-SYS
934*directly*O
934*in*O
934*front*O
934*of*O
934*the*O
934*pilot*O
934*must*O
934*withstand*O
934*,*O
934*without*O
934*penetration*O
934*,*O
934*the*O
934*impact*O
934*equivalent*O
934*to*O
934*a*O
934*two-pound*B-VAL
934*bird*O
934*when*O
934*the*O
934*velocity*O
934*of*O
934*the*O
934*airplane*B-SYS
934*is*O
934*equal*O
934*to*O
934*the*O
934*airplane*B-SYS
934*'s*O
934*maximum*O
934*approach*O
934*flap*O
934*speed*O
934*.*O
935*the*O
935*airplane*B-SYS
935*must*O
935*provide*O
935*each*O
935*occupant*O
935*with*O
935*air*O
935*at*O
935*a*O
935*breathable*O
935*pressure*O
935*,*O
935*free*O
935*of*O
935*hazardous*O
935*concentrations*O
935*of*O
935*gases*O
935*,*O
935*vapors*O
935*,*O
935*and*O
935*smoke*O
935*during*O
935*normal*O
935*operations*O
935*and*O
935*likely*O
935*failures*O
935*.*O
936*Pressurization*B-SYS
936*system*I-SYS
936*must*O
936*be*O
936*designed*O
936*to*O
936*protect*O
936*against*O
936*decompression*O
936*to*O
936*an*O
936*unsafe*O
936*level*O
936*.*O
937*Pressurization*B-SYS
937*system*I-SYS
937*must*O
937*be*O
937*designed*O
937*to*O
937*protect*O
937*against*O
937*excessive*O
937*differential*O
937*pressure*O
937*.*O
938*an*O
938*oxygen*B-SYS
938*system*I-SYS
938*must*O
938*effectively*O
938*provide*O
938*oxygen*O
938*to*O
938*each*O
938*user*O
938*to*O
938*prevent*O
938*the*O
938*effects*O
938*of*O
938*hypoxia*O
938*.*O
939*an*O
939*oxygen*B-SYS
939*system*I-SYS
939*must*O
939*be*O
939*free*O
939*from*O
939*hazards*O
939*in*O
939*itself*O
939*,*O
939*in*O
939*its*O
939*method*O
939*of*O
939*operation*O
939*,*O
939*and*O
939*its*O
939*effect*O
939*upon*O
939*other*O
939*components*O
939*.*O
940*insulation*O
940*on*O
940*electrical*O
940*wire*O
940*and*O
940*electrical*O
940*cable*O
940*must*O
940*be*O
940*self-extinguishing*O
940*.*O
941*for*O
941*levels*B-VAL
941*1*I-VAL
941*,*I-VAL
941*2*I-VAL
941*,*I-VAL
941*and*I-VAL
941*3*I-VAL
941*airplanes*B-SYS
941*,*O
941*materials*O
941*in*O
941*the*O
941*baggage*O
941*and*O
941*cargo*O
941*compartments*O
941*inaccessible*O
941*in*O
941*flight*O
941*must*O
941*be*O
941*self-extinguishing*O
941*.*O
942*for*O
942*level*B-VAL
942*4*I-VAL
942*airplanes*B-SYS
942*,*O
942*materials*O
942*in*O
942*the*O
942*cockpit*B-SYS
942*,*O
942*cabin*B-SYS
942*,*O
942*baggage*O
942*,*O
942*and*O
942*cargo*O
942*compartments*O
942*must*O
942*be*O
942*self-extinguishing*O
942*.*O
943*for*O
943*levels*B-VAL
943*1*I-VAL
943*,*I-VAL
943*2*I-VAL
943*and*I-VAL
943*3*I-VAL
943*airplanes*B-SYS
943*,*O
943*materials*O
943*in*O
943*each*O
943*compartment*O
943*accessible*O
943*in*O
943*flight*O
943*must*O
943*be*O
943*flame*O
943*resistant*O
943*.*O
944*any*O
944*equipment*B-SYS
944*associated*O
944*with*O
944*any*O
944*electrical*O
944*cable*O
944*installation*O
944*and*O
944*that*O
944*would*O
944*overheat*O
944*in*O
944*the*O
944*event*O
944*of*O
944*circuit*O
944*overload*O
944*or*O
944*fault*O
944*must*O
944*be*O
944*flame*O
944*resistant*O
944*.*O
945*thermal/acoustic*O
945*materials*O
945*in*O
945*the*O
945*fuselage*B-SYS
945*,*O
945*must*O
945*not*O
945*be*O
945*a*O
945*flame*O
945*propagation*O
945*hazard*O
945*.*O
946*for*O
946*level*B-VAL
946*4*I-VAL
946*airplanes*B-SYS
946*,*O
946*each*O
946*baggage*B-SYS
946*and*I-SYS
946*cargo*I-SYS
946*compartment*I-SYS
946*must*O
946*be*O
946*located*O
946*where*O
946*a*O
946*fire*O
946*would*O
946*be*O
946*visible*O
946*to*O
946*the*O
946*pilots*O
946*,*O
946*or*O
946*equipped*O
946*with*O
946*a*O
946*fire*B-SYS
946*detection*I-SYS
946*system*I-SYS
946*and*O
946*warning*B-SYS
946*system*I-SYS
946*.*O
947*for*O
947*level*B-VAL
947*4*I-VAL
947*airplanes*B-SYS
947*,*O
947*each*O
947*baggage*B-SYS
947*and*I-SYS
947*cargo*I-SYS
947*compartment*I-SYS
947*must*O
947*be*O
947*accessible*O
947*for*O
947*the*O
947*manual*O
947*extinguishing*O
947*of*O
947*a*O
947*fire*O
947*,*O
947*have*O
947*a*O
947*built-in*O
947*fire*B-SYS
947*extinguishing*I-SYS
947*system*I-SYS
947*,*O
947*or*O
947*be*O
947*constructed*O
947*and*O
947*sealed*O
947*to*O
947*contain*O
947*any*O
947*fire*O
947*within*O
947*the*O
947*compartment*O
947*.*O
948*there*O
948*must*O
948*be*O
948*a*O
948*means*O
948*to*O
948*extinguish*O
948*any*O
948*fire*O
948*in*O
948*the*O
948*cabin*B-SYS
948*such*O
948*that*O
948*the*O
948*pilot*O
948*,*O
948*while*O
948*seated*O
948*,*O
948*can*O
948*easily*O
948*access*O
948*the*O
948*fire*O
948*extinguishing*O
948*means*O
948*.*O
949*there*O
949*must*O
949*be*O
949*a*O
949*means*O
949*to*O
949*extinguish*O
949*any*O
949*fire*O
949*in*O
949*the*O
949*cabin*B-SYS
949*such*O
949*that*O
949*for*O
949*levels*B-VAL
949*3*I-VAL
949*and*I-VAL
949*4*I-VAL
949*airplanes*B-SYS
949*,*O
949*passengers*O
949*have*O
949*a*O
949*fire*O
949*extinguishing*O
949*means*O
949*available*O
949*within*O
949*the*O
949*passenger*O
949*compartment*O
949*.*O
950*each*O
950*area*O
950*where*O
950*flammable*O
950*fluids*O
950*or*O
950*vapors*O
950*might*O
950*escape*O
950*by*O
950*leakage*O
950*of*O
950*a*O
950*fluid*B-SYS
950*system*I-SYS
950*must*O
950*have*O
950*a*O
950*means*O
950*to*O
950*minimize*O
950*the*O
950*probability*O
950*of*O
950*fluid*O
950*and*O
950*vapor*O
950*ignition*O
950*,*O
950*and*O
950*the*O
950*resultant*O
950*hazard*O
950*,*O
950*if*O
950*ignition*O
950*occurs*O
950*.*O
951*Combustion*B-SYS
951*heater*I-SYS
951*installations*O
951*must*O
951*be*O
951*protected*O
951*from*O
951*uncontained*O
951*fire*O
951*.*O
952*Flight*B-SYS
952*controls*I-SYS
952*,*O
952*engine*B-SYS
952*mounts*I-SYS
952*,*O
952*and*O
952*other*O
952*flight*O
952*structures*O
952*within*O
952*or*O
952*adjacent*O
952*to*O
952*designated*O
952*fire*O
952*zones*O
952*must*O
952*be*O
952*capable*O
952*of*O
952*withstanding*O
952*the*O
952*effects*O
952*of*O
952*a*O
952*fire*O
952*.*O
953*Engines*B-SYS
953*in*O
953*a*O
953*designated*O
953*fire*O
953*zone*O
953*must*O
953*remain*O
953*attached*O
953*to*O
953*the*O
953*airplane*B-SYS
953*in*O
953*the*O
953*event*O
953*of*O
953*a*O
953*fire*O
953*.*O
954*in*O
954*designated*O
954*fire*O
954*zones*O
954*,*O
954*terminals*O
954*,*O
954*equipment*B-SYS
954*,*O
954*and*O
954*electrical*O
954*cables*O
954*used*O
954*during*O
954*emergency*O
954*procedures*O
954*must*O
954*be*O
954*fire-resistant*O
954*.*O
955*the*O
955*airplane*B-SYS
955*must*O
955*be*O
955*protected*O
955*against*O
955*catastrophic*O
955*effects*O
955*from*O
955*lightning*O
955*.*O
956*the*O
956*airplane*B-SYS
956*powerplant*I-SYS
956*installation*O
956*must*O
956*include*O
956*each*O
956*component*B-SYS
956*necessary*O
956*for*O
956*propulsion*O
956*,*O
956*which*O
956*affects*O
956*propulsion*O
956*safety*O
956*,*O
956*or*O
956*provides*O
956*auxiliary*O
956*power*O
956*to*O
956*the*O
956*airplane*B-SYS
956*.*O
957*hazardous*O
957*accumulations*O
957*of*O
957*fluids*O
957*,*O
957*vapors*O
957*,*O
957*or*O
957*gases*O
957*must*O
957*be*O
957*isolated*O
957*from*O
957*the*O
957*airplane*B-SYS
957*and*O
957*personnel*O
957*compartments*O
957*,*O
957*and*O
957*be*O
957*safely*O
957*contained*O
957*or*O
957*discharged*O
957*.*O
958*Powerplant*B-SYS
958*components*I-SYS
958*must*O
958*comply*O
958*with*O
958*their*O
958*component*O
958*limitations*O
958*and*O
958*installation*O
958*instructions*O
958*or*O
958*be*O
958*shown*O
958*not*O
958*to*O
958*create*O
958*a*O
958*hazard*O
958*.*O
959*an*O
959*automatic*B-SYS
959*power*I-SYS
959*or*I-SYS
959*thrust*I-SYS
959*control*I-SYS
959*system*I-SYS
959*intended*O
959*for*O
959*in-flight*O
959*use*O
959*must*O
959*be*O
959*designed*O
959*so*O
959*no*O
959*unsafe*O
959*condition*O
959*will*O
959*result*O
959*during*O
959*normal*O
959*operation*O
959*of*O
959*the*O
959*system*O
959*.*O
960*any*O
960*single*B-VAL
960*failure*O
960*or*O
960*likely*O
960*combination*O
960*of*O
960*failures*O
960*of*O
960*an*O
960*automatic*B-SYS
960*power*I-SYS
960*or*I-SYS
960*thrust*I-SYS
960*control*I-SYS
960*system*I-SYS
960*must*O
960*not*O
960*prevent*O
960*continued*O
960*safe*O
960*flight*O
960*and*O
960*landing*O
960*of*O
960*the*O
960*airplane*B-SYS
960*.*O
961*inadvertent*O
961*operation*O
961*of*O
961*an*O
961*automatic*B-SYS
961*power*I-SYS
961*or*I-SYS
961*thrust*I-SYS
961*control*I-SYS
961*system*I-SYS
961*by*O
961*the*O
961*flightcrew*O
961*must*O
961*be*O
961*prevented*O
961*,*O
961*or*O
961*if*O
961*not*O
961*prevented*O
961*,*O
961*must*O
961*not*O
961*result*O
961*in*O
961*an*O
961*unsafe*O
961*condition*O
961*.*O
962*unless*O
962*the*O
962*failure*O
962*of*O
962*an*O
962*automatic*B-SYS
962*power*I-SYS
962*or*I-SYS
962*thrust*I-SYS
962*control*I-SYS
962*system*I-SYS
962*is*O
962*extremely*O
962*remote*O
962*,*O
962*the*O
962*system*O
962*must*O
962*provide*O
962*a*O
962*means*O
962*for*O
962*the*O
962*flightcrew*O
962*to*O
962*verify*O
962*the*O
962*system*O
962*is*O
962*in*O
962*an*O
962*operating*O
962*condition*O
962*.*O
963*unless*O
963*the*O
963*failure*O
963*of*O
963*an*O
963*automatic*B-SYS
963*power*I-SYS
963*or*I-SYS
963*thrust*I-SYS
963*control*I-SYS
963*system*I-SYS
963*is*O
963*extremely*O
963*remote*O
963*,*O
963*the*O
963*system*O
963*must*O
963*provide*O
963*a*O
963*means*O
963*for*O
963*the*O
963*flightcrew*O
963*to*O
963*override*O
963*the*O
963*automatic*O
963*function*O
963*.*O
964*unless*O
964*the*O
964*failure*O
964*of*O
964*an*O
964*automatic*B-SYS
964*power*I-SYS
964*or*I-SYS
964*thrust*I-SYS
964*control*I-SYS
964*system*I-SYS
964*is*O
964*extremely*O
964*remote*O
964*,*O
964*the*O
964*system*O
964*must*O
964*prevent*O
964*inadvertent*O
964*deactivation*O
964*of*O
964*the*O
964*system*O
964*.*O
965*the*O
965*airplane*B-SYS
965*design*O
965*,*O
965*including*O
965*the*O
965*induction*O
965*and*O
965*inlet*O
965*system*O
965*,*O
965*must*O
965*prevent*O
965*foreseeable*O
965*accumulation*O
965*of*O
965*ice*O
965*or*O
965*snow*O
965*that*O
965*adversely*O
965*affects*O
965*powerplant*B-SYS
965*operation*O
965*.*O
966*the*O
966*powerplant*B-SYS
966*installation*O
966*design*O
966*must*O
966*prevent*O
966*any*O
966*accumulation*O
966*of*O
966*ice*O
966*or*O
966*snow*O
966*that*O
966*adversely*O
966*affects*O
966*powerplant*B-SYS
966*operation*O
966*,*O
966*in*O
966*those*O
966*icing*O
966*conditions*O
966*for*O
966*which*O
966*certification*O
966*is*O
966*requested*O
966*.*O
967*each*O
967*reversing*B-SYS
967*system*I-SYS
967*must*O
967*be*O
967*designed*O
967*so*O
967*that*O
967*no*O
967*unsafe*O
967*condition*O
967*will*O
967*result*O
967*during*O
967*normal*O
967*operation*O
967*of*O
967*the*O
967*system*O
967*.*O
968*each*O
968*reversing*B-SYS
968*system*I-SYS
968*must*O
968*be*O
968*designed*O
968*so*O
968*that*O
968*the*O
968*airplane*B-SYS
968*is*O
968*capable*O
968*of*O
968*continued*O
968*safe*O
968*flight*O
968*and*O
968*landing*O
968*after*O
968*any*O
968*single*B-VAL
968*failure*O
968*,*O
968*likely*O
968*combination*O
968*of*O
968*failures*O
968*,*O
968*or*O
968*malfunction*O
968*of*O
968*the*O
968*reversing*B-SYS
968*system*I-SYS
968*.*O
969*the*O
969*installed*O
969*powerplant*B-SYS
969*must*O
969*operate*O
969*without*O
969*any*O
969*hazardous*O
969*characteristics*O
969*during*O
969*normal*O
969*and*O
969*emergency*O
969*operation*O
969*within*O
969*the*O
969*range*O
969*of*O
969*operating*O
969*limitations*O
969*for*O
969*the*O
969*airplane*B-SYS
969*and*O
969*the*O
969*engine*B-SYS
969*.*O
970*the*O
970*pilot*O
970*must*O
970*have*O
970*the*O
970*capability*O
970*to*O
970*stop*B-SYS
970*the*O
970*powerplant*B-SYS
970*in*O
970*flight*O
970*and*O
970*restart*O
970*the*O
970*powerplant*B-SYS
970*within*O
970*an*O
970*established*O
970*operational*O
970*envelope*O
970*.*O
971*each*O
971*fuel*B-SYS
971*system*I-SYS
971*must*O
971*be*O
971*designed*O
971*and*O
971*arranged*O
971*to*O
971*provide*O
971*independence*O
971*between*O
971*multiple*O
971*fuel*B-SYS
971*storage*I-SYS
971*and*I-SYS
971*supply*I-SYS
971*systems*I-SYS
971*so*O
971*that*O
971*failure*O
971*of*O
971*any*O
971*one*O
971*component*B-SYS
971*in*O
971*one*O
971*system*O
971*will*O
971*not*O
971*result*O
971*in*O
971*loss*O
971*of*O
971*fuel*B-SYS
971*storage*I-SYS
971*or*O
971*supply*O
971*of*O
971*another*O
971*system*O
971*.*O
972*each*O
972*fuel*B-SYS
972*system*I-SYS
972*must*O
972*be*O
972*designed*O
972*and*O
972*arranged*O
972*to*O
972*prevent*O
972*ignition*O
972*of*O
972*the*O
972*fuel*O
972*within*O
972*the*O
972*system*O
972*by*O
972*direct*O
972*lightning*O
972*strikes*O
972*or*O
972*swept*O
972*lightning*O
972*strokes*O
972*to*O
972*areas*O
972*where*O
972*such*O
972*occurrences*O
972*are*O
972*highly*O
972*probable*O
972*,*O
972*or*O
972*by*O
972*corona*O
972*or*O
972*streamering*O
972*at*O
972*fuel*O
972*vent*O
972*outlets*O
972*.*O
973*each*O
973*fuel*B-SYS
973*system*I-SYS
973*must*O
973*provide*O
973*the*O
973*fuel*O
973*necessary*O
973*to*O
973*ensure*O
973*each*O
973*powerplant*B-SYS
973*and*O
973*auxiliary*B-SYS
973*power*I-SYS
973*unit*I-SYS
973*functions*O
973*properly*O
973*in*O
973*all*O
973*likely*O
973*operating*O
973*conditions*O
973*.*O
974*each*O
974*fuel*B-SYS
974*system*I-SYS
974*must*O
974*provide*O
974*the*O
974*flightcrew*O
974*with*O
974*a*O
974*means*O
974*to*O
974*determine*O
974*the*O
974*total*O
974*useable*O
974*fuel*O
974*available*O
974*and*O
974*provide*O
974*uninterrupted*O
974*supply*O
974*of*O
974*that*O
974*fuel*O
974*when*O
974*the*O
974*system*O
974*is*O
974*correctly*O
974*operated*O
974*,*O
974*accounting*O
974*for*O
974*likely*O
974*fuel*O
974*fluctuations*O
974*.*O
975*each*O
975*fuel*B-SYS
975*system*I-SYS
975*must*O
975*provide*O
975*a*O
975*means*O
975*to*O
975*safely*O
975*remove*O
975*or*O
975*isolate*O
975*the*O
975*fuel*O
975*stored*O
975*in*O
975*the*O
975*system*O
975*from*O
975*the*O
975*airplane*B-SYS
975*.*O
976*each*O
976*fuel*B-SYS
976*system*I-SYS
976*must*O
976*be*O
976*designed*O
976*to*O
976*retain*O
976*fuel*O
976*under*O
976*all*O
976*likely*O
976*operating*O
976*conditions*O
976*and*O
976*minimize*O
976*hazards*O
976*to*O
976*the*O
976*occupants*O
976*during*O
976*any*O
976*survivable*O
976*emergency*O
976*landing*O
976*.*O
977*each*O
977*fuel*B-SYS
977*system*I-SYS
977*must*O
977*prevent*O
977*hazardous*O
977*contamination*O
977*of*O
977*the*O
977*fuel*O
977*supplied*O
977*to*O
977*each*O
977*powerplant*B-SYS
977*and*O
977*auxiliary*B-SYS
977*power*I-SYS
977*unit*I-SYS
977*.*O
978*each*O
978*fuel*B-SYS
978*storage*I-SYS
978*system*I-SYS
978*must*O
978*withstand*O
978*the*O
978*loads*O
978*under*O
978*likely*O
978*operating*O
978*conditions*O
978*without*O
978*failure*O
978*.*O
979*each*O
979*fuel*B-SYS
979*storage*I-SYS
979*system*I-SYS
979*must*O
979*be*O
979*isolated*O
979*from*O
979*personnel*O
979*compartments*O
979*and*O
979*protected*O
979*from*O
979*hazards*O
979*due*O
979*to*O
979*unintended*O
979*temperature*O
979*influences*O
979*.*O
980*each*O
980*fuel*B-SYS
980*storage*I-SYS
980*system*I-SYS
980*must*O
980*be*O
980*designed*O
980*to*O
980*prevent*O
980*significant*O
980*loss*O
980*of*O
980*stored*O
980*fuel*O
980*from*O
980*any*O
980*vent*O
980*system*O
980*due*O
980*to*O
980*fuel*O
980*transfer*O
980*between*O
980*fuel*B-SYS
980*storage*I-SYS
980*or*I-SYS
980*supply*I-SYS
980*systems*I-SYS
980*,*O
980*or*O
980*under*O
980*likely*O
980*operating*O
980*conditions*O
980*.*O
981*each*O
981*fuel*B-SYS
981*storage*I-SYS
981*system*I-SYS
981*must*O
981*provide*O
981*fuel*O
981*for*O
981*at*O
981*least*O
981*one-half*O
981*hour*O
981*of*O
981*operation*O
981*at*O
981*maximum*O
981*continuous*O
981*power*O
981*or*O
981*thrust*O
981*.*O
982*each*O
982*fuel*B-SYS
982*storage*I-SYS
982*system*I-SYS
982*must*O
982*be*O
982*capable*O
982*of*O
982*jettisoning*O
982*fuel*O
982*safely*O
982*if*O
982*required*O
982*for*O
982*landing*O
982*.*O
983*each*O
983*fuel*B-SYS
983*storage*I-SYS
983*refilling*I-SYS
983*or*I-SYS
983*recharging*I-SYS
983*system*I-SYS
983*must*O
983*be*O
983*designed*O
983*to*O
983*prevent*O
983*improper*O
983*refilling*O
983*or*O
983*recharging*O
983*.*O
984*each*O
984*fuel*B-SYS
984*storage*I-SYS
984*refilling*I-SYS
984*or*I-SYS
984*recharging*I-SYS
984*system*I-SYS
984*must*O
984*be*O
984*designed*O
984*to*O
984*prevent*O
984*contamination*O
984*of*O
984*the*O
984*fuel*O
984*stored*O
984*during*O
984*likely*O
984*operating*O
984*conditions*O
984*.*O
985*each*O
985*fuel*B-SYS
985*storage*I-SYS
985*refilling*I-SYS
985*or*I-SYS
985*recharging*I-SYS
985*system*I-SYS
985*must*O
985*be*O
985*designed*O
985*to*O
985*prevent*O
985*the*O
985*occurrence*O
985*of*O
985*any*O
985*hazard*O
985*to*O
985*the*O
985*airplane*B-SYS
985*or*O
985*to*O
985*persons*O
985*during*O
985*refilling*O
985*or*O
985*recharging*O
985*.*O
986*the*O
986*air*B-SYS
986*induction*I-SYS
986*system*I-SYS
986*for*O
986*each*O
986*powerplant*B-SYS
986*or*O
986*auxiliary*B-SYS
986*power*I-SYS
986*unit*I-SYS
986*and*O
986*their*O
986*accessories*B-SYS
986*must*O
986*supply*O
986*the*O
986*air*O
986*required*O
986*by*O
986*that*O
986*powerplant*B-SYS
986*or*O
986*auxiliary*B-SYS
986*power*I-SYS
986*unit*I-SYS
986*and*O
986*its*O
986*accessories*B-SYS
986*under*O
986*likely*O
986*operating*O
986*conditions*O
986*.*O
987*the*O
987*air*B-SYS
987*induction*I-SYS
987*system*I-SYS
987*for*O
987*each*O
987*powerplant*B-SYS
987*or*O
987*auxiliary*B-SYS
987*power*I-SYS
987*unit*I-SYS
987*and*O
987*their*O
987*accessories*B-SYS
987*must*O
987*be*O
987*designed*O
987*to*O
987*prevent*O
987*likely*O
987*hazards*O
987*in*O
987*the*O
987*event*O
987*of*O
987*fire*O
987*or*O
987*backfire*O
987*.*O
988*the*O
988*air*B-SYS
988*induction*I-SYS
988*system*I-SYS
988*for*O
988*each*O
988*powerplant*B-SYS
988*or*O
988*auxiliary*B-SYS
988*power*I-SYS
988*unit*I-SYS
988*and*O
988*their*O
988*accessories*B-SYS
988*must*O
988*minimize*O
988*the*O
988*ingestion*O
988*of*O
988*foreign*O
988*matter*O
988*.*O
989*the*O
989*air*B-SYS
989*induction*I-SYS
989*system*I-SYS
989*for*O
989*each*O
989*powerplant*B-SYS
989*or*O
989*auxiliary*B-SYS
989*power*I-SYS
989*unit*I-SYS
989*and*O
989*their*O
989*accessories*B-SYS
989*must*O
989*provide*O
989*an*O
989*alternate*O
989*intake*O
989*if*O
989*blockage*O
989*of*O
989*the*O
989*primary*O
989*intake*O
989*is*O
989*likely*O
989*.*O
990*the*O
990*exhaust*B-SYS
990*system*I-SYS
990*,*O
990*including*O
990*exhaust*B-SYS
990*heat*I-SYS
990*exchangers*I-SYS
990*for*O
990*each*O
990*powerplant*B-SYS
990*or*O
990*auxiliary*B-SYS
990*power*I-SYS
990*unit*I-SYS
990*,*O
990*must*O
990*provide*O
990*a*O
990*means*O
990*to*O
990*safely*O
990*discharge*O
990*potential*O
990*harmful*O
990*material*O
990*.*O
991*the*O
991*exhaust*B-SYS
991*system*I-SYS
991*,*O
991*including*O
991*exhaust*B-SYS
991*heat*I-SYS
991*exchangers*I-SYS
991*for*O
991*each*O
991*powerplant*B-SYS
991*or*O
991*auxiliary*B-SYS
991*power*I-SYS
991*unit*I-SYS
991*,*O
991*must*O
991*be*O
991*designed*O
991*to*O
991*prevent*O
991*likely*O
991*hazards*O
991*from*O
991*heat*O
991*,*O
991*corrosion*O
991*,*O
991*or*O
991*blockage*O
991*.*O
992*a*O
992*powerplant*B-SYS
992*,*O
992*auxiliary*B-SYS
992*power*I-SYS
992*unit*I-SYS
992*,*O
992*or*O
992*combustion*O
992*heater*O
992*that*O
992*includes*O
992*a*O
992*flammable*O
992*fluid*O
992*and*O
992*an*O
992*ignition*O
992*source*O
992*for*O
992*that*O
992*fluid*O
992*must*O
992*be*O
992*installed*O
992*in*O
992*a*O
992*designated*O
992*fire*O
992*zone*O
992*.*O
993*each*O
993*designated*O
993*fire*O
993*zone*O
993*must*O
993*provide*O
993*a*O
993*means*O
993*to*O
993*isolate*O
993*and*O
993*mitigate*O
993*hazards*O
993*to*O
993*the*O
993*airplane*B-SYS
993*in*O
993*the*O
993*event*O
993*of*O
993*fire*O
993*or*O
993*overheat*O
993*within*O
993*the*O
993*zone*O
993*.*O
994*each*O
994*component*B-SYS
994*,*O
994*line*B-SYS
994*,*O
994*fitting*B-SYS
994*,*O
994*and*O
994*control*B-SYS
994*subject*I-SYS
994*to*O
994*fire*O
994*conditions*O
994*must*O
994*be*O
994*designed*O
994*and*O
994*located*O
994*to*O
994*prevent*O
994*hazards*O
994*resulting*O
994*from*O
994*a*O
994*fire*O
994*,*O
994*including*O
994*any*O
994*located*O
994*adjacent*O
994*to*O
994*a*O
994*designated*O
994*fire*O
994*zone*O
994*that*O
994*may*O
994*be*O
994*affected*O
994*by*O
994*fire*O
994*within*O
994*that*O
994*zone*O
994*.*O
995*each*O
995*component*B-SYS
995*,*O
995*line*B-SYS
995*,*O
995*fitting*B-SYS
995*,*O
995*and*O
995*control*B-SYS
995*subject*I-SYS
995*to*O
995*fire*O
995*conditions*O
995*must*O
995*be*O
995*fire*O
995*resistant*O
995*if*O
995*carrying*O
995*flammable*O
995*fluids*O
995*,*O
995*gas*O
995*,*O
995*or*O
995*air*O
995*or*O
995*required*O
995*to*O
995*operate*O
995*in*O
995*event*O
995*of*O
995*a*O
995*fire*O
995*.*O
996*each*O
996*component*B-SYS
996*,*O
996*line*B-SYS
996*,*O
996*fitting*B-SYS
996*,*O
996*and*O
996*control*B-SYS
996*subject*I-SYS
996*to*O
996*fire*O
996*conditions*O
996*must*O
996*be*O
996*fireproof*O
996*or*O
996*enclosed*O
996*by*O
996*a*O
996*fire*O
996*proof*O
996*shield*O
996*if*O
996*storing*O
996*concentrated*O
996*flammable*O
996*fluids*O
996*.*O
997*a*O
997*means*O
997*to*O
997*ensure*O
997*the*O
997*prompt*O
997*detection*O
997*of*O
997*fire*O
997*must*O
997*be*O
997*provided*O
997*for*O
997*each*O
997*designated*O
997*fire*O
997*zone*O
997*on*O
997*a*O
997*multiengine*B-SYS
997*airplane*I-SYS
997*where*O
997*detection*O
997*will*O
997*mitigate*O
997*likely*O
997*hazards*O
997*to*O
997*the*O
997*airplane*B-SYS
997*.*O
998*a*O
998*means*O
998*to*O
998*ensure*O
998*the*O
998*prompt*O
998*detection*O
998*of*O
998*fire*O
998*must*O
998*be*O
998*provided*O
998*for*O
998*each*O
998*designated*O
998*fire*O
998*zone*O
998*that*O
998*contains*O
998*a*O
998*fire*O
998*extinguisher*O
998*.*O
999*a*O
999*means*O
999*to*O
999*extinguish*O
999*fire*O
999*within*O
999*a*O
999*fire*O
999*zone*O
999*,*O
999*except*O
999*a*O
999*combustion*O
999*heater*O
999*fire*O
999*zone*O
999*,*O
999*must*O
999*be*O
999*provided*O
999*for*O
999*any*O
999*fire*O
999*zone*O
999*located*O
999*outside*O
999*the*O
999*pilot*O
999*'s*O
999*view*O
999*.*O
1000*a*O
1000*means*O
1000*to*O
1000*extinguish*O
1000*fire*O
1000*within*O
1000*a*O
1000*fire*O
1000*zone*O
1000*,*O
1000*except*O
1000*a*O
1000*combustion*O
1000*heater*O
1000*fire*O
1000*zone*O
1000*,*O
1000*must*O
1000*be*O
1000*provided*O
1000*for*O
1000*any*O
1000*fire*O
1000*zone*O
1000*embedded*O
1000*within*O
1000*the*O
1000*fuselage*B-SYS
1000*,*O
1000*which*O
1000*must*O
1000*also*O
1000*include*O
1000*a*O
1000*redundant*O
1000*means*O
1000*to*O
1000*extinguish*O
1000*fire*O
1000*.*O
1001*a*O
1001*means*O
1001*to*O
1001*extinguish*O
1001*fire*O
1001*within*O
1001*a*O
1001*fire*O
1001*zone*O
1001*,*O
1001*except*O
1001*a*O
1001*combustion*O
1001*heater*O
1001*fire*O
1001*zone*O
1001*,*O
1001*must*O
1001*be*O
1001*provided*O
1001*for*O
1001*any*O
1001*fire*O
1001*zone*O
1001*on*O
1001*a*O
1001*level*B-VAL
1001*4*I-VAL
1001*airplane*B-SYS
1001*.*O
1002*when*O
1002*installed*O
1002*,*O
1002*each*O
1002*item*O
1002*of*O
1002*equipment*B-SYS
1002*must*O
1002*function*O
1002*as*O
1002*intended*O
1002*.*O
1003*each*O
1003*electrical*B-SYS
1003*or*I-SYS
1003*electronic*I-SYS
1003*system*I-SYS
1003*that*O
1003*performs*O
1003*a*O
1003*function*O
1003*,*O
1003*the*O
1003*failure*O
1003*of*O
1003*which*O
1003*would*O
1003*prevent*O
1003*the*O
1003*continued*O
1003*safe*O
1003*flight*O
1003*and*O
1003*landing*O
1003*of*O
1003*the*O
1003*airplane*B-SYS
1003*,*O
1003*must*O
1003*be*O
1003*designed*O
1003*and*O
1003*installed*O
1003*such*O
1003*that*O
1003*the*O
1003*function*O
1003*at*O
1003*the*O
1003*airplane*B-SYS
1003*level*O
1003*is*O
1003*not*O
1003*adversely*O
1003*affected*O
1003*during*O
1003*and*O
1003*after*O
1003*the*O
1003*time*O
1003*the*O
1003*airplane*B-SYS
1003*is*O
1003*exposed*O
1003*to*O
1003*lightning*O
1003*.*O
1004*each*O
1004*electrical*B-SYS
1004*or*I-SYS
1004*electronic*I-SYS
1004*system*I-SYS
1004*that*O
1004*performs*O
1004*a*O
1004*function*O
1004*,*O
1004*the*O
1004*failure*O
1004*of*O
1004*which*O
1004*would*O
1004*prevent*O
1004*the*O
1004*continued*O
1004*safe*O
1004*flight*O
1004*and*O
1004*landing*O
1004*of*O
1004*the*O
1004*airplane*B-SYS
1004*,*O
1004*must*O
1004*be*O
1004*designed*O
1004*and*O
1004*installed*O
1004*such*O
1004*that*O
1004*the*O
1004*system*O
1004*recovers*O
1004*normal*O
1004*operation*O
1004*of*O
1004*that*O
1004*function*O
1004*in*O
1004*a*O
1004*timely*O
1004*manner*O
1004*after*O
1004*the*O
1004*airplane*B-SYS
1004*is*O
1004*exposed*O
1004*to*O
1004*lightning*O
1004*unless*O
1004*the*O
1004*system*O
1004*'s*O
1004*recovery*O
1004*conflicts*O
1004*with*O
1004*other*O
1004*operational*O
1004*or*O
1004*functional*O
1004*requirements*O
1004*of*O
1004*the*O
1004*system*O
1004*.*O
1005*each*O
1005*electrical*O
1005*and*O
1005*electronic*B-SYS
1005*system*I-SYS
1005*that*O
1005*performs*O
1005*a*O
1005*function*O
1005*,*O
1005*the*O
1005*failure*O
1005*of*O
1005*which*O
1005*would*O
1005*significantly*O
1005*reduce*O
1005*the*O
1005*capability*O
1005*of*O
1005*the*O
1005*airplane*B-SYS
1005*or*O
1005*the*O
1005*ability*O
1005*of*O
1005*the*O
1005*flightcrew*O
1005*to*O
1005*respond*O
1005*to*O
1005*an*O
1005*adverse*O
1005*operating*O
1005*condition*O
1005*,*O
1005*must*O
1005*be*O
1005*designed*O
1005*and*O
1005*installed*O
1005*such*O
1005*that*O
1005*the*O
1005*system*O
1005*recovers*O
1005*normal*O
1005*operation*O
1005*of*O
1005*that*O
1005*function*O
1005*in*O
1005*a*O
1005*timely*O
1005*manner*O
1005*after*O
1005*the*O
1005*airplane*B-SYS
1005*is*O
1005*exposed*O
1005*to*O
1005*lightning*O
1005*.*O
1006*each*O
1006*electrical*O
1006*and*O
1006*electronic*O
1006*systems*O
1006*that*O
1006*perform*O
1006*a*O
1006*function*O
1006*,*O
1006*the*O
1006*failure*O
1006*of*O
1006*which*O
1006*would*O
1006*prevent*O
1006*the*O
1006*continued*O
1006*safe*O
1006*flight*O
1006*and*O
1006*landing*O
1006*of*O
1006*the*O
1006*airplane*B-SYS
1006*,*O
1006*must*O
1006*be*O
1006*designed*O
1006*and*O
1006*installed*O
1006*such*O
1006*that*O
1006*the*O
1006*function*O
1006*at*O
1006*the*O
1006*airplane*B-SYS
1006*level*O
1006*is*O
1006*not*O
1006*adversely*O
1006*affected*O
1006*during*O
1006*and*O
1006*after*O
1006*the*O
1006*time*O
1006*the*O
1006*airplane*B-SYS
1006*is*O
1006*exposed*O
1006*to*O
1006*the*O
1006*hirf*O
1006*environment*O
1006*.*O
1007*each*O
1007*electrical*O
1007*and*O
1007*electronic*O
1007*systems*O
1007*that*O
1007*perform*O
1007*a*O
1007*function*O
1007*,*O
1007*the*O
1007*failure*O
1007*of*O
1007*which*O
1007*would*O
1007*prevent*O
1007*the*O
1007*continued*O
1007*safe*O
1007*flight*O
1007*and*O
1007*landing*O
1007*of*O
1007*the*O
1007*airplane*B-SYS
1007*,*O
1007*must*O
1007*be*O
1007*designed*O
1007*and*O
1007*installed*O
1007*such*O
1007*that*O
1007*the*O
1007*system*O
1007*recovers*O
1007*normal*O
1007*operation*O
1007*of*O
1007*that*O
1007*function*O
1007*in*O
1007*a*O
1007*timely*O
1007*manner*O
1007*after*O
1007*the*O
1007*airplane*B-SYS
1007*is*O
1007*exposed*O
1007*to*O
1007*the*O
1007*hirf*O
1007*environment*O
1007*,*O
1007*unless*O
1007*the*O
1007*system*O
1007*'s*O
1007*recovery*O
1007*conflicts*O
1007*with*O
1007*other*O
1007*operational*O
1007*or*O
1007*functional*O
1007*requirements*O
1007*of*O
1007*the*O
1007*system*O
1007*.*O
1008*for*O
1008*airplanes*B-SYS
1008*approved*O
1008*for*O
1008*ifr*O
1008*operations*O
1008*,*O
1008*each*O
1008*electrical*O
1008*and*O
1008*electronic*B-SYS
1008*system*I-SYS
1008*that*O
1008*performs*O
1008*a*O
1008*function*O
1008*,*O
1008*the*O
1008*failure*O
1008*of*O
1008*which*O
1008*would*O
1008*significantly*O
1008*reduce*O
1008*the*O
1008*capability*O
1008*of*O
1008*the*O
1008*airplane*B-SYS
1008*or*O
1008*the*O
1008*ability*O
1008*of*O
1008*the*O
1008*flightcrew*O
1008*to*O
1008*respond*O
1008*to*O
1008*an*O
1008*adverse*O
1008*operating*O
1008*condition*O
1008*,*O
1008*must*O
1008*be*O
1008*designed*O
1008*and*O
1008*installed*O
1008*such*O
1008*that*O
1008*the*O
1008*system*O
1008*recovers*O
1008*normal*O
1008*operation*O
1008*of*O
1008*that*O
1008*function*O
1008*in*O
1008*a*O
1008*timely*O
1008*manner*O
1008*after*O
1008*the*O
1008*airplane*B-SYS
1008*is*O
1008*exposed*O
1008*to*O
1008*the*O
1008*hirf*O
1008*environment*O
1008*.*O
1009*the*O
1009*power*O
1009*generation*O
1009*,*O
1009*storage*O
1009*,*O
1009*and*O
1009*distribution*O
1009*for*O
1009*any*O
1009*system*O
1009*must*O
1009*be*O
1009*designed*O
1009*and*O
1009*installed*O
1009*to*O
1009*supply*O
1009*the*O
1009*power*O
1009*required*O
1009*for*O
1009*operation*O
1009*of*O
1009*connected*O
1009*loads*O
1009*during*O
1009*all*O
1009*intended*O
1009*operating*O
1009*conditions*O
1009*.*O
1010*the*O
1010*power*O
1010*generation*O
1010*,*O
1010*storage*O
1010*,*O
1010*and*O
1010*distribution*O
1010*for*O
1010*any*O
1010*system*O
1010*must*O
1010*be*O
1010*designed*O
1010*and*O
1010*installed*O
1010*to*O
1010*ensure*O
1010*no*O
1010*single*B-VAL
1010*failure*O
1010*or*O
1010*malfunction*O
1010*of*O
1010*any*O
1010*one*O
1010*power*B-SYS
1010*supply*I-SYS
1010*,*O
1010*distribution*B-SYS
1010*system*I-SYS
1010*,*O
1010*or*O
1010*other*O
1010*utilization*O
1010*system*O
1010*will*O
1010*prevent*O
1010*the*O
1010*system*O
1010*from*O
1010*supplying*O
1010*the*O
1010*essential*O
1010*loads*O
1010*required*O
1010*for*O
1010*continued*O
1010*safe*O
1010*flight*O
1010*and*O
1010*landing*O
1010*.*O
1011*the*O
1011*power*O
1011*generation*O
1011*,*O
1011*storage*O
1011*,*O
1011*and*O
1011*distribution*O
1011*for*O
1011*any*O
1011*system*O
1011*must*O
1011*be*O
1011*designed*O
1011*and*O
1011*installed*O
1011*to*O
1011*have*O
1011*enough*O
1011*capacity*O
1011*,*O
1011*if*O
1011*the*O
1011*primary*O
1011*source*O
1011*fails*O
1011*,*O
1011*to*O
1011*supply*O
1011*essential*O
1011*loads*O
1011*,*O
1011*including*O
1011*non-continuous*O
1011*essential*O
1011*loads*O
1011*for*O
1011*the*O
1011*time*O
1011*needed*O
1011*to*O
1011*complete*O
1011*the*O
1011*function*O
1011*required*O
1011*for*O
1011*continued*O
1011*safe*O
1011*flight*O
1011*and*O
1011*landing*O
1011*.*O
1012*all*O
1012*lights*B-SYS
1012*must*O
1012*be*O
1012*designed*O
1012*and*O
1012*installed*O
1012*to*O
1012*minimize*O
1012*any*O
1012*adverse*O
1012*effects*O
1012*on*O
1012*the*O
1012*performance*O
1012*of*O
1012*flightcrew*O
1012*duties*O
1012*.*O
1013*any*O
1013*position*B-SYS
1013*and*I-SYS
1013*anti-collision*I-SYS
1013*lights*I-SYS
1013*,*O
1013*if*O
1013*required*O
1013*by*O
1013*part*B-RES
1013*91*I-RES
1013*of*O
1013*this*O
1013*chapter*B-RES
1013*,*O
1013*must*O
1013*have*O
1013*the*O
1013*intensities*O
1013*,*O
1013*flash*O
1013*rate*O
1013*,*O
1013*colors*O
1013*,*O
1013*fields*O
1013*of*O
1013*coverage*O
1013*,*O
1013*and*O
1013*other*O
1013*characteristics*O
1013*to*O
1013*provide*O
1013*sufficient*O
1013*time*O
1013*for*O
1013*another*O
1013*aircraft*O
1013*to*O
1013*avoid*O
1013*a*O
1013*collision*O
1013*.*O
1014*any*O
1014*position*B-SYS
1014*lights*I-SYS
1014*,*O
1014*if*O
1014*required*O
1014*by*O
1014*part*B-RES
1014*91*I-RES
1014*of*O
1014*this*O
1014*chapter*B-RES
1014*,*O
1014*must*O
1014*include*O
1014*a*O
1014*red*B-RES
1014*light*I-RES
1014*on*O
1014*the*O
1014*left*O
1014*side*O
1014*of*O
1014*the*O
1014*airplane*B-SYS
1014*,*O
1014*a*O
1014*green*B-RES
1014*light*I-RES
1014*on*O
1014*the*O
1014*right*O
1014*side*O
1014*of*O
1014*the*O
1014*airplane*B-SYS
1014*,*O
1014*spaced*O
1014*laterally*O
1014*as*O
1014*far*O
1014*apart*O
1014*as*O
1014*practicable*O
1014*,*O
1014*and*O
1014*a*O
1014*white*B-SYS
1014*light*I-SYS
1014*facing*O
1014*aft*O
1014*,*O
1014*located*O
1014*on*O
1014*an*O
1014*aft*O
1014*portion*O
1014*of*O
1014*the*O
1014*airplane*B-SYS
1014*or*O
1014*on*O
1014*the*O
1014*wing*B-SYS
1014*tips*O
1014*.*O
1015*any*O
1015*taxi*B-SYS
1015*and*I-SYS
1015*landing*I-SYS
1015*lights*I-SYS
1015*must*O
1015*be*O
1015*designed*O
1015*and*O
1015*installed*O
1015*so*O
1015*they*O
1015*provide*O
1015*sufficient*O
1015*light*O
1015*for*O
1015*night*O
1015*operations*O
1015*.*O
1016*for*O
1016*seaplanes*B-SYS
1016*or*O
1016*amphibian*B-SYS
1016*airplanes*I-SYS
1016*,*O
1016*riding*B-SYS
1016*lights*I-SYS
1016*must*O
1016*provide*O
1016*a*O
1016*white*B-SYS
1016*light*I-SYS
1016*visible*O
1016*in*O
1016*clear*O
1016*atmospheric*O
1016*conditions*O
1016*.*O
1017*Safety*B-SYS
1017*and*I-SYS
1017*survival*I-SYS
1017*equipment*I-SYS
1017*,*O
1017*required*O
1017*by*O
1017*the*O
1017*operating*O
1017*rules*O
1017*of*O
1017*this*O
1017*chapter*B-RES
1017*,*O
1017*must*O
1017*be*O
1017*reliable*O
1017*,*O
1017*readily*O
1017*accessible*O
1017*,*O
1017*easily*O
1017*identifiable*O
1017*,*O
1017*and*O
1017*clearly*O
1017*marked*O
1017*to*O
1017*identify*O
1017*its*O
1017*method*O
1017*of*O
1017*operation*O
1017*.*O
1018*Pressurized*B-SYS
1018*systems*I-SYS
1018*must*O
1018*withstand*O
1018*appropriate*O
1018*proof*O
1018*and*O
1018*burst*O
1018*pressures*O
1018*.*O
1019*equipment*O
1019*containing*O
1019*high-energy*B-SYS
1019*rotors*I-SYS
1019*must*O
1019*be*O
1019*designed*O
1019*or*O
1019*installed*O
1019*to*O
1019*protect*O
1019*the*O
1019*occupants*O
1019*and*O
1019*airplane*B-SYS
1019*from*O
1019*uncontained*O
1019*fragments*O
1019*.*O
1020*the*O
1020*pilot*B-SYS
1020*compartment*I-SYS
1020*,*O
1020*its*O
1020*equipment*B-SYS
1020*,*O
1020*and*O
1020*its*O
1020*arrangement*O
1020*to*O
1020*include*O
1020*pilot*O
1020*view*O
1020*,*O
1020*must*O
1020*allow*O
1020*each*O
1020*pilot*O
1020*to*O
1020*perform*O
1020*his*O
1020*or*O
1020*her*O
1020*duties*O
1020*,*O
1020*including*O
1020*taxi*O
1020*,*O
1020*takeoff*O
1020*,*O
1020*climb*O
1020*,*O
1020*cruise*O
1020*,*O
1020*descent*O
1020*,*O
1020*approach*O
1020*,*O
1020*landing*O
1020*,*O
1020*and*O
1020*perform*O
1020*any*O
1020*maneuvers*O
1020*within*O
1020*the*O
1020*operating*O
1020*envelope*O
1020*of*O
1020*the*O
1020*airplane*B-SYS
1020*,*O
1020*without*O
1020*excessive*O
1020*concentration*O
1020*,*O
1020*skill*O
1020*,*O
1020*alertness*O
1020*,*O
1020*or*O
1020*fatigue*O
1020*.*O
1021*the*O
1021*system*B-SYS
1021*and*I-SYS
1021*equipment*I-SYS
1021*design*O
1021*must*O
1021*minimize*O
1021*flightcrew*O
1021*errors*O
1021*,*O
1021*which*O
1021*could*O
1021*result*O
1021*in*O
1021*additional*O
1021*hazards*O
1021*.*O
1022*for*O
1022*level*B-VAL
1022*4*I-VAL
1022*airplanes*B-SYS
1022*,*O
1022*the*O
1022*flightcrew*B-SYS
1022*interface*I-SYS
1022*design*O
1022*must*O
1022*allow*O
1022*for*O
1022*continued*O
1022*safe*O
1022*flight*O
1022*and*O
1022*landing*O
1022*after*O
1022*the*O
1022*loss*O
1022*of*O
1022*vision*O
1022*through*O
1022*any*O
1022*one*O
1022*of*O
1022*the*O
1022*windshield*O
1022*panels*O
1022*.*O
1023*each*O
1023*item*O
1023*of*O
1023*installed*O
1023*equipment*B-SYS
1023*related*O
1023*to*O
1023*the*O
1023*flightcrew*B-SYS
1023*interface*I-SYS
1023*must*O
1023*be*O
1023*labelled*O
1023*,*O
1023*if*O
1023*applicable*O
1023*,*O
1023*as*O
1023*to*O
1023*it*O
1023*identification*O
1023*,*O
1023*function*O
1023*,*O
1023*or*O
1023*operating*O
1023*limitations*O
1023*,*O
1023*or*O
1023*any*O
1023*combination*O
1023*of*O
1023*these*O
1023*factors*O
1023*.*O
1024*each*O
1024*airplane*B-SYS
1024*must*O
1024*display*O
1024*in*O
1024*a*O
1024*conspicuous*O
1024*manner*O
1024*any*O
1024*placard*O
1024*and*O
1024*instrument*O
1024*marking*O
1024*necessary*O
1024*for*O
1024*operation*O
1024*.*O
1025*the*O
1025*design*O
1025*must*O
1025*clearly*O
1025*indicate*O
1025*the*O
1025*function*O
1025*of*O
1025*each*O
1025*cockpit*B-SYS
1025*control*I-SYS
1025*,*O
1025*other*O
1025*than*O
1025*primary*B-SYS
1025*flight*I-SYS
1025*controls*I-SYS
1025*.*O
1026*installed*B-SYS
1026*systems*I-SYS
1026*must*O
1026*provide*O
1026*the*O
1026*flightcrew*O
1026*member*O
1026*who*O
1026*sets*O
1026*or*O
1026*monitors*O
1026*parameters*O
1026*for*O
1026*the*O
1026*flight*O
1026*,*O
1026*navigation*B-SYS
1026*,*O
1026*and*O
1026*powerplant*B-SYS
1026*,*O
1026*the*O
1026*information*O
1026*necessary*O
1026*to*O
1026*do*O
1026*so*O
1026*during*O
1026*each*O
1026*phase*O
1026*of*O
1026*flight*O
1026*.*O
1027*the*O
1027*information*O
1027*must*O
1027*be*O
1027*presented*O
1027*in*O
1027*a*O
1027*manner*O
1027*that*O
1027*the*O
1027*crewmember*O
1027*can*O
1027*monitor*O
1027*the*O
1027*parameter*O
1027*and*O
1027*determine*O
1027*trends*O
1027*,*O
1027*as*O
1027*needed*O
1027*,*O
1027*to*O
1027*operate*O
1027*the*O
1027*airplane*B-SYS
1027*.*O
1028*the*O
1028*information*O
1028*must*O
1028*include*O
1028*limitations*O
1028*,*O
1028*unless*O
1028*the*O
1028*limitation*O
1028*can*O
1028*not*O
1028*be*O
1028*exceeded*O
1028*in*O
1028*all*O
1028*intended*O
1028*operations*O
1028*.*O
1029*Indication*B-SYS
1029*systems*I-SYS
1029*that*O
1029*integrate*O
1029*the*O
1029*display*O
1029*of*O
1029*flight*O
1029*or*O
1029*powerplant*B-SYS
1029*parameters*O
1029*to*O
1029*operate*O
1029*the*O
1029*airplane*B-SYS
1029*must*O
1029*not*O
1029*inhibit*O
1029*the*O
1029*primary*B-SYS
1029*display*I-SYS
1029*of*O
1029*flight*O
1029*or*O
1029*powerplant*B-SYS
1029*parameters*O
1029*needed*O
1029*by*O
1029*any*O
1029*flightcrew*O
1029*member*O
1029*in*O
1029*any*O
1029*normal*O
1029*mode*O
1029*of*O
1029*operation*O
1029*.*O
1030*Indication*B-SYS
1030*systems*I-SYS
1030*that*O
1030*integrate*O
1030*the*O
1030*display*O
1030*of*O
1030*flight*O
1030*or*O
1030*powerplant*B-SYS
1030*parameters*O
1030*to*O
1030*operate*O
1030*the*O
1030*airplane*B-SYS
1030*must*O
1030*in*O
1030*combination*O
1030*with*O
1030*other*O
1030*systems*O
1030*,*O
1030*be*O
1030*designed*O
1030*and*O
1030*installed*O
1030*so*O
1030*information*O
1030*essential*O
1030*for*O
1030*continued*O
1030*safe*O
1030*flight*O
1030*and*O
1030*landing*O
1030*will*O
1030*be*O
1030*available*O
1030*to*O
1030*the*O
1030*flightcrew*O
1030*in*O
1030*a*O
1030*timely*O
1030*manner*O
1030*after*O
1030*any*O
1030*single*B-VAL
1030*failure*O
1030*or*O
1030*probable*O
1030*combination*O
1030*of*O
1030*failures*O
1030*.*O
1031*the*O
1031*propeller*B-SYS
1031*speed*O
1031*and*O
1031*pitch*O
1031*must*O
1031*be*O
1031*limited*O
1031*to*O
1031*values*O
1031*that*O
1031*will*O
1031*ensure*O
1031*safe*O
1031*operation*O
1031*under*O
1031*normal*O
1031*operating*O
1031*conditions*O
1031*.*O
1032*the*O
1032*propeller*B-SYS
1032*speed*O
1032*and*O
1032*pitch*O
1032*must*O
1032*be*O
1032*limited*O
1032*to*O
1032*values*O
1032*that*O
1032*will*O
1032*ensure*O
1032*compliance*O
1032*with*O
1032*the*O
1032*performance*O
1032*requirements*O
1032*of*O
1032*Sections*B-RES
1032*25-101*I-RES
1032*through*O
1032*Section*B-RES
1032*25-125*I-RES
1032*.*O
1033*there*O
1033*must*O
1033*be*O
1033*a*O
1033*propeller*B-SYS
1033*speed*O
1033*limiting*O
1033*means*O
1033*at*O
1033*the*O
1033*governor*O
1033*.*O
1034*propeller*B-SYS
1034*speed*O
1034*limiting*O
1034*means*O
1034*at*O
1034*the*O
1034*governor*O
1034*must*O
1034*limit*O
1034*the*O
1034*maximum*O
1034*possible*O
1034*governed*O
1034*engine*B-SYS
1034*speed*O
1034*to*O
1034*a*O
1034*value*O
1034*not*O
1034*exceeding*O
1034*the*O
1034*maximum*O
1034*allowable*O
1034*r.p.m*O
1034*.*O
1035*the*O
1035*means*O
1035*used*O
1035*to*O
1035*limit*O
1035*the*O
1035*low*O
1035*pitch*O
1035*position*O
1035*of*O
1035*the*O
1035*propeller*B-SYS
1035*blades*O
1035*must*O
1035*be*O
1035*set*O
1035*so*O
1035*that*O
1035*the*O
1035*engine*B-SYS
1035*does*O
1035*not*O
1035*exceed*O
1035*103*B-VAL
1035*percent*I-VAL
1035*of*O
1035*the*O
1035*maximum*O
1035*allowable*O
1035*engine*B-SYS
1035*rpm*O
1035*or*O
1035*99*B-VAL
1035*percent*I-VAL
1035*of*O
1035*an*O
1035*approved*O
1035*maximum*O
1035*overspeed*O
1035*,*O
1035*whichever*O
1035*is*O
1035*greater*O
1035*,*O
1035*with*O
1035*the*O
1035*propeller*B-SYS
1035*blades*O
1035*at*O
1035*the*O
1035*low*O
1035*pitch*O
1035*limit*O
1035*and*O
1035*governor*O
1035*inoperative*O
1035*.*O
1036*the*O
1036*means*O
1036*used*O
1036*to*O
1036*limit*O
1036*the*O
1036*low*O
1036*pitch*O
1036*position*O
1036*of*O
1036*the*O
1036*propeller*B-SYS
1036*blades*O
1036*must*O
1036*be*O
1036*set*O
1036*so*O
1036*that*O
1036*the*O
1036*engine*B-SYS
1036*does*O
1036*not*O
1036*exceed*O
1036*103*B-VAL
1036*percent*I-VAL
1036*of*O
1036*the*O
1036*maximum*O
1036*allowable*O
1036*engine*B-SYS
1036*rpm*O
1036*or*O
1036*99*B-VAL
1036*percent*I-VAL
1036*of*O
1036*an*O
1036*approved*O
1036*maximum*O
1036*overspeed*O
1036*,*O
1036*whichever*O
1036*is*O
1036*greater*O
1036*,*O
1036*with*O
1036*the*O
1036*airplane*B-SYS
1036*stationary*O
1036*under*O
1036*standard*O
1036*atmospheric*O
1036*conditions*O
1036*with*O
1036*no*O
1036*wind*O
1036*.*O
1037*the*O
1037*means*O
1037*used*O
1037*to*O
1037*limit*O
1037*the*O
1037*low*O
1037*pitch*O
1037*position*O
1037*of*O
1037*the*O
1037*propeller*B-SYS
1037*blades*O
1037*must*O
1037*be*O
1037*set*O
1037*so*O
1037*that*O
1037*the*O
1037*engine*B-SYS
1037*does*O
1037*not*O
1037*exceed*O
1037*103*B-VAL
1037*percent*I-VAL
1037*of*O
1037*the*O
1037*maximum*O
1037*allowable*O
1037*engine*B-SYS
1037*rpm*O
1037*or*O
1037*99*B-VAL
1037*percent*I-VAL
1037*of*O
1037*an*O
1037*approved*O
1037*maximum*O
1037*overspeed*O
1037*,*O
1037*whichever*O
1037*is*O
1037*greater*O
1037*,*O
1037*with*O
1037*the*O
1037*engines*B-SYS
1037*operating*O
1037*at*O
1037*the*O
1037*takeoff*O
1037*manifold*O
1037*pressure*O
1037*limit*O
1037*for*O
1037*reciprocating*B-SYS
1037*engine*I-SYS
1037*powered*I-SYS
1037*airplanes*I-SYS
1037*or*O
1037*the*O
1037*maximum*O
1037*takeoff*O
1037*torque*O
1037*limit*O
1037*for*O
1037*turbopropeller*B-SYS
1037*engine-powered*I-SYS
1037*airplanes*I-SYS
1037*.*O
1038*the*O
1038*landing*B-SYS
1038*gear*I-SYS
1038*must*O
1038*remain*O
1038*extended*O
1038*throughout*O
1038*the*O
1038*accelerate-stop*O
1038*distance*O
1038*.*O
1039*during*O
1039*the*O
1039*takeoff*O
1039*path*O
1039*determination*O
1039*in*O
1039*accordance*O
1039*with*O
1039*paragraphs*B-RES
1039*(*I-RES
1039*a*I-RES
1039*)*I-RES
1039*and*I-RES
1039*(*I-RES
1039*b*I-RES
1039*)*I-RES
1039*of*O
1039*this*O
1039*section*O
1039*,*O
1039*the*O
1039*airplane*B-SYS
1039*must*O
1039*reach*O
1039*v_2*B-VAL
1039*before*O
1039*it*O
1039*is*O
1039*35*B-VAL
1039*feet*I-VAL
1039*above*O
1039*the*O
1039*takeoff*O
1039*surface*O
1039*and*O
1039*must*O
1039*continue*O
1039*at*O
1039*a*O
1039*speed*O
1039*as*O
1039*close*O
1039*as*O
1039*practical*O
1039*to*O
1039*,*O
1039*but*O
1039*not*O
1039*less*O
1039*than*O
1039*v_2*B-VAL
1039*,*O
1039*until*O
1039*it*O
1039*is*O
1039*400*B-VAL
1039*feet*I-VAL
1039*above*O
1039*the*O
1039*takeoff*O
1039*surface*O
1039*.*O
1040*at*O
1040*each*O
1040*point*O
1040*along*O
1040*the*O
1040*takeoff*O
1040*path*O
1040*,*O
1040*starting*O
1040*at*O
1040*the*O
1040*point*O
1040*at*O
1040*which*O
1040*the*O
1040*airplane*B-SYS
1040*reaches*O
1040*400*B-VAL
1040*feet*I-VAL
1040*above*O
1040*the*O
1040*takeoff*O
1040*surface*O
1040*,*O
1040*the*O
1040*available*O
1040*gradient*O
1040*of*O
1040*climb*O
1040*may*O
1040*not*O
1040*be*O
1040*less*O
1040*than*O
1040*1.2*B-VAL
1040*percent*I-VAL
1040*for*O
1040*two-engine*B-SYS
1040*airplanes*I-SYS
1040*.*O
1041*at*O
1041*each*O
1041*point*O
1041*along*O
1041*the*O
1041*takeoff*O
1041*path*O
1041*,*O
1041*starting*O
1041*at*O
1041*the*O
1041*point*O
1041*at*O
1041*which*O
1041*the*O
1041*airplane*B-SYS
1041*reaches*O
1041*400*B-VAL
1041*feet*I-VAL
1041*above*O
1041*the*O
1041*takeoff*O
1041*surface*O
1041*,*O
1041*the*O
1041*available*O
1041*gradient*O
1041*of*O
1041*climb*O
1041*may*O
1041*not*O
1041*be*O
1041*less*O
1041*than*O
1041*1.5*B-VAL
1041*percent*I-VAL
1041*for*O
1041*three-engine*B-SYS
1041*airplanes*I-SYS
1041*.*O
1042*at*O
1042*each*O
1042*point*O
1042*along*O
1042*the*O
1042*takeoff*O
1042*path*O
1042*,*O
1042*starting*O
1042*at*O
1042*the*O
1042*point*O
1042*at*O
1042*which*O
1042*the*O
1042*airplane*B-SYS
1042*reaches*O
1042*400*B-VAL
1042*feet*I-VAL
1042*above*O
1042*the*O
1042*takeoff*O
1042*surface*O
1042*,*O
1042*the*O
1042*available*O
1042*gradient*O
1042*of*O
1042*climb*O
1042*may*O
1042*not*O
1042*be*O
1042*less*O
1042*than*O
1042*1.7*B-VAL
1042*percent*I-VAL
1042*for*O
1042*four-engine*B-SYS
1042*airplanes*I-SYS
1042*.*O
1043*the*O
1043*steady*O
1043*gradient*O
1043*of*O
1043*climb*O
1043*may*O
1043*not*O
1043*be*O
1043*less*O
1043*than*O
1043*2.1*B-VAL
1043*percent*I-VAL
1043*for*O
1043*two-engine*B-SYS
1043*airplanes*I-SYS
1043*,*O
1043*2.4*B-VAL
1043*percent*I-VAL
1043*for*O
1043*three-engine*B-SYS
1043*airplanes*I-SYS
1043*,*O
1043*and*O
1043*2.7*B-VAL
1043*percent*I-VAL
1043*for*O
1043*four-engine*B-SYS
1043*airplanes*I-SYS
1043*,*O
1043*with*O
1043*the*O
1043*critical*O
1043*engine*B-SYS
1043*inoperative*O
1043*,*O
1043*the*O
1043*remaining*O
1043*engines*B-SYS
1043*at*O
1043*the*O
1043*go-around*O
1043*power*O
1043*or*O
1043*thrust*O
1043*setting*O
1043*.*O
1044*the*O
1044*steady*O
1044*gradient*O
1044*of*O
1044*climb*O
1044*may*O
1044*not*O
1044*be*O
1044*less*O
1044*than*O
1044*2.1*B-VAL
1044*percent*I-VAL
1044*for*O
1044*two-engine*B-SYS
1044*airplanes*I-SYS
1044*,*O
1044*2.4*B-VAL
1044*percent*I-VAL
1044*for*O
1044*three-engine*B-SYS
1044*airplanes*I-SYS
1044*,*O
1044*and*O
1044*2.7*B-VAL
1044*percent*I-VAL
1044*for*O
1044*four-engine*B-SYS
1044*airplanes*I-SYS
1044*,*O
1044*with*O
1044*the*O
1044*maximum*O
1044*landing*O
1044*weight*O
1044*.*O
1045*the*O
1045*steady*O
1045*gradient*O
1045*of*O
1045*climb*O
1045*may*O
1045*not*O
1045*be*O
1045*less*O
1045*than*O
1045*2.1*B-VAL
1045*percent*I-VAL
1045*for*O
1045*two-engine*B-SYS
1045*airplanes*I-SYS
1045*,*O
1045*2.4*B-VAL
1045*percent*I-VAL
1045*for*O
1045*three-engine*B-SYS
1045*airplanes*I-SYS
1045*,*O
1045*and*O
1045*2.7*B-VAL
1045*percent*I-VAL
1045*for*O
1045*four-engine*B-SYS
1045*airplanes*I-SYS
1045*,*O
1045*with*O
1045*a*O
1045*climb*O
1045*speed*O
1045*established*O
1045*in*O
1045*connection*O
1045*with*O
1045*normal*O
1045*landing*O
1045*procedures*O
1045*,*O
1045*but*O
1045*not*O
1045*exceeding*O
1045*1.4*B-VAL
1045*v_sr*I-VAL
1045*.*O
1046*the*O
1046*steady*O
1046*gradient*O
1046*of*O
1046*climb*O
1046*may*O
1046*not*O
1046*be*O
1046*less*O
1046*than*O
1046*2.1*B-VAL
1046*percent*I-VAL
1046*for*O
1046*two-engine*B-SYS
1046*airplanes*I-SYS
1046*,*O
1046*2.4*B-VAL
1046*percent*I-VAL
1046*for*O
1046*three-engine*B-SYS
1046*airplanes*I-SYS
1046*,*O
1046*and*O
1046*2.7*B-VAL
1046*percent*I-VAL
1046*for*O
1046*four-engine*B-SYS
1046*airplanes*I-SYS
1046*,*O
1046*with*O
1046*landing*B-SYS
1046*gear*I-SYS
1046*retracted*O
1046*.*O
1047*the*O
1047*airplane*B-SYS
1047*must*O
1047*be*O
1047*safely*O
1047*controllable*O
1047*and*O
1047*maneuverable*O
1047*during*O
1047*takeoff*O
1047*.*O
1048*the*O
1048*airplane*B-SYS
1048*must*O
1048*be*O
1048*safely*O
1048*controllable*O
1048*and*O
1048*maneuverable*O
1048*during*O
1048*climb*O
1048*.*O
1049*the*O
1049*airplane*B-SYS
1049*must*O
1049*be*O
1049*safely*O
1049*controllable*O
1049*and*O
1049*maneuverable*O
1049*during*O
1049*level*O
1049*flight*O
1049*.*O
1050*the*O
1050*airplane*B-SYS
1050*must*O
1050*be*O
1050*safely*O
1050*controllable*O
1050*and*O
1050*maneuverable*O
1050*during*O
1050*descent*O
1050*.*O
1051*the*O
1051*airplane*B-SYS
1051*must*O
1051*be*O
1051*safely*O
1051*controllable*O
1051*and*O
1051*maneuverable*O
1051*during*O
1051*landing*O
1051*.*O
1052*the*O
1052*airplane*B-SYS
1052*must*O
1052*maintain*O
1052*longitudinal*O
1052*trim*O
1052*during*O
1052*a*O
1052*climb*O
1052*with*O
1052*maximum*O
1052*continuous*O
1052*power*O
1052*at*O
1052*a*O
1052*speed*O
1052*not*O
1052*more*O
1052*than*O
1052*1.3*B-VAL
1052*v_sr1*I-VAL
1052*,*O
1052*with*O
1052*the*O
1052*landing*B-SYS
1052*gear*I-SYS
1052*retracted*O
1052*,*O
1052*and*O
1052*the*O
1052*flaps*B-SYS
1052*retracted*O
1052*.*O
1053*the*O
1053*airplane*B-SYS
1053*must*O
1053*maintain*O
1053*longitudinal*O
1053*trim*O
1053*during*O
1053*a*O
1053*climb*O
1053*with*O
1053*maximum*O
1053*continuous*O
1053*power*O
1053*at*O
1053*a*O
1053*speed*O
1053*not*O
1053*more*O
1053*than*O
1053*1.3*B-VAL
1053*v_sr1*I-VAL
1053*,*O
1053*with*O
1053*the*O
1053*landing*B-SYS
1053*gear*I-SYS
1053*retracted*O
1053*,*O
1053*and*O
1053*the*O
1053*flaps*B-SYS
1053*in*O
1053*the*O
1053*takeoff*O
1053*position*O
1053*.*O
1054*the*O
1054*airplane*B-SYS
1054*must*O
1054*maintain*O
1054*longitudinal*O
1054*,*O
1054*directional*O
1054*,*O
1054*and*O
1054*lateral*O
1054*trim*O
1054*(*O
1054*and*O
1054*for*O
1054*the*O
1054*lateral*O
1054*trim*O
1054*,*O
1054*the*O
1054*angle*O
1054*of*O
1054*bank*O
1054*may*O
1054*not*O
1054*exceed*O
1054*five*B-VAL
1054*degrees*I-VAL
1054*)*O
1054*at*O
1054*1.3*B-VAL
1054*v_sr1*I-VAL
1054*during*O
1054*climbing*O
1054*flight*O
1054*with*O
1054*the*O
1054*critical*O
1054*engine*B-SYS
1054*inoperative*O
1054*.*O
1055*the*O
1055*airplane*B-SYS
1055*must*O
1055*maintain*O
1055*longitudinal*O
1055*,*O
1055*directional*O
1055*,*O
1055*and*O
1055*lateral*O
1055*trim*O
1055*(*O
1055*and*O
1055*for*O
1055*the*O
1055*lateral*O
1055*trim*O
1055*,*O
1055*the*O
1055*angle*O
1055*of*O
1055*bank*O
1055*may*O
1055*not*O
1055*exceed*O
1055*five*B-VAL
1055*degrees*I-VAL
1055*)*O
1055*at*O
1055*1.3*B-VAL
1055*v_sr1*I-VAL
1055*during*O
1055*climbing*O
1055*flight*O
1055*with*O
1055*the*O
1055*remaining*O
1055*engines*B-SYS
1055*at*O
1055*maximum*O
1055*continuous*O
1055*power*O
1055*.*O
1056*the*O
1056*airplane*B-SYS
1056*must*O
1056*maintain*O
1056*longitudinal*O
1056*,*O
1056*directional*O
1056*,*O
1056*and*O
1056*lateral*O
1056*trim*O
1056*(*O
1056*and*O
1056*for*O
1056*the*O
1056*lateral*O
1056*trim*O
1056*,*O
1056*the*O
1056*angle*O
1056*of*O
1056*bank*O
1056*may*O
1056*not*O
1056*exceed*O
1056*five*B-VAL
1056*degrees*I-VAL
1056*)*O
1056*at*O
1056*1.3*B-VAL
1056*v_sr1*I-VAL
1056*during*O
1056*climbing*O
1056*flight*O
1056*with*O
1056*the*O
1056*landing*B-SYS
1056*gear*I-SYS
1056*and*O
1056*flaps*B-SYS
1056*retracted*O
1056*.*O
1057*the*O
1057*airplane*B-SYS
1057*must*O
1057*be*O
1057*longitudinally*O
1057*,*O
1057*directionally*O
1057*,*O
1057*and*O
1057*laterally*O
1057*stable*O
1057*in*O
1057*accordance*O
1057*with*O
1057*the*O
1057*provisions*O
1057*of*O
1057*Sections*B-RES
1057*25-173*I-RES
1057*through*I-RES
1057*25-177*I-RES
1057*.*O
1058*for*O
1058*level*O
1058*wing*B-SYS
1058*stalls*O
1058*,*O
1058*the*O
1058*roll*O
1058*occurring*O
1058*between*O
1058*the*O
1058*stall*O
1058*and*O
1058*the*O
1058*completion*O
1058*of*O
1058*the*O
1058*recovery*O
1058*may*O
1058*not*O
1058*exceed*O
1058*approximately*O
1058*20*B-VAL
1058*degrees*I-VAL
1058*.*O
1059*the*O
1059*structure*B-SYS
1059*must*O
1059*be*O
1059*able*O
1059*to*O
1059*support*O
1059*limit*O
1059*loads*O
1059*without*O
1059*detrimental*O
1059*permanent*O
1059*deformation*O
1059*.*O
1060*the*O
1060*structure*B-SYS
1060*must*O
1060*be*O
1060*able*O
1060*to*O
1060*support*O
1060*ultimate*O
1060*loads*O
1060*without*O
1060*failure*O
1060*for*O
1060*at*B-VAL
1060*least*I-VAL
1060*3*I-VAL
1060*seconds*I-VAL
1060*.*O
1061*the*O
1061*airplane*B-SYS
1061*must*O
1061*be*O
1061*designed*O
1061*to*O
1061*withstand*O
1061*any*O
1061*vibration*O
1061*and*O
1061*buffeting*O
1061*that*O
1061*might*O
1061*occur*O
1061*in*O
1061*any*O
1061*likely*O
1061*operating*O
1061*condition*O
1061*up*O
1061*to*O
1061*v_d/m_d*B-VAL
1061*,*O
1061*including*O
1061*stall*O
1061*and*O
1061*probable*O
1061*inadvertent*O
1061*excursions*O
1061*beyond*O
1061*the*O
1061*boundaries*O
1061*of*O
1061*the*O
1061*buffet*O
1061*onset*O
1061*envelope*O
1061*.*O
1062*the*O
1062*airplane*B-SYS
1062*must*O
1062*be*O
1062*designed*O
1062*to*O
1062*withstand*O
1062*any*O
1062*forced*O
1062*structural*O
1062*vibration*O
1062*resulting*O
1062*from*O
1062*any*O
1062*failure*O
1062*,*O
1062*malfunction*O
1062*or*O
1062*adverse*O
1062*condition*O
1062*in*O
1062*the*O
1062*flight*B-SYS
1062*control*I-SYS
1062*system*I-SYS
1062*.*O
1063*the*O
1063*airplane*B-SYS
1063*must*O
1063*be*O
1063*designed*O
1063*for*O
1063*a*O
1063*maneuvering*O
1063*load*O
1063*factor*O
1063*of*O
1063*1.5*B-VAL
1063*g*I-VAL
1063*at*O
1063*the*O
1063*maximum*O
1063*take-off*O
1063*weight*O
1063*with*O
1063*the*O
1063*wing-flaps*B-SYS
1063*and*O
1063*similar*O
1063*high*B-SYS
1063*lift*I-SYS
1063*devices*I-SYS
1063*in*O
1063*the*O
1063*landing*O
1063*configurations*O
1063*.*O
1064*each*O
1064*engine*B-SYS
1064*mount*I-SYS
1064*,*O
1064*pylon*B-SYS
1064*,*O
1064*and*O
1064*adjacent*O
1064*supporting*B-SYS
1064*airframe*I-SYS
1064*structures*I-SYS
1064*must*O
1064*be*O
1064*designed*O
1064*for*O
1064*the*O
1064*effects*O
1064*of*O
1064*a*O
1064*limit*O
1064*engine*B-SYS
1064*torque*O
1064*corresponding*O
1064*to*O
1064*takeoff*O
1064*power/thrust*O
1064*and*O
1064*,*O
1064*if*O
1064*applicable*O
1064*,*O
1064*corresponding*O
1064*propeller*B-SYS
1064*speed*O
1064*,*O
1064*acting*O
1064*simultaneously*O
1064*with*O
1064*75*B-VAL
1064*percent*I-VAL
1064*of*O
1064*the*O
1064*limit*O
1064*loads*O
1064*from*O
1064*flight*O
1064*condition*O
1064*a*O
1064*of*O
1064*section*B-RES
1064*25-333*I-RES
1064*(*I-RES
1064*b*I-RES
1064*)*I-RES
1064*.*O
1065*each*O
1065*engine*B-SYS
1065*and*O
1065*auxiliary*B-SYS
1065*power*I-SYS
1065*unit*I-SYS
1065*mount*O
1065*and*O
1065*its*O
1065*supporting*B-SYS
1065*structure*I-SYS
1065*must*O
1065*be*O
1065*designed*O
1065*for*O
1065*a*O
1065*limit*O
1065*load*O
1065*factor*O
1065*in*O
1065*lateral*O
1065*direction*O
1065*,*O
1065*for*O
1065*the*O
1065*side*O
1065*load*O
1065*on*O
1065*the*O
1065*engine*B-SYS
1065*and*O
1065*auxiliary*B-SYS
1065*power*I-SYS
1065*unit*I-SYS
1065*mount*O
1065*,*O
1065*at*O
1065*least*O
1065*equal*O
1065*to*O
1065*the*O
1065*maximum*O
1065*load*O
1065*factor*O
1065*obtained*O
1065*in*O
1065*the*O
1065*yawing*O
1065*conditions*O
1065*but*O
1065*not*B-VAL
1065*less*I-VAL
1065*than*I-VAL
1065*1.33*I-VAL
1065*.*O
1066*the*O
1066*airplane*B-SYS
1066*structure*I-SYS
1066*must*O
1066*be*O
1066*strong*O
1066*enough*O
1066*to*O
1066*withstand*O
1066*the*O
1066*flight*O
1066*loads*O
1066*combined*O
1066*with*O
1066*pressure*O
1066*differential*O
1066*loads*O
1066*from*O
1066*zero*B-VAL
1066*up*O
1066*to*O
1066*the*O
1066*maximum*O
1066*relief*O
1066*valve*O
1066*setting*O
1066*.*O
1067*the*O
1067*airplane*B-SYS
1067*structure*I-SYS
1067*must*O
1067*be*O
1067*designed*O
1067*to*O
1067*be*O
1067*able*O
1067*to*O
1067*withstand*O
1067*the*O
1067*pressure*O
1067*differential*O
1067*loads*O
1067*corresponding*O
1067*to*O
1067*the*O
1067*maximum*O
1067*relief*O
1067*valve*O
1067*setting*O
1067*multiplied*O
1067*by*O
1067*a*O
1067*factor*O
1067*of*O
1067*1.33*B-VAL
1067*for*O
1067*airplanes*B-SYS
1067*to*O
1067*be*O
1067*approved*O
1067*for*O
1067*operation*O
1067*to*O
1067*45,000*B-VAL
1067*feet*I-VAL
1067*or*O
1067*by*O
1067*a*O
1067*factor*O
1067*of*O
1067*1.67*B-VAL
1067*for*O
1067*airplanes*B-SYS
1067*to*O
1067*be*O
1067*approved*O
1067*for*O
1067*operation*O
1067*above*O
1067*45,000*B-VAL
1067*feet*I-VAL
1067*,*O
1067*omitting*O
1067*other*O
1067*loads*O
1067*.*O
1068*the*O
1068*airplane*B-SYS
1068*must*O
1068*be*O
1068*designed*O
1068*for*O
1068*the*O
1068*unsymmetrical*O
1068*loads*O
1068*resulting*O
1068*from*O
1068*the*O
1068*failure*O
1068*of*O
1068*the*O
1068*critical*O
1068*engine*B-SYS
1068*.*O
1069*the*O
1069*structure*B-SYS
1069*supporting*O
1069*any*O
1069*engine*B-SYS
1069*or*O
1069*auxiliary*B-SYS
1069*power*I-SYS
1069*unit*I-SYS
1069*must*O
1069*be*O
1069*designed*O
1069*for*O
1069*the*O
1069*loads*O
1069*,*O
1069*including*O
1069*gyroscopic*O
1069*loads*O
1069*,*O
1069*arising*O
1069*from*O
1069*the*O
1069*conditions*O
1069*specified*O
1069*in*O
1069*Sections*B-RES
1069*25-331*I-RES
1069*,*O
1069*25-341*B-RES
1069*,*O
1069*25-349*B-RES
1069*,*O
1069*25-351*B-RES
1069*,*O
1069*25-473*B-RES
1069*,*O
1069*25-479*B-RES
1069*,*O
1069*and*O
1069*25-481*B-RES
1069*,*O
1069*with*O
1069*the*O
1069*engine*B-SYS
1069*or*O
1069*auxiliary*B-SYS
1069*power*I-SYS
1069*unit*I-SYS
1069*at*O
1069*the*O
1069*maximum*O
1069*rotating*O
1069*speed*O
1069*appropriate*O
1069*to*O
1069*the*O
1069*condition*O
1069*.*O
1070*the*O
1070*control*B-SYS
1070*surfaces*I-SYS
1070*must*O
1070*be*O
1070*designed*O
1070*for*O
1070*the*O
1070*limit*O
1070*loads*O
1070*resulting*O
1070*from*O
1070*the*O
1070*flight*O
1070*conditions*O
1070*in*O
1070*Sections*B-RES
1070*25-331*I-RES
1070*,*O
1070*25-341*B-RES
1070*(*I-RES
1070*a*I-RES
1070*)*I-RES
1070*and*I-RES
1070*(*I-RES
1070*b*I-RES
1070*)*I-RES
1070*,*O
1070*25-349*B-RES
1070*,*O
1070*and*O
1070*25-351*B-RES
1070*,*O
1070*considering*O
1070*the*O
1070*requirements*O
1070*for*O
1070*loads*O
1070*parallel*O
1070*to*O
1070*hinge*O
1070*line*O
1070*,*O
1070*in*O
1070*Section*B-RES
1070*25-393*I-RES
1070*.*O
1071*the*O
1071*control*B-SYS
1071*surfaces*I-SYS
1071*must*O
1071*be*O
1071*designed*O
1071*for*O
1071*the*O
1071*limit*O
1071*loads*O
1071*resulting*O
1071*from*O
1071*the*O
1071*flight*O
1071*conditions*O
1071*in*O
1071*Sections*B-RES
1071*25-331*I-RES
1071*,*O
1071*25-341*B-RES
1071*(*I-RES
1071*a*I-RES
1071*)*I-RES
1071*and*I-RES
1071*(*I-RES
1071*b*I-RES
1071*)*I-RES
1071*,*O
1071*25-349*B-RES
1071*,*O
1071*and*O
1071*25-351*B-RES
1071*,*O
1071*considering*O
1071*the*O
1071*requirements*O
1071*for*O
1071*pilot*O
1071*effort*O
1071*effects*O
1071*,*O
1071*in*O
1071*Section*B-RES
1071*25-397*I-RES
1071*.*O
1072*the*O
1072*control*B-SYS
1072*surfaces*I-SYS
1072*must*O
1072*be*O
1072*designed*O
1072*for*O
1072*the*O
1072*limit*O
1072*loads*O
1072*resulting*O
1072*from*O
1072*the*O
1072*flight*O
1072*conditions*O
1072*in*O
1072*Sections*B-RES
1072*25-331*I-RES
1072*,*O
1072*25-341*B-RES
1072*(*I-RES
1072*a*I-RES
1072*)*I-RES
1072*and*I-RES
1072*(*I-RES
1072*b*I-RES
1072*)*I-RES
1072*,*O
1072*25-349*B-RES
1072*,*O
1072*and*O
1072*25-351*B-RES
1072*,*O
1072*considering*O
1072*the*O
1072*requirements*O
1072*for*O
1072*trim*B-SYS
1072*tab*I-SYS
1072*effects*O
1072*,*O
1072*in*O
1072*Section*B-RES
1072*25-407*I-RES
1072*.*O
1073*the*O
1073*control*B-SYS
1073*surfaces*I-SYS
1073*must*O
1073*be*O
1073*designed*O
1073*for*O
1073*the*O
1073*limit*O
1073*loads*O
1073*resulting*O
1073*from*O
1073*the*O
1073*flight*O
1073*conditions*O
1073*in*O
1073*Sections*B-RES
1073*25-331*I-RES
1073*,*O
1073*25-341*B-RES
1073*(*I-RES
1073*a*I-RES
1073*)*I-RES
1073*and*I-RES
1073*(*I-RES
1073*b*I-RES
1073*)*I-RES
1073*,*O
1073*25-349*B-RES
1073*,*O
1073*and*O
1073*25-351*B-RES
1073*,*O
1073*considering*O
1073*the*O
1073*requirements*O
1073*for*O
1073*unsymmetrical*O
1073*loads*O
1073*,*O
1073*in*O
1073*Section*B-RES
1073*25-427*I-RES
1073*.*O
1074*the*O
1074*control*B-SYS
1074*surfaces*I-SYS
1074*must*O
1074*be*O
1074*designed*O
1074*for*O
1074*the*O
1074*limit*O
1074*loads*O
1074*resulting*O
1074*from*O
1074*the*O
1074*flight*O
1074*conditions*O
1074*in*O
1074*Sections*B-RES
1074*25-331*I-RES
1074*,*O
1074*25-341*B-RES
1074*(*I-RES
1074*a*I-RES
1074*)*I-RES
1074*and*I-RES
1074*(*I-RES
1074*b*I-RES
1074*)*I-RES
1074*,*O
1074*25-349*B-RES
1074*,*O
1074*and*O
1074*25-351*B-RES
1074*,*O
1074*considering*O
1074*the*O
1074*requirements*O
1074*for*O
1074*auxiliary*B-SYS
1074*aerodynamic*I-SYS
1074*surfaces*I-SYS
1074*,*O
1074*in*O
1074*Section*B-RES
1074*25-445*I-RES
1074*.*O
1075*Control*B-SYS
1075*surfaces*I-SYS
1075*and*O
1075*supporting*B-SYS
1075*hinge*I-SYS
1075*brackets*I-SYS
1075*must*O
1075*be*O
1075*designed*O
1075*for*O
1075*inertia*O
1075*loads*O
1075*acting*O
1075*parallel*O
1075*to*O
1075*the*O
1075*hinge*O
1075*line*O
1075*.*O
1076*longitudinal*O
1076*,*O
1076*lateral*O
1076*,*O
1076*directional*O
1076*,*O
1076*and*O
1076*drag*B-SYS
1076*control*I-SYS
1076*system*I-SYS
1076*and*O
1076*their*O
1076*supporting*O
1076*structures*O
1076*must*O
1076*be*O
1076*designed*O
1076*for*O
1076*loads*O
1076*corresponding*O
1076*to*O
1076*125*B-VAL
1076*percent*I-VAL
1076*of*O
1076*the*O
1076*computed*O
1076*hinge*O
1076*moments*O
1076*of*O
1076*the*O
1076*movable*B-SYS
1076*control*I-SYS
1076*surface*I-SYS
1076*in*O
1076*the*O
1076*conditions*O
1076*prescribed*O
1076*in*O
1076*Section*B-RES
1076*25-391*I-RES
1076*.*O
1077*each*O
1077*dual*B-SYS
1077*control*I-SYS
1077*system*I-SYS
1077*must*O
1077*be*O
1077*designed*O
1077*for*O
1077*the*O
1077*pilots*O
1077*operating*O
1077*in*O
1077*opposition*O
1077*,*O
1077*using*O
1077*individual*O
1077*pilot*O
1077*forces*O
1077*not*O
1077*less*O
1077*than*O
1077*0.75*B-VAL
1077*times*I-VAL
1077*those*O
1077*obtained*O
1077*under*O
1077*Section*B-RES
1077*25-395*I-RES
1077*.*O
1078*each*O
1078*dual*B-SYS
1078*control*I-SYS
1078*system*I-SYS
1078*must*O
1078*be*O
1078*designed*O
1078*for*O
1078*the*O
1078*pilots*O
1078*operating*O
1078*in*O
1078*opposition*O
1078*,*O
1078*using*O
1078*individual*O
1078*pilot*O
1078*forces*O
1078*not*O
1078*less*O
1078*than*O
1078*the*O
1078*minimum*O
1078*forces*O
1078*specified*O
1078*in*O
1078*Section*B-RES
1078*25-397*I-RES
1078*(*I-RES
1078*c*I-RES
1078*)*I-RES
1078*.*O
1079*the*O
1079*control*B-SYS
1079*system*I-SYS
1079*must*O
1079*be*O
1079*designed*O
1079*for*O
1079*pilot*O
1079*forces*O
1079*applied*O
1079*in*O
1079*the*O
1079*same*O
1079*direction*O
1079*,*O
1079*using*O
1079*individual*O
1079*pilot*O
1079*forces*O
1079*not*O
1079*less*O
1079*than*O
1079*0.75*B-VAL
1079*times*I-VAL
1079*those*O
1079*obtained*O
1079*under*O
1079*Section*B-RES
1079*25-395*I-RES
1079*.*O
1080*Secondary*B-SYS
1080*controls*I-SYS
1080*,*O
1080*such*O
1080*as*O
1080*wheel*B-SYS
1080*brake*I-SYS
1080*,*O
1080*spoiler*B-SYS
1080*,*O
1080*and*O
1080*tab*B-SYS
1080*controls*I-SYS
1080*,*O
1080*must*O
1080*be*O
1080*designed*O
1080*for*O
1080*the*O
1080*maximum*O
1080*forces*O
1080*that*O
1080*a*O
1080*pilot*O
1080*is*O
1080*likely*O
1080*to*O
1080*apply*O
1080*to*O
1080*those*O
1080*controls*B-SYS
1080*.*O
1081*Trim*B-SYS
1081*tabs*I-SYS
1081*must*O
1081*be*O
1081*designed*O
1081*to*O
1081*withstand*O
1081*loads*O
1081*arising*O
1081*from*O
1081*all*O
1081*likely*O
1081*combinations*O
1081*of*O
1081*tab*O
1081*setting*O
1081*,*O
1081*primary*O
1081*control*O
1081*position*O
1081*,*O
1081*and*O
1081*airplane*B-SYS
1081*speed*O
1081*(*O
1081*obtainable*O
1081*without*O
1081*exceeding*O
1081*the*O
1081*flight*O
1081*load*O
1081*conditions*O
1081*prescribed*O
1081*for*O
1081*the*O
1081*airplane*B-SYS
1081*as*O
1081*a*O
1081*whole*O
1081*)*O
1081*,*O
1081*when*O
1081*the*O
1081*effect*O
1081*of*O
1081*the*O
1081*tab*O
1081*is*O
1081*opposed*O
1081*by*O
1081*pilot*O
1081*effort*O
1081*forces*O
1081*up*O
1081*to*O
1081*those*O
1081*specified*O
1081*in*O
1081*Section*B-RES
1081*25-397*I-RES
1081*(*I-RES
1081*b*I-RES
1081*)*I-RES
1081*.*O
1082*Balancing*B-SYS
1082*tabs*I-SYS
1082*must*O
1082*be*O
1082*designed*O
1082*for*O
1082*deflections*O
1082*consistent*O
1082*with*O
1082*the*O
1082*primary*B-SYS
1082*control*I-SYS
1082*surface*I-SYS
1082*loading*O
1082*conditions*O
1082*.*O
1083*Servo*B-SYS
1083*tabs*I-SYS
1083*must*O
1083*be*O
1083*designed*O
1083*for*O
1083*deflections*O
1083*consistent*O
1083*with*O
1083*the*O
1083*primary*B-SYS
1083*control*I-SYS
1083*surface*I-SYS
1083*loading*O
1083*conditions*O
1083*obtainable*O
1083*within*O
1083*the*O
1083*pilot*O
1083*maneuvering*O
1083*effort*O
1083*,*O
1083*considering*O
1083*possible*O
1083*opposition*O
1083*from*O
1083*the*O
1083*trim*B-SYS
1083*tabs*I-SYS
1083*.*O
1084*the*O
1084*flight*B-SYS
1084*control*I-SYS
1084*systems*I-SYS
1084*and*O
1084*surfaces*O
1084*must*O
1084*be*O
1084*designed*O
1084*for*O
1084*the*O
1084*limit*O
1084*loads*O
1084*generated*O
1084*when*O
1084*the*O
1084*airplane*B-SYS
1084*is*O
1084*subjected*O
1084*to*O
1084*a*O
1084*horizontal*O
1084*65-knot*B-VAL
1084*ground*O
1084*gust*O
1084*from*O
1084*any*O
1084*direction*O
1084*while*O
1084*taxiing*O
1084*and*O
1084*while*O
1084*parked*O
1084*.*O
1085*for*O
1085*empennage*B-SYS
1085*arrangements*O
1085*where*O
1085*the*O
1085*horizontal*B-SYS
1085*tail*I-SYS
1085*surfaces*O
1085*have*O
1085*dihedral*O
1085*angles*O
1085*greater*O
1085*than*O
1085*plus*B-VAL
1085*or*I-VAL
1085*minus*I-VAL
1085*10*I-VAL
1085*degrees*I-VAL
1085*,*O
1085*or*O
1085*are*O
1085*supported*O
1085*by*O
1085*the*O
1085*vertical*B-SYS
1085*tail*I-SYS
1085*surfaces*O
1085*,*O
1085*the*O
1085*surfaces*O
1085*and*O
1085*the*O
1085*supporting*B-SYS
1085*structure*I-SYS
1085*must*O
1085*be*O
1085*designed*O
1085*for*O
1085*gust*O
1085*velocities*O
1085*specified*O
1085*in*O
1085*section*B-RES
1085*25-341*I-RES
1085*(*I-RES
1085*a*I-RES
1085*)*I-RES
1085*acting*O
1085*in*O
1085*any*O
1085*orientation*O
1085*at*O
1085*right*O
1085*angles*O
1085*to*O
1085*the*O
1085*flight*O
1085*path*O
1085*.*O
1086*Wing*B-SYS
1086*flaps*I-SYS
1086*,*O
1086*their*O
1086*operating*O
1086*mechanisms*O
1086*,*O
1086*and*O
1086*their*O
1086*supporting*O
1086*structures*O
1086*must*O
1086*be*O
1086*designed*O
1086*for*O
1086*critical*O
1086*loads*O
1086*occurring*O
1086*in*O
1086*the*O
1086*conditions*O
1086*prescribed*O
1086*in*O
1086*Section*B-RES
1086*25-345*I-RES
1086*,*O
1086*accounting*O
1086*for*O
1086*the*O
1086*loads*O
1086*occurring*O
1086*during*O
1086*transition*O
1086*from*O
1086*one*O
1086*flap*O
1086*position*O
1086*and*O
1086*airspeed*O
1086*to*O
1086*another*O
1086*.*O
1087*the*O
1087*airplane*B-SYS
1087*must*O
1087*be*O
1087*designed*O
1087*to*O
1087*withstand*O
1087*the*O
1087*limit*O
1087*load*O
1087*conditions*O
1087*resulting*O
1087*from*O
1087*the*O
1087*static*O
1087*ground*O
1087*load*O
1087*conditions*O
1087*of*O
1087*paragraph*B-RES
1087*(*I-RES
1087*b*I-RES
1087*)*I-RES
1087*of*O
1087*this*O
1087*section*O
1087*and*O
1087*,*O
1087*if*O
1087*applicable*O
1087*,*O
1087*paragraph*B-RES
1087*(*I-RES
1087*c*I-RES
1087*)*I-RES
1087*of*O
1087*this*O
1087*section*O
1087*at*O
1087*the*O
1087*most*O
1087*critical*O
1087*combinations*O
1087*of*O
1087*airplane*B-SYS
1087*weight*O
1087*and*O
1087*center*O
1087*of*O
1087*gravity*O
1087*.*O
1088*Seaplanes*B-SYS
1088*must*O
1088*be*O
1088*designed*O
1088*for*O
1088*the*O
1088*water*O
1088*loads*O
1088*developed*O
1088*during*O
1088*takeoff*O
1088*and*O
1088*landing*O
1088*,*O
1088*with*O
1088*the*O
1088*seaplane*B-SYS
1088*in*O
1088*any*O
1088*attitude*O
1088*likely*O
1088*to*O
1088*occur*O
1088*in*O
1088*normal*O
1088*operation*O
1088*.*O
1089*the*O
1089*seat*B-SYS
1089*and*I-SYS
1089*restraint*I-SYS
1089*system*I-SYS
1089*in*O
1089*the*O
1089*airplane*B-SYS
1089*must*O
1089*be*O
1089*designed*O
1089*to*O
1089*protect*O
1089*each*O
1089*occupant*O
1089*during*O
1089*an*O
1089*emergency*O
1089*landing*O
1089*condition*O
1089*when*O
1089*proper*O
1089*use*O
1089*is*O
1089*made*O
1089*of*O
1089*seats*O
1089*,*O
1089*safety*O
1089*belts*O
1089*,*O
1089*and*O
1089*shoulder*O
1089*harnesses*O
1089*provided*O
1089*for*O
1089*in*O
1089*the*O
1089*design*O
1089*.*O
1090*each*O
1090*removable*O
1090*bolt*O
1090*,*O
1090*screw*O
1090*,*O
1090*nut*O
1090*,*O
1090*pin*O
1090*,*O
1090*or*O
1090*other*O
1090*removable*O
1090*fastener*O
1090*must*O
1090*incorporate*O
1090*two*B-VAL
1090*separate*O
1090*locking*O
1090*devices*O
1090*if*O
1090*its*O
1090*loss*O
1090*could*O
1090*preclude*O
1090*continued*O
1090*flight*O
1090*and*O
1090*landing*O
1090*within*O
1090*the*O
1090*design*O
1090*limitations*O
1090*of*O
1090*the*O
1090*airplane*B-SYS
1090*using*O
1090*normal*O
1090*pilot*O
1090*skill*O
1090*and*O
1090*strength*O
1090*.*O
1091*each*O
1091*removable*O
1091*bolt*O
1091*,*O
1091*screw*O
1091*,*O
1091*nut*O
1091*,*O
1091*pin*O
1091*,*O
1091*or*O
1091*other*O
1091*removable*O
1091*fastener*O
1091*must*O
1091*incorporate*O
1091*two*B-VAL
1091*separate*O
1091*locking*O
1091*devices*O
1091*if*O
1091*its*O
1091*loss*O
1091*could*O
1091*result*O
1091*in*O
1091*reduction*O
1091*in*O
1091*pitch*O
1091*,*O
1091*yaw*O
1091*,*O
1091*or*O
1091*roll*O
1091*control*O
1091*capability*O
1091*or*O
1091*response*O
1091*below*O
1091*that*O
1091*required*O
1091*by*O
1091*subpart*O
1091*b*O
1091*of*O
1091*this*O
1091*chapter*B-RES
1091*.*O
1092*Movable*B-SYS
1092*tail*I-SYS
1092*surfaces*I-SYS
1092*must*O
1092*be*O
1092*installed*O
1092*so*O
1092*that*O
1092*there*O
1092*is*O
1092*no*O
1092*interference*O
1092*between*O
1092*any*O
1092*surfaces*O
1092*when*O
1092*one*O
1092*is*O
1092*held*O
1092*in*O
1092*its*O
1092*extreme*O
1092*position*O
1092*and*O
1092*the*O
1092*others*O
1092*are*O
1092*operated*O
1092*through*O
1092*their*O
1092*full*O
1092*angular*O
1092*movement*O
1092*.*O
1093*if*O
1093*an*O
1093*adjustable*B-SYS
1093*stabilizer*I-SYS
1093*is*O
1093*used*O
1093*,*O
1093*it*O
1093*must*O
1093*have*O
1093*stops*B-SYS
1093*that*O
1093*will*O
1093*limit*O
1093*its*O
1093*range*O
1093*of*O
1093*travel*O
1093*to*O
1093*the*O
1093*maximum*O
1093*for*O
1093*which*O
1093*the*O
1093*airplane*B-SYS
1093*is*O
1093*shown*O
1093*to*O
1093*meet*O
1093*the*O
1093*trim*O
1093*requirements*O
1093*of*O
1093*Section*B-RES
1093*25-161*I-RES
1093*.*O
1094*Hinges*B-SYS
1094*must*O
1094*have*O
1094*enough*O
1094*strength*O
1094*and*O
1094*rigidity*O
1094*for*O
1094*loads*O
1094*parallel*O
1094*to*O
1094*the*O
1094*hinge*O
1094*line*O
1094*.*O
1095*each*O
1095*element*O
1095*of*O
1095*each*O
1095*flight*B-SYS
1095*control*I-SYS
1095*system*I-SYS
1095*must*O
1095*be*O
1095*designed*O
1095*,*O
1095*or*O
1095*distinctively*O
1095*and*O
1095*permanently*O
1095*marked*O
1095*,*O
1095*to*O
1095*minimize*O
1095*the*O
1095*probability*O
1095*of*O
1095*incorrect*O
1095*assembly*O
1095*that*O
1095*could*O
1095*result*O
1095*in*O
1095*the*O
1095*malfunctioning*O
1095*of*O
1095*the*O
1095*system*O
1095*.*O
1096*the*O
1096*airplane*B-SYS
1096*must*O
1096*be*O
1096*designed*O
1096*so*O
1096*that*O
1096*it*O
1096*is*O
1096*controllable*O
1096*if*O
1096*all*O
1096*engines*B-SYS
1096*fail*O
1096*.*O
1097*each*O
1097*control*B-SYS
1097*system*I-SYS
1097*must*O
1097*have*O
1097*stops*B-SYS
1097*that*O
1097*positively*O
1097*limit*O
1097*the*O
1097*range*O
1097*of*O
1097*motion*O
1097*of*O
1097*each*O
1097*movable*O
1097*aerodynamic*O
1097*surface*O
1097*controlled*O
1097*by*O
1097*the*O
1097*system*O
1097*.*O
1098*each*O
1098*stop*B-SYS
1098*must*O
1098*be*O
1098*located*O
1098*so*O
1098*that*O
1098*wear*O
1098*,*O
1098*slackness*O
1098*,*O
1098*or*O
1098*take-up*O
1098*adjustments*O
1098*will*O
1098*not*O
1098*adversely*O
1098*affect*O
1098*the*O
1098*control*O
1098*characteristics*O
1098*of*O
1098*the*O
1098*airplane*B-SYS
1098*because*O
1098*of*O
1098*a*O
1098*change*O
1098*in*O
1098*the*O
1098*range*O
1098*of*O
1098*surface*O
1098*travel*O
1098*.*O
1099*each*O
1099*stop*B-SYS
1099*must*O
1099*be*O
1099*able*O
1099*to*O
1099*withstand*O
1099*any*O
1099*loads*O
1099*corresponding*O
1099*to*O
1099*the*O
1099*design*O
1099*conditions*O
1099*for*O
1099*the*O
1099*control*B-SYS
1099*system*I-SYS
1099*.*O
1100*Trim*B-SYS
1100*controls*I-SYS
1100*must*O
1100*be*O
1100*designed*O
1100*to*O
1100*prevent*O
1100*inadvertent*O
1100*or*O
1100*abrupt*O
1100*operation*O
1100*and*O
1100*to*O
1100*operate*O
1100*in*O
1100*the*O
1100*plane*O
1100*,*O
1100*and*O
1100*with*O
1100*the*O
1100*sense*O
1100*of*O
1100*motion*O
1100*,*O
1100*of*O
1100*the*O
1100*airplane*B-SYS
1100*.*O
1101*Trim*B-SYS
1101*control*I-SYS
1101*systems*I-SYS
1101*must*O
1101*be*O
1101*designed*O
1101*to*O
1101*prevent*O
1101*creeping*O
1101*in*O
1101*flight*O
1101*.*O
1102*Trim*B-SYS
1102*tab*I-SYS
1102*controls*I-SYS
1102*must*O
1102*be*O
1102*irreversible*O
1102*unless*O
1102*the*O
1102*tab*O
1102*is*O
1102*appropriately*O
1102*balanced*O
1102*and*O
1102*shown*O
1102*to*O
1102*be*O
1102*free*O
1102*from*O
1102*flutter*O
1102*.*O
1103*each*O
1103*lift*B-SYS
1103*device*I-SYS
1103*control*I-SYS
1103*must*O
1103*be*O
1103*designed*O
1103*so*O
1103*that*O
1103*the*O
1103*pilots*O
1103*can*O
1103*place*O
1103*the*O
1103*device*O
1103*in*O
1103*any*O
1103*takeoff*O
1103*,*O
1103*en*O
1103*route*O
1103*,*O
1103*approach*O
1103*,*O
1103*or*O
1103*landing*O
1103*position*O
1103*established*O
1103*under*O
1103*section*B-RES
1103*25-101*I-RES
1103*(*I-RES
1103*d*I-RES
1103*)*I-RES
1103*.*O
1104*each*O
1104*lift*B-SYS
1104*and*I-SYS
1104*drag*I-SYS
1104*device*I-SYS
1104*control*I-SYS
1104*must*O
1104*be*O
1104*designed*O
1104*and*O
1104*located*O
1104*to*O
1104*make*O
1104*inadvertent*O
1104*operation*O
1104*improbable*O
1104*.*O
1105*the*O
1105*landing*B-SYS
1105*gear*I-SYS
1105*system*I-SYS
1105*must*O
1105*be*O
1105*designed*O
1105*so*O
1105*that*O
1105*when*O
1105*it*O
1105*fails*O
1105*due*O
1105*to*O
1105*overloads*O
1105*during*O
1105*takeoff*O
1105*and*O
1105*landing*O
1105*,*O
1105*the*O
1105*failure*O
1105*mode*O
1105*is*O
1105*not*O
1105*likely*O
1105*to*O
1105*cause*O
1105*spillage*O
1105*of*O
1105*enough*O
1105*fuel*O
1105*to*O
1105*constitute*O
1105*a*O
1105*fire*O
1105*hazard*O
1105*.*O
1106*each*O
1106*tire*O
1106*installed*O
1106*on*O
1106*a*O
1106*retractable*O
1106*landing*B-SYS
1106*gear*I-SYS
1106*system*I-SYS
1106*must*O
1106*,*O
1106*at*O
1106*the*O
1106*maximum*O
1106*size*O
1106*of*O
1106*the*O
1106*tire*O
1106*type*O
1106*expected*O
1106*in*O
1106*service*O
1106*,*O
1106*have*O
1106*a*O
1106*clearance*O
1106*to*O
1106*surrounding*O
1106*structure*B-SYS
1106*and*O
1106*systems*O
1106*that*O
1106*is*O
1106*adequate*O
1106*to*O
1106*prevent*O
1106*unintended*O
1106*contact*O
1106*between*O
1106*the*O
1106*tire*O
1106*and*O
1106*any*O
1106*part*O
1106*of*O
1106*the*O
1106*structure*B-SYS
1106*or*O
1106*systems*O
1106*.*O
1107*the*O
1107*brake*B-SYS
1107*controls*I-SYS
1107*must*O
1107*be*O
1107*designed*O
1107*and*O
1107*constructed*O
1107*so*O
1107*that*O
1107*excessive*O
1107*control*O
1107*force*O
1107*is*O
1107*not*O
1107*required*O
1107*for*O
1107*their*O
1107*operation*O
1107*.*O
1108*each*O
1108*main*B-SYS
1108*float*I-SYS
1108*must*O
1108*have*O
1108*a*O
1108*buoyancy*O
1108*of*O
1108*80*B-VAL
1108*percent*I-VAL
1108*in*I-VAL
1108*excess*I-VAL
1108*of*O
1108*that*O
1108*required*O
1108*to*O
1108*support*O
1108*the*O
1108*maximum*O
1108*weight*O
1108*of*O
1108*the*O
1108*seaplane*B-SYS
1108*or*O
1108*amphibian*B-SYS
1108*in*O
1108*fresh*O
1108*water*O
1108*.*O
1109*each*O
1109*main*B-SYS
1109*float*I-SYS
1109*must*O
1109*have*O
1109*not*O
1109*less*B-VAL
1109*than*I-VAL
1109*five*I-VAL
1109*watertight*O
1109*compartments*O
1109*approximately*O
1109*equal*O
1109*in*O
1109*volume*O
1109*.*O
1110*each*O
1110*pilot*B-SYS
1110*compartment*I-SYS
1110*and*O
1110*its*O
1110*equipment*B-SYS
1110*must*O
1110*allow*O
1110*the*O
1110*minimum*O
1110*flight*O
1110*crew*O
1110*(*O
1110*established*O
1110*under*O
1110*Section*B-RES
1110*25-1523*I-RES
1110*)*O
1110*to*O
1110*perform*O
1110*their*O
1110*duties*O
1110*without*O
1110*unreasonable*O
1110*concentration*O
1110*or*O
1110*fatigue*O
1110*.*O
1111*if*O
1111*provision*O
1111*is*O
1111*made*O
1111*for*O
1111*a*O
1111*second*B-VAL
1111*pilot*O
1111*,*O
1111*the*O
1111*airplane*B-SYS
1111*must*O
1111*be*O
1111*controllable*O
1111*with*O
1111*equal*O
1111*safety*O
1111*from*O
1111*either*O
1111*pilot*O
1111*seat*O
1111*.*O
1112*the*O
1112*pilot*B-SYS
1112*compartment*I-SYS
1112*must*O
1112*be*O
1112*constructed*O
1112*so*O
1112*that*O
1112*,*O
1112*when*O
1112*flying*O
1112*in*O
1112*rain*O
1112*or*O
1112*snow*O
1112*,*O
1112*it*O
1112*will*O
1112*not*O
1112*leak*O
1112*in*O
1112*a*O
1112*manner*O
1112*that*O
1112*will*O
1112*distract*O
1112*the*O
1112*crew*O
1112*or*O
1112*harm*O
1112*the*O
1112*structure*B-SYS
1112*.*O
1113*vibration*O
1113*and*O
1113*noise*O
1113*characteristics*O
1113*of*O
1113*cockpit*B-SYS
1113*equipment*B-SYS
1113*may*O
1113*not*O
1113*interfere*O
1113*with*O
1113*safe*O
1113*operation*O
1113*of*O
1113*the*O
1113*airplane*B-SYS
1113*.*O
1114*internal*O
1114*panes*O
1114*must*O
1114*be*O
1114*made*O
1114*of*O
1114*nonsplintering*O
1114*material*O
1114*.*O
1115*each*O
1115*cockpit*B-SYS
1115*control*I-SYS
1115*must*O
1115*be*O
1115*located*O
1115*to*O
1115*provide*O
1115*convenient*O
1115*operation*O
1115*and*O
1115*to*O
1115*prevent*O
1115*confusion*O
1115*and*O
1115*inadvertent*O
1115*operation*O
1115*.*O
1116*identical*O
1116*powerplant*B-SYS
1116*controls*I-SYS
1116*for*O
1116*each*O
1116*engine*B-SYS
1116*must*O
1116*be*O
1116*located*O
1116*to*O
1116*prevent*O
1116*confusion*O
1116*as*O
1116*to*O
1116*the*O
1116*engines*B-SYS
1116*they*O
1116*control*O
1116*.*O
1117*Wing*B-SYS
1117*flap*I-SYS
1117*controls*I-SYS
1117*and*O
1117*other*O
1117*auxiliary*B-SYS
1117*lift*I-SYS
1117*device*I-SYS
1117*controls*I-SYS
1117*must*O
1117*be*O
1117*located*O
1117*on*O
1117*top*O
1117*of*O
1117*the*O
1117*pedestal*O
1117*,*O
1117*aft*O
1117*of*O
1117*the*O
1117*throttles*B-SYS
1117*,*O
1117*centrally*O
1117*or*O
1117*to*O
1117*the*O
1117*right*O
1117*of*O
1117*the*O
1117*pedestal*O
1117*centerline*O
1117*,*O
1117*and*O
1117*not*B-VAL
1117*less*I-VAL
1117*than*I-VAL
1117*10*I-VAL
1117*inches*I-VAL
1117*aft*O
1117*of*O
1117*the*O
1117*landing*B-SYS
1117*gear*I-SYS
1117*control*I-SYS
1117*.*O
1118*the*O
1118*landing*B-SYS
1118*gear*I-SYS
1118*control*I-SYS
1118*must*O
1118*be*O
1118*located*O
1118*forward*O
1118*of*O
1118*the*O
1118*throttles*B-SYS
1118*and*O
1118*must*O
1118*be*O
1118*operable*O
1118*by*O
1118*each*O
1118*pilot*O
1118*when*O
1118*seated*O
1118*with*O
1118*seat*O
1118*belt*O
1118*and*O
1118*shoulder*O
1118*harness*O
1118*(*O
1118*if*O
1118*provided*O
1118*)*O
1118*fastened*O
1118*.*O
1119*Control*B-SYS
1119*knobs*I-SYS
1119*must*O
1119*be*O
1119*shaped*O
1119*in*O
1119*accordance*O
1119*with*O
1119*Section*B-RES
1119*25-781*I-RES
1119*.*O
1120*each*O
1120*door*B-SYS
1120*must*O
1120*have*O
1120*means*O
1120*to*O
1120*safeguard*O
1120*against*O
1120*opening*O
1120*in*O
1120*flight*O
1120*as*O
1120*a*O
1120*result*O
1120*of*O
1120*mechanical*O
1120*failure*O
1120*,*O
1120*or*O
1120*failure*O
1120*of*O
1120*any*O
1120*single*B-VAL
1120*structural*O
1120*element*O
1120*.*O
1121*each*O
1121*removable*O
1121*bolt*O
1121*,*O
1121*screw*O
1121*,*O
1121*nut*O
1121*,*O
1121*pin*O
1121*,*O
1121*or*O
1121*other*O
1121*removable*O
1121*fastener*O
1121*must*O
1121*meet*O
1121*the*O
1121*locking*O
1121*requirements*O
1121*of*O
1121*Section*B-RES
1121*25-607*I-RES
1121*.*O
1122*each*O
1122*safety*B-SYS
1122*belt*I-SYS
1122*must*O
1122*be*O
1122*equipped*O
1122*with*O
1122*a*O
1122*metal*O
1122*to*O
1122*metal*O
1122*latching*O
1122*device*O
1122*.*O
1123*each*O
1123*projecting*O
1123*object*O
1123*that*O
1123*would*O
1123*injure*O
1123*persons*O
1123*seated*O
1123*or*O
1123*moving*O
1123*about*O
1123*the*O
1123*airplane*B-SYS
1123*in*O
1123*normal*O
1123*flight*O
1123*must*O
1123*be*O
1123*padded*O
1123*.*O
1124*each*O
1124*part*O
1124*of*O
1124*the*O
1124*airplane*B-SYS
1124*near*O
1124*the*O
1124*propeller*B-SYS
1124*tips*I-SYS
1124*must*O
1124*be*O
1124*strong*O
1124*and*O
1124*stiff*O
1124*enough*O
1124*to*O
1124*withstand*O
1124*the*O
1124*effects*O
1124*of*O
1124*the*O
1124*induced*O
1124*vibration*O
1124*and*O
1124*of*O
1124*ice*O
1124*thrown*O
1124*from*O
1124*the*O
1124*propeller*B-SYS
1124*.*O
1125*continued*O
1125*safe*O
1125*flight*O
1125*and*O
1125*landing*O
1125*means*O
1125*an*O
1125*airplane*B-SYS
1125*is*O
1125*capable*O
1125*of*O
1125*continued*O
1125*controlled*O
1125*flight*O
1125*and*O
1125*landing*O
1125*,*O
1125*possibly*O
1125*using*O
1125*emergency*O
1125*procedures*O
1125*,*O
1125*without*O
1125*requiring*O
1125*exceptional*O
1125*pilot*O
1125*skill*O
1125*or*O
1125*strength*O
1125*.*O
1126*certification*O
1126*in*O
1126*the*O
1126*normal*O
1126*category*O
1126*applies*O
1126*to*O
1126*airplanes*B-SYS
1126*with*O
1126*a*O
1126*passenger-seating*O
1126*configuration*O
1126*of*O
1126*19*B-VAL
1126*or*I-VAL
1126*less*I-VAL
1126*and*O
1126*a*O
1126*maximum*O
1126*certificated*O
1126*takeoff*O
1126*weight*O
1126*of*O
1126*19,000*B-VAL
1126*pounds*I-VAL
1126*or*O
1126*less*O
1126*.*O
1127*airplane*O
1127*certification*O
1127*Level*B-VAL
1127*1*I-VAL
1127*is*O
1127*for*O
1127*airplanes*B-SYS
1127*with*O
1127*a*O
1127*maximum*O
1127*seating*O
1127*configuration*O
1127*of*O
1127*0*B-VAL
1127*to*I-VAL
1127*1*I-VAL
1127*passengers*I-VAL
1127*.*O
1128*airplane*O
1128*certification*O
1128*Level*B-VAL
1128*2*I-VAL
1128*is*O
1128*for*O
1128*airplanes*B-SYS
1128*with*O
1128*a*O
1128*maximum*O
1128*seating*O
1128*configuration*O
1128*of*O
1128*2*B-VAL
1128*to*I-VAL
1128*6*I-VAL
1128*passengers*I-VAL
1128*.*O
1129*airplane*O
1129*certification*O
1129*Level*B-VAL
1129*3*I-VAL
1129*is*O
1129*for*O
1129*airplanes*B-SYS
1129*with*O
1129*a*O
1129*maximum*O
1129*seating*O
1129*configuration*O
1129*of*O
1129*7*B-VAL
1129*to*I-VAL
1129*9*I-VAL
1129*passengers*I-VAL
1129*.*O
1130*airplane*O
1130*certification*O
1130*Level*B-VAL
1130*4*I-VAL
1130*is*O
1130*for*O
1130*airplanes*B-SYS
1130*with*O
1130*a*O
1130*maximum*O
1130*seating*O
1130*configuration*O
1130*of*O
1130*10*B-VAL
1130*to*I-VAL
1130*19*I-VAL
1130*passengers*I-VAL
1130*.*O
1131*Airplanes*B-SYS
1131*with*O
1131*a*O
1131*v_no*B-VAL
1131*and*O
1131*v_mo*B-VAL
1131*less*O
1131*than*O
1131*equal*O
1131*to*O
1131*250*B-VAL
1131*Knots*I-VAL
1131*Calibrated*I-VAL
1131*Airspeed*I-VAL
1131*(*O
1131*kcas*B-VAL
1131*)*O
1131*and*O
1131*a*O
1131*m_mo*O
1131*less*B-VAL
1131*than*I-VAL
1131*equal*I-VAL
1131*to*I-VAL
1131*0.6*I-VAL
1131*fall*O
1131*in*O
1131*the*O
1131*low*O
1131*speed*O
1131*performance*O
1131*level*O
1131*.*O
1132*Airplanes*B-SYS
1132*with*O
1132*a*O
1132*v_no*B-VAL
1132*or*O
1132*v_mo*B-VAL
1132*greater*O
1132*than*O
1132*250*B-VAL
1132*KCAS*I-VAL
1132*or*O
1132*a*O
1132*m_mo*O
1132*greater*B-VAL
1132*than*I-VAL
1132*0.6*I-VAL
1132*fall*O
1132*in*O
1132*the*O
1132*high*O
1132*speed*O
1132*performance*O
1132*level*O
1132*.*O
1133*Airplanes*B-SYS
1133*not*O
1133*certified*O
1133*for*O
1133*aerobatics*O
1133*may*O
1133*be*O
1133*used*O
1133*to*O
1133*perform*O
1133*any*O
1133*maneuver*O
1133*incident*O
1133*to*O
1133*normal*O
1133*flying*O
1133*,*O
1133*including*O
1133*stalls*O
1133*(*O
1133*except*O
1133*whip*O
1133*stalls*O
1133*)*O
1133*.*O
1134*Airplanes*B-SYS
1134*not*O
1134*certified*O
1134*for*O
1134*aerobatics*O
1134*may*O
1134*be*O
1134*used*O
1134*to*O
1134*perform*O
1134*any*O
1134*maneuver*O
1134*incident*O
1134*to*O
1134*normal*O
1134*flying*O
1134*,*O
1134*including*O
1134*lazy*O
1134*eights*O
1134*,*O
1134*chandelles*O
1134*,*O
1134*and*O
1134*steep*O
1134*turns*O
1134*,*O
1134*in*O
1134*which*O
1134*the*O
1134*angle*O
1134*of*O
1134*bank*O
1134*is*O
1134*not*O
1134*more*O
1134*than*O
1134*60*B-VAL
1134*degrees*I-VAL
1134*.*O
1135*Airplanes*B-SYS
1135*certified*O
1135*for*O
1135*aerobatics*O
1135*may*O
1135*be*O
1135*used*O
1135*to*O
1135*perform*O
1135*maneuvers*O
1135*without*O
1135*limitations*O
1135*,*O
1135*other*O
1135*than*O
1135*those*O
1135*limitations*O
1135*established*O
1135*under*O
1135*subpart*B-RES
1135*G*I-RES
1135*of*I-RES
1135*Part*I-RES
1135*23*I-RES
1135*.*O
1136*an*O
1136*applicant*O
1136*must*O
1136*comply*O
1136*with*O
1136*Part*B-RES
1136*23-2010*I-RES
1136*using*O
1136*a*O
1136*means*O
1136*of*O
1136*compliance*O
1136*,*O
1136*which*O
1136*may*O
1136*include*O
1136*consensus*O
1136*standards*O
1136*,*O
1136*accepted*O
1136*by*O
1136*the*O
1136*administrator*O
1136*.*O
1137*the*O
1137*applicant*O
1137*must*O
1137*determine*O
1137*limits*O
1137*for*O
1137*weights*O
1137*and*O
1137*centers*O
1137*of*O
1137*gravity*O
1137*that*O
1137*provide*O
1137*for*O
1137*the*O
1137*safe*O
1137*operation*O
1137*of*O
1137*the*O
1137*airplane*B-SYS
1137*.*O
1138*the*O
1138*applicant*O
1138*must*O
1138*comply*O
1138*with*O
1138*each*O
1138*requirement*O
1138*of*O
1138*Part*B-RES
1138*23*I-RES
1138*subpart*I-RES
1138*B*I-RES
1138*at*O
1138*critical*O
1138*combinations*O
1138*of*O
1138*weight*O
1138*and*O
1138*center*O
1138*of*O
1138*gravity*O
1138*within*O
1138*the*O
1138*airplane*B-SYS
1138*'s*O
1138*range*O
1138*of*O
1138*loading*O
1138*conditions*O
1138*using*O
1138*tolerances*O
1138*acceptable*O
1138*to*O
1138*the*O
1138*administrator*O
1138*.*O
1139*the*O
1139*condition*O
1139*of*O
1139*the*O
1139*airplane*B-SYS
1139*at*O
1139*the*O
1139*time*O
1139*of*O
1139*determining*O
1139*its*O
1139*empty*O
1139*weight*O
1139*and*O
1139*center*O
1139*of*O
1139*gravity*O
1139*must*O
1139*be*O
1139*well*O
1139*defined*O
1139*and*O
1139*easily*O
1139*repeatable*O
1139*.*O
1140*unless*O
1140*otherwise*O
1140*prescribed*O
1140*,*O
1140*the*O
1140*applicant*O
1140*must*O
1140*develop*O
1140*the*O
1140*performance*O
1140*data*O
1140*required*O
1140*by*O
1140*this*O
1140*subpart*O
1140*for*O
1140*airport*O
1140*altitudes*O
1140*from*O
1140*sea*B-VAL
1140*level*I-VAL
1140*to*O
1140*10,000*B-VAL
1140*feet*I-VAL
1140*(*O
1140*3,048*B-VAL
1140*meters*I-VAL
1140*)*O
1140*.*O
1141*unless*O
1141*otherwise*O
1141*prescribed*O
1141*,*O
1141*the*O
1141*applicant*O
1141*must*O
1141*develop*O
1141*the*O
1141*performance*O
1141*data*O
1141*required*O
1141*by*O
1141*this*O
1141*subpart*O
1141*for*O
1141*temperatures*O
1141*above*O
1141*and*O
1141*below*O
1141*standard*O
1141*day*O
1141*temperature*O
1141*that*O
1141*are*O
1141*within*O
1141*the*O
1141*range*O
1141*of*O
1141*operating*O
1141*limitations*O
1141*,*O
1141*if*O
1141*those*O
1141*temperatures*O
1141*could*O
1141*have*O
1141*a*O
1141*negative*O
1141*effect*O
1141*on*O
1141*performance*O
1141*.*O
1142*the*O
1142*procedures*O
1142*used*O
1142*for*O
1142*determining*O
1142*takeoff*O
1142*and*O
1142*landing*O
1142*distances*O
1142*must*O
1142*be*O
1142*executable*O
1142*consistently*O
1142*by*O
1142*pilots*O
1142*of*O
1142*average*O
1142*skill*O
1142*in*O
1142*atmospheric*O
1142*conditions*O
1142*expected*O
1142*to*O
1142*be*O
1142*encountered*O
1142*in*O
1142*service*O
1142*.*O
1143*performance*O
1143*data*O
1143*determined*O
1143*in*O
1143*accordance*O
1143*with*O
1143*paragraph*B-RES
1143*(*I-RES
1143*b*I-RES
1143*)*I-RES
1143*of*O
1143*this*O
1143*section*O
1143*must*O
1143*account*O
1143*for*O
1143*losses*O
1143*due*O
1143*to*O
1143*atmospheric*O
1143*conditions*O
1143*,*O
1143*cooling*O
1143*needs*O
1143*,*O
1143*and*O
1143*other*O
1143*demands*O
1143*on*O
1143*power*O
1143*sources*O
1143*.*O
1144*the*O
1144*applicant*O
1144*must*O
1144*determine*O
1144*the*O
1144*airplane*B-SYS
1144*stall*O
1144*speed*O
1144*or*O
1144*the*O
1144*minimum*O
1144*steady*O
1144*flight*O
1144*speed*O
1144*for*O
1144*each*O
1144*flight*O
1144*configuration*O
1144*used*O
1144*in*O
1144*normal*O
1144*operations*O
1144*,*O
1144*including*O
1144*takeoff*O
1144*,*O
1144*climb*O
1144*,*O
1144*cruise*O
1144*,*O
1144*descent*O
1144*,*O
1144*approach*O
1144*,*O
1144*and*O
1144*landing*O
1144*.*O
1145*the*O
1145*stall*O
1145*speed*O
1145*or*O
1145*minimum*O
1145*steady*O
1145*flight*O
1145*speed*O
1145*determination*O
1145*must*O
1145*account*O
1145*for*O
1145*the*O
1145*most*O
1145*adverse*O
1145*conditions*O
1145*for*O
1145*each*O
1145*flight*O
1145*configuration*O
1145*with*O
1145*power*O
1145*set*O
1145*at*O
1145*idle*O
1145*or*O
1145*zero*B-VAL
1145*thrust*O
1145*for*O
1145*propulsion*B-SYS
1145*systems*I-SYS
1145*that*O
1145*are*O
1145*used*O
1145*primarily*O
1145*for*O
1145*thrust*O
1145*.*O
1146*the*O
1146*stall*O
1146*speed*O
1146*or*O
1146*minimum*O
1146*steady*O
1146*flight*O
1146*speed*O
1146*determination*O
1146*must*O
1146*account*O
1146*for*O
1146*the*O
1146*most*O
1146*adverse*O
1146*conditions*O
1146*for*O
1146*each*O
1146*flight*O
1146*configuration*O
1146*with*O
1146*power*O
1146*set*O
1146*at*O
1146*a*O
1146*nominal*O
1146*thrust*O
1146*for*O
1146*propulsion*B-SYS
1146*systems*I-SYS
1146*that*O
1146*are*O
1146*used*O
1146*for*O
1146*thrust*O
1146*,*O
1146*flight*B-SYS
1146*control*I-SYS
1146*,*O
1146*and/or*O
1146*high-lift*B-SYS
1146*systems*I-SYS
1146*.*O
1147*for*O
1147*single*B-SYS
1147*engine*I-SYS
1147*airplanes*I-SYS
1147*and*O
1147*levels*B-VAL
1147*1*I-VAL
1147*,*I-VAL
1147*2*I-VAL
1147*,*I-VAL
1147*and*I-VAL
1147*3*I-VAL
1147*low-speed*B-SYS
1147*multiengine*I-SYS
1147*airplanes*I-SYS
1147*,*O
1147*takeoff*O
1147*performance*O
1147*includes*O
1147*the*O
1147*determination*O
1147*of*O
1147*ground*O
1147*roll*O
1147*and*O
1147*initial*O
1147*climb*O
1147*distance*O
1147*to*O
1147*50*B-VAL
1147*feet*I-VAL
1147*(*O
1147*15*B-VAL
1147*meters*I-VAL
1147*)*O
1147*above*O
1147*the*O
1147*takeoff*O
1147*surface*O
1147*.*O
1148*for*O
1148*levels*B-VAL
1148*1*I-VAL
1148*,*I-VAL
1148*2*I-VAL
1148*,*I-VAL
1148*and*I-VAL
1148*3*I-VAL
1148*high-speed*B-SYS
1148*multiengine*I-SYS
1148*airplanes*I-SYS
1148*,*O
1148*and*O
1148*level*B-VAL
1148*4*I-VAL
1148*multiengine*B-SYS
1148*airplanes*I-SYS
1148*,*O
1148*takeoff*O
1148*performance*O
1148*includes*O
1148*determination*O
1148*of*O
1148*distance*O
1148*travelled*O
1148*after*O
1148*an*O
1148*aborted*O
1148*takeoff*O
1148*at*O
1148*critical*O
1148*speed*O
1148*after*O
1148*a*O
1148*sudden*O
1148*critical*O
1148*loss*O
1148*of*O
1148*thrust*O
1148*.*O
1149*for*O
1149*levels*B-VAL
1149*1*I-VAL
1149*,*I-VAL
1149*2*I-VAL
1149*,*I-VAL
1149*and*I-VAL
1149*3*I-VAL
1149*high-speed*B-SYS
1149*multiengine*I-SYS
1149*airplanes*I-SYS
1149*,*O
1149*and*O
1149*level*B-VAL
1149*4*I-VAL
1149*multiengine*B-SYS
1149*airplanes*I-SYS
1149*,*O
1149*takeoff*O
1149*performance*O
1149*includes*O
1149*determination*O
1149*of*O
1149*ground*O
1149*roll*O
1149*and*O
1149*initial*O
1149*climb*O
1149*to*O
1149*35*B-VAL
1149*feet*I-VAL
1149*(*O
1149*11*B-VAL
1149*meters*I-VAL
1149*)*O
1149*above*O
1149*the*O
1149*takeoff*O
1149*surface*O
1149*after*O
1149*a*O
1149*sudden*O
1149*critical*O
1149*loss*O
1149*of*O
1149*thrust*O
1149*.*O
1150*for*O
1150*levels*B-VAL
1150*1*I-VAL
1150*,*I-VAL
1150*2*I-VAL
1150*,*I-VAL
1150*and*I-VAL
1150*3*I-VAL
1150*high-speed*B-SYS
1150*multiengine*I-SYS
1150*airplanes*I-SYS
1150*,*O
1150*and*O
1150*level*B-VAL
1150*4*I-VAL
1150*multiengine*B-SYS
1150*airplanes*I-SYS
1150*,*O
1150*takeoff*O
1150*performance*O
1150*includes*O
1150*determination*O
1150*of*O
1150*net*O
1150*takeoff*O
1150*flight*O
1150*path*O
1150*after*O
1150*a*O
1150*sudden*O
1150*critical*O
1150*loss*O
1150*of*O
1150*thrust*O
1150*.*O
1151*for*O
1151*levels*B-VAL
1151*1*I-VAL
1151*and*I-VAL
1151*2*I-VAL
1151*low-speed*B-SYS
1151*airplanes*I-SYS
1151*with*O
1151*all*O
1151*engines*B-SYS
1151*operating*O
1151*and*O
1151*in*O
1151*initial*O
1151*climb*O
1151*configuration*O
1151*,*O
1151*a*O
1151*climb*O
1151*gradient*O
1151*of*O
1151*atleast*B-VAL
1151*8.3*I-VAL
1151*percent*I-VAL
1151*for*O
1151*landplanes*B-SYS
1151*and*O
1151*atleast*B-VAL
1151*6.7*I-VAL
1151*percent*I-VAL
1151*for*O
1151*seaplanes*B-SYS
1151*and*O
1151*amphibians*B-SYS
1151*must*O
1151*be*O
1151*achieved*O
1151*.*O
1152*for*O
1152*levels*B-VAL
1152*1*I-VAL
1152*and*I-VAL
1152*2*I-VAL
1152*high-speed*B-SYS
1152*airplanes*I-SYS
1152*,*O
1152*all*O
1152*level*B-VAL
1152*3*I-VAL
1152*airplanes*B-SYS
1152*,*O
1152*and*O
1152*level*B-VAL
1152*4*I-VAL
1152*single-engines*B-SYS
1152*operating*O
1152*and*O
1152*in*O
1152*initial*O
1152*climb*O
1152*configuration*O
1152*,*O
1152*a*O
1152*climb*O
1152*gradient*O
1152*after*O
1152*takeoff*O
1152*of*O
1152*atleast*B-VAL
1152*4*I-VAL
1152*percent*I-VAL
1152*must*O
1152*be*O
1152*achieved*O
1152*.*O
1153*the*O
1153*applicant*O
1153*must*O
1153*determine*O
1153*climb*O
1153*performance*O
1153*at*O
1153*each*O
1153*weight*O
1153*,*O
1153*altitude*O
1153*,*O
1153*and*O
1153*ambient*O
1153*temperature*O
1153*within*O
1153*the*O
1153*operating*O
1153*limitations*O
1153*for*O
1153*all*O
1153*single-engine*B-SYS
1153*airplanes*I-SYS
1153*.*O
1154*the*O
1154*applicant*O
1154*must*O
1154*determine*O
1154*climb*O
1154*performance*O
1154*at*O
1154*each*O
1154*weight*O
1154*,*O
1154*altitude*O
1154*,*O
1154*and*O
1154*ambient*O
1154*temperature*O
1154*within*O
1154*the*O
1154*operating*O
1154*limitations*O
1154*for*O
1154*levels*B-VAL
1154*1*I-VAL
1154*and*I-VAL
1154*2*I-VAL
1154*high-speed*B-SYS
1154*multiengine*I-SYS
1154*airplanes*I-SYS
1154*and*O
1154*level*B-VAL
1154*3*I-VAL
1154*multiengine*B-SYS
1154*airplanes*I-SYS
1154*,*O
1154*following*O
1154*a*O
1154*critical*O
1154*loss*O
1154*of*O
1154*thrust*O
1154*on*O
1154*takeoff*O
1154*in*O
1154*the*O
1154*initial*O
1154*climb*O
1154*configuration*O
1154*.*O
1155*the*O
1155*applicant*O
1155*must*O
1155*determine*O
1155*climb*O
1155*performance*O
1155*at*O
1155*each*O
1155*weight*O
1155*,*O
1155*altitude*O
1155*,*O
1155*and*O
1155*ambient*O
1155*temperature*O
1155*within*O
1155*the*O
1155*operating*O
1155*limitations*O
1155*for*O
1155*all*O
1155*multiengine*B-SYS
1155*airplanes*I-SYS
1155*,*O
1155*during*O
1155*the*O
1155*enroute*O
1155*phase*O
1155*of*O
1155*flight*O
1155*with*O
1155*all*O
1155*engines*B-SYS
1155*operating*O
1155*and*O
1155*after*O
1155*a*O
1155*critical*O
1155*loss*O
1155*of*O
1155*thrust*O
1155*in*O
1155*the*O
1155*cruise*O
1155*configuration*O
1155*.*O
1156*the*O
1156*applicant*O
1156*must*O
1156*determine*O
1156*the*O
1156*glide*O
1156*performance*O
1156*for*O
1156*single-engine*B-SYS
1156*airplanes*I-SYS
1156*after*O
1156*a*O
1156*complete*O
1156*loss*O
1156*of*O
1156*thrust*O
1156*.*O
1157*the*O
1157*distance*O
1157*,*O
1157*starting*O
1157*from*O
1157*a*O
1157*height*O
1157*of*O
1157*50*B-VAL
1157*feet*I-VAL
1157*(*O
1157*15*B-VAL
1157*meters*I-VAL
1157*)*O
1157*above*O
1157*the*O
1157*landing*O
1157*surface*O
1157*,*O
1157*required*O
1157*to*O
1157*land*O
1157*and*O
1157*come*O
1157*to*O
1157*a*O
1157*stop*O
1157*must*O
1157*be*O
1157*determined*O
1157*for*O
1157*standard*O
1157*temperatures*O
1157*at*O
1157*critical*O
1157*combinations*O
1157*of*O
1157*weight*O
1157*and*O
1157*altitude*O
1157*within*O
1157*the*O
1157*operational*O
1157*limits*O
1157*.*O
1158*the*O
1158*approach*O
1158*and*O
1158*landing*O
1158*speeds*O
1158*,*O
1158*configurations*O
1158*,*O
1158*and*O
1158*procedures*O
1158*,*O
1158*which*O
1158*allow*O
1158*a*O
1158*pilot*O
1158*of*O
1158*average*O
1158*skill*O
1158*to*O
1158*land*O
1158*within*O
1158*the*O
1158*published*O
1158*landing*O
1158*distance*O
1158*consistently*O
1158*and*O
1158*without*O
1158*causing*O
1158*damage*O
1158*or*O
1158*injury*O
1158*,*O
1158*and*O
1158*which*O
1158*allow*O
1158*for*O
1158*a*O
1158*safe*O
1158*transition*O
1158*to*O
1158*the*O
1158*balked*O
1158*landing*O
1158*conditions*O
1158*of*O
1158*this*O
1158*part*O
1158*accounting*O
1158*for*O
1158*stall*O
1158*speed*O
1158*safety*O
1158*margin*O
1158*.*O
1159*the*O
1159*approach*O
1159*and*O
1159*landing*O
1159*speeds*O
1159*,*O
1159*configurations*O
1159*,*O
1159*and*O
1159*procedures*O
1159*,*O
1159*which*O
1159*allow*O
1159*a*O
1159*pilot*O
1159*of*O
1159*average*O
1159*skill*O
1159*to*O
1159*land*O
1159*within*O
1159*the*O
1159*published*O
1159*landing*O
1159*distance*O
1159*consistently*O
1159*and*O
1159*without*O
1159*causing*O
1159*damage*O
1159*or*O
1159*injury*O
1159*,*O
1159*and*O
1159*which*O
1159*allow*O
1159*for*O
1159*a*O
1159*safe*O
1159*transition*O
1159*to*O
1159*the*O
1159*balked*O
1159*landing*O
1159*conditions*O
1159*of*O
1159*this*O
1159*part*O
1159*accounting*O
1159*for*O
1159*minimum*O
1159*control*O
1159*speeds*O
1159*.*O
1160*v_mc*B-VAL
1160*is*O
1160*the*O
1160*calibrated*O
1160*airspeed*O
1160*at*O
1160*which*O
1160*,*O
1160*following*O
1160*the*O
1160*sudden*O
1160*critical*O
1160*loss*O
1160*of*O
1160*thrust*O
1160*,*O
1160*it*O
1160*is*O
1160*possible*O
1160*to*O
1160*maintain*O
1160*control*O
1160*of*O
1160*the*O
1160*airplane*B-SYS
1160*.*O
1161*for*O
1161*multiengine*B-SYS
1161*airplanes*I-SYS
1161*,*O
1161*the*O
1161*applicant*O
1161*must*O
1161*determine*O
1161*v_mc*B-VAL
1161*,*O
1161*if*O
1161*applicable*O
1161*,*O
1161*for*O
1161*the*O
1161*most*O
1161*critical*O
1161*configurations*O
1161*used*O
1161*in*O
1161*takeoff*O
1161*and*O
1161*landing*O
1161*operations*O
1161*.*O
1162*if*O
1162*the*O
1162*applicant*O
1162*requests*O
1162*certification*O
1162*of*O
1162*an*O
1162*airplane*B-SYS
1162*for*O
1162*aerobatics*O
1162*,*O
1162*the*O
1162*applicant*O
1162*must*O
1162*demonstrate*O
1162*those*O
1162*aerobatic*O
1162*maneuvers*O
1162*for*O
1162*which*O
1162*certification*O
1162*is*O
1162*requested*O
1162*and*O
1162*determine*O
1162*entry*O
1162*speeds*O
1162*.*O
1163*residual*O
1163*control*O
1163*forces*O
1163*must*O
1163*not*O
1163*fatigue*O
1163*or*O
1163*distract*O
1163*the*O
1163*pilot*O
1163*during*O
1163*normal*O
1163*operations*O
1163*of*O
1163*the*O
1163*airplane*B-SYS
1163*and*O
1163*likely*O
1163*abnormal*O
1163*or*O
1163*emergency*O
1163*operations*O
1163*,*O
1163*including*O
1163*a*O
1163*critical*O
1163*loss*O
1163*of*O
1163*thrust*O
1163*on*O
1163*multiengine*B-SYS
1163*airplanes*I-SYS
1163*.*O
1164*for*O
1164*high-speed*B-SYS
1164*airplanes*I-SYS
1164*,*O
1164*the*O
1164*applicant*O
1164*must*O
1164*determine*O
1164*the*O
1164*positive*O
1164*maneuvering*O
1164*load*O
1164*factors*O
1164*at*O
1164*which*O
1164*the*O
1164*onset*O
1164*of*O
1164*perceptible*O
1164*buffet*O
1164*occurs*O
1164*in*O
1164*the*O
1164*cruise*O
1164*configuration*O
1164*within*O
1164*the*O
1164*operational*O
1164*envelope*O
1164*.*O
1165*likely*O
1165*inadvertent*O
1165*excursions*O
1165*beyond*O
1165*this*O
1165*boundary*O
1165*must*O
1165*not*O
1165*result*O
1165*in*O
1165*structural*O
1165*damage*O
1165*.*O
1166*if*O
1166*an*O
1166*applicant*O
1166*requests*O
1166*certification*O
1166*for*O
1166*flight*O
1166*in*O
1166*icing*O
1166*conditions*O
1166*,*O
1166*the*O
1166*applicant*O
1166*must*O
1166*provide*O
1166*a*O
1166*means*O
1166*to*O
1166*detect*O
1166*any*O
1166*icing*O
1166*conditions*O
1166*for*O
1166*which*O
1166*certification*O
1166*is*O
1166*not*O
1166*requested*O
1166*and*O
1166*show*O
1166*the*O
1166*airplane*B-SYS
1166*'s*O
1166*ability*O
1166*to*O
1166*avoid*O
1166*or*O
1166*exit*O
1166*those*O
1166*conditions*O
1166*.*O
1167*the*O
1167*applicant*O
1167*must*O
1167*develop*O
1167*an*O
1167*operating*O
1167*limitation*O
1167*to*O
1167*prohibit*O
1167*intentional*O
1167*flight*O
1167*,*O
1167*including*O
1167*takeoff*O
1167*and*O
1167*landing*O
1167*,*O
1167*into*O
1167*icing*O
1167*conditions*O
1167*for*O
1167*which*O
1167*the*O
1167*airplane*B-SYS
1167*is*O
1167*not*O
1167*certified*O
1167*to*O
1167*operate*O
1167*.*O
1168*the*O
1168*applicant*O
1168*must*O
1168*determine*O
1168*the*O
1168*structural*O
1168*design*O
1168*envelope*O
1168*,*O
1168*which*O
1168*describes*O
1168*the*O
1168*range*O
1168*and*O
1168*limits*O
1168*of*O
1168*airplane*B-SYS
1168*design*O
1168*and*O
1168*operational*O
1168*parameters*O
1168*for*O
1168*which*O
1168*the*O
1168*applicant*O
1168*will*O
1168*show*O
1168*compliance*O
1168*with*O
1168*the*O
1168*requirements*O
1168*of*O
1168*this*O
1168*subpart*O
1168*.*O
1169*the*O
1169*applicant*O
1169*must*O
1169*account*O
1169*for*O
1169*all*O
1169*airplane*B-SYS
1169*design*O
1169*and*O
1169*operational*O
1169*parameters*O
1169*that*O
1169*affect*O
1169*structural*O
1169*loads*O
1169*,*O
1169*strength*O
1169*,*O
1169*durability*O
1169*,*O
1169*and*O
1169*aeroelasticity*O
1169*,*O
1169*including*O
1169*structural*O
1169*design*O
1169*airspeeds*O
1169*,*O
1169*landing*O
1169*descent*O
1169*speeds*O
1169*,*O
1169*and*O
1169*any*O
1169*other*O
1169*airspeed*O
1169*limitation*O
1169*at*O
1169*which*O
1169*the*O
1169*applicant*O
1169*must*O
1169*show*O
1169*compliance*O
1169*to*O
1169*the*O
1169*requirements*O
1169*of*O
1169*this*O
1169*subpart*O
1169*.*O
1170*the*O
1170*applicant*O
1170*must*O
1170*account*O
1170*for*O
1170*all*O
1170*airplane*B-SYS
1170*design*O
1170*and*O
1170*operational*O
1170*parameters*O
1170*that*O
1170*affect*O
1170*structural*O
1170*loads*O
1170*,*O
1170*strength*O
1170*,*O
1170*durability*O
1170*,*O
1170*aeroelasticity*O
1170*,*O
1170*and*O
1170*inertial*O
1170*properties*O
1170*including*O
1170*weight*O
1170*,*O
1170*center*O
1170*of*O
1170*gravity*O
1170*,*O
1170*and*O
1170*mass*O
1170*moments*O
1170*of*O
1170*inertia*O
1170*,*O
1170*accounting*O
1170*for*O
1170*each*O
1170*critical*O
1170*weight*O
1170*from*O
1170*the*O
1170*airplane*B-SYS
1170*empty*O
1170*weight*O
1170*to*O
1170*the*O
1170*maximum*O
1170*weight*O
1170*.*O
1171*the*O
1171*applicant*O
1171*must*O
1171*account*O
1171*for*O
1171*all*O
1171*airplane*B-SYS
1171*design*O
1171*and*O
1171*operational*O
1171*parameters*O
1171*that*O
1171*affect*O
1171*structural*O
1171*loads*O
1171*,*O
1171*strength*O
1171*,*O
1171*durability*O
1171*,*O
1171*aeroelasticity*O
1171*,*O
1171*and*O
1171*inertial*O
1171*properties*O
1171*including*O
1171*weight*O
1171*,*O
1171*center*O
1171*of*O
1171*gravity*O
1171*,*O
1171*and*O
1171*mass*O
1171*moments*O
1171*of*O
1171*inertia*O
1171*,*O
1171*accounting*O
1171*for*O
1171*the*O
1171*weight*O
1171*and*O
1171*distribution*O
1171*of*O
1171*occupants*O
1171*,*O
1171*payload*O
1171*,*O
1171*and*O
1171*fuel*O
1171*.*O
1172*the*O
1172*applicant*O
1172*must*O
1172*account*O
1172*for*O
1172*all*O
1172*airplane*B-SYS
1172*design*O
1172*and*O
1172*operational*O
1172*parameters*O
1172*that*O
1172*affect*O
1172*structural*O
1172*loads*O
1172*,*O
1172*strength*O
1172*,*O
1172*durability*O
1172*,*O
1172*aeroelasticity*O
1172*,*O
1172*and*O
1172*characteristics*O
1172*of*O
1172*airplane*B-SYS
1172*control*I-SYS
1172*systems*I-SYS
1172*,*O
1172*including*O
1172*range*O
1172*of*O
1172*motion*O
1172*and*O
1172*tolerances*O
1172*for*O
1172*control*B-SYS
1172*surfaces*I-SYS
1172*,*O
1172*high*B-SYS
1172*lift*I-SYS
1172*devices*I-SYS
1172*,*O
1172*or*O
1172*other*O
1172*moveable*O
1172*surfaces*O
1172*.*O
1173*the*O
1173*applicant*O
1173*must*O
1173*account*O
1173*for*O
1173*all*O
1173*airplane*B-SYS
1173*design*O
1173*and*O
1173*operational*O
1173*parameters*O
1173*that*O
1173*affect*O
1173*structural*O
1173*loads*O
1173*,*O
1173*strength*O
1173*,*O
1173*durability*O
1173*,*O
1173*aeroelasticity*O
1173*,*O
1173*and*O
1173*each*O
1173*critical*O
1173*altitude*O
1173*up*O
1173*to*O
1173*the*O
1173*maximum*O
1173*altitude*O
1173*.*O
1174*the*O
1174*applicant*O
1174*must*O
1174*determine*O
1174*the*O
1174*applicable*O
1174*structural*O
1174*design*O
1174*loads*O
1174*resulting*O
1174*from*O
1174*likely*O
1174*externally*O
1174*or*O
1174*internally*O
1174*applied*O
1174*pressures*O
1174*,*O
1174*forces*O
1174*,*O
1174*or*O
1174*moments*O
1174*that*O
1174*may*O
1174*occur*O
1174*in*O
1174*flight*O
1174*,*O
1174*ground*O
1174*and*O
1174*water*O
1174*operations*O
1174*,*O
1174*ground*O
1174*and*O
1174*water*O
1174*handling*O
1174*,*O
1174*and*O
1174*while*O
1174*the*O
1174*airplane*B-SYS
1174*is*O
1174*parked*O
1174*or*O
1174*moored*O
1174*.*O
1175*the*O
1175*applicant*O
1175*must*O
1175*determine*O
1175*the*O
1175*loads*O
1175*required*O
1175*by*O
1175*paragraph*B-RES
1175*(*I-RES
1175*a*I-RES
1175*)*I-RES
1175*(*I-RES
1175*1*I-RES
1175*)*I-RES
1175*of*O
1175*this*O
1175*section*O
1175*at*O
1175*all*O
1175*critical*O
1175*combinations*O
1175*of*O
1175*parameters*O
1175*,*O
1175*on*O
1175*and*O
1175*within*O
1175*the*O
1175*boundaries*O
1175*of*O
1175*the*O
1175*structural*O
1175*design*O
1175*envelope*O
1175*.*O
1176*the*O
1176*magnitude*O
1176*and*O
1176*distribution*O
1176*of*O
1176*the*O
1176*applicable*O
1176*structural*O
1176*design*O
1176*loads*O
1176*required*O
1176*by*O
1176*this*O
1176*section*O
1176*must*O
1176*be*O
1176*based*O
1176*on*O
1176*physical*O
1176*principles*O
1176*.*O
1177*the*O
1177*applicant*O
1177*must*O
1177*determine*O
1177*the*O
1177*structural*O
1177*design*O
1177*loads*O
1177*resulting*O
1177*from*O
1177*atmospheric*O
1177*gusts*O
1177*where*O
1177*the*O
1177*magnitude*O
1177*and*O
1177*gradient*O
1177*of*O
1177*these*O
1177*gusts*O
1177*are*O
1177*based*O
1177*on*O
1177*measured*O
1177*gust*O
1177*statistics*O
1177*.*O
1178*the*O
1178*applicant*O
1178*must*O
1178*determine*O
1178*the*O
1178*structural*O
1178*design*O
1178*loads*O
1178*resulting*O
1178*from*O
1178*symmetric*O
1178*and*O
1178*asymmetric*O
1178*maneuvers*O
1178*.*O
1179*the*O
1179*applicant*O
1179*must*O
1179*determine*O
1179*the*O
1179*structural*O
1179*design*O
1179*loads*O
1179*resulting*O
1179*from*O
1179*asymmetric*O
1179*thrust*O
1179*resulting*O
1179*from*O
1179*the*O
1179*failure*O
1179*of*O
1179*a*O
1179*powerplant*B-SYS
1179*unit*O
1179*.*O
1180*the*O
1180*applicant*O
1180*must*O
1180*determine*O
1180*the*O
1180*structural*O
1180*design*O
1180*loads*O
1180*resulting*O
1180*from*O
1180*taxi*O
1180*,*O
1180*takeoff*O
1180*,*O
1180*landing*O
1180*,*O
1180*and*O
1180*handling*O
1180*conditions*O
1180*on*O
1180*the*O
1180*applicable*O
1180*surface*O
1180*in*O
1180*normal*O
1180*and*O
1180*adverse*O
1180*attitudes*O
1180*and*O
1180*configurations*O
1180*.*O
1181*the*O
1181*applicant*O
1181*must*O
1181*determine*O
1181*the*O
1181*structural*O
1181*design*O
1181*loads*O
1181*acting*O
1181*on*O
1181*each*O
1181*engine*B-SYS
1181*mount*I-SYS
1181*and*O
1181*its*O
1181*supporting*B-SYS
1181*structure*I-SYS
1181*such*O
1181*that*O
1181*both*O
1181*are*O
1181*designed*O
1181*to*O
1181*withstand*O
1181*loads*O
1181*resulting*O
1181*from*O
1181*powerplant*B-SYS
1181*operation*O
1181*combined*O
1181*with*O
1181*flight*O
1181*gust*O
1181*and*O
1181*maneuver*O
1181*loads*O
1181*.*O
1182*the*O
1182*applicant*O
1182*must*O
1182*determine*O
1182*the*O
1182*structural*O
1182*design*O
1182*loads*O
1182*acting*O
1182*on*O
1182*each*O
1182*engine*B-SYS
1182*mount*I-SYS
1182*and*O
1182*its*O
1182*supporting*B-SYS
1182*structure*I-SYS
1182*such*O
1182*that*O
1182*both*O
1182*are*O
1182*designed*O
1182*to*O
1182*withstand*O
1182*loads*O
1182*resulting*O
1182*from*O
1182*non-reciprocating*B-SYS
1182*powerplants*I-SYS
1182*,*O
1182*and*O
1182*sudden*O
1182*powerplant*O
1182*stoppage*O
1182*.*O
1183*the*O
1183*applicant*O
1183*must*O
1183*determine*O
1183*the*O
1183*structural*O
1183*design*O
1183*loads*O
1183*acting*O
1183*on*O
1183*each*O
1183*flight*B-SYS
1183*control*I-SYS
1183*and*O
1183*high-lift*B-SYS
1183*surface*I-SYS
1183*,*O
1183*their*O
1183*associated*O
1183*system*O
1183*and*O
1183*supporting*B-SYS
1183*structure*I-SYS
1183*resulting*O
1183*from*O
1183*the*O
1183*inertia*O
1183*of*O
1183*each*O
1183*surface*O
1183*and*O
1183*mass*O
1183*balance*O
1183*attachment*O
1183*.*O
1184*the*O
1184*applicant*O
1184*must*O
1184*determine*O
1184*the*O
1184*structural*O
1184*design*O
1184*loads*O
1184*acting*O
1184*on*O
1184*each*O
1184*flight*B-SYS
1184*control*I-SYS
1184*and*O
1184*high-lift*B-SYS
1184*surface*I-SYS
1184*,*O
1184*their*O
1184*associated*O
1184*system*O
1184*and*O
1184*supporting*B-SYS
1184*structure*I-SYS
1184*resulting*O
1184*from*O
1184*flight*O
1184*gusts*O
1184*and*O
1184*maneuvers*O
1184*.*O
1185*the*O
1185*applicant*O
1185*must*O
1185*determine*O
1185*the*O
1185*structural*O
1185*design*O
1185*loads*O
1185*acting*O
1185*on*O
1185*each*O
1185*flight*B-SYS
1185*control*I-SYS
1185*and*O
1185*high-lift*B-SYS
1185*surface*I-SYS
1185*,*O
1185*their*O
1185*associated*O
1185*system*O
1185*and*O
1185*supporting*B-SYS
1185*structure*I-SYS
1185*resulting*O
1185*from*O
1185*pilot*O
1185*or*O
1185*automated*O
1185*system*O
1185*inputs*O
1185*.*O
1186*the*O
1186*applicant*O
1186*must*O
1186*determine*O
1186*the*O
1186*structural*O
1186*design*O
1186*loads*O
1186*acting*O
1186*on*O
1186*each*O
1186*flight*B-SYS
1186*control*I-SYS
1186*and*O
1186*high-lift*B-SYS
1186*surface*I-SYS
1186*,*O
1186*their*O
1186*associated*O
1186*system*O
1186*and*O
1186*supporting*B-SYS
1186*structure*I-SYS
1186*resulting*O
1186*from*O
1186*system*O
1186*induced*O
1186*conditions*O
1186*,*O
1186*including*O
1186*jamming*O
1186*and*O
1186*friction*O
1186*.*O
1187*the*O
1187*applicant*O
1187*must*O
1187*determine*O
1187*the*O
1187*structural*O
1187*design*O
1187*loads*O
1187*acting*O
1187*on*O
1187*each*O
1187*flight*B-SYS
1187*control*I-SYS
1187*and*O
1187*high-lift*B-SYS
1187*surface*I-SYS
1187*,*O
1187*their*O
1187*associated*O
1187*system*O
1187*and*O
1187*supporting*B-SYS
1187*structure*I-SYS
1187*resulting*O
1187*from*O
1187*taxi*O
1187*,*O
1187*takeoff*O
1187*,*O
1187*and*O
1187*landing*O
1187*operations*O
1187*on*O
1187*the*O
1187*applicable*O
1187*surface*O
1187*,*O
1187*including*O
1187*downwind*O
1187*taxi*O
1187*and*O
1187*gusts*O
1187*occurring*O
1187*on*O
1187*the*O
1187*applicable*O
1187*surface*O
1187*.*O
1188*the*O
1188*applicant*O
1188*must*O
1188*determine*O
1188*the*O
1188*structural*O
1188*design*O
1188*loads*O
1188*acting*O
1188*on*O
1188*a*O
1188*pressurized*B-SYS
1188*cabin*I-SYS
1188*resulting*O
1188*from*O
1188*the*O
1188*pressurization*O
1188*differential*O
1188*from*O
1188*zero*B-VAL
1188*up*O
1188*to*O
1188*the*O
1188*maximum*O
1188*relief*O
1188*pressure*O
1188*combined*O
1188*with*O
1188*gust*O
1188*and*O
1188*maneuver*O
1188*loads*O
1188*.*O
1189*the*O
1189*applicant*O
1189*must*O
1189*determine*O
1189*the*O
1189*structural*O
1189*design*O
1189*loads*O
1189*acting*O
1189*on*O
1189*a*O
1189*pressurized*B-SYS
1189*cabin*I-SYS
1189*resulting*O
1189*from*O
1189*the*O
1189*pressurization*O
1189*differential*O
1189*from*O
1189*zero*B-VAL
1189*up*O
1189*to*O
1189*the*O
1189*maximum*O
1189*relief*O
1189*pressure*O
1189*combined*O
1189*with*O
1189*ground*O
1189*and*O
1189*water*O
1189*loads*O
1189*if*O
1189*the*O
1189*airplane*B-SYS
1189*may*O
1189*land*O
1189*with*O
1189*the*O
1189*cabin*B-SYS
1189*pressurized*O
1189*.*O
1190*the*O
1190*applicant*O
1190*must*O
1190*determine*O
1190*the*O
1190*structural*O
1190*design*O
1190*loads*O
1190*acting*O
1190*on*O
1190*a*O
1190*pressurized*B-SYS
1190*cabin*I-SYS
1190*resulting*O
1190*from*O
1190*the*O
1190*pressurization*O
1190*differential*O
1190*at*O
1190*the*O
1190*maximum*O
1190*relief*O
1190*pressure*O
1190*multiplied*O
1190*by*O
1190*1.33*B-VAL
1190*,*O
1190*omitting*O
1190*all*O
1190*other*O
1190*loads*O
1190*.*O
1191*the*O
1191*applicant*O
1191*must*O
1191*determine*O
1191*the*O
1191*limit*O
1191*loads*O
1191*,*O
1191*which*O
1191*are*O
1191*equal*O
1191*to*O
1191*the*O
1191*structural*O
1191*design*O
1191*loads*O
1191*unless*O
1191*otherwise*O
1191*specified*O
1191*elsewhere*O
1191*in*O
1191*this*O
1191*part*O
1191*.*O
1192*the*O
1192*applicant*O
1192*must*O
1192*determine*O
1192*the*O
1192*ultimate*O
1192*loads*O
1192*,*O
1192*which*O
1192*are*O
1192*equal*O
1192*to*O
1192*the*O
1192*limit*O
1192*loads*O
1192*multiplied*O
1192*by*O
1192*a*O
1192*1.5*B-VAL
1192*factor*O
1192*of*O
1192*safety*O
1192*unless*O
1192*otherwise*O
1192*specified*O
1192*elsewhere*O
1192*in*O
1192*this*O
1192*part*O
1192*.*O
1193*the*O
1193*applicant*O
1193*must*O
1193*develop*O
1193*and*O
1193*implement*O
1193*inspections*O
1193*or*O
1193*other*O
1193*procedures*O
1193*to*O
1193*prevent*O
1193*structural*O
1193*failures*O
1193*due*O
1193*to*O
1193*foreseeable*O
1193*causes*O
1193*of*O
1193*strength*O
1193*degradation*O
1193*,*O
1193*which*O
1193*could*O
1193*result*O
1193*in*O
1193*serious*O
1193*or*O
1193*fatal*O
1193*injuries*O
1193*,*O
1193*or*O
1193*extended*O
1193*periods*O
1193*of*O
1193*operation*O
1193*with*O
1193*reduced*O
1193*safety*O
1193*margins*O
1193*.*O
1194*the*O
1194*applicant*O
1194*must*O
1194*establish*O
1194*tolerances*O
1194*for*O
1194*all*O
1194*quantities*O
1194*that*O
1194*affect*O
1194*flutter*O
1194*.*O
1195*the*O
1195*applicant*O
1195*must*O
1195*design*O
1195*each*O
1195*part*O
1195*,*O
1195*article*O
1195*,*O
1195*and*O
1195*assembly*O
1195*for*O
1195*the*O
1195*expected*O
1195*operating*O
1195*conditions*O
1195*of*O
1195*the*O
1195*airplane*B-SYS
1195*.*O
1196*the*O
1196*applicant*O
1196*must*O
1196*determine*O
1196*the*O
1196*suitability*O
1196*of*O
1196*each*O
1196*design*O
1196*detail*O
1196*and*O
1196*part*O
1196*having*O
1196*an*O
1196*important*O
1196*bearing*O
1196*on*O
1196*safety*O
1196*in*O
1196*operations*O
1196*.*O
1197*the*O
1197*applicant*O
1197*must*O
1197*determine*O
1197*the*O
1197*suitability*O
1197*and*O
1197*durability*O
1197*of*O
1197*materials*O
1197*used*O
1197*for*O
1197*parts*O
1197*,*O
1197*articles*O
1197*,*O
1197*and*O
1197*assemblies*O
1197*,*O
1197*accounting*O
1197*for*O
1197*the*O
1197*effects*O
1197*of*O
1197*likely*O
1197*environmental*O
1197*conditions*O
1197*expected*O
1197*in*O
1197*service*O
1197*,*O
1197*the*O
1197*failure*O
1197*of*O
1197*which*O
1197*could*O
1197*prevent*O
1197*continued*O
1197*safe*O
1197*flight*O
1197*and*O
1197*landing*O
1197*.*O
1198*the*O
1198*methods*O
1198*and*O
1198*processes*O
1198*of*O
1198*fabrication*O
1198*and*O
1198*assembly*O
1198*used*O
1198*must*O
1198*produce*O
1198*consistently*O
1198*sound*O
1198*structures*O
1198*.*O
1199*if*O
1199*a*O
1199*fabrication*O
1199*process*O
1199*requires*O
1199*close*O
1199*control*O
1199*to*O
1199*reach*O
1199*this*O
1199*objective*O
1199*,*O
1199*the*O
1199*applicant*O
1199*must*O
1199*perform*O
1199*the*O
1199*process*O
1199*under*O
1199*an*O
1199*approved*O
1199*process*O
1199*specification*O
1199*.*O
1200*except*O
1200*as*O
1200*provided*O
1200*in*O
1200*paragraphs*B-RES
1200*(*I-RES
1200*f*I-RES
1200*)*I-RES
1200*and*I-RES
1200*(*I-RES
1200*g*I-RES
1200*)*I-RES
1200*of*O
1200*this*O
1200*section*O
1200*,*O
1200*the*O
1200*applicant*O
1200*must*O
1200*select*O
1200*design*O
1200*values*O
1200*that*O
1200*ensure*O
1200*material*O
1200*strength*O
1200*with*O
1200*probabilities*O
1200*that*O
1200*account*O
1200*for*O
1200*the*O
1200*criticality*O
1200*of*O
1200*the*O
1200*structural*O
1200*element*O
1201*design*O
1201*values*O
1201*must*O
1201*account*O
1201*for*O
1201*the*O
1201*probability*O
1201*of*O
1201*structural*O
1201*failure*O
1201*due*O
1201*to*O
1201*material*O
1201*variability*O
1201*.*O
1202*if*O
1202*material*O
1202*strength*O
1202*properties*O
1202*are*O
1202*required*O
1202*,*O
1202*a*O
1202*determination*O
1202*of*O
1202*those*O
1202*properties*O
1202*must*O
1202*be*O
1202*based*O
1202*on*O
1202*sufficient*O
1202*tests*O
1202*of*O
1202*material*O
1202*meeting*O
1202*specifications*O
1202*to*O
1202*establish*O
1202*design*O
1202*values*O
1202*on*O
1202*a*O
1202*statistical*O
1202*basis*O
1202*.*O
1203*if*O
1203*thermal*O
1203*effects*O
1203*are*O
1203*significant*O
1203*on*O
1203*a*O
1203*critical*B-SYS
1203*component*I-SYS
1203*or*O
1203*structure*B-SYS
1203*under*O
1203*normal*O
1203*operating*O
1203*conditions*O
1203*,*O
1203*the*O
1203*applicant*O
1203*must*O
1203*determine*O
1203*those*O
1203*effects*O
1203*on*O
1203*allowable*O
1203*stresses*O
1203*used*O
1203*for*O
1203*design*O
1203*.*O
1204*design*O
1204*values*O
1204*,*O
1204*greater*O
1204*than*O
1204*the*O
1204*minimums*O
1204*specified*O
1204*by*O
1204*this*O
1204*section*O
1204*,*O
1204*may*O
1204*be*O
1204*used*O
1204*,*O
1204*where*O
1204*only*O
1204*guaranteed*O
1204*minimum*O
1204*values*O
1204*are*O
1204*normally*O
1204*allowed*O
1204*,*O
1204*if*O
1204*a*O
1204*specimen*O
1204*of*O
1204*each*O
1204*individual*O
1204*item*O
1204*is*O
1204*tested*O
1204*before*O
1204*use*O
1204*to*O
1204*determine*O
1204*that*O
1204*the*O
1204*actual*O
1204*strength*O
1204*properties*O
1204*of*O
1204*that*O
1204*particular*O
1204*item*O
1204*will*O
1204*equal*O
1204*or*O
1204*exceed*O
1204*those*O
1204*used*O
1204*in*O
1204*the*O
1204*design*O
1204*.*O
1205*an*O
1205*applicant*O
1205*may*O
1205*use*O
1205*other*O
1205*material*O
1205*design*O
1205*values*O
1205*if*O
1205*approved*O
1205*by*O
1205*the*O
1205*administrator*O
1205*.*O
1206*the*O
1206*applicant*O
1206*must*O
1206*determine*O
1206*a*O
1206*special*O
1206*factor*O
1206*of*O
1206*safety*O
1206*for*O
1206*each*O
1206*critical*O
1206*design*O
1206*value*O
1206*for*O
1206*each*O
1206*part*O
1206*,*O
1206*article*O
1206*,*O
1206*or*O
1206*assembly*O
1206*for*O
1206*which*O
1206*that*O
1206*critical*O
1206*design*O
1206*value*O
1206*is*O
1206*uncertain*O
1206*,*O
1206*and*O
1206*for*O
1206*each*O
1206*part*O
1206*,*O
1206*article*O
1206*,*O
1206*or*O
1206*assembly*O
1206*that*O
1206*is*O
1206*likely*O
1206*to*O
1206*deteriorate*O
1206*in*O
1206*service*O
1206*before*O
1206*normal*O
1206*replacement*O
1206*.*O
1207*the*O
1207*applicant*O
1207*must*O
1207*determine*O
1207*a*O
1207*special*O
1207*factor*O
1207*of*O
1207*safety*O
1207*for*O
1207*each*O
1207*critical*O
1207*design*O
1207*value*O
1207*for*O
1207*each*O
1207*part*O
1207*,*O
1207*article*O
1207*,*O
1207*or*O
1207*assembly*O
1207*for*O
1207*which*O
1207*that*O
1207*critical*O
1207*design*O
1207*value*O
1207*is*O
1207*uncertain*O
1207*,*O
1207*and*O
1207*for*O
1207*each*O
1207*part*O
1207*,*O
1207*article*O
1207*,*O
1207*or*O
1207*assembly*O
1207*that*O
1207*is*O
1207*subject*O
1207*to*O
1207*appreciable*O
1207*variability*O
1207*because*O
1207*of*O
1207*uncertainties*O
1207*in*O
1207*manufacturing*O
1207*processes*O
1207*or*O
1207*inspection*O
1207*methods*O
1207*.*O
1208*the*O
1208*applicant*O
1208*must*O
1208*determine*O
1208*a*O
1208*special*O
1208*factor*O
1208*of*O
1208*safety*O
1208*using*O
1208*quality*O
1208*controls*O
1208*and*O
1208*specifications*O
1208*that*O
1208*account*O
1208*for*O
1208*each*O
1208*type*O
1208*of*O
1208*application*O
1208*.*O
1209*the*O
1209*applicant*O
1209*must*O
1209*determine*O
1209*a*O
1209*special*O
1209*factor*O
1209*of*O
1209*safety*O
1209*using*O
1209*quality*O
1209*controls*O
1209*and*O
1209*specifications*O
1209*that*O
1209*account*O
1209*for*O
1209*each*O
1209*inspection*O
1209*method*O
1209*.*O
1210*the*O
1210*applicant*O
1210*must*O
1210*determine*O
1210*a*O
1210*special*O
1210*factor*O
1210*of*O
1210*safety*O
1210*using*O
1210*quality*O
1210*controls*O
1210*and*O
1210*specifications*O
1210*that*O
1210*account*O
1210*for*O
1210*each*O
1210*structural*O
1210*test*O
1210*requirement*O
1210*.*O
1211*the*O
1211*applicant*O
1211*must*O
1211*determine*O
1211*a*O
1211*special*O
1211*factor*O
1211*of*O
1211*safety*O
1211*using*O
1211*quality*O
1211*controls*O
1211*and*O
1211*specifications*O
1211*that*O
1211*account*O
1211*for*O
1211*each*O
1211*sampling*O
1211*percentage*O
1211*.*O
1212*the*O
1212*applicant*O
1212*must*O
1212*determine*O
1212*a*O
1212*special*O
1212*factor*O
1212*of*O
1212*safety*O
1212*using*O
1212*quality*O
1212*controls*O
1212*and*O
1212*specifications*O
1212*that*O
1212*account*O
1212*for*O
1212*each*O
1212*process*O
1212*and*O
1212*material*O
1212*control*O
1212*.*O
1213*the*O
1213*applicant*O
1213*must*O
1213*multiply*O
1213*the*O
1213*highest*O
1213*pertinent*O
1213*special*O
1213*factor*O
1213*of*O
1213*safety*O
1213*in*O
1213*the*O
1213*design*O
1213*for*O
1213*each*O
1213*part*O
1213*of*O
1213*the*O
1213*structure*B-SYS
1213*by*O
1213*each*O
1213*limit*O
1213*and*O
1213*ultimate*O
1213*load*O
1213*,*O
1213*or*O
1213*ultimate*O
1213*load*O
1213*only*O
1213*,*O
1213*if*O
1213*there*O
1213*is*O
1213*no*O
1213*corresponding*O
1213*limit*O
1213*load*O
1213*,*O
1213*such*O
1213*as*O
1213*occurs*O
1213*with*O
1213*emergency*O
1213*condition*O
1213*loading*O
1213*.*O
1214*irrespective*O
1214*of*O
1214*the*O
1214*date*O
1214*of*O
1214*application*O
1214*,*O
1214*each*O
1214*applicant*O
1214*for*O
1214*a*O
1214*supplemental*O
1214*type*O
1214*certificate*O
1214*(*O
1214*or*O
1214*an*O
1214*amendment*O
1214*to*O
1214*a*O
1214*type*O
1214*certificate*O
1214*)*O
1214*involving*O
1214*an*O
1214*increase*O
1214*in*O
1214*passenger*O
1214*seating*O
1214*capacity*O
1214*to*O
1214*a*O
1214*total*O
1214*greater*O
1214*than*O
1214*that*O
1214*for*O
1214*which*O
1214*the*O
1214*airplane*B-SYS
1214*has*O
1214*been*O
1214*type*O
1214*certificated*O
1214*must*O
1214*show*O
1214*that*O
1214*the*O
1214*airplane*B-SYS
1214*concerned*O
1214*meets*O
1214*the*O
1214*requirements*O
1214*of*O
1214*sections*B-RES
1214*25-721*I-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*d*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-783*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*g*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-785*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*c*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-803*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*c*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*2*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*through*I-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*9*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-803*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*d*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*and*I-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*e*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-807*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*a*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*I-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*c*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*I-RES
1214*and*I-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*d*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-809*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*f*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*and*I-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*h*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-811*B-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-812*B-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-813*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*a*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*I-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*b*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*I-RES
1214*and*I-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*c*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-815*B-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-817*B-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-853*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*a*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*and*I-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*b*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-855*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*a*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*25-993*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*f*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*,*O
1214*and*O
1214*25-1359*B-RES
1214*(*I-RES
1214*c*I-RES
1214*)*I-RES
1214*in*O
1214*effect*O
1214*on*O
1214*october*B-DATETIME
1214*24*I-DATETIME
1214*,*I-DATETIME
1214*1967*I-DATETIME
1214*.*O
1215*irrespective*O
1215*of*O
1215*the*O
1215*date*O
1215*of*O
1215*application*O
1215*,*O
1215*each*O
1215*applicant*O
1215*for*O
1215*a*O
1215*supplemental*O
1215*type*O
1215*certificate*O
1215*(*O
1215*or*O
1215*an*O
1215*amendment*O
1215*to*O
1215*a*O
1215*type*O
1215*certificate*O
1215*)*O
1215*involving*O
1215*an*O
1215*increase*O
1215*in*O
1215*passenger*O
1215*seating*O
1215*capacity*O
1215*to*O
1215*a*O
1215*total*O
1215*greater*O
1215*than*O
1215*that*O
1215*for*O
1215*which*O
1215*the*O
1215*airplane*B-SYS
1215*has*O
1215*been*O
1215*type*O
1215*certificated*O
1215*must*O
1215*show*O
1215*that*O
1215*the*O
1215*airplane*B-SYS
1215*concerned*O
1215*meets*O
1215*the*O
1215*requirements*O
1215*of*O
1215*sections*B-RES
1215*25-803*I-RES
1215*(*I-RES
1215*b*I-RES
1215*)*I-RES
1215*and*O
1215*25-803*B-RES
1215*(*I-RES
1215*c*I-RES
1215*)*I-RES
1215*(*I-RES
1215*1*I-RES
1215*)*I-RES
1215*in*O
1215*effect*O
1215*on*O
1215*April*B-DATETIME
1215*23*I-DATETIME
1215*,*I-DATETIME
1215*1969*I-DATETIME
1215*.*O
1216*irrespective*O
1216*of*O
1216*the*O
1216*date*O
1216*of*O
1216*application*O
1216*,*O
1216*each*O
1216*applicant*O
1216*for*O
1216*a*O
1216*supplemental*O
1216*type*O
1216*certificate*O
1216*(*O
1216*or*O
1216*an*O
1216*amendment*O
1216*to*O
1216*a*O
1216*type*O
1216*certificate*O
1216*)*O
1216*for*O
1216*an*O
1216*airplane*B-SYS
1216*manufactured*O
1216*after*O
1216*october*B-DATETIME
1216*16*I-DATETIME
1216*,*I-DATETIME
1216*1987*I-DATETIME
1216*,*O
1216*must*O
1216*show*O
1216*that*O
1216*the*O
1216*airplane*B-SYS
1216*meets*O
1216*the*O
1216*requirements*O
1216*of*O
1216*section*B-RES
1216*25-807*I-RES
1216*(*I-RES
1216*c*I-RES
1216*)*I-RES
1216*(*I-RES
1216*7*I-RES
1216*)*I-RES
1216*in*O
1216*effect*O
1216*on*O
1216*july*B-DATETIME
1216*24*I-DATETIME
1216*,*I-DATETIME
1216*1989*I-DATETIME
1216*.*O
1217*compliance*O
1217*with*O
1217*subsequent*O
1217*revisions*O
1217*to*O
1217*the*O
1217*sections*O
1217*specified*O
1217*in*O
1217*paragraph*B-RES
1217*(*I-RES
1217*a*I-RES
1217*)*I-RES
1217*or*I-RES
1217*(*I-RES
1217*b*I-RES
1217*)*I-RES
1217*of*O
1217*this*O
1217*section*O
1217*may*O
1217*be*O
1217*elected*O
1217*or*O
1217*may*O
1217*be*O
1217*required*O
1217*in*O
1217*accordance*O
1217*with*O
1217*section*B-RES
1217*21-101*I-RES
1217*(*I-RES
1217*a*I-RES
1217*)*I-RES
1217*of*O
1217*this*O
1217*chapter*B-RES
1217*.*O
1218*this*O
1218*section*O
1218*applies*O
1218*to*O
1218*an*O
1218*applicant*O
1218*for*O
1218*etops*O
1218*type*O
1218*design*O
1218*approval*O
1218*of*O
1218*an*O
1218*airplane*B-SYS
1218*that*O
1218*has*O
1218*an*O
1218*existing*O
1218*type*O
1218*certificate*O
1218*on*O
1218*February*B-DATETIME
1218*15*I-DATETIME
1218*,*I-DATETIME
1218*2007*I-DATETIME
1218*.*O
1219*this*O
1219*section*O
1219*applies*O
1219*to*O
1219*an*O
1219*applicant*O
1219*for*O
1219*etops*O
1219*type*O
1219*design*O
1219*approval*O
1219*of*O
1219*an*O
1219*airplane*B-SYS
1219*for*O
1219*which*O
1219*an*O
1219*application*O
1219*for*O
1219*an*O
1219*original*O
1219*type*O
1219*certificate*O
1219*was*O
1219*submitted*O
1219*before*O
1219*February*B-DATETIME
1219*15*I-DATETIME
1219*,*I-DATETIME
1219*2007*I-DATETIME
1219*.*O
1220*for*O
1220*etops*O
1220*type*O
1220*design*O
1220*approval*O
1220*of*O
1220*an*O
1220*airplane*B-SYS
1220*up*O
1220*to*O
1220*and*O
1220*including*O
1220*180*B-VAL
1220*minutes*I-VAL
1220*,*O
1220*an*O
1220*applicant*O
1220*must*O
1220*comply*O
1220*with*O
1220*Section*B-RES
1220*25-1535*I-RES
1220*,*O
1220*except*O
1220*that*O
1220*it*O
1220*need*O
1220*not*O
1220*comply*O
1220*with*O
1220*K25-1-4*B-RES
1220*(*I-RES
1220*a*I-RES
1220*)*I-RES
1220*,*O
1220*fuel*B-SYS
1220*system*I-SYS
1220*pressure*O
1220*and*O
1220*flow*O
1220*requirements*O
1220*of*O
1220*Appendix*B-RES
1220*K*I-RES
1220*,*O
1220*K25-1-4*B-RES
1220*,*O
1220*of*O
1220*this*O
1220*part*O
1220*.*O
1221*for*O
1221*etops*O
1221*type*O
1221*design*O
1221*approval*O
1221*of*O
1221*an*O
1221*airplane*B-SYS
1221*up*O
1221*to*O
1221*and*O
1221*including*O
1221*180*B-VAL
1221*minutes*I-VAL
1221*,*O
1221*an*O
1221*applicant*O
1221*must*O
1221*comply*O
1221*with*O
1221*Section*B-RES
1221*25-1535*I-RES
1221*,*O
1221*except*O
1221*that*O
1221*it*O
1221*need*O
1221*not*O
1221*comply*O
1221*with*O
1221*K25-1-4*B-RES
1221*(*I-RES
1221*a*I-RES
1221*)*I-RES
1221*(*I-RES
1221*3*I-RES
1221*)*I-RES
1221*,*O
1221*low*O
1221*fuel*O
1221*alerting*O
1221*of*O
1221*Appendix*B-RES
1221*K*I-RES
1221*,*O
1221*K25-1-4*B-RES
1221*,*O
1221*of*O
1221*this*O
1221*part*O
1221*.*O
1222*for*O
1222*etops*O
1222*type*O
1222*design*O
1222*approval*O
1222*of*O
1222*an*O
1222*airplane*B-SYS
1222*up*O
1222*to*O
1222*and*O
1222*including*O
1222*180*B-VAL
1222*minutes*I-VAL
1222*,*O
1222*an*O
1222*applicant*O
1222*must*O
1222*comply*O
1222*with*O
1222*Section*B-RES
1222*25-1535*I-RES
1222*,*O
1222*except*O
1222*that*O
1222*it*O
1222*need*O
1222*not*O
1222*comply*O
1222*with*O
1222*K25-1-4*B-RES
1222*(*I-RES
1222*c*I-RES
1222*)*I-RES
1222*,*O
1222*engine*B-SYS
1222*oil*I-SYS
1222*tank*I-SYS
1222*design*O
1222*of*O
1222*Appendix*B-RES
1222*K*I-RES
1222*,*O
1222*K25-1-4*B-RES
1222*,*O
1222*of*O
1222*this*O
1222*part*O
1222*.*O
1223*for*O
1223*etops*O
1223*type*O
1223*design*O
1223*approval*O
1223*of*O
1223*an*O
1223*airplane*B-SYS
1223*beyond*O
1223*180*B-VAL
1223*minutes*I-VAL
1223*an*O
1223*applicant*O
1223*must*O
1223*comply*O
1223*with*O
1223*Section*B-RES
1223*25-1535*I-RES
1223*.*O
1224*an*O
1224*applicant*O
1224*for*O
1224*etops*O
1224*type*O
1224*design*O
1224*approval*O
1224*must*O
1224*comply*O
1224*with*O
1224*Section*B-RES
1224*25-1535*I-RES
1224*for*O
1224*an*O
1224*airplane*B-SYS
1224*manufactured*O
1224*on*O
1224*or*O
1224*after*O
1224*February*B-DATETIME
1224*17*I-DATETIME
1224*,*I-DATETIME
1224*2015*I-DATETIME
1224*,*O
1224*except*O
1224*that*O
1224*,*O
1224*for*O
1224*an*O
1224*airplane*B-SYS
1224*configured*O
1224*for*O
1224*a*O
1224*three*B-VAL
1224*person*O
1224*flight*O
1224*crew*O
1224*,*O
1224*the*O
1224*applicant*O
1224*need*O
1224*not*O
1224*comply*O
1224*with*O
1224*Appendix*B-RES
1224*K*I-RES
1224*,*O
1224*K25-1-4*B-RES
1224*(*I-RES
1224*a*I-RES
1224*)*I-RES
1224*(*I-RES
1224*3*I-RES
1224*)*I-RES
1224*,*O
1224*of*O
1224*this*O
1224*part*O
1224*,*O
1224*low*O
1224*fuel*O
1224*alerting*O
1224*.*O
1225*each*O
1225*requirement*O
1225*of*O
1225*this*O
1225*subpart*O
1225*must*O
1225*be*O
1225*met*O
1225*at*O
1225*each*O
1225*appropriate*O
1225*combination*O
1225*of*O
1225*weight*O
1225*and*O
1225*center*O
1225*of*O
1225*gravity*O
1225*within*O
1225*the*O
1225*range*O
1225*of*O
1225*loading*O
1225*conditions*O
1225*for*O
1225*which*O
1225*certification*O
1225*is*O
1225*requested*O
1225*.*O
1226*this*O
1226*must*O
1226*be*O
1226*shown*O
1226*by*O
1226*tests*O
1226*upon*O
1226*an*O
1226*airplane*B-SYS
1226*of*O
1226*the*O
1226*type*O
1226*for*O
1226*which*O
1226*certification*O
1226*is*O
1226*requested*O
1226*,*O
1226*or*O
1226*by*O
1226*calculations*O
1226*based*O
1226*on*O
1226*,*O
1226*and*O
1226*equal*O
1226*in*O
1226*accuracy*O
1226*to*O
1226*,*O
1226*the*O
1226*results*O
1226*of*O
1226*testing*O
1226*.*O
1227*this*O
1227*must*O
1227*be*O
1227*shown*O
1227*by*O
1227*systematic*O
1227*investigation*O
1227*of*O
1227*each*O
1227*probable*O
1227*combination*O
1227*of*O
1227*weight*O
1227*and*O
1227*center*O
1227*of*O
1227*gravity*O
1227*,*O
1227*if*O
1227*compliance*O
1227*can*O
1227*not*O
1227*be*O
1227*reasonably*O
1227*inferred*O
1227*from*O
1227*combinations*O
1227*investigated*O
1227*.*O
1228*the*O
1228*controllability*O
1228*,*O
1228*stability*O
1228*,*O
1228*trim*O
1228*,*O
1228*and*O
1228*stalling*O
1228*characteristics*O
1228*of*O
1228*the*O
1228*airplane*B-SYS
1228*must*O
1228*be*O
1228*shown*O
1228*for*O
1228*each*O
1228*altitude*O
1228*up*O
1228*to*O
1228*the*O
1228*maximum*O
1228*expected*O
1228*in*O
1228*operation*O
1228*.*O
1229*parameters*O
1229*critical*O
1229*for*O
1229*the*O
1229*test*O
1229*being*O
1229*conducted*O
1229*,*O
1229*such*O
1229*as*O
1229*weight*O
1229*,*O
1229*loading*O
1229*(*O
1229*center*O
1229*of*O
1229*gravity*O
1229*and*O
1229*inertia*O
1229*)*O
1229*,*O
1229*airspeed*O
1229*,*O
1229*power*O
1229*,*O
1229*and*O
1229*wind*O
1229*,*O
1229*must*O
1229*be*O
1229*maintained*O
1229*within*O
1229*acceptable*O
1229*tolerances*O
1229*of*O
1229*the*O
1229*critical*O
1229*values*O
1229*during*O
1229*flight*O
1229*testing*O
1229*.*O
1230*if*O
1230*compliance*O
1230*with*O
1230*the*O
1230*flight*O
1230*characteristics*O
1230*requirements*O
1230*is*O
1230*dependent*O
1230*upon*O
1230*a*O
1230*stability*O
1230*augmentation*O
1230*system*O
1230*or*O
1230*upon*O
1230*any*O
1230*other*O
1230*automatic*O
1230*or*O
1230*power-operated*O
1230*system*O
1230*,*O
1230*compliance*O
1230*must*O
1230*be*O
1230*shown*O
1230*with*O
1230*Sections*B-RES
1230*25-671*I-RES
1230*and*O
1230*25-672*B-RES
1230*.*O
1231*in*O
1231*meeting*O
1231*the*O
1231*requirements*O
1231*of*O
1231*Sections*B-RES
1231*25-105*I-RES
1231*(*I-RES
1231*d*I-RES
1231*)*I-RES
1231*,*O
1231*25-125*B-RES
1231*,*O
1231*25-233*B-RES
1231*,*O
1231*and*O
1231*25-237*B-RES
1231*,*O
1231*the*O
1231*wind*O
1231*velocity*O
1231*must*O
1231*be*O
1231*measured*O
1231*at*O
1231*a*O
1231*height*O
1231*of*O
1231*10*B-VAL
1231*meters*I-VAL
1231*above*O
1231*the*O
1231*surface*O
1231*,*O
1231*or*O
1231*corrected*O
1231*for*O
1231*the*O
1231*difference*O
1231*between*O
1231*the*O
1231*height*O
1231*at*O
1231*which*O
1231*the*O
1231*wind*O
1231*velocity*O
1231*is*O
1231*measured*O
1231*and*O
1231*the*O
1231*10-meter*B-VAL
1231*height*O
1231*.*O
1232*paragraphs*B-RES
1232*(*I-RES
1232*g*I-RES
1232*)*I-RES
1232*(*I-RES
1232*3*I-RES
1232*)*I-RES
1232*and*I-RES
1232*(*I-RES
1232*4*I-RES
1232*)*I-RES
1232*of*O
1232*this*O
1232*section*O
1232*apply*O
1232*only*O
1232*to*O
1232*airplanes*B-SYS
1232*with*O
1232*maximum*O
1232*takeoff*O
1232*gross*O
1232*weight*O
1232*is*O
1232*less*B-VAL
1232*than*I-VAL
1232*60,000*I-VAL
1232*lbs*I-VAL
1232*and/or*O
1232*if*O
1232*the*O
1232*airplane*B-SYS
1232*is*O
1232*equipped*O
1232*with*O
1232*reversible*O
1232*flight*B-SYS
1232*controls*I-SYS
1232*.*O
1233*each*O
1233*requirement*O
1233*of*O
1233*this*O
1233*subpart*O
1233*,*O
1233*except*O
1233*sections*B-RES
1233*25-121*I-RES
1233*(*I-RES
1233*a*I-RES
1233*)*I-RES
1233*,*O
1233*25-123*B-RES
1233*(*I-RES
1233*c*I-RES
1233*)*I-RES
1233*,*O
1233*25-143*B-RES
1233*(*I-RES
1233*b*I-RES
1233*)*I-RES
1233*(*I-RES
1233*1*I-RES
1233*)*I-RES
1233*and*I-RES
1233*(*I-RES
1233*2*I-RES
1233*)*I-RES
1233*,*O
1233*25-149*B-RES
1233*,*O
1233*25-201*B-RES
1233*(*I-RES
1233*c*I-RES
1233*)*I-RES
1233*(*I-RES
1233*2*I-RES
1233*)*I-RES
1233*,*O
1233*25-239*B-RES
1233*,*O
1233*and*O
1233*25-251*B-RES
1233*(*I-RES
1233*b*I-RES
1233*)*I-RES
1233*through*I-RES
1233*(*I-RES
1233*e*I-RES
1233*)*I-RES
1233*,*O
1233*must*O
1233*be*O
1233*met*O
1233*in*O
1233*the*O
1233*icing*O
1233*conditions*O
1233*specified*O
1233*in*O
1233*Appendix*B-RES
1233*C*I-RES
1233*of*O
1233*this*O
1233*part*O
1233*.*O
1234*section*B-RES
1234*25-207*I-RES
1234*(*I-RES
1234*c*I-RES
1234*)*I-RES
1234*and*I-RES
1234*(*I-RES
1234*d*I-RES
1234*)*I-RES
1234*must*O
1234*be*O
1234*met*O
1234*in*O
1234*the*O
1234*landing*O
1234*configuration*O
1234*in*O
1234*the*O
1234*icing*O
1234*conditions*O
1234*specified*O
1234*in*O
1234*Appendix*B-RES
1234*C*I-RES
1234*,*O
1234*but*O
1234*need*O
1234*not*O
1234*be*O
1234*met*O
1234*for*O
1234*other*O
1234*configurations*O
1234*.*O
1235*compliance*O
1235*must*O
1235*be*O
1235*shown*O
1235*using*O
1235*the*O
1235*ice*O
1235*accretions*O
1235*defined*O
1235*in*O
1235*part*B-RES
1235*II*I-RES
1235*of*I-RES
1235*Appendix*I-RES
1235*C*I-RES
1235*of*O
1235*this*O
1235*part*O
1235*,*O
1235*assuming*O
1235*normal*O
1235*operation*O
1235*of*O
1235*the*O
1235*airplane*B-SYS
1235*and*O
1235*its*O
1235*ice*B-SYS
1235*protection*I-SYS
1235*system*I-SYS
1235*in*O
1235*accordance*O
1235*with*O
1235*the*O
1235*operating*O
1235*limitations*O
1235*and*O
1235*operating*O
1235*procedures*O
1235*established*O
1235*by*O
1235*the*O
1235*applicant*O
1235*and*O
1235*provided*O
1235*in*O
1235*the*O
1235*airplane*B-RES
1235*flight*I-RES
1235*manual*I-RES
1235*.*O
1236*if*O
1236*the*O
1236*applicant*O
1236*does*O
1236*not*O
1236*seek*O
1236*certification*O
1236*for*O
1236*flight*O
1236*in*O
1236*all*O
1236*icing*O
1236*conditions*O
1236*defined*O
1236*in*O
1236*Appendix*B-RES
1236*O*I-RES
1236*of*O
1236*this*O
1236*part*O
1236*,*O
1236*each*O
1236*requirement*O
1236*of*O
1236*this*O
1236*subpart*O
1236*,*O
1236*except*O
1236*Sections*B-RES
1236*25-105*I-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-107*B-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-109*B-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-111*B-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-113*B-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-115*B-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-121*B-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-123*B-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-143*B-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*b*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*1*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*,*I-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*b*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*2*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*,*I-RES
1236*and*I-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*c*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*1*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-149*B-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-201*B-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*c*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*2*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-207*B-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*c*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*,*I-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*d*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*,*I-RES
1236*and*I-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*e*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*1*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*,*O
1236*25-239*B-RES
1236*,*O
1236*and*O
1236*25-251*B-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*b*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*through*I-RES
1236*(*I-RES
1236*e*I-RES
1236*)*I-RES
1236*,*O
1236*must*O
1236*be*O
1236*met*O
1236*in*O
1236*the*O
1236*Appendix*B-RES
1236*O*I-RES
1236*icing*O
1236*conditions*O
1236*for*O
1236*which*O
1236*certification*O
1236*is*O
1236*not*O
1236*sought*O
1236*in*O
1236*order*O
1236*to*O
1236*allow*O
1236*a*O
1236*safe*O
1236*exit*O
1236*from*O
1236*those*O
1236*conditions*O
1236*.*O
1237*compliance*O
1237*must*O
1237*be*O
1237*shown*O
1237*using*O
1237*the*O
1237*ice*O
1237*accretions*O
1237*defined*O
1237*in*O
1237*part*O
1237*ii*O
1237*,*O
1237*paragraphs*B-RES
1237*(*I-RES
1237*b*I-RES
1237*)*I-RES
1237*and*I-RES
1237*(*I-RES
1237*d*I-RES
1237*)*I-RES
1237*of*I-RES
1237*Appendix*I-RES
1237*O*I-RES
1237*,*O
1237*assuming*O
1237*normal*O
1237*operation*O
1237*of*O
1237*the*O
1237*airplane*B-SYS
1237*and*O
1237*its*O
1237*ice*B-SYS
1237*protection*I-SYS
1237*system*I-SYS
1237*in*O
1237*accordance*O
1237*with*O
1237*the*O
1237*operating*O
1237*limitations*O
1237*and*O
1237*operating*O
1237*procedures*O
1237*established*O
1237*by*O
1237*the*O
1237*applicant*O
1237*and*O
1237*provided*O
1237*in*O
1237*the*O
1237*airplane*B-RES
1237*flight*I-RES
1237*manual*I-RES
1237*.*O
1238*if*O
1238*the*O
1238*applicant*O
1238*seeks*O
1238*certification*O
1238*for*O
1238*flight*O
1238*in*O
1238*any*O
1238*portion*O
1238*of*O
1238*the*O
1238*icing*O
1238*conditions*O
1238*of*O
1238*Appendix*B-RES
1238*O*I-RES
1238*of*O
1238*this*O
1238*part*O
1238*,*O
1238*each*O
1238*requirement*O
1238*of*O
1238*this*O
1238*subpart*O
1238*,*O
1238*except*O
1238*sections*B-RES
1238*25-121*I-RES
1238*(*I-RES
1238*a*I-RES
1238*)*I-RES
1238*,*O
1238*25-123*B-RES
1238*(*I-RES
1238*c*I-RES
1238*)*I-RES
1238*,*O
1238*25-143*B-RES
1238*(*I-RES
1238*b*I-RES
1238*)*I-RES
1238*(*I-RES
1238*1*I-RES
1238*)*I-RES
1238*and*I-RES
1238*(*I-RES
1238*2*I-RES
1238*)*I-RES
1238*,*O
1238*25-149*B-RES
1238*,*O
1238*25-201*B-RES
1238*(*I-RES
1238*c*I-RES
1238*)*I-RES
1238*(*I-RES
1238*2*I-RES
1238*)*I-RES
1238*,*O
1238*25-239*B-RES
1238*,*O
1238*and*O
1238*25-251*B-RES
1238*(*I-RES
1238*b*I-RES
1238*)*I-RES
1238*through*I-RES
1238*(*I-RES
1238*e*I-RES
1238*)*I-RES
1238*,*O
1238*must*O
1238*be*O
1238*met*O
1238*in*O
1238*the*O
1238*Appendix*B-RES
1238*O*I-RES
1238*icing*O
1238*conditions*O
1238*for*O
1238*which*O
1238*certification*O
1238*is*O
1238*sought*O
1238*.*O
1239*Section*B-RES
1239*25-207*I-RES
1239*(*I-RES
1239*c*I-RES
1239*)*I-RES
1239*and*I-RES
1239*(*I-RES
1239*d*I-RES
1239*)*I-RES
1239*must*O
1239*be*O
1239*met*O
1239*in*O
1239*the*O
1239*landing*O
1239*configuration*O
1239*in*O
1239*the*O
1239*Appendix*B-RES
1239*O*I-RES
1239*icing*O
1239*conditions*O
1239*for*O
1239*which*O
1239*certification*O
1239*is*O
1239*sought*O
1239*,*O
1239*but*O
1239*need*O
1239*not*O
1239*be*O
1239*met*O
1239*for*O
1239*other*O
1239*configurations*O
1239*.*O
1240*compliance*O
1240*must*O
1240*be*O
1240*shown*O
1240*using*O
1240*the*O
1240*ice*O
1240*accretions*O
1240*defined*O
1240*in*O
1240*part*B-RES
1240*II*I-RES
1240*,*O
1240*paragraphs*B-RES
1240*(*I-RES
1240*c*I-RES
1240*)*I-RES
1240*and*I-RES
1240*(*I-RES
1240*d*I-RES
1240*)*I-RES
1240*of*I-RES
1240*Appendix*I-RES
1240*O*I-RES
1240*,*O
1240*assuming*O
1240*normal*O
1240*operation*O
1240*of*O
1240*the*O
1240*airplane*B-SYS
1240*and*O
1240*its*O
1240*ice*B-SYS
1240*protection*I-SYS
1240*system*I-SYS
1240*in*O
1240*accordance*O
1240*with*O
1240*the*O
1240*operating*O
1240*limitations*O
1240*and*O
1240*operating*O
1240*procedures*O
1240*established*O
1240*by*O
1240*the*O
1240*applicant*O
1240*and*O
1240*provided*O
1240*in*O
1240*the*O
1240*airplane*B-RES
1240*flight*I-RES
1240*manual*I-RES
1240*.*O
1241*ranges*O
1241*of*O
1241*weights*O
1241*and*O
1241*centers*O
1241*of*O
1241*gravity*O
1241*within*O
1241*which*O
1241*the*O
1241*airplane*B-SYS
1241*may*O
1241*be*O
1241*safely*O
1241*operated*O
1241*must*O
1241*be*O
1241*established*O
1241*.*O
1242*if*O
1242*a*O
1242*weight*O
1242*and*O
1242*center*O
1242*of*O
1242*gravity*O
1242*combination*O
1242*is*O
1242*allowable*O
1242*only*O
1242*within*O
1242*certain*O
1242*load*O
1242*distribution*O
1242*limits*O
1242*(*O
1242*such*O
1242*as*O
1242*spanwise*O
1242*)*O
1242*that*O
1242*could*O
1242*be*O
1242*inadvertently*O
1242*exceeded*O
1242*,*O
1242*these*O
1242*limits*O
1242*and*O
1242*the*O
1242*corresponding*O
1242*weight*O
1242*and*O
1242*center*O
1242*of*O
1242*gravity*O
1242*combinations*O
1242*must*O
1242*be*O
1242*established*O
1242*.*O
1243*the*O
1243*load*O
1243*distribution*O
1243*limits*O
1243*may*O
1243*not*O
1243*exceed*O
1243*the*O
1243*selected*O
1243*limits*O
1243*.*O
1244*the*O
1244*load*O
1244*distribution*O
1244*limits*O
1244*may*O
1244*not*O
1244*exceed*O
1244*the*O
1244*limits*O
1244*at*O
1244*which*O
1244*the*O
1244*structure*B-SYS
1244*is*O
1244*proven*O
1244*.*O
1245*the*O
1245*load*O
1245*distribution*O
1245*limits*O
1245*may*O
1245*not*O
1245*exceed*O
1245*the*O
1245*limits*O
1245*at*O
1245*which*O
1245*compliance*O
1245*with*O
1245*each*O
1245*applicable*O
1245*flight*O
1245*requirement*O
1245*of*O
1245*this*O
1245*subpart*O
1245*is*O
1245*shown*O
1245*.*O
1246*maximum*O
1246*weights*O
1246*corresponding*O
1246*to*O
1246*the*O
1246*airplane*B-SYS
1246*operating*O
1246*conditions*O
1246*(*O
1246*such*O
1246*as*O
1246*ramp*O
1246*,*O
1246*ground*O
1246*or*O
1246*water*O
1246*taxi*O
1246*,*O
1246*takeoff*O
1246*,*O
1246*en*O
1246*route*O
1246*,*O
1246*and*O
1246*landing*O
1246*)*O
1246*,*O
1246*environmental*O
1246*conditions*O
1246*(*O
1246*such*O
1246*as*O
1246*altitude*O
1246*and*O
1246*temperature*O
1246*)*O
1246*,*O
1246*and*O
1246*loading*O
1246*conditions*O
1246*(*O
1246*such*O
1246*as*O
1246*zero*B-VAL
1246*fuel*O
1246*weight*O
1246*,*O
1246*center*O
1246*of*O
1246*gravity*O
1246*position*O
1246*and*O
1246*weight*O
1246*distribution*O
1246*)*O
1246*must*O
1246*be*O
1246*established*O
1246*so*O
1246*that*O
1246*they*O
1246*are*O
1246*not*O
1246*more*O
1246*than*O
1246*the*O
1246*highest*O
1246*weight*O
1246*at*O
1246*which*O
1246*compliance*O
1246*is*O
1246*shown*O
1246*with*O
1246*the*O
1246*certification*O
1246*requirements*O
1246*of*O
1246*Part*B-RES
1246*36*I-RES
1246*of*O
1246*this*O
1246*chapter*B-RES
1246*.*O
1247*the*O
1247*minimum*O
1247*weight*O
1247*(*O
1247*the*O
1247*lowest*O
1247*weight*O
1247*at*O
1247*which*O
1247*compliance*O
1247*with*O
1247*each*O
1247*applicable*O
1247*requirement*O
1247*of*O
1247*this*O
1247*part*O
1247*is*O
1247*shown*O
1247*)*O
1247*must*O
1247*be*O
1247*established*O
1247*so*O
1247*that*O
1247*it*O
1247*is*O
1247*not*O
1247*less*O
1247*than*O
1247*the*O
1247*lowest*O
1247*weight*O
1247*selected*O
1247*by*O
1247*the*O
1247*applicant*O
1247*.*O
1248*the*O
1248*minimum*O
1248*weight*O
1248*(*O
1248*the*O
1248*lowest*O
1248*weight*O
1248*at*O
1248*which*O
1248*compliance*O
1248*with*O
1248*each*O
1248*applicable*O
1248*requirement*O
1248*of*O
1248*this*O
1248*part*O
1248*is*O
1248*shown*O
1248*)*O
1248*must*O
1248*be*O
1248*established*O
1248*so*O
1248*that*O
1248*it*O
1248*is*O
1248*not*O
1248*less*O
1248*than*O
1248*the*O
1248*design*O
1248*minimum*O
1248*weight*O
1248*(*O
1248*the*O
1248*lowest*O
1248*weight*O
1248*at*O
1248*which*O
1248*compliance*O
1248*with*O
1248*each*O
1248*structural*O
1248*loading*O
1248*condition*O
1248*of*O
1248*this*O
1248*part*O
1248*is*O
1248*shown*O
1248*)*O
1248*.*O
1249*the*O
1249*minimum*O
1249*weight*O
1249*(*O
1249*the*O
1249*lowest*O
1249*weight*O
1249*at*O
1249*which*O
1249*compliance*O
1249*with*O
1249*each*O
1249*applicable*O
1249*requirement*O
1249*of*O
1249*this*O
1249*part*O
1249*is*O
1249*shown*O
1249*)*O
1249*must*O
1249*be*O
1249*established*O
1249*so*O
1249*that*O
1249*it*O
1249*is*O
1249*not*O
1249*less*O
1249*than*O
1249*the*O
1249*lowest*O
1249*weight*O
1249*at*O
1249*which*O
1249*compliance*O
1249*with*O
1249*each*O
1249*applicable*O
1249*flight*O
1249*requirement*O
1249*is*O
1249*shown*O
1249*.*O
1250*the*O
1250*extreme*O
1250*forward*O
1250*and*O
1250*the*O
1250*extreme*O
1250*aft*O
1250*center*O
1250*of*O
1250*gravity*O
1250*limitations*O
1250*must*O
1250*be*O
1250*established*O
1250*for*O
1250*each*O
1250*practicably*O
1250*separable*O
1250*operating*O
1250*condition*O
1250*.*O
1251*no*O
1251*such*O
1251*limit*O
1251*may*O
1251*lie*O
1251*beyond*O
1251*the*O
1251*extremes*O
1251*selected*O
1251*by*O
1251*the*O
1251*applicant*O
1251*.*O
1252*no*O
1252*such*O
1252*limit*O
1252*may*O
1252*lie*O
1252*beyond*O
1252*the*O
1252*extremes*O
1252*within*O
1252*which*O
1252*the*O
1252*structure*B-SYS
1252*is*O
1252*proven*O
1252*.*O
1253*no*O
1253*such*O
1253*limit*O
1253*may*O
1253*lie*O
1253*beyond*O
1253*the*O
1253*extremes*O
1253*within*O
1253*which*O
1253*compliance*O
1253*with*O
1253*each*O
1253*applicable*O
1253*flight*O
1253*requirement*O
1253*is*O
1253*shown*O
1253*.*O
1254*the*O
1254*empty*O
1254*weight*O
1254*and*O
1254*corresponding*O
1254*center*O
1254*of*O
1254*gravity*O
1254*must*O
1254*be*O
1254*determined*O
1254*by*O
1254*weighing*O
1254*the*O
1254*airplane*B-SYS
1254*with*O
1254*fixed*O
1254*ballast*O
1254*.*O
1255*the*O
1255*empty*O
1255*weight*O
1255*and*O
1255*corresponding*O
1255*center*O
1255*of*O
1255*gravity*O
1255*must*O
1255*be*O
1255*determined*O
1255*by*O
1255*weighing*O
1255*the*O
1255*airplane*B-SYS
1255*with*O
1255*unusable*O
1255*fuel*O
1255*determined*O
1255*under*O
1255*Section*B-RES
1255*25-959*I-RES
1255*.*O
1256*the*O
1256*empty*O
1256*weight*O
1256*and*O
1256*corresponding*O
1256*center*O
1256*of*O
1256*gravity*O
1256*must*O
1256*be*O
1256*determined*O
1256*by*O
1256*weighing*O
1256*the*O
1256*airplane*B-SYS
1256*with*O
1256*full*O
1256*operating*O
1256*fluids*O
1256*including*O
1256*oil*O
1256*,*O
1256*hydraulic*O
1256*fluid*O
1256*.*O
1257*the*O
1257*condition*O
1257*of*O
1257*the*O
1257*airplane*B-SYS
1257*at*O
1257*the*O
1257*time*O
1257*of*O
1257*determining*O
1257*empty*O
1257*weight*O
1257*must*O
1257*be*O
1257*one*O
1257*that*O
1257*is*O
1257*well*O
1257*defined*O
1257*and*O
1257*can*O
1257*be*O
1257*easily*O
1257*repeated*O
1257*.*O
1258*the*O
1258*Airplane*B-RES
1258*Flight*I-RES
1258*Manual*I-RES
1258*must*O
1258*contain*O
1258*the*O
1258*airplane*B-SYS
1258*operating*O
1258*limitations*O
1258*.*O
1259*the*O
1259*Airplane*B-RES
1259*Flight*I-RES
1259*Manual*I-RES
1259*must*O
1259*contain*O
1259*the*O
1259*airplane*B-SYS
1259*operating*O
1259*procedures*O
1259*.*O
1260*the*O
1260*Airplane*B-RES
1260*Flight*I-RES
1260*Manual*I-RES
1260*must*O
1260*contain*O
1260*the*O
1260*performance*O
1260*information*O
1260*.*O
1261*the*O
1261*Airplane*B-RES
1261*Flight*I-RES
1261*Manual*I-RES
1261*must*O
1261*contain*O
1261*the*O
1261*loading*O
1261*information*O
1261*.*O
1262*the*O
1262*Airplane*B-RES
1262*Flight*I-RES
1262*Manual*I-RES
1262*must*O
1262*contain*O
1262*other*O
1262*information*O
1262*that*O
1262*is*O
1262*necessary*O
1262*for*O
1262*safe*O
1262*operation*O
1262*because*O
1262*of*O
1262*design*O
1262*,*O
1262*operating*O
1262*,*O
1262*or*O
1262*handling*O
1262*characteristics*O
1262*.*O
1263*removable*O
1263*ballast*O
1263*may*O
1263*be*O
1263*used*O
1263*on*O
1263*showing*O
1263*compliance*O
1263*with*O
1263*the*O
1263*flight*O
1263*requirements*O
1263*of*O
1263*this*O
1263*subpart*O
1263*.*O
1264*unless*O
1264*otherwise*O
1264*prescribed*O
1264*,*O
1264*airplanes*B-SYS
1264*must*O
1264*meet*O
1264*the*O
1264*applicable*O
1264*performance*O
1264*requirements*O
1264*of*O
1264*this*O
1264*subpart*O
1264*for*O
1264*ambient*O
1264*atmospheric*O
1264*conditions*O
1264*and*O
1264*still*O
1264*air*O
1264*.*O
1265*the*O
1265*performance*O
1265*must*O
1265*correspond*O
1265*to*O
1265*the*O
1265*propulsive*O
1265*thrust*O
1265*available*O
1265*under*O
1265*the*O
1265*particular*O
1265*ambient*O
1265*atmospheric*O
1265*conditions*O
1265*,*O
1265*the*O
1265*particular*O
1265*flight*O
1265*condition*O
1265*,*O
1265*and*O
1265*the*O
1265*relative*O
1265*humidity*O
1265*specified*O
1265*in*O
1265*paragraph*B-RES
1265*(*I-RES
1265*b*I-RES
1265*)*I-RES
1265*of*O
1265*this*O
1265*section*O
1265*.*O
1266*unless*O
1266*otherwise*O
1266*prescribed*O
1266*,*O
1266*the*O
1266*applicant*O
1266*must*O
1266*elect*O
1266*the*O
1266*takeoff*O
1266*,*O
1266*en*O
1266*route*O
1266*,*O
1266*approach*O
1266*,*O
1266*and*O
1266*landing*O
1266*configurations*O
1266*for*O
1266*the*O
1266*airplane*B-SYS
1266*.*O
1267*the*O
1267*airplane*B-SYS
1267*configurations*O
1267*may*O
1267*vary*O
1267*with*O
1267*weight*O
1267*,*O
1267*altitude*O
1267*,*O
1267*and*O
1267*temperature*O
1267*,*O
1267*to*O
1267*the*O
1267*extent*O
1267*they*O
1267*are*O
1267*compatible*O
1267*with*O
1267*the*O
1267*operating*O
1267*procedures*O
1267*required*O
1267*by*O
1267*paragraph*B-RES
1267*(*I-RES
1267*f*I-RES
1267*)*I-RES
1267*of*O
1267*this*O
1267*section*O
1267*.*O
1268*unless*O
1268*otherwise*O
1268*prescribed*O
1268*,*O
1268*in*O
1268*determining*O
1268*the*O
1268*accelerate-stop*O
1268*distances*O
1268*,*O
1268*takeoff*O
1268*flight*O
1268*paths*O
1268*,*O
1268*takeoff*O
1268*distances*O
1268*,*O
1268*and*O
1268*landing*O
1268*distances*O
1268*,*O
1268*changes*O
1268*in*O
1268*the*O
1268*airplane*B-SYS
1268*'s*O
1268*configuration*O
1268*,*O
1268*speed*O
1268*,*O
1268*power*O
1268*,*O
1268*and*O
1268*thrust*O
1268*,*O
1268*must*O
1268*be*O
1268*made*O
1268*in*O
1268*accordance*O
1268*with*O
1268*procedures*O
1268*established*O
1268*by*O
1268*the*O
1268*applicant*O
1268*for*O
1268*operation*O
1268*in*O
1268*service*O
1268*.*O
1269*procedures*O
1269*for*O
1269*the*O
1269*execution*O
1269*of*O
1269*balked*O
1269*landings*O
1269*and*O
1269*missed*O
1269*approaches*O
1269*associated*O
1269*with*O
1269*the*O
1269*conditions*O
1269*prescribed*O
1269*in*O
1269*Sections*B-RES
1269*25-119*I-RES
1269*and*O
1269*25-121*B-RES
1269*(*I-RES
1269*d*I-RES
1269*)*I-RES
1269*must*O
1269*be*O
1269*established*O
1269*.*O
1270*the*O
1270*procedures*O
1270*established*O
1270*under*O
1270*paragraphs*B-RES
1270*(*I-RES
1270*f*I-RES
1270*)*I-RES
1270*and*I-RES
1270*(*I-RES
1270*g*I-RES
1270*)*I-RES
1270*of*O
1270*this*O
1270*section*O
1270*must*O
1270*be*O
1270*able*O
1270*to*O
1270*be*O
1270*consistently*O
1270*executed*O
1270*in*O
1270*service*O
1270*by*O
1270*crews*O
1270*of*O
1270*average*O
1270*skill*O
1270*.*O
1271*the*O
1271*procedures*O
1271*established*O
1271*under*O
1271*paragraphs*B-RES
1271*(*I-RES
1271*f*I-RES
1271*)*I-RES
1271*and*I-RES
1271*(*I-RES
1271*g*I-RES
1271*)*I-RES
1271*of*O
1271*this*O
1271*section*O
1271*must*O
1271*use*O
1271*methods*O
1271*or*O
1271*devices*O
1271*that*O
1271*are*O
1271*safe*O
1271*and*O
1271*reliable*O
1271*.*O
1272*the*O
1272*procedures*O
1272*established*O
1272*under*O
1272*paragraphs*B-RES
1272*(*I-RES
1272*f*I-RES
1272*)*I-RES
1272*and*I-RES
1272*(*I-RES
1272*g*I-RES
1272*)*I-RES
1272*of*O
1272*this*O
1272*section*O
1272*must*O
1272*include*O
1272*allowance*O
1272*for*O
1272*any*O
1272*time*O
1272*delays*O
1272*,*O
1272*in*O
1272*the*O
1272*execution*O
1272*of*O
1272*the*O
1272*procedures*O
1272*,*O
1272*that*O
1272*may*O
1272*reasonably*O
1272*be*O
1272*expected*O
1272*in*O
1272*service*O
1272*.*O
1273*the*O
1273*accelerate-stop*O
1273*and*O
1273*landing*O
1273*distances*O
1273*prescribed*O
1273*in*O
1273*Sections*B-RES
1273*25-109*I-RES
1273*and*O
1273*25-125*B-RES
1273*,*O
1273*respectively*O
1273*,*O
1273*must*O
1273*be*O
1273*determined*O
1273*with*O
1273*all*O
1273*the*O
1273*airplane*B-SYS
1273*wheel*B-SYS
1273*brake*I-SYS
1273*assemblies*O
1273*at*O
1273*the*O
1273*fully*O
1273*worn*O
1273*limit*O
1273*of*O
1273*their*O
1273*allowable*O
1273*wear*O
1273*range*O
1273*.*O
1274*the*O
1274*reference*O
1274*stall*O
1274*speed*O
1274*,*O
1274*v_sr*B-VAL
1274*,*O
1274*is*O
1274*a*O
1274*calibrated*O
1274*airspeed*O
1274*defined*O
1274*by*O
1274*the*O
1274*applicant*O
1274*.*O
1275*v_sr*B-VAL
1275*may*O
1275*not*O
1275*be*O
1275*less*O
1275*than*O
1275*a*O
1275*1-g*B-VAL
1275*stall*O
1275*speed*O
1275*.*O
1276*v_clmax*B-VAL
1276*is*O
1276*determined*O
1276*with*O
1276*engines*B-SYS
1276*idling*O
1276*,*O
1276*or*O
1276*,*O
1276*if*O
1276*that*O
1276*resultant*O
1276*thrust*O
1276*causes*O
1276*an*O
1276*appreciable*O
1276*decrease*O
1276*in*O
1276*stall*O
1276*speed*O
1276*,*O
1276*not*O
1276*more*O
1276*than*O
1276*zero*B-VAL
1276*thrust*O
1276*at*O
1276*the*O
1276*stall*O
1276*speed*O
1276*.*O
1277*v_clmax*B-VAL
1277*is*O
1277*determined*O
1277*with*O
1277*propeller*B-SYS
1277*pitch*I-SYS
1277*controls*I-SYS
1277*(*O
1277*if*O
1277*applicable*O
1277*)*O
1277*in*O
1277*the*O
1277*takeoff*O
1277*position*O
1277*.*O
1278*v_clmax*B-VAL
1278*is*O
1278*determined*O
1278*with*O
1278*the*O
1278*airplane*B-SYS
1278*in*O
1278*other*O
1278*respects*O
1278*(*O
1278*such*O
1278*as*O
1278*flaps*B-SYS
1278*,*O
1278*landing*B-SYS
1278*gear*I-SYS
1278*,*O
1278*and*O
1278*ice*O
1278*accretions*O
1278*)*O
1278*in*O
1278*the*O
1278*condition*O
1278*existing*O
1278*in*O
1278*the*O
1278*test*O
1278*or*O
1278*performance*O
1278*standard*O
1278*in*O
1278*which*O
1278*v_sr*B-VAL
1278*is*O
1278*being*O
1278*used*O
1278*.*O
1279*v_clmax*B-VAL
1279*is*O
1279*determined*O
1279*with*O
1279*the*O
1279*weight*O
1279*used*O
1279*when*O
1279*v_sr*B-VAL
1279*is*O
1279*being*O
1279*used*O
1279*as*O
1279*a*O
1279*factor*O
1279*to*O
1279*determine*O
1279*compliance*O
1279*with*O
1279*a*O
1279*required*O
1279*performance*O
1279*standard*O
1279*.*O
1280*v_clmax*B-VAL
1280*is*O
1280*determined*O
1280*with*O
1280*the*O
1280*center*O
1280*of*O
1280*gravity*O
1280*position*O
1280*that*O
1280*results*O
1280*in*O
1280*the*O
1280*highest*O
1280*value*O
1280*of*O
1280*reference*O
1280*stall*O
1280*speed*O
1280*.*O
1281*v_clmax*B-VAL
1281*is*O
1281*determined*O
1281*with*O
1281*the*O
1281*airplane*B-SYS
1281*trimmed*O
1281*for*O
1281*straight*O
1281*flight*O
1281*at*O
1281*a*O
1281*speed*O
1281*selected*O
1281*by*O
1281*the*O
1281*applicant*O
1281*,*O
1281*but*O
1281*not*O
1281*less*O
1281*than*O
1281*1.13*B-VAL
1281*v_sr*I-VAL
1281*and*O
1281*not*O
1281*greater*O
1281*than*O
1281*1.3*B-VAL
1281*v_sr*I-VAL
1281*.*O
1282*starting*O
1282*from*O
1282*the*O
1282*stabilized*O
1282*trim*O
1282*condition*O
1282*,*O
1282*apply*O
1282*the*O
1282*longitudinal*O
1282*control*O
1282*to*O
1282*decelerate*O
1282*the*O
1282*airplane*B-SYS
1282*so*O
1282*that*O
1282*the*O
1282*speed*O
1282*reduction*O
1282*does*O
1282*not*O
1282*exceed*O
1282*one*B-VAL
1282*knot*I-VAL
1282*per*I-VAL
1282*second*I-VAL
1282*.*O
1283*in*O
1283*addition*O
1283*to*O
1283*the*O
1283*requirements*O
1283*of*O
1283*paragraph*B-VAL
1283*(*I-VAL
1283*a*I-VAL
1283*)*I-VAL
1283*of*O
1283*this*O
1283*section*O
1283*,*O
1283*when*O
1283*a*O
1283*device*O
1283*that*O
1283*abruptly*O
1283*pushes*O
1283*the*O
1283*nose*O
1283*down*O
1283*at*O
1283*a*O
1283*selected*O
1283*angle*O
1283*of*O
1283*attack*O
1283*(*O
1283*e.g.*O
1283*,*O
1283*a*O
1283*stick*O
1283*pusher*O
1283*)*O
1283*is*O
1283*installed*O
1283*,*O
1283*the*O
1283*reference*O
1283*stall*O
1283*speed*O
1283*,*O
1283*v_sr*B-VAL
1283*,*O
1283*may*O
1283*not*O
1283*be*O
1283*less*O
1283*than*O
1283*2*B-VAL
1283*knots*I-VAL
1283*or*O
1283*2*B-VAL
1283*percent*I-VAL
1283*,*O
1283*whichever*O
1283*is*O
1283*greater*O
1283*,*O
1283*above*O
1283*the*O
1283*speed*O
1283*at*O
1283*which*O
1283*the*O
1283*device*O
1283*operates*O
1283*.*O
1284*the*O
1284*takeoff*O
1284*speeds*O
1284*prescribed*O
1284*by*O
1284*Section*B-RES
1284*25-107*I-RES
1284*,*O
1284*the*O
1284*accelerate-stop*O
1284*distance*O
1284*prescribed*O
1284*by*O
1284*Section*B-RES
1284*25-109*I-RES
1284*,*O
1284*the*O
1284*takeoff*O
1284*path*O
1284*prescribed*O
1284*by*O
1284*Section*B-RES
1284*25-111*I-RES
1284*,*O
1284*the*O
1284*takeoff*O
1284*distance*O
1284*and*O
1284*takeoff*O
1284*run*O
1284*prescribed*O
1284*by*O
1284*Section*B-RES
1284*25-113*I-RES
1284*,*O
1284*and*O
1284*the*O
1284*net*O
1284*takeoff*O
1284*flight*O
1284*path*O
1284*prescribed*O
1284*by*O
1284*Section*B-RES
1284*25-115*I-RES
1284*,*O
1284*must*O
1284*be*O
1284*determined*O
1284*in*O
1284*the*O
1284*selected*O
1284*configuration*O
1284*for*O
1284*takeoff*O
1284*at*O
1284*each*O
1284*weight*O
1284*,*O
1284*altitude*O
1284*,*O
1284*and*O
1284*ambient*O
1284*temperature*O
1284*within*O
1284*the*O
1284*operational*O
1284*limits*O
1284*selected*O
1284*by*O
1284*the*O
1284*applicant*O
1284*in*O
1284*non-icing*O
1284*conditions*O
1284*.*O
1285*no*O
1285*takeoff*O
1285*made*O
1285*to*O
1285*determine*O
1285*the*O
1285*data*O
1285*required*O
1285*by*O
1285*this*O
1285*section*O
1285*may*O
1285*require*O
1285*exceptional*O
1285*piloting*O
1285*skill*O
1285*or*O
1285*alertness*O
1285*.*O
1286*the*O
1286*takeoff*O
1286*data*O
1286*must*O
1286*be*O
1286*based*O
1286*on*O
1286*smooth*O
1286*,*O
1286*dry*O
1286*and*O
1286*wet*O
1286*,*O
1286*hard-surfaced*O
1286*runways*O
1286*,*O
1286*in*O
1286*the*O
1286*case*O
1286*of*O
1286*land*B-SYS
1286*planes*I-SYS
1286*and*O
1286*amphibians*B-SYS
1286*.*O
1287*the*O
1287*takeoff*O
1287*data*O
1287*must*O
1287*be*O
1287*based*O
1287*on*O
1287*grooved*O
1287*or*O
1287*porous*O
1287*friction*O
1287*course*O
1287*wet*O
1287*,*O
1287*hard-surfaced*O
1287*runways*O
1287*,*O
1287*in*O
1287*the*O
1287*case*O
1287*of*O
1287*land*B-SYS
1287*planes*I-SYS
1287*and*O
1287*amphibians*B-SYS
1287*.*O
1288*the*O
1288*takeoff*O
1288*data*O
1288*must*O
1288*be*O
1288*based*O
1288*on*O
1288*smooth*O
1288*water*O
1288*,*O
1288*in*O
1288*the*O
1288*case*O
1288*of*O
1288*seaplanes*B-SYS
1288*and*O
1288*amphibians*B-SYS
1288*.*O
1289*the*O
1289*takeoff*O
1289*data*O
1289*must*O
1289*be*O
1289*based*O
1289*on*O
1289*smooth*O
1289*,*O
1289*dry*O
1289*snow*O
1289*,*O
1289*in*O
1289*the*O
1289*case*O
1289*of*O
1289*skiplanes*B-SYS
1289*.*O
1290*v_ef*B-VAL
1290*is*O
1290*the*O
1290*calibrated*O
1290*airspeed*O
1290*at*O
1290*which*O
1290*the*O
1290*critical*B-SYS
1290*engine*I-SYS
1290*is*O
1290*assumed*O
1290*to*O
1290*fail*O
1290*.*O
1291*v_ef*B-VAL
1291*must*O
1291*be*O
1291*selected*O
1291*by*O
1291*the*O
1291*applicant*O
1291*,*O
1291*but*O
1291*may*O
1291*not*O
1291*be*O
1291*less*O
1291*than*O
1291*vmcg*O
1291*determined*O
1291*under*O
1291*Section*B-RES
1291*25-149*I-RES
1291*(*I-RES
1291*e*I-RES
1291*)*I-RES
1291*.*O
1292*v_2min*B-VAL
1292*,*O
1292*in*O
1292*terms*O
1292*of*O
1292*calibrated*O
1292*airspeed*O
1292*,*O
1292*may*O
1292*not*O
1292*be*O
1292*less*O
1292*than*O
1292*1.13*B-VAL
1292*v_sr*I-VAL
1292*for*O
1292*two-engine*B-SYS
1292*and*I-SYS
1292*three-engine*I-SYS
1292*turbopropeller*I-SYS
1292*and*O
1292*reciprocating*B-SYS
1292*engine*I-SYS
1292*powered*I-SYS
1292*airplanes*I-SYS
1292*.*O
1293*v_2min*B-VAL
1293*,*O
1293*in*O
1293*terms*O
1293*of*O
1293*calibrated*O
1293*airspeed*O
1293*,*O
1293*may*O
1293*not*O
1293*be*O
1293*less*O
1293*than*O
1293*1.13*B-VAL
1293*v_sr*I-VAL
1293*for*O
1293*turbojet*B-SYS
1293*powered*I-SYS
1293*airplanes*I-SYS
1293*without*O
1293*provisions*O
1293*for*O
1293*obtaining*O
1293*a*O
1293*significant*O
1293*reduction*O
1293*in*O
1293*the*O
1293*one-engine-inoperative*O
1293*power-on*O
1293*stall*O
1293*speed*O
1293*.*O
1294*v_2min*B-VAL
1294*,*O
1294*in*O
1294*terms*O
1294*of*O
1294*calibrated*O
1294*airspeed*O
1294*,*O
1294*may*O
1294*not*O
1294*be*O
1294*less*O
1294*than*O
1294*1.08*B-VAL
1294*v_sr*I-VAL
1294*for*O
1294*turbopropeller*B-SYS
1294*and*O
1294*reciprocating*B-SYS
1294*engine*I-SYS
1294*powered*I-SYS
1294*airplanes*B-SYS
1294*with*O
1294*more*O
1294*than*O
1294*three*B-VAL
1294*engines*B-SYS
1294*.*O
1295*v_2min*B-VAL
1295*,*O
1295*in*O
1295*terms*O
1295*of*O
1295*calibrated*O
1295*airspeed*O
1295*,*O
1295*may*O
1295*not*O
1295*be*O
1295*less*O
1295*than*O
1295*1.08*B-VAL
1295*v_sr*I-VAL
1295*for*O
1295*turbojet*B-SYS
1295*powered*I-SYS
1295*airplanes*I-SYS
1295*with*O
1295*provisions*O
1295*for*O
1295*obtaining*O
1295*a*O
1295*significant*O
1295*reduction*O
1295*in*O
1295*the*O
1295*one-engine-inoperative*O
1295*power-on*O
1295*stall*O
1295*speed*O
1295*.*O
1296*v_2min*B-VAL
1296*,*O
1296*in*O
1296*terms*O
1296*of*O
1296*calibrated*O
1296*airspeed*O
1296*,*O
1296*may*O
1296*not*O
1296*be*O
1296*less*O
1296*than*O
1296*1.08*B-VAL
1296*v_sr*I-VAL
1296*for*O
1296*1.1*B-VAL
1296*times*I-VAL
1296*v_mc*I-VAL
1296*established*O
1296*under*O
1296*Section*B-RES
1296*25-149*I-RES
1296*.*O
1297*v_2*B-VAL
1297*,*O
1297*in*O
1297*terms*O
1297*of*O
1297*calibrated*O
1297*airspeed*O
1297*,*O
1297*must*O
1297*be*O
1297*selected*O
1297*by*O
1297*the*O
1297*applicant*O
1297*to*O
1297*provide*O
1297*at*O
1297*least*O
1297*the*O
1297*gradient*O
1297*of*O
1297*climb*O
1297*required*O
1297*by*O
1297*Section*B-RES
1297*25-121*I-RES
1297*(*I-RES
1297*b*I-RES
1297*)*I-RES
1297*but*O
1297*may*O
1297*not*O
1297*be*O
1297*less*B-VAL
1297*than*I-VAL
1297*v_2min*I-VAL
1297*.*O
1298*v_2*B-VAL
1298*,*O
1298*in*O
1298*terms*O
1298*of*O
1298*calibrated*O
1298*airspeed*O
1298*,*O
1298*must*O
1298*be*O
1298*selected*O
1298*by*O
1298*the*O
1298*applicant*O
1298*to*O
1298*provide*O
1298*at*O
1298*least*O
1298*the*O
1298*gradient*O
1298*of*O
1298*climb*O
1298*required*O
1298*by*O
1298*Section*B-RES
1298*25-121*I-RES
1298*(*I-RES
1298*b*I-RES
1298*)*I-RES
1298*but*O
1298*may*O
1298*not*O
1298*be*O
1298*less*O
1298*than*O
1298*v_r*B-VAL
1298*plus*O
1298*the*O
1298*speed*O
1298*increment*O
1298*attained*O
1298*(*O
1298*in*O
1298*accordance*O
1298*with*O
1298*Section*B-RES
1298*25-111*I-RES
1298*(*I-RES
1298*c*I-RES
1298*)*I-RES
1298*(*I-RES
1298*2*I-RES
1298*)*I-RES
1298*)*I-RES
1298*before*O
1298*reaching*O
1298*a*O
1298*height*O
1298*of*O
1298*35*B-VAL
1298*feet*I-VAL
1298*above*O
1298*the*O
1298*takeoff*O
1298*surface*O
1298*.*O
1299*v_2*B-VAL
1299*,*O
1299*in*O
1299*terms*O
1299*of*O
1299*calibrated*O
1299*airspeed*O
1299*,*O
1299*must*O
1299*be*O
1299*selected*O
1299*by*O
1299*the*O
1299*applicant*O
1299*to*O
1299*provide*O
1299*at*O
1299*least*O
1299*the*O
1299*gradient*O
1299*of*O
1299*climb*O
1299*required*O
1299*by*O
1299*Section*B-RES
1299*25-121*I-RES
1299*(*I-RES
1299*b*I-RES
1299*)*I-RES
1299*but*O
1299*may*O
1299*not*O
1299*be*O
1299*less*O
1299*than*O
1299*a*O
1299*speed*O
1299*that*O
1299*provides*O
1299*the*O
1299*maneuvering*O
1299*capability*O
1299*specified*O
1299*in*O
1299*Section*B-RES
1299*25-143*I-RES
1299*(*I-RES
1299*h*I-RES
1299*)*I-RES
1299*.*O
1300*v_mu*B-VAL
1300*is*O
1300*the*O
1300*calibrated*O
1300*airspeed*O
1300*at*O
1300*and*O
1300*above*O
1300*which*O
1300*the*O
1300*airplane*B-SYS
1300*can*O
1300*safely*O
1300*lift*O
1300*off*O
1300*the*O
1300*ground*O
1300*,*O
1300*and*O
1300*continue*O
1300*the*O
1300*takeoff*O
1300*.*O
1301*v_mu*B-VAL
1301*speeds*O
1301*must*O
1301*be*O
1301*selected*O
1301*by*O
1301*the*O
1301*applicant*O
1301*throughout*O
1301*the*O
1301*range*O
1301*of*O
1301*thrust-to-weight*O
1301*ratios*O
1301*to*O
1301*be*O
1301*certificated*O
1301*.*O
1302*these*O
1302*speeds*O
1302*may*O
1302*be*O
1302*established*O
1302*from*O
1302*free*O
1302*air*O
1302*data*O
1302*if*O
1302*these*O
1302*data*O
1302*are*O
1302*verified*O
1302*by*O
1302*ground*O
1302*takeoff*O
1302*tests*O
1302*.*O
1303*v_fto*B-VAL
1303*,*O
1303*in*O
1303*terms*O
1303*of*O
1303*calibrated*O
1303*airspeed*O
1303*,*O
1303*must*O
1303*be*O
1303*selected*O
1303*by*O
1303*the*O
1303*applicant*O
1303*to*O
1303*provide*O
1303*at*O
1303*least*O
1303*the*O
1303*gradient*O
1303*of*O
1303*climb*O
1303*required*O
1303*by*O
1303*Section*B-RES
1303*25-121*I-RES
1303*(*I-RES
1303*c*I-RES
1303*)*I-RES
1303*,*O
1303*but*O
1303*may*O
1303*not*O
1303*be*O
1303*less*B-VAL
1303*than*I-VAL
1303*1.18*I-VAL
1303*v_sr*I-VAL
1303*.*O
1304*v_fto*B-VAL
1304*,*O
1304*in*O
1304*terms*O
1304*of*O
1304*calibrated*O
1304*airspeed*O
1304*,*O
1304*must*O
1304*be*O
1304*selected*O
1304*by*O
1304*the*O
1304*applicant*O
1304*to*O
1304*provide*O
1304*at*O
1304*least*O
1304*the*O
1304*gradient*O
1304*of*O
1304*climb*O
1304*required*O
1304*by*O
1304*Section*B-RES
1304*25-121*I-RES
1304*(*I-RES
1304*c*I-RES
1304*)*I-RES
1304*,*O
1304*but*O
1304*may*O
1304*not*O
1304*be*O
1304*less*O
1304*than*O
1304*a*O
1304*speed*O
1304*that*O
1304*provides*O
1304*the*O
1304*maneuvering*O
1304*capability*O
1304*specified*O
1304*in*O
1304*Section*B-RES
1304*25-143*I-RES
1304*(*I-RES
1304*h*I-RES
1304*)*I-RES
1304*.*O
1305*except*O
1305*as*O
1305*provided*O
1305*in*O
1305*paragraph*B-RES
1305*(*I-RES
1305*f*I-RES
1305*)*I-RES
1305*(*I-RES
1305*1*I-RES
1305*)*I-RES
1305*of*O
1305*this*O
1305*section*O
1305*,*O
1305*means*O
1305*other*O
1305*than*O
1305*wheel*B-SYS
1305*brakes*I-SYS
1305*may*O
1305*be*O
1305*used*O
1305*to*O
1305*determine*O
1305*the*O
1305*accelerate-stop*O
1305*distance*O
1305*if*O
1305*that*O
1305*means*O
1305*is*O
1305*safe*O
1305*and*O
1305*reliable*O
1305*.*O
1306*except*O
1306*as*O
1306*provided*O
1306*in*O
1306*paragraph*B-RES
1306*(*I-RES
1306*f*I-RES
1306*)*I-RES
1306*(*I-RES
1306*1*I-RES
1306*)*I-RES
1306*of*O
1306*this*O
1306*section*O
1306*,*O
1306*means*O
1306*other*O
1306*than*O
1306*wheel*B-SYS
1306*brakes*I-SYS
1306*may*O
1306*be*O
1306*used*O
1306*to*O
1306*determine*O
1306*the*O
1306*accelerate-stop*O
1306*distance*O
1306*if*O
1306*that*O
1306*means*O
1306*is*O
1306*used*O
1306*so*O
1306*that*O
1306*consistent*O
1306*results*O
1306*can*O
1306*be*O
1306*expected*O
1306*under*O
1306*normal*O
1306*operating*O
1306*conditions*O
1306*.*O
1307*except*O
1307*as*O
1307*provided*O
1307*in*O
1307*paragraph*B-RES
1307*(*I-RES
1307*f*I-RES
1307*)*I-RES
1307*(*I-RES
1307*1*I-RES
1307*)*I-RES
1307*of*O
1307*this*O
1307*section*O
1307*,*O
1307*means*O
1307*other*O
1307*than*O
1307*wheel*B-SYS
1307*brakes*I-SYS
1307*may*O
1307*be*O
1307*used*O
1307*to*O
1307*determine*O
1307*the*O
1307*accelerate-stop*O
1307*distance*O
1307*if*O
1307*that*O
1307*means*O
1307*is*O
1307*such*O
1307*that*O
1307*exceptional*O
1307*skill*O
1307*is*O
1307*not*O
1307*required*O
1307*to*O
1307*control*O
1307*the*O
1307*airplane*B-SYS
1307*.*O
1308*the*O
1308*effects*O
1308*of*O
1308*available*O
1308*reverse*O
1308*thrust*O
1308*shall*O
1308*not*O
1308*be*O
1308*included*O
1308*as*O
1308*an*O
1308*additional*O
1308*means*O
1308*of*O
1308*deceleration*O
1308*when*O
1308*determining*O
1308*the*O
1308*accelerate-stop*O
1308*distance*O
1308*on*O
1308*a*O
1308*dry*O
1308*runway*O
1308*.*O
1309*the*O
1309*effects*O
1309*of*O
1309*available*O
1309*reverse*O
1309*thrust*O
1309*may*O
1309*be*O
1309*included*O
1309*as*O
1309*an*O
1309*additional*O
1309*means*O
1309*of*O
1309*deceleration*O
1309*using*O
1309*recommended*O
1309*reverse*O
1309*thrust*O
1309*procedures*O
1309*when*O
1309*determining*O
1309*the*O
1309*accelerate-stop*O
1309*distance*O
1309*on*O
1309*a*O
1309*wet*O
1309*runway*O
1309*,*O
1309*provided*O
1309*the*O
1309*requirements*O
1309*of*O
1309*paragraph*B-RES
1309*(*I-RES
1309*e*I-RES
1309*)*I-RES
1309*of*O
1309*this*O
1309*section*O
1309*are*O
1309*met*O
1309*.*O
1310*a*O
1310*flight*O
1310*test*O
1310*demonstration*O
1310*of*O
1310*the*O
1310*maximum*O
1310*brake*O
1310*kinetic*O
1310*energy*O
1310*accelerate-stop*O
1310*distance*O
1310*must*O
1310*be*O
1310*conducted*O
1310*with*O
1310*not*O
1310*more*O
1310*than*O
1310*10*B-VAL
1310*percent*I-VAL
1310*of*O
1310*the*O
1310*allowable*O
1310*brake*O
1310*wear*O
1310*range*O
1310*remaining*O
1310*on*O
1310*each*O
1310*of*O
1310*the*O
1310*airplane*B-SYS
1310*wheel*B-SYS
1310*brakes*I-SYS
1310*.*O
1311*the*O
1311*takeoff*O
1311*path*O
1311*extends*O
1311*from*O
1311*a*O
1311*standing*O
1311*start*O
1311*to*O
1311*a*O
1311*point*O
1311*in*O
1311*the*O
1311*takeoff*O
1311*at*O
1311*which*O
1311*the*O
1311*airplane*B-SYS
1311*is*O
1311*1,500*B-VAL
1311*feet*I-VAL
1311*above*O
1311*the*O
1311*takeoff*O
1311*surface*O
1311*,*O
1311*or*O
1311*at*O
1311*which*O
1311*the*O
1311*transition*O
1311*from*O
1311*the*O
1311*takeoff*O
1311*to*O
1311*the*O
1311*en*O
1311*route*O
1311*configuration*O
1311*is*O
1311*completed*O
1311*and*O
1311*v_fto*B-VAL
1311*is*O
1311*reached*O
1311*,*O
1311*whichever*O
1311*point*O
1311*is*O
1311*higher*O
1311*.*O
1312*the*O
1312*takeoff*O
1312*path*O
1312*must*O
1312*be*O
1312*based*O
1312*on*O
1312*the*O
1312*procedures*O
1312*prescribed*O
1312*in*O
1312*Section*B-RES
1312*25-101*I-RES
1312*(*I-RES
1312*f*I-RES
1312*)*I-RES
1312*.*O
1313*the*O
1313*airplane*B-SYS
1313*must*O
1313*be*O
1313*accelerated*O
1313*on*O
1313*the*O
1313*ground*O
1313*to*O
1313*v_ef*B-VAL
1313*,*O
1313*at*O
1313*which*O
1313*point*O
1313*the*O
1313*critical*B-SYS
1313*engine*I-SYS
1313*must*O
1313*be*O
1313*made*O
1313*inoperative*O
1313*and*O
1313*remain*O
1313*inoperative*O
1313*for*O
1313*the*O
1313*rest*O
1313*of*O
1313*the*O
1313*takeoff*O
1313*.*O
1314*after*O
1314*reaching*O
1314*v_ef*B-VAL
1314*,*O
1314*the*O
1314*airplane*B-SYS
1314*must*O
1314*be*O
1314*accelerated*O
1314*to*O
1314*v_2*B-VAL
1314*.*O
1315*during*O
1315*the*O
1315*acceleration*O
1315*to*O
1315*speed*O
1315*v_2*B-VAL
1315*,*O
1315*the*O
1315*nose*O
1315*gear*O
1315*may*O
1315*be*O
1315*raised*O
1315*off*O
1315*the*O
1315*ground*O
1315*at*O
1315*a*O
1315*speed*O
1315*not*O
1315*less*O
1315*than*O
1315*v_r*B-VAL
1315*.*O
1316*Landing*B-SYS
1316*gear*I-SYS
1316*retraction*O
1316*may*O
1316*not*O
1316*be*O
1316*begun*O
1316*until*O
1316*the*O
1316*airplane*B-SYS
1316*is*O
1316*airborne*O
1316*.*O
1317*during*O
1317*the*O
1317*takeoff*O
1317*path*O
1317*determination*O
1317*in*O
1317*accordance*O
1317*with*O
1317*paragraphs*B-RES
1317*(*I-RES
1317*a*I-RES
1317*)*I-RES
1317*and*I-RES
1317*(*I-RES
1317*b*I-RES
1317*)*I-RES
1317*of*O
1317*this*O
1317*section*O
1317*,*O
1317*the*O
1317*slope*O
1317*of*O
1317*the*O
1317*airborne*O
1317*part*O
1317*of*O
1317*the*O
1317*takeoff*O
1317*path*O
1317*must*O
1317*be*O
1317*positive*O
1317*at*O
1317*each*O
1317*point*O
1317*.*O
1318*during*O
1318*the*O
1318*takeoff*O
1318*path*O
1318*determination*O
1318*in*O
1318*accordance*O
1318*with*O
1318*paragraphs*B-RES
1318*(*I-RES
1318*a*I-RES
1318*)*I-RES
1318*and*I-RES
1318*(*I-RES
1318*b*I-RES
1318*)*I-RES
1318*of*O
1318*this*O
1318*section*O
1318*,*O
1318*the*O
1318*airplane*B-SYS
1318*must*O
1318*reach*O
1318*v_2*B-VAL
1318*before*O
1318*it*O
1318*is*O
1318*35*B-VAL
1318*feet*I-VAL
1318*above*O
1318*the*O
1318*takeoff*O
1318*surface*O
1318*and*O
1318*must*O
1318*continue*O
1318*at*O
1318*a*O
1318*speed*O
1318*as*O
1318*close*O
1318*as*O
1318*practical*O
1318*to*O
1318*,*O
1318*but*O
1318*not*O
1318*less*O
1318*than*O
1318*v_2*B-VAL
1318*,*O
1318*until*O
1318*it*O
1318*is*O
1318*400*B-VAL
1318*feet*I-VAL
1318*above*O
1318*the*O
1318*takeoff*O
1318*surface*O
1318*.*O
1319*the*O
1319*airplane*B-SYS
1319*configuration*O
1319*may*O
1319*not*O
1319*be*O
1319*changed*O
1319*,*O
1319*except*O
1319*for*O
1319*gear*O
1319*retraction*O
1319*and*O
1319*automatic*O
1319*propeller*B-SYS
1319*feathering*O
1319*,*O
1319*and*O
1319*no*O
1319*change*O
1319*in*O
1319*power*O
1319*or*O
1319*thrust*O
1319*that*O
1319*requires*O
1319*action*O
1319*by*O
1319*the*O
1319*pilot*O
1319*may*O
1319*be*O
1319*made*O
1319*until*O
1319*the*O
1319*airplane*B-SYS
1319*is*O
1319*400*B-VAL
1319*feet*I-VAL
1319*above*O
1319*the*O
1319*takeoff*O
1319*surface*O
1319*.*O
1320*if*O
1320*Section*B-RES
1320*25-105*I-RES
1320*(*I-RES
1320*a*I-RES
1320*)*I-RES
1320*(*I-RES
1320*2*I-RES
1320*)*I-RES
1320*requires*O
1320*the*O
1320*takeoff*O
1320*path*O
1320*to*O
1320*be*O
1320*determined*O
1320*for*O
1320*flight*O
1320*in*O
1320*icing*O
1320*conditions*O
1320*,*O
1320*the*O
1320*airborne*O
1320*part*O
1320*of*O
1320*the*O
1320*takeoff*O
1320*must*O
1320*be*O
1320*based*O
1320*on*O
1320*the*O
1320*airplane*B-SYS
1320*drag*O
1320*with*O
1320*the*O
1320*most*O
1320*critical*O
1320*of*O
1320*the*O
1320*takeoff*O
1320*ice*O
1320*accretion*O
1320*(*O
1320*s*O
1320*)*O
1320*defined*O
1320*in*O
1320*Appendices*B-RES
1320*C*I-RES
1320*and*I-RES
1320*O*I-RES
1320*of*O
1320*this*O
1320*part*O
1320*,*O
1320*as*O
1320*applicable*O
1320*,*O
1320*in*O
1320*accordance*O
1320*with*O
1320*Section*B-RES
1320*25-21*I-RES
1320*(*I-RES
1320*g*I-RES
1320*)*I-RES
1320*,*O
1320*from*O
1320*a*O
1320*height*O
1320*of*O
1320*35*B-VAL
1320*feet*I-VAL
1320*above*O
1320*the*O
1320*takeoff*O
1320*surface*O
1320*up*O
1320*to*O
1320*the*O
1320*point*O
1320*where*O
1320*the*O
1320*airplane*B-SYS
1320*is*O
1320*400*B-VAL
1320*feet*I-VAL
1320*above*O
1320*the*O
1320*takeoff*O
1320*surface*O
1320*.*O
1321*if*O
1321*Section*B-RES
1321*25-105*I-RES
1321*(*I-RES
1321*a*I-RES
1321*)*I-RES
1321*(*I-RES
1321*2*I-RES
1321*)*I-RES
1321*requires*O
1321*the*O
1321*takeoff*O
1321*path*O
1321*to*O
1321*be*O
1321*determined*O
1321*for*O
1321*flight*O
1321*in*O
1321*icing*O
1321*conditions*O
1321*,*O
1321*the*O
1321*airborne*O
1321*part*O
1321*of*O
1321*the*O
1321*takeoff*O
1321*must*O
1321*be*O
1321*based*O
1321*on*O
1321*the*O
1321*airplane*B-SYS
1321*drag*O
1321*with*O
1321*the*O
1321*most*O
1321*critical*O
1321*of*O
1321*the*O
1321*final*O
1321*takeoff*O
1321*ice*O
1321*accretion*O
1321*(*O
1321*s*O
1321*)*O
1321*defined*O
1321*in*O
1321*Appendices*B-RES
1321*C*I-RES
1321*and*I-RES
1321*O*I-RES
1321*of*O
1321*this*O
1321*part*O
1321*,*O
1321*as*O
1321*applicable*O
1321*,*O
1321*in*O
1321*accordance*O
1321*with*O
1321*Section*B-RES
1321*25-21*I-RES
1321*(*I-RES
1321*g*I-RES
1321*)*I-RES
1321*,*O
1321*from*O
1321*the*O
1321*point*O
1321*where*O
1321*the*O
1321*airplane*B-SYS
1321*is*O
1321*400*B-VAL
1321*feet*I-VAL
1321*above*O
1321*the*O
1321*takeoff*O
1321*surface*O
1321*to*O
1321*the*O
1321*end*O
1321*of*O
1321*the*O
1321*takeoff*O
1321*path*O
1321*.*O
1322*the*O
1322*takeoff*O
1322*path*O
1322*must*O
1322*be*O
1322*determined*O
1322*by*O
1322*a*O
1322*continuous*O
1322*demonstrated*O
1322*takeoff*O
1322*or*O
1322*by*O
1322*synthesis*O
1322*from*O
1322*segments*O
1322*.*O
1323*if*O
1323*the*O
1323*takeoff*O
1323*path*O
1323*is*O
1323*determined*O
1323*by*O
1323*the*O
1323*segmental*O
1323*method*O
1323*,*O
1323*the*O
1323*segments*O
1323*must*O
1323*be*O
1323*clearly*O
1323*defined*O
1323*and*O
1323*must*O
1323*be*O
1323*related*O
1323*to*O
1323*the*O
1323*distinct*O
1323*changes*O
1323*in*O
1323*the*O
1323*configuration*O
1323*,*O
1323*power*O
1323*or*O
1323*thrust*O
1323*,*O
1323*and*O
1323*speed*O
1323*.*O
1324*if*O
1324*the*O
1324*takeoff*O
1324*path*O
1324*is*O
1324*determined*O
1324*by*O
1324*the*O
1324*segmental*O
1324*method*O
1324*,*O
1324*the*O
1324*weight*O
1324*of*O
1324*the*O
1324*airplane*B-SYS
1324*,*O
1324*the*O
1324*configuration*O
1324*,*O
1324*and*O
1324*the*O
1324*power*O
1324*or*O
1324*thrust*O
1324*must*O
1324*be*O
1324*constant*O
1324*throughout*O
1324*each*O
1324*segment*O
1324*and*O
1324*must*O
1324*correspond*O
1324*to*O
1324*the*O
1324*most*O
1324*critical*O
1324*condition*O
1324*prevailing*O
1324*in*O
1324*the*O
1324*segment*O
1324*.*O
1325*if*O
1325*the*O
1325*takeoff*O
1325*path*O
1325*is*O
1325*determined*O
1325*by*O
1325*the*O
1325*segmental*O
1325*method*O
1325*,*O
1325*the*O
1325*flight*O
1325*path*O
1325*must*O
1325*be*O
1325*based*O
1325*on*O
1325*the*O
1325*airplane*B-SYS
1325*'s*O
1325*performance*O
1325*without*O
1325*ground*O
1325*effect*O
1326*if*O
1326*the*O
1326*takeoff*O
1326*path*O
1326*is*O
1326*determined*O
1326*by*O
1326*the*O
1326*segmental*O
1326*method*O
1326*,*O
1326*the*O
1326*takeoff*O
1326*path*O
1326*data*O
1326*must*O
1326*be*O
1326*checked*O
1326*by*O
1326*continuous*O
1326*demonstrated*O
1326*takeoffs*O
1326*up*O
1326*to*O
1326*the*O
1326*point*O
1326*at*O
1326*which*O
1326*the*O
1326*airplane*B-SYS
1326*is*O
1326*out*O
1326*of*O
1326*ground*O
1326*effect*O
1326*and*O
1326*its*O
1326*speed*O
1326*is*O
1326*stabilized*O
1326*,*O
1326*to*O
1326*ensure*O
1326*that*O
1326*the*O
1326*path*O
1326*is*O
1326*conservative*O
1326*relative*O
1326*to*O
1326*the*O
1326*continous*O
1326*path*O
1326*.*O
1327*the*O
1327*airplane*B-SYS
1327*is*O
1327*considered*O
1327*to*O
1327*be*O
1327*out*O
1327*of*O
1327*the*O
1327*ground*O
1327*effect*O
1327*when*O
1327*it*O
1327*reaches*O
1327*a*O
1327*height*O
1327*equal*O
1327*to*O
1327*its*O
1327*wing*B-SYS
1327*span*O
1327*.*O
1328*for*O
1328*airplanes*B-SYS
1328*equipped*O
1328*with*O
1328*standby*B-SYS
1328*power*I-SYS
1328*rocket*I-SYS
1328*engines*I-SYS
1328*,*O
1328*the*O
1328*takeoff*O
1328*path*O
1328*may*O
1328*be*O
1328*determined*O
1328*in*O
1328*accordance*O
1328*with*O
1328*section*B-RES
1328*II*I-RES
1328*of*I-RES
1328*appendix*I-RES
1328*E*I-RES
1328*.*O
1329*the*O
1329*takeoff*O
1329*flight*O
1329*path*O
1329*shall*O
1329*be*O
1329*considered*O
1329*to*O
1329*begin*O
1329*35*B-VAL
1329*feet*I-VAL
1329*above*O
1329*the*O
1329*takeoff*O
1329*surface*O
1329*at*O
1329*the*O
1329*end*O
1329*of*O
1329*the*O
1329*takeoff*O
1329*distance*O
1329*determined*O
1329*in*O
1329*accordance*O
1329*with*O
1329*Section*B-RES
1329*25-113*I-RES
1329*(*I-RES
1329*a*I-RES
1329*)*I-RES
1329*or*I-RES
1329*(*I-RES
1329*b*I-RES
1329*)*I-RES
1329*,*O
1329*as*O
1329*appropriate*O
1329*for*O
1329*the*O
1329*runway*O
1329*surface*O
1329*condition*O
1329*.*O
1330*the*O
1330*net*O
1330*takeoff*O
1330*flight*O
1330*path*O
1330*data*O
1330*must*O
1330*be*O
1330*determined*O
1330*so*O
1330*that*O
1330*they*O
1330*represent*O
1330*the*O
1330*actual*O
1330*takeoff*O
1330*flight*O
1330*paths*O
1330*(*O
1330*determined*O
1330*in*O
1330*accordance*O
1330*with*O
1330*Section*B-RES
1330*25-111*I-RES
1330*and*O
1330*with*O
1330*paragraph*B-RES
1330*(*I-RES
1330*a*I-RES
1330*)*I-RES
1330*of*O
1330*this*O
1330*section*O
1330*)*O
1330*reduced*O
1330*at*O
1330*each*O
1330*point*O
1330*by*O
1330*a*O
1330*gradient*O
1330*of*O
1330*climb*O
1330*equal*O
1330*to*O
1330*0.8*B-VAL
1330*percent*I-VAL
1330*for*O
1330*two-engine*B-SYS
1330*airplanes*I-SYS
1330*.*O
1331*the*O
1331*net*O
1331*takeoff*O
1331*flight*O
1331*path*O
1331*data*O
1331*must*O
1331*be*O
1331*determined*O
1331*so*O
1331*that*O
1331*they*O
1331*represent*O
1331*the*O
1331*actual*O
1331*takeoff*O
1331*flight*O
1331*paths*O
1331*(*O
1331*determined*O
1331*in*O
1331*accordance*O
1331*with*O
1331*Section*B-RES
1331*25-111*I-RES
1331*and*O
1331*with*O
1331*paragraph*B-RES
1331*(*I-RES
1331*a*I-RES
1331*)*I-RES
1331*of*O
1331*this*O
1331*section*O
1331*)*O
1331*reduced*O
1331*at*O
1331*each*O
1331*point*O
1331*by*O
1331*a*O
1331*gradient*O
1331*of*O
1331*climb*O
1331*equal*O
1331*to*O
1331*0.9*B-VAL
1331*percent*I-VAL
1331*for*O
1331*three-engine*B-SYS
1331*airplanes*I-SYS
1331*.*O
1332*the*O
1332*net*O
1332*takeoff*O
1332*flight*O
1332*path*O
1332*data*O
1332*must*O
1332*be*O
1332*determined*O
1332*so*O
1332*that*O
1332*they*O
1332*represent*O
1332*the*O
1332*actual*O
1332*takeoff*O
1332*flight*O
1332*paths*O
1332*(*O
1332*determined*O
1332*in*O
1332*accordance*O
1332*with*O
1332*Section*B-RES
1332*25-111*I-RES
1332*and*O
1332*with*O
1332*paragraph*B-RES
1332*(*I-RES
1332*a*I-RES
1332*)*I-RES
1332*of*O
1332*this*O
1332*section*O
1332*)*O
1332*reduced*O
1332*at*O
1332*each*O
1332*point*O
1332*by*O
1332*a*O
1332*gradient*O
1332*of*O
1332*climb*O
1332*equal*O
1332*to*O
1332*1*B-VAL
1332*percent*I-VAL
1332*for*O
1332*four-engine*B-SYS
1332*airplanes*I-SYS
1332*.*O
1333*the*O
1333*prescribed*O
1333*reduction*O
1333*in*O
1333*climb*O
1333*gradient*O
1333*may*O
1333*be*O
1333*applied*O
1333*as*O
1333*an*O
1333*equivalent*O
1333*reduction*O
1333*in*O
1333*acceleration*O
1333*along*O
1333*that*O
1333*part*O
1333*of*O
1333*the*O
1333*takeoff*O
1333*flight*O
1333*path*O
1333*at*O
1333*which*O
1333*the*O
1333*airplane*B-SYS
1333*is*O
1333*accelerated*O
1333*in*O
1333*level*O
1333*flight*O
1333*.*O
1334*compliance*O
1334*with*O
1334*the*O
1334*requirements*O
1334*of*O
1334*Sections*B-RES
1334*25-119*I-RES
1334*and*I-RES
1334*25-121*I-RES
1334*must*O
1334*be*O
1334*shown*O
1334*at*O
1334*each*O
1334*weight*O
1334*,*O
1334*altitude*O
1334*,*O
1334*and*O
1334*ambient*O
1334*temperature*O
1334*within*O
1334*the*O
1334*operational*O
1334*limits*O
1334*established*O
1334*for*O
1334*the*O
1334*airplane*B-SYS
1334*and*O
1334*with*O
1334*the*O
1334*most*O
1334*unfavorable*O
1334*center*O
1334*of*O
1334*gravity*O
1334*for*O
1334*each*O
1334*configuration*O
1334*.*O
1335*in*O
1335*the*O
1335*landing*O
1335*configuration*O
1335*,*O
1335*the*O
1335*steady*O
1335*gradient*O
1335*of*O
1335*climb*O
1335*may*O
1335*not*O
1335*be*O
1335*less*B-VAL
1335*than*I-VAL
1335*3.2*I-VAL
1335*percent*I-VAL
1335*,*O
1335*with*O
1335*the*O
1335*engines*B-SYS
1335*at*O
1335*the*O
1335*power*O
1335*or*O
1335*thrust*O
1335*that*O
1335*is*O
1335*available*O
1335*8*B-VAL
1335*seconds*I-VAL
1335*after*O
1335*initiation*O
1335*of*O
1335*movement*O
1335*of*O
1335*the*O
1335*power*B-SYS
1335*or*I-SYS
1335*thrust*I-SYS
1335*controls*I-SYS
1335*from*O
1335*the*O
1335*minimum*O
1335*flight*O
1335*idle*O
1335*to*O
1335*the*O
1335*go-around*O
1335*power*O
1335*or*O
1335*thrust*O
1335*setting*O
1335*in*O
1335*non-icing*O
1335*conditions*O
1335*,*O
1335*with*O
1335*a*O
1335*climb*O
1335*speed*O
1335*of*O
1335*vref*O
1335*determined*O
1335*in*O
1335*accordance*O
1335*with*O
1335*Section*B-RES
1335*25-125*I-RES
1335*(*I-RES
1335*b*I-RES
1335*)*I-RES
1335*(*I-RES
1335*2*I-RES
1335*)*I-RES
1335*(*I-RES
1335*i*I-RES
1335*)*I-RES
1335*.*O
1336*in*O
1336*the*O
1336*landing*O
1336*configuration*O
1336*,*O
1336*the*O
1336*steady*O
1336*gradient*O
1336*of*O
1336*climb*O
1336*may*O
1336*not*O
1336*be*O
1336*less*B-VAL
1336*than*I-VAL
1336*3.2*I-VAL
1336*percent*I-VAL
1336*,*O
1336*with*O
1336*the*O
1336*engines*B-SYS
1336*at*O
1336*the*O
1336*power*O
1336*or*O
1336*thrust*O
1336*that*O
1336*is*O
1336*available*O
1336*8*B-VAL
1336*seconds*I-VAL
1336*after*O
1336*initiation*O
1336*of*O
1336*movement*O
1336*of*O
1336*the*O
1336*power*B-SYS
1336*or*I-SYS
1336*thrust*I-SYS
1336*controls*I-SYS
1336*from*O
1336*the*O
1336*minimum*O
1336*flight*O
1336*idle*O
1336*to*O
1336*the*O
1336*go-around*O
1336*power*O
1336*or*O
1336*thrust*O
1336*setting*O
1336*in*O
1336*icing*O
1336*conditions*O
1336*with*O
1336*the*O
1336*most*O
1336*critical*O
1336*of*O
1336*the*O
1336*landing*O
1336*ice*O
1336*accretion*O
1336*(*O
1336*s*O
1336*)*O
1336*defined*O
1336*in*O
1336*Appendices*B-RES
1336*C*I-RES
1336*and*I-RES
1336*O*I-RES
1336*of*O
1336*this*O
1336*part*O
1336*,*O
1336*as*O
1336*applicable*O
1336*,*O
1336*in*O
1336*accordance*O
1336*with*O
1336*Section*B-RES
1336*25-21*I-RES
1336*(*I-RES
1336*g*I-RES
1336*)*I-RES
1336*,*O
1336*and*O
1336*with*O
1336*a*O
1336*climb*O
1336*speed*O
1336*of*O
1336*v_ref*B-VAL
1336*determined*O
1336*in*O
1336*accordance*O
1336*with*O
1336*Section*B-RES
1336*25.125*I-RES
1336*(*I-RES
1336*b*I-RES
1336*)*I-RES
1336*(*I-RES
1336*2*I-RES
1336*)*I-RES
1336*(*I-RES
1336*ii*I-RES
1336*)*I-RES
1336*.*O
1337*the*O
1337*requirements*O
1337*of*O
1337*paragraph*B-RES
1337*(*I-RES
1337*b*I-RES
1337*)*I-RES
1337*(*I-RES
1337*1*I-RES
1337*)*I-RES
1337*of*O
1337*this*O
1337*section*O
1337*must*O
1337*be*O
1337*met*O
1337*in*O
1337*non-icing*O
1337*conditions*O
1337*.*O
1338*the*O
1338*requirements*O
1338*of*O
1338*paragraph*B-RES
1338*(*I-RES
1338*b*I-RES
1338*)*I-RES
1338*(*I-RES
1338*1*I-RES
1338*)*I-RES
1338*of*O
1338*this*O
1338*section*O
1338*must*O
1338*be*O
1338*met*O
1338*in*O
1338*icing*O
1338*conditions*O
1338*with*O
1338*the*O
1338*most*O
1338*critical*O
1338*of*O
1338*the*O
1338*takeoff*O
1338*ice*O
1338*accretion*O
1338*(*O
1338*s*O
1338*)*O
1338*defined*O
1338*in*O
1338*Appendices*B-RES
1338*C*I-RES
1338*and*I-RES
1338*O*I-RES
1338*of*O
1338*this*O
1338*part*O
1338*,*O
1338*as*O
1338*applicable*O
1338*,*O
1338*in*O
1338*accordance*O
1338*with*O
1338*Section*B-RES
1338*25-21*I-RES
1338*(*I-RES
1338*g*I-RES
1338*)*I-RES
1338*,*O
1338*if*O
1338*in*O
1338*the*O
1338*configuration*O
1338*used*O
1338*to*O
1338*show*O
1338*compliance*O
1338*with*O
1338*Section*B-RES
1338*25-121*I-RES
1338*(*I-RES
1338*b*I-RES
1338*)*I-RES
1338*with*O
1338*this*O
1338*takeoff*O
1338*ice*O
1338*accretion*O
1338*the*O
1338*stall*O
1338*speed*O
1338*at*O
1338*maximum*O
1338*takeoff*O
1338*weight*O
1338*exceeds*O
1338*that*O
1338*in*O
1338*non-icing*O
1338*conditions*O
1338*by*O
1338*more*O
1338*than*O
1338*the*O
1338*greater*O
1338*of*O
1338*3*B-VAL
1338*knots*I-VAL
1338*cas*O
1338*or*O
1338*3*B-VAL
1338*percent*I-VAL
1338*of*O
1338*v_sr*B-VAL
1338*.*O
1339*the*O
1339*requirements*O
1339*of*O
1339*paragraph*B-RES
1339*(*I-RES
1339*b*I-RES
1339*)*I-RES
1339*(*I-RES
1339*1*I-RES
1339*)*I-RES
1339*of*O
1339*this*O
1339*section*O
1339*must*O
1339*be*O
1339*met*O
1339*in*O
1339*icing*O
1339*conditions*O
1339*with*O
1339*the*O
1339*most*O
1339*critical*O
1339*of*O
1339*the*O
1339*takeoff*O
1339*ice*O
1339*accretion*O
1339*(*O
1339*s*O
1339*)*O
1339*defined*O
1339*in*O
1339*Appendices*B-RES
1339*C*I-RES
1339*and*I-RES
1339*O*I-RES
1339*of*O
1339*this*O
1339*part*O
1339*,*O
1339*as*O
1339*applicable*O
1339*,*O
1339*in*O
1339*accordance*O
1339*with*O
1339*Section*B-RES
1339*25-21*I-RES
1339*(*I-RES
1339*g*I-RES
1339*)*I-RES
1339*,*O
1339*if*O
1339*in*O
1339*the*O
1339*configuration*O
1339*used*O
1339*to*O
1339*show*O
1339*compliance*O
1339*with*O
1339*Section*B-RES
1339*25-121*I-RES
1339*(*I-RES
1339*b*I-RES
1339*)*I-RES
1339*with*O
1339*this*O
1339*takeoff*O
1339*ice*O
1339*accretion*O
1339*the*O
1339*degradation*O
1339*of*O
1339*the*O
1339*gradient*O
1339*of*O
1339*climb*O
1339*determined*O
1339*in*O
1339*accordance*O
1339*with*O
1339*Section*B-RES
1339*25-121*I-RES
1339*(*I-RES
1339*b*I-RES
1339*)*I-RES
1339*is*O
1339*greater*O
1339*than*O
1339*one-half*O
1339*of*O
1339*the*O
1339*applicable*O
1339*actual-to-net*O
1339*takeoff*O
1339*flight*O
1339*path*O
1339*gradient*O
1339*reduction*O
1339*defined*O
1339*in*O
1339*Section*B-RES
1339*25-115*I-RES
1339*(*I-RES
1339*b*I-RES
1339*)*I-RES
1339*.*O
1340*the*O
1340*steady*O
1340*gradient*O
1340*of*O
1340*climb*O
1340*may*O
1340*not*O
1340*be*O
1340*less*O
1340*than*O
1340*1.2*B-VAL
1340*percent*I-VAL
1340*for*O
1340*two-engine*B-SYS
1340*airplanes*I-SYS
1340*,*O
1340*1.5*B-VAL
1340*percent*I-VAL
1340*for*O
1340*three-engine*B-SYS
1340*airplanes*I-SYS
1340*,*O
1340*and*O
1340*1.7*B-VAL
1340*percent*I-VAL
1340*for*O
1340*four-engine*B-SYS
1340*airplanes*I-SYS
1340*,*O
1340*at*O
1340*v_fto*B-VAL
1340*with*O
1340*the*O
1340*critical*B-SYS
1340*engine*I-SYS
1340*inoperative*O
1340*and*O
1340*the*O
1340*remaining*O
1340*engines*B-SYS
1340*at*O
1340*the*O
1340*available*O
1340*maximum*O
1340*continuous*O
1340*power*O
1340*or*O
1340*thrust*O
1340*.*O
1341*the*O
1341*steady*O
1341*gradient*O
1341*of*O
1341*climb*O
1341*may*O
1341*not*O
1341*be*O
1341*less*O
1341*than*O
1341*1.2*B-VAL
1341*percent*I-VAL
1341*for*O
1341*two-engine*B-SYS
1341*airplanes*I-SYS
1341*,*O
1341*1.5*B-VAL
1341*percent*I-VAL
1341*for*O
1341*three-engine*B-SYS
1341*airplanes*I-SYS
1341*,*O
1341*and*O
1341*1.7*B-VAL
1341*percent*I-VAL
1341*for*O
1341*four-engine*B-SYS
1341*airplanes*I-SYS
1341*,*O
1341*at*O
1341*v_fto*B-VAL
1341*with*O
1341*the*O
1341*weight*O
1341*equal*O
1341*to*O
1341*the*O
1341*weight*O
1341*existing*O
1341*at*O
1341*the*O
1341*end*O
1341*of*O
1341*the*O
1341*takeoff*O
1341*path*O
1341*,*O
1341*determined*O
1341*under*O
1341*Section*B-RES
1341*25-111*I-RES
1341*.*O
1342*for*O
1342*the*O
1342*en*O
1342*route*O
1342*configuration*O
1342*,*O
1342*the*O
1342*flight*O
1342*paths*O
1342*prescribed*O
1342*in*O
1342*paragraph*B-RES
1342*(*I-RES
1342*b*I-RES
1342*)*I-RES
1342*and*I-RES
1342*(*I-RES
1342*c*I-RES
1342*)*I-RES
1342*of*O
1342*this*O
1342*section*O
1342*must*O
1342*be*O
1342*determined*O
1342*at*O
1342*each*O
1342*weight*O
1342*,*O
1342*altitude*O
1342*,*O
1342*and*O
1342*ambient*O
1342*temperature*O
1342*,*O
1342*within*O
1342*the*O
1342*operating*O
1342*limits*O
1342*established*O
1342*for*O
1342*the*O
1342*airplane*B-SYS
1342*.*O
1343*the*O
1343*variation*O
1343*of*O
1343*weight*O
1343*along*O
1343*the*O
1343*flight*O
1343*path*O
1343*,*O
1343*accounting*O
1343*for*O
1343*the*O
1343*progressive*O
1343*consumption*O
1343*of*O
1343*fuel*O
1343*and*O
1343*oil*O
1343*by*O
1343*the*O
1343*operating*O
1343*engines*B-SYS
1343*,*O
1343*may*O
1343*be*O
1343*included*O
1343*in*O
1343*the*O
1343*computation*O
1343*.*O
1344*the*O
1344*flight*O
1344*paths*O
1344*must*O
1344*be*O
1344*determined*O
1344*at*O
1344*a*O
1344*speed*O
1344*not*O
1344*less*O
1344*than*O
1344*v_fto*B-VAL
1344*,*O
1344*with*O
1344*the*O
1344*most*O
1344*unfavorable*O
1344*center*O
1344*of*O
1344*gravity*O
1344*.*O
1345*the*O
1345*flight*O
1345*paths*O
1345*must*O
1345*be*O
1345*determined*O
1345*at*O
1345*a*O
1345*speed*O
1345*not*O
1345*less*O
1345*than*O
1345*v_fto*B-VAL
1345*,*O
1345*with*O
1345*the*O
1345*critical*B-SYS
1345*engines*I-SYS
1345*inoperative*O
1345*.*O
1346*for*O
1346*three-*O
1346*or*O
1346*four-engine*B-SYS
1346*airplanes*I-SYS
1346*,*O
1346*the*O
1346*two-engine-inoperative*O
1346*net*O
1346*flight*O
1346*path*O
1346*data*O
1346*must*O
1346*represent*O
1346*the*O
1346*actual*O
1346*climb*O
1346*performance*O
1346*diminished*O
1346*by*O
1346*a*O
1346*gradient*O
1346*of*O
1346*climb*O
1346*of*O
1346*0.3*B-VAL
1346*percent*I-VAL
1346*for*O
1346*three-engine*B-SYS
1346*airplanes*I-SYS
1346*and*O
1346*0.5*B-VAL
1346*percent*I-VAL
1346*for*O
1346*four-engine*B-SYS
1346*airplanes*I-SYS
1346*.*O
1347*in*O
1347*determining*O
1347*the*O
1347*distance*O
1347*in*O
1347*paragraph*B-RES
1347*(*I-RES
1347*a*I-RES
1347*)*I-RES
1347*of*O
1347*this*O
1347*section*O
1347*the*O
1347*airplane*B-SYS
1347*must*O
1347*be*O
1347*in*O
1347*the*O
1347*landing*O
1347*configuration*O
1347*.*O
1348*in*O
1348*determining*O
1348*the*O
1348*distance*O
1348*in*O
1348*paragraph*B-RES
1348*(*I-RES
1348*a*I-RES
1348*)*I-RES
1348*of*O
1348*this*O
1348*section*O
1348*,*O
1348*a*O
1348*stabilized*O
1348*approach*O
1348*,*O
1348*with*O
1348*a*O
1348*calibrated*O
1348*airspeed*O
1348*of*O
1348*not*O
1348*less*O
1348*than*O
1348*v_ref*B-RES
1348*,*O
1348*must*O
1348*be*O
1348*maintained*O
1348*down*O
1348*to*O
1348*the*O
1348*50-foot*B-VAL
1348*height*O
1348*.*O
1349*in*O
1349*non-icing*O
1349*conditions*O
1349*,*O
1349*v_ref*B-VAL
1349*may*O
1349*not*O
1349*be*O
1349*less*O
1349*than*O
1349*1.23*B-VAL
1349*v_sr0*I-VAL
1349*.*O
1350*in*O
1350*non-icing*O
1350*conditions*O
1350*,*O
1350*v_ref*B-VAL
1350*may*O
1350*not*O
1350*be*O
1350*less*O
1350*than*O
1350*v_mcl*B-VAL
1350*established*O
1350*under*O
1350*Section*B-RES
1350*25-149*I-RES
1350*(*I-RES
1350*f*I-RES
1350*)*I-RES
1350*.*O
1351*in*O
1351*non-icing*O
1351*conditions*O
1351*,*O
1351*v_ref*B-VAL
1351*may*O
1351*not*O
1351*be*O
1351*less*O
1351*than*O
1351*a*O
1351*speed*O
1351*that*O
1351*provides*O
1351*the*O
1351*maneuvering*O
1351*capability*O
1351*specified*O
1351*in*O
1351*Section*B-RES
1351*25-143*I-RES
1351*(*I-RES
1351*h*I-RES
1351*)*I-RES
1351*.*O
1352*for*O
1352*landplanes*B-SYS
1352*and*O
1352*amphibians*B-SYS
1352*,*O
1352*the*O
1352*landing*O
1352*distance*O
1352*on*O
1352*land*O
1352*must*O
1352*be*O
1352*determined*O
1352*on*O
1352*a*O
1352*level*O
1352*,*O
1352*smooth*O
1352*,*O
1352*dry*O
1352*,*O
1352*hard-surfaced*O
1352*runway*O
1352*.*O
1353*the*O
1353*pressures*O
1353*on*O
1353*the*O
1353*wheel*B-SYS
1353*braking*I-SYS
1353*systems*I-SYS
1353*may*O
1353*not*O
1353*exceed*O
1353*those*O
1353*specified*O
1353*by*O
1353*the*O
1353*brake*O
1353*manufacturer*O
1353*.*O
1354*for*O
1354*seaplanes*B-SYS
1354*and*O
1354*amphibians*B-SYS
1354*,*O
1354*the*O
1354*landing*O
1354*distance*O
1354*on*O
1354*water*O
1354*must*O
1354*be*O
1354*determined*O
1354*on*O
1354*smooth*O
1354*water*O
1354*.*O
1355*for*O
1355*skiplanes*B-SYS
1355*,*O
1355*the*O
1355*landing*O
1355*distance*O
1355*on*O
1355*snow*O
1355*must*O
1355*be*O
1355*determined*O
1355*on*O
1355*smooth*O
1355*,*O
1355*dry*O
1355*,*O
1355*snow*O
1355*.*O
1356*the*O
1356*landing*O
1356*distance*O
1356*data*O
1356*must*O
1356*include*O
1356*correction*O
1356*factors*O
1356*for*O
1356*not*O
1356*more*O
1356*than*O
1356*50*B-VAL
1356*percent*I-VAL
1356*of*O
1356*the*O
1356*nominal*O
1356*wind*O
1356*components*O
1356*along*O
1356*the*O
1356*landing*O
1356*path*O
1356*opposite*O
1356*to*O
1356*the*O
1356*direction*O
1356*of*O
1356*landing*O
1356*,*O
1356*and*O
1356*not*O
1356*less*O
1356*than*O
1356*150*B-VAL
1356*percent*I-VAL
1356*of*O
1356*the*O
1356*nominal*O
1356*wind*O
1356*components*O
1356*along*O
1356*the*O
1356*landing*O
1356*path*O
1356*in*O
1356*the*O
1356*direction*O
1356*of*O
1356*landing*O
1356*.*O
1357*if*O
1357*any*O
1357*device*O
1357*is*O
1357*used*O
1357*that*O
1357*depends*O
1357*on*O
1357*the*O
1357*operation*O
1357*of*O
1357*any*O
1357*engine*B-SYS
1357*,*O
1357*and*O
1357*if*O
1357*the*O
1357*landing*O
1357*distance*O
1357*would*O
1357*be*O
1357*noticeably*O
1357*increased*O
1357*when*O
1357*a*O
1357*landing*O
1357*is*O
1357*made*O
1357*with*O
1357*that*O
1357*engine*B-SYS
1357*inoperative*O
1357*,*O
1357*the*O
1357*landing*O
1357*distance*O
1357*must*O
1357*be*O
1357*determined*O
1357*with*O
1357*that*O
1357*engine*B-SYS
1357*inoperative*O
1357*unless*O
1357*the*O
1357*use*O
1357*of*O
1357*compensating*O
1357*means*O
1357*will*O
1357*result*O
1357*in*O
1357*a*O
1357*landing*O
1357*distance*O
1357*not*O
1357*more*O
1357*than*O
1357*that*O
1357*with*O
1357*each*O
1357*engine*B-SYS
1357*operating*O
1357*.*O
1358*it*O
1358*must*O
1358*be*O
1358*possible*O
1358*to*O
1358*make*O
1358*a*O
1358*smooth*O
1358*transition*O
1358*from*O
1358*one*O
1358*flight*O
1358*condition*O
1358*to*O
1358*any*O
1358*other*O
1358*flight*O
1358*condition*O
1358*without*O
1358*exceptional*O
1358*piloting*O
1358*skill*O
1358*,*O
1358*alertness*O
1358*,*O
1358*or*O
1358*strength*O
1358*,*O
1358*and*O
1358*without*O
1358*danger*O
1358*of*O
1358*exceeding*O
1358*the*O
1358*airplane*B-SYS
1358*limit-load*O
1358*factor*O
1358*under*O
1358*any*O
1358*probable*O
1358*operating*O
1358*conditions*O
1358*,*O
1358*including*O
1358*the*O
1358*sudden*O
1358*failure*O
1358*of*O
1358*the*O
1358*critical*B-SYS
1358*engine*I-SYS
1358*.*O
1359*it*O
1359*must*O
1359*be*O
1359*possible*O
1359*to*O
1359*make*O
1359*a*O
1359*smooth*O
1359*transition*O
1359*from*O
1359*one*O
1359*flight*O
1359*condition*O
1359*to*O
1359*any*O
1359*other*O
1359*flight*O
1359*condition*O
1359*without*O
1359*exceptional*O
1359*piloting*O
1359*skill*O
1359*,*O
1359*alertness*O
1359*,*O
1359*or*O
1359*strength*O
1359*,*O
1359*and*O
1359*without*O
1359*danger*O
1359*of*O
1359*exceeding*O
1359*the*O
1359*airplane*B-SYS
1359*limit-load*O
1359*factor*O
1359*under*O
1359*any*O
1359*probable*O
1359*operating*O
1359*conditions*O
1359*,*O
1359*including*O
1359*configuration*O
1359*changes*O
1359*,*O
1359*including*O
1359*deployment*O
1359*or*O
1359*retraction*O
1359*of*O
1359*deceleration*B-SYS
1359*devices*I-SYS
1359*.*O
1360*Airplanes*B-SYS
1360*with*O
1360*four*B-VAL
1360*or*O
1360*more*O
1360*engines*B-SYS
1360*must*O
1360*meet*O
1360*the*O
1360*requirements*O
1360*of*O
1360*paragraph*B-RES
1360*(*I-RES
1360*a*I-RES
1360*)*I-RES
1360*of*O
1360*this*O
1360*section*O
1360*except*O
1360*that*O
1360*the*O
1360*two*B-VAL
1360*critical*O
1360*engines*B-SYS
1360*must*O
1360*be*O
1360*inoperative*O
1360*with*O
1360*their*O
1360*propellers*B-SYS
1360*(*O
1360*if*O
1360*applicable*O
1360*)*O
1360*in*O
1360*the*O
1360*minimum*O
1360*drag*O
1360*position*O
1360*.*O
1361*Airplanes*B-SYS
1361*with*O
1361*four*B-VAL
1361*or*O
1361*more*O
1361*engines*B-SYS
1361*must*O
1361*meet*O
1361*the*O
1361*requirements*O
1361*of*O
1361*paragraph*B-RES
1361*(*I-RES
1361*a*I-RES
1361*)*I-RES
1361*of*O
1361*this*O
1361*section*O
1361*except*O
1361*that*O
1361*the*O
1361*flaps*B-SYS
1361*must*O
1361*be*O
1361*in*O
1361*the*O
1361*most*O
1361*favorable*O
1361*climb*O
1361*position*O
1361*.*O
1362*it*O
1362*must*O
1362*be*O
1362*possible*O
1362*to*O
1362*make*O
1362*20*B-VAL
1362*degrees*I-VAL
1362*banked*O
1362*turns*O
1362*,*O
1362*with*O
1362*and*O
1362*against*O
1362*the*O
1362*inoperative*B-SYS
1362*engine*I-SYS
1362*,*O
1362*from*O
1362*steady*O
1362*flight*O
1362*at*O
1362*a*O
1362*speed*O
1362*equal*O
1362*to*O
1362*1.3*B-VAL
1362*v_s_r1*I-VAL
1362*,*O
1362*with*O
1362*the*O
1362*critical*O
1362*engine*B-SYS
1362*inoperative*O
1362*and*O
1362*its*O
1362*propeller*B-SYS
1362*(*O
1362*if*O
1362*applicable*O
1362*)*O
1362*in*O
1362*the*O
1362*minimum*O
1362*drag*O
1362*position*O
1362*.*O
1363*it*O
1363*must*O
1363*be*O
1363*possible*O
1363*to*O
1363*make*O
1363*20*B-VAL
1363*degrees*I-VAL
1363*banked*O
1363*turns*O
1363*,*O
1363*with*O
1363*and*O
1363*against*O
1363*the*O
1363*inoperative*B-SYS
1363*engine*I-SYS
1363*,*O
1363*from*O
1363*steady*O
1363*flight*O
1363*at*O
1363*a*O
1363*speed*O
1363*equal*O
1363*to*O
1363*1.3*B-VAL
1363*v_s_r1*I-VAL
1363*,*O
1363*with*O
1363*the*O
1363*remaining*O
1363*engines*B-SYS
1363*at*O
1363*maximum*O
1363*continuous*O
1363*power*O
1363*.*O
1364*it*O
1364*must*O
1364*be*O
1364*possible*O
1364*to*O
1364*make*O
1364*20*B-VAL
1364*degrees*I-VAL
1364*banked*O
1364*turns*O
1364*,*O
1364*with*O
1364*and*O
1364*against*O
1364*the*O
1364*inoperative*B-SYS
1364*engine*I-SYS
1364*,*O
1364*from*O
1364*steady*O
1364*flight*O
1364*at*O
1364*a*O
1364*speed*O
1364*equal*O
1364*to*O
1364*1.3*B-VAL
1364*v_s_r1*I-VAL
1364*,*O
1364*with*O
1364*the*O
1364*most*O
1364*unfavorable*O
1364*center*O
1364*of*O
1364*gravity*O
1364*.*O
1365*it*O
1365*must*O
1365*be*O
1365*possible*O
1365*to*O
1365*make*O
1365*20*B-VAL
1365*degrees*I-VAL
1365*banked*O
1365*turns*O
1365*,*O
1365*with*O
1365*and*O
1365*against*O
1365*the*O
1365*inoperative*B-SYS
1365*engine*I-SYS
1365*,*O
1365*from*O
1365*steady*O
1365*flight*O
1365*at*O
1365*a*O
1365*speed*O
1365*equal*O
1365*to*O
1365*1.3*B-VAL
1365*v_s_r1*I-VAL
1365*,*O
1365*with*O
1365*the*O
1365*landing*B-SYS
1365*gear*I-SYS
1365*retracted*O
1365*.*O
1366*it*O
1366*must*O
1366*be*O
1366*possible*O
1366*to*O
1366*make*O
1366*20*B-VAL
1366*degrees*I-VAL
1366*banked*O
1366*turns*O
1366*,*O
1366*with*O
1366*and*O
1366*against*O
1366*the*O
1366*inoperative*B-SYS
1366*engine*I-SYS
1366*,*O
1366*from*O
1366*steady*O
1366*flight*O
1366*at*O
1366*a*O
1366*speed*O
1366*equal*O
1366*to*O
1366*1.3*B-VAL
1366*v_s_r1*I-VAL
1366*,*O
1366*with*O
1366*the*O
1366*landing*B-SYS
1366*gear*I-SYS
1366*extended*O
1366*.*O
1367*it*O
1367*must*O
1367*be*O
1367*possible*O
1367*to*O
1367*make*O
1367*20*B-VAL
1367*degrees*I-VAL
1367*banked*O
1367*turns*O
1367*,*O
1367*with*O
1367*and*O
1367*against*O
1367*the*O
1367*inoperative*B-SYS
1367*engine*I-SYS
1367*,*O
1367*from*O
1367*steady*O
1367*flight*O
1367*at*O
1367*a*O
1367*speed*O
1367*equal*O
1367*to*O
1367*1.3*B-VAL
1367*v_s_r1*I-VAL
1367*,*O
1367*with*O
1367*flaps*B-SYS
1367*in*O
1367*the*O
1367*most*O
1367*favorable*O
1367*climb*O
1367*position*O
1367*.*O
1368*it*O
1368*must*O
1368*be*O
1368*possible*O
1368*to*O
1368*make*O
1368*20*B-VAL
1368*degrees*I-VAL
1368*banked*O
1368*turns*O
1368*,*O
1368*with*O
1368*and*O
1368*against*O
1368*the*O
1368*inoperative*B-SYS
1368*engine*I-SYS
1368*,*O
1368*from*O
1368*steady*O
1368*flight*O
1368*at*O
1368*a*O
1368*speed*O
1368*equal*O
1368*to*O
1368*1.3*B-VAL
1368*v_s_r1*I-VAL
1368*,*O
1368*with*O
1368*maximum*O
1368*takeoff*O
1368*weight*O
1368*.*O
1369*v_mc*B-VAL
1369*is*O
1369*the*O
1369*calibrated*O
1369*airspeed*O
1369*at*O
1369*which*O
1369*,*O
1369*when*O
1369*the*O
1369*critical*B-SYS
1369*engine*I-SYS
1369*is*O
1369*suddenly*O
1369*made*O
1369*inoperative*O
1369*,*O
1369*it*O
1369*is*O
1369*possible*O
1369*to*O
1369*maintain*O
1369*control*O
1369*of*O
1369*the*O
1369*airplane*B-SYS
1369*with*O
1369*that*O
1369*engine*B-SYS
1369*still*O
1369*inoperative*O
1369*and*O
1369*maintain*O
1369*straight*O
1369*flight*O
1369*with*O
1369*an*O
1369*angle*O
1369*of*O
1369*bank*O
1369*of*O
1369*not*B-VAL
1369*more*I-VAL
1369*than*I-VAL
1369*5*I-VAL
1369*degrees*I-VAL
1369*.*O
1370*v_mc*B-VAL
1370*may*O
1370*not*O
1370*exceed*O
1370*1.13*B-VAL
1370*v_sr*I-VAL
1370*with*O
1370*maximum*O
1370*available*O
1370*takeoff*O
1370*power*O
1370*or*O
1370*thrust*O
1370*on*O
1370*the*O
1370*engines*B-SYS
1370*.*O
1371*v_mc*B-VAL
1371*may*O
1371*not*O
1371*exceed*O
1371*1.13*B-VAL
1371*v_sr*I-VAL
1371*with*O
1371*the*O
1371*most*O
1371*unfavorable*O
1371*center*O
1371*of*O
1371*gravity*O
1371*.*O
1372*v_mc*B-VAL
1372*may*O
1372*not*O
1372*exceed*O
1372*1.13*B-VAL
1372*v_sr*I-VAL
1372*with*O
1372*the*O
1372*airplane*B-SYS
1372*trimmed*O
1372*for*O
1372*takeoff*O
1372*.*O
1373*in*O
1373*demonstrations*O
1373*of*O
1373*v_mcl*B-VAL
1373*and*O
1373*v_mcl-2*B-VAL
1373*,*O
1373*the*O
1373*rudder*O
1373*force*O
1373*may*O
1373*not*O
1373*exceed*O
1373*150*B-VAL
1373*pounds*I-VAL
1373*.*O
1374*in*O
1374*demonstrations*O
1374*of*O
1374*v_mcl*B-VAL
1374*and*O
1374*v_mcl-2*B-VAL
1374*,*O
1374*the*O
1374*airplane*B-SYS
1374*may*O
1374*not*O
1374*exhibit*O
1374*hazardous*O
1374*flight*O
1374*characteristics*O
1374*or*O
1374*require*O
1374*exceptional*O
1374*piloting*O
1374*skill*O
1374*,*O
1374*alertness*O
1374*,*O
1374*or*O
1374*strength*O
1374*.*O
1375*in*O
1375*demonstrations*O
1375*of*O
1375*v_mcl*B-VAL
1375*and*O
1375*v_mcl-2*B-VAL
1375*,*O
1375*lateral*O
1375*control*B-SYS
1375*must*O
1375*be*O
1375*sufficient*O
1375*to*O
1375*roll*O
1375*the*O
1375*airplane*B-SYS
1375*,*O
1375*from*O
1375*an*O
1375*initial*O
1375*condition*O
1375*of*O
1375*steady*O
1375*flight*O
1375*,*O
1375*through*O
1375*an*O
1375*angle*O
1375*of*O
1375*20*B-VAL
1375*degrees*I-VAL
1375*in*O
1375*the*O
1375*direction*O
1375*necessary*O
1375*to*O
1375*initiate*O
1375*a*O
1375*turn*O
1375*away*O
1375*from*O
1375*the*O
1375*inoperative*B-SYS
1375*engine*I-SYS
1375*(*O
1375*s*O
1375*)*O
1375*,*O
1375*in*O
1375*not*O
1375*more*O
1375*than*O
1375*5*B-VAL
1375*seconds*I-VAL
1375*.*O
1376*in*O
1376*demonstrations*O
1376*of*O
1376*v_mcl*B-VAL
1376*and*O
1376*v_mcl-2*B-VAL
1376*,*O
1376*for*O
1376*propeller*B-SYS
1376*airplanes*I-SYS
1376*,*O
1376*hazardous*O
1376*flight*O
1376*characteristics*O
1376*must*O
1376*not*O
1376*be*O
1376*exhibited*O
1376*due*O
1376*to*O
1376*any*O
1376*propeller*B-SYS
1376*position*O
1376*achieved*O
1376*when*O
1376*the*O
1376*engine*B-SYS
1376*fails*O
1376*or*O
1376*during*O
1376*any*O
1376*likely*O
1376*subsequent*O
1376*movements*O
1376*of*O
1376*the*O
1376*engine*B-SYS
1376*or*O
1376*propeller*B-SYS
1376*controls*I-SYS
1376*.*O
1377*the*O
1377*airspeed*O
1377*must*O
1377*return*O
1377*to*O
1377*within*O
1377*10*B-VAL
1377*percent*I-VAL
1377*of*O
1377*the*O
1377*original*O
1377*trim*O
1377*speed*O
1377*for*O
1377*the*O
1377*climb*O
1377*,*O
1377*approach*O
1377*,*O
1377*and*O
1377*landing*O
1377*conditions*O
1377*specified*O
1377*in*O
1377*Section*B-RES
1377*25-175*I-RES
1377*(*I-RES
1377*a*I-RES
1377*)*I-RES
1377*,*I-RES
1377*(*I-RES
1377*c*I-RES
1377*)*I-RES
1377*,*I-RES
1377*and*I-RES
1377*(*I-RES
1377*d*I-RES
1377*)*I-RES
1377*,*O
1377*and*O
1377*must*O
1377*return*O
1377*to*O
1377*within*O
1377*7.5*B-VAL
1377*percent*I-VAL
1377*of*O
1377*the*O
1377*original*O
1377*trim*O
1377*speed*O
1377*for*O
1377*the*O
1377*cruising*O
1377*condition*O
1377*specified*O
1377*in*O
1377*Section*B-RES
1377*25-175*I-RES
1377*(*I-RES
1377*b*I-RES
1377*)*I-RES
1377*,*O
1377*when*O
1377*the*O
1377*control*O
1377*force*O
1377*is*O
1377*slowly*O
1377*released*O
1377*from*O
1377*any*O
1377*speed*O
1377*within*O
1377*the*O
1377*range*O
1377*specified*O
1377*in*O
1377*paragraph*B-RES
1377*(*I-RES
1377*a*I-RES
1377*)*I-RES
1377*of*O
1377*this*O
1377*section*O
1377*.*O
1378*the*O
1378*average*O
1378*gradient*O
1378*of*O
1378*the*O
1378*stable*O
1378*slope*O
1378*of*O
1378*the*O
1378*stick*O
1378*force*O
1378*versus*O
1378*speed*O
1378*curve*O
1378*may*O
1378*not*O
1378*be*O
1378*less*O
1378*than*O
1378*1*B-VAL
1378*pound*I-VAL
1378*for*O
1378*each*O
1378*6*B-VAL
1378*knots*I-VAL
1378*.*O
1379*the*O
1379*stick*O
1379*force*O
1379*curve*O
1379*must*O
1379*have*O
1379*a*O
1379*stable*O
1379*slope*O
1379*at*O
1379*speeds*O
1379*between*B-VAL
1379*85*I-VAL
1379*and*I-VAL
1379*115*I-VAL
1379*percent*I-VAL
1379*of*O
1379*the*O
1379*speed*O
1379*at*O
1379*which*O
1379*the*O
1379*airplane*B-SYS
1379*is*O
1379*trimmed*O
1379*,*O
1379*with*O
1379*wing*B-SYS
1379*flaps*B-SYS
1379*retracted*O
1379*.*O
1380*the*O
1380*stick*O
1380*force*O
1380*curve*O
1380*must*O
1380*have*O
1380*a*O
1380*stable*O
1380*slope*O
1380*at*O
1380*speeds*O
1380*between*B-VAL
1380*85*I-VAL
1380*and*I-VAL
1380*115*I-VAL
1380*percent*I-VAL
1380*of*O
1380*the*O
1380*speed*O
1380*at*O
1380*which*O
1380*the*O
1380*airplane*B-SYS
1380*is*O
1380*trimmed*O
1380*,*O
1380*with*O
1380*landing*B-SYS
1380*gear*I-SYS
1380*retracted*O
1380*.*O
1381*the*O
1381*stick*O
1381*force*O
1381*curve*O
1381*must*O
1381*have*O
1381*a*O
1381*stable*O
1381*slope*O
1381*at*O
1381*speeds*O
1381*between*B-VAL
1381*85*I-VAL
1381*and*I-VAL
1381*115*I-VAL
1381*percent*I-VAL
1381*of*O
1381*the*O
1381*speed*O
1381*at*O
1381*which*O
1381*the*O
1381*airplane*B-SYS
1381*is*O
1381*trimmed*O
1381*,*O
1381*with*O
1381*maximum*O
1381*takeoff*O
1381*weight*O
1381*.*O
1382*the*O
1382*stick*O
1382*force*O
1382*curve*O
1382*must*O
1382*have*O
1382*a*O
1382*stable*O
1382*slope*O
1382*at*O
1382*speeds*O
1382*between*B-VAL
1382*85*I-VAL
1382*and*I-VAL
1382*115*I-VAL
1382*percent*I-VAL
1382*of*O
1382*the*O
1382*speed*O
1382*at*O
1382*which*O
1382*the*O
1382*airplane*B-SYS
1382*is*O
1382*trimmed*O
1382*,*O
1382*with*O
1382*75*B-VAL
1382*percent*I-VAL
1382*of*O
1382*maximum*O
1382*continuous*O
1382*power*O
1382*for*O
1382*reciprocating*B-SYS
1382*engines*I-SYS
1382*or*O
1382*the*O
1382*maximum*O
1382*power*O
1382*or*O
1382*thrust*O
1382*selected*O
1382*by*O
1382*the*O
1382*applicant*O
1382*as*O
1382*an*O
1382*operating*O
1382*limitation*O
1382*for*O
1382*use*O
1382*during*O
1382*climb*O
1382*for*O
1382*turbine*B-SYS
1382*engines*I-SYS
1382*.*O
1383*the*O
1383*stick*O
1383*force*O
1383*curve*O
1383*must*O
1383*have*O
1383*a*O
1383*stable*O
1383*slope*O
1383*at*O
1383*speeds*O
1383*between*B-VAL
1383*85*I-VAL
1383*and*I-VAL
1383*115*I-VAL
1383*percent*I-VAL
1383*of*O
1383*the*O
1383*speed*O
1383*at*O
1383*which*O
1383*the*O
1383*airplane*B-SYS
1383*is*O
1383*trimmed*O
1383*,*O
1383*at*O
1383*the*O
1383*speed*O
1383*for*O
1383*best*O
1383*rate-of-climb*O
1383*except*O
1383*that*O
1383*the*O
1383*speed*O
1383*need*O
1383*not*O
1383*be*O
1383*less*O
1383*than*O
1383*1.3*B-VAL
1383*v_sr1*I-VAL
1383*.*O
1384*the*O
1384*stick*O
1384*force*O
1384*curve*O
1384*must*O
1384*have*O
1384*a*O
1384*stable*O
1384*slope*O
1384*at*O
1384*speeds*O
1384*between*O
1384*v_sw*B-VAL
1384*and*O
1384*1.7*B-VAL
1384*v_sr1*I-VAL
1384*,*O
1384*with*O
1384*wing*B-SYS
1384*flaps*B-SYS
1384*in*O
1384*the*O
1384*approach*O
1384*position*O
1384*.*O
1385*the*O
1385*stick*O
1385*force*O
1385*curve*O
1385*must*O
1385*have*O
1385*a*O
1385*stable*O
1385*slope*O
1385*at*O
1385*speeds*O
1385*between*O
1385*v_sw*B-VAL
1385*and*O
1385*1.7*B-VAL
1385*v_sr1*I-VAL
1385*,*O
1385*with*O
1385*landing*B-SYS
1385*gear*I-SYS
1385*retracted*O
1385*.*O
1386*the*O
1386*stick*O
1386*force*O
1386*curve*O
1386*must*O
1386*have*O
1386*a*O
1386*stable*O
1386*slope*O
1386*at*O
1386*speeds*O
1386*between*O
1386*v_sw*B-VAL
1386*and*O
1386*1.7*B-VAL
1386*v_sr1*I-VAL
1386*,*O
1386*with*O
1386*maximum*O
1386*landing*O
1386*weight*O
1386*.*O
1387*the*O
1387*stick*O
1387*force*O
1387*curve*O
1387*must*O
1387*have*O
1387*a*O
1387*stable*O
1387*slope*O
1387*at*O
1387*speeds*O
1387*between*O
1387*v_sw*B-VAL
1387*and*O
1387*1.7*B-VAL
1387*v_sr1*I-VAL
1387*,*O
1387*with*O
1387*the*O
1387*airplane*B-SYS
1387*trimmed*O
1387*at*O
1387*1.3*B-VAL
1387*v_sr1*I-VAL
1387*with*O
1387*enough*O
1387*power*O
1387*to*O
1387*maintain*O
1387*level*O
1387*flight*O
1387*at*O
1387*this*O
1387*speed*O
1387*.*O
1388*the*O
1388*stick*O
1388*force*O
1388*curve*O
1388*must*O
1388*have*O
1388*a*O
1388*stable*O
1388*slope*O
1388*,*O
1388*and*O
1388*the*O
1388*stick*O
1388*force*O
1388*may*O
1388*not*O
1388*exceed*O
1388*80*B-VAL
1388*pounds*I-VAL
1388*,*O
1388*at*O
1388*speeds*O
1388*between*O
1388*v_sw*B-VAL
1388*and*O
1388*1.7*B-VAL
1388*v_sr0*I-VAL
1388*with*O
1388*wing*B-SYS
1388*flaps*B-SYS
1388*in*O
1388*the*O
1388*landing*O
1388*position*O
1388*.*O
1389*the*O
1389*stick*O
1389*force*O
1389*curve*O
1389*must*O
1389*have*O
1389*a*O
1389*stable*O
1389*slope*O
1389*,*O
1389*and*O
1389*the*O
1389*stick*O
1389*force*O
1389*may*O
1389*not*O
1389*exceed*O
1389*80*B-VAL
1389*pounds*I-VAL
1389*,*O
1389*at*O
1389*speeds*O
1389*between*O
1389*v_sw*B-VAL
1389*and*O
1389*1.7*B-VAL
1389*v_sr0*I-VAL
1389*with*O
1389*landing*B-SYS
1389*gear*I-SYS
1389*extended*O
1389*.*O
1390*the*O
1390*stick*O
1390*force*O
1390*curve*O
1390*must*O
1390*have*O
1390*a*O
1390*stable*O
1390*slope*O
1390*,*O
1390*and*O
1390*the*O
1390*stick*O
1390*force*O
1390*may*O
1390*not*O
1390*exceed*O
1390*80*B-VAL
1390*pounds*I-VAL
1390*,*O
1390*at*O
1390*speeds*O
1390*between*O
1390*v_sw*B-VAL
1390*and*O
1390*1.7*B-VAL
1390*v_sr0*I-VAL
1390*with*O
1390*maximum*O
1390*landing*O
1390*weight*O
1390*.*O
1391*the*O
1391*stick*O
1391*force*O
1391*curve*O
1391*must*O
1391*have*O
1391*a*O
1391*stable*O
1391*slope*O
1391*,*O
1391*and*O
1391*the*O
1391*stick*O
1391*force*O
1391*may*O
1391*not*O
1391*exceed*O
1391*80*B-VAL
1391*pounds*I-VAL
1391*,*O
1391*at*O
1391*speeds*O
1391*between*O
1391*v_sw*B-VAL
1391*and*O
1391*1.7*B-VAL
1391*v_sr0*I-VAL
1391*with*O
1391*the*O
1391*airplane*B-SYS
1391*trimmed*O
1391*at*O
1391*1.3*B-VAL
1391*v_sr0*I-VAL
1391*with*O
1391*power*O
1391*or*O
1391*thrust*O
1391*off*O
1391*.*O
1392*the*O
1392*stick*O
1392*force*O
1392*curve*O
1392*must*O
1392*have*O
1392*a*O
1392*stable*O
1392*slope*O
1392*,*O
1392*and*O
1392*the*O
1392*stick*O
1392*force*O
1392*may*O
1392*not*O
1392*exceed*O
1392*80*B-VAL
1392*pounds*I-VAL
1392*,*O
1392*at*O
1392*speeds*O
1392*between*O
1392*v_sw*B-VAL
1392*and*O
1392*1.7*B-VAL
1392*v_sr0*I-VAL
1392*with*O
1392*the*O
1392*airplane*B-SYS
1392*trimmed*O
1392*at*O
1392*1.3*B-VAL
1392*v_sr0*I-VAL
1392*with*O
1392*power*O
1392*or*O
1392*thrust*O
1392*for*O
1392*level*O
1392*flight*O
1392*.*O
1393*the*O
1393*stick*O
1393*force*O
1393*curve*O
1393*must*O
1393*have*O
1393*a*O
1393*stable*O
1393*slope*O
1393*,*O
1393*and*O
1393*the*O
1393*stick*O
1393*force*O
1393*may*O
1393*not*O
1393*exceed*O
1393*80*B-VAL
1393*pounds*I-VAL
1393*,*O
1393*at*O
1393*speeds*O
1393*between*O
1393*v_sw*B-VAL
1393*and*O
1393*1.7*B-VAL
1393*v_sr0*I-VAL
1393*with*O
1393*the*O
1393*airplane*B-SYS
1393*trimmed*O
1393*at*O
1393*1.3*B-VAL
1393*v_sr0*I-VAL
1393*with*O
1393*power*O
1393*or*O
1393*thrust*O
1393*off*O
1393*.*O
1394*any*O
1394*short*O
1394*period*O
1394*oscillation*O
1394*,*O
1394*not*O
1394*including*O
1394*combined*O
1394*lateral-directional*O
1394*oscillations*O
1394*,*O
1394*occurring*O
1394*between*O
1394*1.13*B-VAL
1394*v_sr*I-VAL
1394*and*O
1394*maximum*O
1394*allowable*O
1394*speed*O
1394*appropriate*O
1394*to*O
1394*the*O
1394*configuration*O
1394*of*O
1394*the*O
1394*airplane*B-SYS
1394*must*O
1394*be*O
1394*heavily*O
1394*damped*O
1394*with*O
1394*the*O
1394*primary*B-SYS
1394*controls*I-SYS
1394*free*O
1394*.*O
1395*stalls*O
1395*must*O
1395*be*O
1395*shown*O
1395*in*O
1395*straight*O
1395*flight*O
1395*and*O
1395*in*O
1395*30*B-VAL
1395*degree*I-VAL
1395*banked*O
1395*turns*O
1395*with*O
1395*power*O
1395*off*O
1395*.*O
1396*stalls*O
1396*must*O
1396*be*O
1396*shown*O
1396*in*O
1396*straight*O
1396*flight*O
1396*and*O
1396*in*O
1396*30*B-VAL
1396*degree*I-VAL
1396*banked*O
1396*turns*O
1396*with*O
1396*the*O
1396*power*O
1396*necessary*O
1396*to*O
1396*maintain*O
1396*level*O
1396*flight*O
1396*at*O
1396*1.5*B-VAL
1396*v_sr1*I-VAL
1396*.*O
1397*in*O
1397*each*O
1397*condition*O
1397*required*O
1397*by*O
1397*paragraph*B-RES
1397*(*I-RES
1397*a*I-RES
1397*)*I-RES
1397*of*O
1397*this*O
1397*section*O
1397*,*O
1397*it*O
1397*must*O
1397*be*O
1397*possible*O
1397*to*O
1397*meet*O
1397*the*O
1397*applicable*O
1397*requirements*O
1397*of*O
1397*Section*B-RES
1397*25-203*I-RES
1397*with*O
1397*flaps*B-SYS
1397*,*O
1397*landing*B-SYS
1397*gear*I-SYS
1397*,*O
1397*and*O
1397*deceleration*B-SYS
1397*devices*I-SYS
1397*in*O
1397*any*O
1397*likely*O
1397*combination*O
1397*of*O
1397*positions*O
1397*approved*O
1397*for*O
1397*operation*O
1397*.*O
1398*in*O
1398*each*O
1398*condition*O
1398*required*O
1398*by*O
1398*paragraph*B-RES
1398*(*I-RES
1398*a*I-RES
1398*)*I-RES
1398*of*O
1398*this*O
1398*section*O
1398*,*O
1398*it*O
1398*must*O
1398*be*O
1398*possible*O
1398*to*O
1398*meet*O
1398*the*O
1398*applicable*O
1398*requirements*O
1398*of*O
1398*Section*B-RES
1398*25-203*I-RES
1398*with*O
1398*the*O
1398*airplane*B-SYS
1398*trimmed*O
1398*for*O
1398*straight*O
1398*flight*O
1398*at*O
1398*the*O
1398*speed*O
1398*prescribed*O
1398*in*O
1398*Section*B-RES
1398*25-103*I-RES
1398*(*I-RES
1398*b*I-RES
1398*)*I-RES
1398*(*I-RES
1398*6*I-RES
1398*)*I-RES
1398*.*O
1399*the*O
1399*following*O
1399*procedures*O
1399*must*O
1399*be*O
1399*used*O
1399*to*O
1399*show*O
1399*compliance*O
1399*with*O
1399*Section*B-RES
1399*25-203*I-RES
1399*;*O
1399*in*O
1399*addition*O
1399*,*O
1399*for*O
1399*turning*O
1399*flight*O
1399*stalls*O
1399*,*O
1399*apply*O
1399*the*O
1399*longitudinal*B-SYS
1399*control*I-SYS
1399*to*O
1399*achieve*O
1399*airspeed*O
1399*deceleration*O
1399*rates*O
1399*up*O
1399*to*O
1399*3*B-VAL
1399*knots*I-VAL
1399*per*I-VAL
1399*second*I-VAL
1399*.*O
1400*the*O
1400*following*O
1400*procedures*O
1400*must*O
1400*be*O
1400*used*O
1400*to*O
1400*show*O
1400*compliance*O
1400*with*O
1400*Section*B-RES
1400*25-203*I-RES
1400*;*O
1400*as*O
1400*soon*O
1400*as*O
1400*the*O
1400*airplane*B-SYS
1400*is*O
1400*stalled*O
1400*,*O
1400*recover*O
1400*by*O
1400*normal*O
1400*recovery*O
1400*techniques*O
1400*.*O
1401*the*O
1401*airplane*B-SYS
1401*is*O
1401*considered*O
1401*stalled*O
1401*when*O
1401*the*O
1401*behavior*O
1401*of*O
1401*the*O
1401*airplane*B-SYS
1401*gives*O
1401*the*O
1401*pilot*O
1401*a*O
1401*clear*O
1401*and*O
1401*distinctive*O
1401*indication*O
1401*of*O
1401*an*O
1401*acceptable*O
1401*nature*O
1401*that*O
1401*the*O
1401*airplane*B-SYS
1401*is*O
1401*stalled*O
1401*.*O
1402*assuming*O
1402*the*O
1402*airplane*B-SYS
1402*to*O
1402*be*O
1402*in*O
1402*equilibrium*O
1402*with*O
1402*zero*B-VAL
1402*pitching*O
1402*acceleration*O
1402*,*O
1402*the*O
1402*maneuvering*O
1402*conditions*O
1402*a*O
1402*through*O
1402*i*O
1402*on*O
1402*the*O
1402*maneuvering*O
1402*envelope*O
1402*in*O
1402*Section*B-RES
1402*25-333*I-RES
1402*(*I-RES
1402*b*I-RES
1402*)*I-RES
1402*must*O
1402*be*O
1402*investigated*O
1402*.*O
1403*the*O
1403*negative*O
1403*limit*O
1403*maneuvering*O
1403*load*O
1403*factor*O
1403*may*O
1403*not*O
1403*be*O
1403*less*O
1403*than*O
1403*−1.0*B-VAL
1403*at*O
1403*speeds*O
1403*up*O
1403*to*O
1403*v_c*B-VAL
1403*.*O
1404*the*O
1404*negative*O
1404*limit*O
1404*maneuvering*O
1404*load*O
1404*factor*O
1404*must*O
1404*vary*O
1404*linearly*O
1404*with*O
1404*speed*O
1404*from*O
1404*the*O
1404*value*O
1404*at*O
1404*v_c*B-VAL
1404*to*O
1404*zero*B-VAL
1404*at*O
1404*v_d*B-VAL
1404*.*O
1405*the*O
1405*structure*B-SYS
1405*must*O
1405*be*O
1405*designed*O
1405*for*O
1405*a*O
1405*condition*O
1405*of*O
1405*zero*B-VAL
1405*fuel*O
1405*and*O
1405*oil*O
1405*in*O
1405*the*O
1405*wing*B-SYS
1405*at*O
1405*limit*O
1405*loads*O
1405*corresponding*O
1405*to*O
1405*a*O
1405*maneuvering*O
1405*load*O
1405*factor*O
1405*of*O
1405*2.25*B-VAL
1405*.*O
1406*the*O
1406*structure*B-SYS
1406*must*O
1406*be*O
1406*designed*O
1406*for*O
1406*a*O
1406*condition*O
1406*of*O
1406*zero*B-VAL
1406*fuel*O
1406*and*O
1406*oil*O
1406*in*O
1406*the*O
1406*wing*B-SYS
1406*at*O
1406*limit*O
1406*loads*O
1406*corresponding*O
1406*the*O
1406*gust*O
1406*and*O
1406*turbulence*O
1406*conditions*O
1406*of*O
1406*Section*B-RES
1406*25-341*I-RES
1406*(*I-RES
1406*a*I-RES
1406*)*I-RES
1406*and*I-RES
1406*(*I-RES
1406*b*I-RES
1406*)*I-RES
1406*,*O
1406*but*O
1406*assuming*O
1406*85*B-VAL
1406*percent*I-VAL
1406*of*O
1406*the*O
1406*gust*O
1406*velocities*O
1406*prescribed*O
1406*in*O
1406*Section*B-RES
1406*25-341*I-RES
1406*(*I-RES
1406*a*I-RES
1406*)*I-RES
1406*(*I-RES
1406*4*I-RES
1406*)*I-RES
1406*and*O
1406*85*B-VAL
1406*percent*I-VAL
1406*of*O
1406*the*O
1406*turbulence*O
1406*intensities*O
1406*prescribed*O
1406*in*O
1406*Section*B-RES
1406*25-341*I-RES
1406*(*I-RES
1406*b*I-RES
1406*)*I-RES
1406*(*I-RES
1406*3*I-RES
1406*)*I-RES
1406*.*O
1407*fatigue*O
1407*evaluation*O
1407*of*O
1407*the*O
1407*structure*B-SYS
1407*must*O
1407*account*O
1407*for*O
1407*any*O
1407*increase*O
1407*in*O
1407*operating*O
1407*stresses*O
1407*resulting*O
1407*from*O
1407*the*O
1407*design*O
1407*condition*O
1407*of*O
1407*paragraph*B-RES
1407*(*I-RES
1407*b*I-RES
1407*)*I-RES
1407*(*I-RES
1407*1*I-RES
1407*)*I-RES
1407*of*O
1407*this*O
1407*section*O
1407*.*O
1408*the*O
1408*flutter*O
1408*,*O
1408*deformation*O
1408*,*O
1408*and*O
1408*vibration*O
1408*requirements*O
1408*must*O
1408*also*O
1408*be*O
1408*met*O
1408*with*O
1408*zero*B-VAL
1408*fuel*O
1408*.*O
1409*the*O
1409*limit*O
1409*engine*B-SYS
1409*torque*O
1409*to*O
1409*be*O
1409*considered*O
1409*under*O
1409*paragraph*B-RES
1409*(*I-RES
1409*a*I-RES
1409*)*I-RES
1409*(*I-RES
1409*1*I-RES
1409*)*I-RES
1409*of*O
1409*this*O
1409*section*O
1409*must*O
1409*be*O
1409*obtained*O
1409*by*O
1409*for*O
1409*turbopropeller*B-SYS
1409*installations*O
1409*,*O
1409*multiplying*O
1409*mean*O
1409*engine*B-SYS
1409*torque*O
1409*for*O
1409*the*O
1409*specified*O
1409*power/thrust*O
1409*and*O
1409*speed*O
1409*by*O
1409*a*O
1409*factor*O
1409*of*O
1409*1.25*B-VAL
1409*.*O
1410*the*O
1410*ultimate*O
1410*loads*O
1410*developed*O
1410*from*O
1410*the*O
1410*conditions*O
1410*specified*O
1410*in*O
1410*paragraph*B-RES
1410*(*I-RES
1410*a*I-RES
1410*)*I-RES
1410*of*O
1410*this*O
1410*section*O
1410*are*O
1410*to*O
1410*be*O
1410*multiplied*O
1410*by*O
1410*a*O
1410*factor*O
1410*of*O
1410*1*B-VAL
1410*when*O
1410*applied*O
1410*to*O
1410*engine*B-SYS
1410*mounts*I-SYS
1410*and*O
1410*pylons*B-SYS
1410*.*O
1411*the*O
1411*ultimate*O
1411*loads*O
1411*developed*O
1411*from*O
1411*the*O
1411*conditions*O
1411*specified*O
1411*in*O
1411*paragraph*B-RES
1411*(*I-RES
1411*a*I-RES
1411*)*I-RES
1411*of*O
1411*this*O
1411*section*O
1411*are*O
1411*to*O
1411*be*O
1411*multiplied*O
1411*by*O
1411*a*O
1411*factor*O
1411*of*O
1411*1.25*B-VAL
1411*when*O
1411*applied*O
1411*to*O
1411*adjacent*O
1411*supporting*O
1411*airframe*O
1411*structure*B-SYS
1411*.*O
1412*the*O
1412*effects*O
1412*of*O
1412*trim*B-SYS
1412*tabs*I-SYS
1412*on*O
1412*the*O
1412*control*B-SYS
1412*surface*I-SYS
1412*design*O
1412*conditions*O
1412*must*O
1412*be*O
1412*accounted*O
1412*for*O
1412*only*O
1412*where*O
1412*the*O
1412*surface*O
1412*loads*O
1412*are*O
1412*limited*O
1412*by*O
1412*maximum*O
1412*pilot*O
1412*effort*O
1412*.*O
1413*for*O
1413*airplanes*B-SYS
1413*equipped*O
1413*with*O
1413*control*B-SYS
1413*system*I-SYS
1413*gust*I-SYS
1413*locks*I-SYS
1413*,*O
1413*the*O
1413*taxiing*O
1413*condition*O
1413*must*O
1413*be*O
1413*evaluated*O
1413*with*O
1413*the*O
1413*controls*B-SYS
1413*locked*O
1413*and*O
1413*unlocked*O
1413*,*O
1413*and*O
1413*the*O
1413*parked*O
1413*condition*O
1413*must*O
1413*be*O
1413*evaluated*O
1413*with*O
1413*the*O
1413*controls*B-SYS
1413*locked*O
1413*.*O
1414*unsymmetrical*O
1414*loading*O
1414*on*O
1414*the*O
1414*empennage*B-SYS
1414*arising*O
1414*from*O
1414*buffet*O
1414*conditions*O
1414*of*O
1414*Section*B-RES
1414*25-305*I-RES
1414*(*I-RES
1414*e*I-RES
1414*)*I-RES
1414*must*O
1414*be*O
1414*taken*O
1414*into*O
1414*account*O
1414*.*O
1415*the*O
1415*loading*O
1415*for*O
1415*special*O
1415*devices*O
1415*using*O
1415*aerodynamic*B-SYS
1415*surfaces*I-SYS
1415*(*O
1415*such*O
1415*as*O
1415*slots*B-SYS
1415*,*O
1415*slats*B-SYS
1415*and*O
1415*spoilers*B-SYS
1415*)*O
1415*must*O
1415*be*O
1415*determined*O
1415*from*O
1415*test*O
1415*data*O
1415*.*O
1416*Figure*B-RES
1416*1*I-RES
1416*of*I-RES
1416*appendix*I-RES
1416*A*I-RES
1416*contains*O
1416*the*O
1416*basic*O
1416*landing*B-SYS
1416*gear*I-SYS
1416*dimension*O
1416*data*O
1416*.*O
1417*for*O
1417*the*O
1417*landing*O
1417*conditions*O
1417*specified*O
1417*in*O
1417*Section*B-RES
1417*25-479*I-RES
1417*to*O
1417*Section*B-RES
1417*25-485*I-RES
1417*the*O
1417*airplane*B-SYS
1417*is*O
1417*assumed*O
1417*to*O
1417*contact*O
1417*the*O
1417*ground*O
1417*in*O
1417*the*O
1417*attitudes*O
1417*defined*O
1417*in*O
1417*Section*B-RES
1417*25-479*I-RES
1417*and*O
1417*Section*B-RES
1417*25-481*I-RES
1417*.*O
1418*for*O
1418*the*O
1418*landing*O
1418*conditions*O
1418*specified*O
1418*in*O
1418*Section*B-RES
1418*25-479*I-RES
1418*to*O
1418*Section*B-RES
1418*25-485*I-RES
1418*the*O
1418*airplane*B-SYS
1418*is*O
1418*assumed*O
1418*to*O
1418*contact*O
1418*the*O
1418*ground*O
1418*with*O
1418*a*O
1418*limit*O
1418*descent*O
1418*velocity*O
1418*of*O
1418*10*B-VAL
1418*fps*I-VAL
1418*at*O
1418*the*O
1418*design*O
1418*landing*O
1418*weight*O
1418*.*O
1419*for*O
1419*the*O
1419*landing*O
1419*conditions*O
1419*specified*O
1419*in*O
1419*Section*B-RES
1419*25-479*I-RES
1419*to*O
1419*Section*B-RES
1419*25-485*I-RES
1419*the*O
1419*airplane*B-SYS
1419*is*O
1419*assumed*O
1419*to*O
1419*contact*O
1419*the*O
1419*ground*O
1419*with*O
1419*a*O
1419*limit*O
1419*descent*O
1419*velocity*O
1419*of*O
1419*6*B-VAL
1419*fps*I-VAL
1419*at*O
1419*the*O
1419*design*O
1419*take-off*O
1419*weight*O
1419*.*O
1420*the*O
1420*landing*B-SYS
1420*gear*I-SYS
1420*dynamic*O
1420*characteristics*O
1420*must*O
1420*be*O
1420*validated*O
1420*by*O
1420*tests*O
1420*as*O
1420*defined*O
1420*in*O
1420*Section*B-RES
1420*25-723*I-RES
1420*(*I-RES
1420*a*I-RES
1420*)*I-RES
1420*.*O
1421*Sections*B-RES
1421*25-479*I-RES
1421*through*I-RES
1421*25-485*I-RES
1421*apply*O
1421*to*O
1421*airplanes*B-SYS
1421*with*O
1421*conventional*O
1421*arrangements*O
1421*of*O
1421*main*B-SYS
1421*and*I-SYS
1421*nose*I-SYS
1421*gears*I-SYS
1421*,*O
1421*or*O
1421*main*B-SYS
1421*and*I-SYS
1421*tail*I-SYS
1421*gears*I-SYS
1421*,*O
1421*when*O
1421*normal*O
1421*operating*O
1421*techniques*O
1421*are*O
1421*used*O
1421*.*O
1422*unless*O
1422*otherwise*O
1422*prescribed*O
1422*,*O
1422*the*O
1422*seaplane*B-SYS
1422*as*O
1422*a*O
1422*whole*O
1422*is*O
1422*assumed*O
1422*to*O
1422*be*O
1422*subjected*O
1422*to*O
1422*the*O
1422*loads*O
1422*corresponding*O
1422*to*O
1422*the*O
1422*load*O
1422*factors*O
1422*specified*O
1422*in*O
1422*Section*B-RES
1422*25-527*I-RES
1422*.*O
1423*except*O
1423*in*O
1423*the*O
1423*takeoff*O
1423*condition*O
1423*of*O
1423*Section*B-RES
1423*25-531*I-RES
1423*,*O
1423*the*O
1423*aerodynamic*O
1423*lift*O
1423*on*O
1423*the*O
1423*seaplane*B-SYS
1423*during*O
1423*the*O
1423*impact*O
1423*is*O
1423*assumed*O
1423*to*O
1423*be*O
1423*2/3*B-VAL
1423*of*O
1423*the*O
1423*weight*O
1423*of*O
1423*the*O
1423*seaplane*B-SYS
1423*.*O
1424*for*O
1424*the*O
1424*wing*B-SYS
1424*and*O
1424*its*O
1424*attachment*O
1424*to*O
1424*the*O
1424*hull*B-SYS
1424*or*I-SYS
1424*main*I-SYS
1424*float*I-SYS
1424*the*O
1424*aerodynamic*O
1424*wing*B-SYS
1424*lift*O
1424*is*O
1424*assumed*O
1424*to*O
1424*be*O
1424*zero*B-VAL
1424*.*O
1425*compliance*O
1425*with*O
1425*the*O
1425*special*O
1425*factors*O
1425*requirements*O
1425*of*O
1425*Sections*B-RES
1425*25-619*I-RES
1425*through*I-RES
1425*25-625*I-RES
1425*and*O
1425*25-657*B-RES
1425*for*O
1425*control*B-SYS
1425*surface*I-SYS
1425*hinges*I-SYS
1425*must*O
1425*be*O
1425*shown*O
1425*by*O
1425*analysis*O
1425*or*O
1425*individual*O
1425*load*O
1425*tests*O
1425*.*O
1426*any*O
1426*novel*O
1426*or*O
1426*unique*O
1426*design*O
1426*or*O
1426*operational*O
1426*characteristics*O
1426*of*O
1426*the*O
1426*aircraft*B-SYS
1426*shall*O
1426*be*O
1426*evaluated*O
1426*to*O
1426*determine*O
1426*if*O
1426*any*O
1426*dedicated*O
1426*parameters*O
1426*must*O
1426*be*O
1426*recorded*O
1426*on*O
1426*flight*B-SYS
1426*recorders*I-SYS
1426*in*O
1426*addition*O
1426*to*O
1426*or*O
1426*in*O
1426*place*O
1426*of*O
1426*existing*O
1426*requirements*O
1426*.*O
1427*unless*O
1427*otherwise*O
1427*prescribed*O
1427*,*O
1427*an*O
1427*airplane*B-SYS
1427*must*O
1427*meet*O
1427*the*O
1427*performance*O
1427*requirements*O
1427*of*O
1427*this*O
1427*subpart*O
1427*in*O
1427*still*O
1427*air*O
1427*and*O
1427*standard*O
1427*atmospheric*O
1427*conditions*O
1427*at*O
1427*sea*O
1427*level*O
1427*for*O
1427*all*O
1427*airplanes*B-SYS
1427*.*O
1428*unless*O
1428*otherwise*O
1428*prescribed*O
1428*,*O
1428*an*O
1428*airplane*B-SYS
1428*must*O
1428*meet*O
1428*the*O
1428*performance*O
1428*requirements*O
1428*of*O
1428*this*O
1428*subpart*O
1428*in*O
1428*ambient*O
1428*atmospheric*O
1428*conditions*O
1428*within*O
1428*the*O
1428*operating*O
1428*envelope*O
1428*for*O
1428*levels*B-VAL
1428*1*I-VAL
1428*and*I-VAL
1428*2*I-VAL
1428*high-speed*O
1428*and*O
1428*levels*B-VAL
1428*3*I-VAL
1428*and*I-VAL
1428*4*I-VAL
1428*airplanes*B-SYS
1428*.*O
1429*the*O
1429*airplane*B-SYS
1429*takeoff*O
1429*performance*O
1429*must*O
1429*be*O
1429*determined*O
1429*for*O
1429*stall*O
1429*speed*O
1429*safety*O
1429*margins*O
1429*.*O
1430*the*O
1430*airplane*B-SYS
1430*takeoff*O
1430*performance*O
1430*must*O
1430*be*O
1430*determined*O
1430*for*O
1430*minimum*O
1430*control*O
1430*speeds*O
1430*.*O
1431*the*O
1431*airplane*B-SYS
1431*takeoff*O
1431*performance*O
1431*must*O
1431*be*O
1431*determined*O
1431*for*O
1431*climb*O
1431*gradients*O
1431*.*O
1432*the*O
1432*recording*O
1432*requirements*O
1432*of*O
1432*paragraph*B-RES
1432*(*I-RES
1432*a*I-RES
1432*)*I-RES
1432*(*I-RES
1432*2*I-RES
1432*)*I-RES
1432*of*O
1432*this*O
1432*section*O
1432*must*O
1432*be*O
1432*met*O
1432*by*O
1432*installing*O
1432*a*O
1432*cockpit-mounted*B-SYS
1432*area*I-SYS
1432*microphone*I-SYS
1432*,*O
1432*located*O
1432*in*O
1432*the*O
1432*best*O
1432*position*O
1432*for*O
1432*recording*O
1432*voice*O
1432*communications*O
1432*originating*O
1432*at*O
1432*the*O
1432*first*B-VAL
1432*and*O
1432*second*O
1432*pilot*O
1432*stations*O
1432*and*O
1432*voice*O
1432*communications*O
1432*of*O
1432*other*O
1432*crewmembers*O
1432*on*O
1432*the*O
1432*flight*B-SYS
1432*deck*I-SYS
1432*when*O
1432*directed*O
1432*to*O
1432*those*O
1432*stations*O
1432*.*O