[Dermatologic aspects of glass-fiber production]. Workers in glassfiber industry are prone to develop skintroubles. Therefore an investigation was made to the factors responsible for symptoms. Patchtests were performed in 66 out of totally 160 workers on the spinfloor (spinners) with a standard series of common contact allergens and with raw materials and finishers used in glassfiber industry. In 36 (54%) persons positive tests were observed. Epoxy resin was found to be the most prominent allergen; 16 (or 24%) reacted to the substances. Positive reactions to finishers for the most part were caused by a hypersensitivity to this resin. Only 4 out of 56 spinners, intensively investigated for skintroubles, were found symptom-free. Besides burn and traumatic reactions to glassfiber the skintroubles ranged from a practically normal skin with some vesicles to extensive erythematous and papulous eruptions at the limbs, neck and face. Countings were made of the number of glassfibers present at the skin of the spinners after the end of the work. It was found that even after showering a great many glassfiber remain at the skin. The investigations indicate that skintroubles in workers in glassfiber industry may be elicited by two factors: an allergy to substances in the finishers, and traumatic (irritative) effects of glassfiber penetrating the skin.


Luteal 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase and the formation of delta4-3-oxo steroids in the rat after weaning or treatment with 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine during lactation. Natural or early weaning of rat litters caused an increased activity of maternal luteal 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase and a decreased release of delta4-3-oxo steroids in vitro. 2. Compound CB-154 (2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine) caused an increase of 20alpha-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity in mid-lactation but not in early lactation. 3. Prolaction did not prevent these increases in enzyme activity.


The effect of convulsions induced by flurothyl on ribonucleic acid synthesis in rat cerebral cortex during the recovery phase. The effect of convulsions, induced by flurothyl, on RNA synthesis in purified unfractionated nuclei and the cytoplasm of rat cerebral cortex was studied by using a double-label technique involving injection of [3H]- and [14C]-orotate intracisternally. 2. Intact RNA was extracted in 80% yield by an enzymic method by using a proteinase in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate followed by deoxyribonuclease. Electrophoresis on 1.5% polyacrylamide-0.5% agarose gels revealed the presence of giant nuclear RNA of size up to approx. 300X 10(6) daltons and mRNA of maximal mol.wt. 9 X 10(6)-16 X 10(6). 3. Nuclear RNA synthesis was decreased to 27% in the first 15 min after convulsions but rapidly increased, so that at 1 1/2 h it was 124% of the control, and at 6 h 147%. 4. Labelling of cytoplasmic RNA was decreased to 15% at 15 min after convulsions but had not recovered to control values by 6 h. 5. Analysis of radioactive gel patterns and the 3H/14C ratio at six time-points (15 min-6h) showed that the major effect was inhibition of the processing of heterogeneous nuclear RNA resulting in a sharp decline in the export of newly synthesized RNA from the nucleus. 6. Cytoplasmic RNA patterns indicated that specific messengers were synthesized at different times during the recovery of the cell after convulsions.


Subcellular localization of gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase in adult rat brain. Evidence for at least two small glutamate compartments in brain. The subcellular localizations of gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.19) and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2) in brain tissue of adult rats were compared with each other and with those of NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.41) and monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4; kynuramine as substrate). Crude mitochondrial fractions from brain tissue were centrifuged in continuous sucrose density gradients. gamma-Aminobutyrate transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase were always found at a higher density than NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase. When centrifuged for 1 h at 53 000gav., there was a slight difference between the distribution profiles of glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase. This difference was larger when the centrifugation time was only 15 min. It is concluded that there are subpopulations of brain mitochondria with differing proportions of gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase. The results are discussed in relation to evidence obtained with labelled precursors in vivo that there are at least two small glutamate compartments in adult brain.


Some aspects of fatty acid oxidation in isolated fat-cell mitochondria from rat. Mitochondrial were prepared from fat-cells isolated from rat epididymal adipose tissues of fed and 48 h-starved rats to study some aspects of fatty acid oxidation in this tissue. The data were compared with values obtained in parallel experiments with liver mitochondria that were prepared and incubated under identical conditions. 2. In the presence of malonate, fluorocitrate and arsenite, malate, but not pyruvate-bicarbonate, facilitated palmitoyl-group oxidation in both types of mitochondria. In the presence of malate, fat-cell mitochondria exhibited slightly higher rates of palmitoylcarnitine oxidation than liver. Rates of octanoylcarnitine oxidation were similar in liver and fat-cell mitochondria. Uncoupling stimulated acylcarnitine oxidation in liver, but not in fat-cell mitochondria. Oxidation of palmitoyl- and octanoyl-carnitine was partially additive in fat-cell but not in liver mitochondria. Starvation for 48 h significantly decreased both palmitoylcarnitine oxidation and latent carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity in fat-cell mitochondria. Starvation increased latent carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity in liver mitochondria but did not alter palmitoylcarnitine oxidation. These results suggested that palmitoylcarnitine oxidation in fat-cell but not in liver mitochondria may be limited by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 activity. 3. Fat-cell mitochondria also differed from liver mitochondria in exhibiting considerably lower rates of carnitine-dependent oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA or palmitate, suggesting that carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity may severely rate-limit palmitoyl-CoA oxidation in adipose tissue.


Myofibrillar protein turnover and urinary N-tau-methylhistidine output. Response to dietary supply of protein and energy. The urinary excretion of total N-tau-methylhistidine by the growing rat was measured to evaluate the effects of dietary protein and energy restriction on muscle protein turnover in vivo. 2. Young male rats (about 100 g initial wt.) were fed on one of three diets. Group I (controls) received an adequate 18% lactalbumin diet for 28 days, on which they sustained maximum growth. Group II (protein-depleted) was fed for 14 days on 0.5 lactalbumin diet, which caused loss of weight; this was followed by repletion for 14 days with the control diet. Group III (protein-energy restricted) received a 1% lactalbumin diet at one-half the food intake of group II for 14 days, and this was also followed by 14 days of repletion with the control diet. 3. The controls showed a progressive rise in the daily urinary output of N-tau-methylhistidine, which was proportionally slightly less rapid than the body-weight increase. 4. The protein-depleted group II showed a marked and progressive decrease in N-tau-methylhistidine excretion, which was proportionally greater than the fall in body weight; during repletion, N-tau-methylhistidine output rose in parallel with body-weight increase, but it did not reach the value attained by the control group. 5. Group III, restricted in both dietary protein and energy, showed an initial small increase in daily N-tau-methylhistidine output, which contrasted with the sharp loss of body weight during this period. After 11 days on this restricted diet, group III then underwent a decrease in N-tau-methylhistidine output, which persisted into the first 4 days of the repletion period, after which output of the methylated amino acid became the same as for group II. 6. Creatinine output, used as an additional metabolic measure of muscle metabolism, showed a fairly constant relationship to body weight in groups I and II during depletion and repletion. However, rats with protein-energy deficiency (group III) underwent a marked increase in output of creatinine per unit of body weight, which also persisited into the repletion period before it fell to more normal values relative to body weight. 7. Analysis of the N-tau-methylhistidine content of actin isolated from a group of protein-depleted rats revealed a small (5%) but significance (P less than 0.02) decrease relative to well-nourished controls. 8. Hence, the rate of muscle protein degradation, as indicated by changes in urinary N-tau-methylhistidine output, appears to respond sensitively and in opposite directions to insufficiency of protein of energy in the diet.


Effect of adenosine on the adenine nucleotide content and metabolism of hepatocytes. ADENOSINE (0.5 MM) added to hepatocyte suspensions increased the intracellular concentration of ATP and total adenine nucleotides within 60 min up to three-fold. 2. Adenosine at 0.5 mM inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate by about 50%. At higher adenosine concentrations the inhibition was less. There was no strict parallelism between the time-course of the increase of the adenine nucleotide content and the time-course of the inhibition of gluconeogenesis from lactate. 3. Adenosine abolished the accelerating effects of oleate and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on gluconeogenesis from lactate. 4. Gluconeogenesis was no significant effect of adenosine with fructose, dihydroxyacetone or glycerol. With asparagine, adenosine caused anacceleration of glucose formation. 5. Adenosine incorporation into adenine nucleotides accounted for about 20% of the adenosine removal. 6. Inosine, hypoxanthine or adenine compared with adenosine gave relatively slight increases of adenine nucleotides. 7. Urea synthesis from NH4Cl under optimum conditions i.e. in the presence of ornithine, lactate and oleate, was also inhibited by adenosine. The inhibition increased with the adenosine concentration and was 65% at 4 mM-adenosine. Again there was no correlation between the degree of inhibition of urea synthesis and the increase in the adenine nucleotide content. 8. The basal O2 consumption, the increased O2 consumption on the addition of oleate and the rate of formation of ketone bodies were not affected by the addition of adenosine. The [beta-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio was increased by adenosine, provided that lactate was present. 9. The increase of the adenine nucleotide content of the hepatocytes on the addition of adenosine may be explained on the assumption that adenosine kinase is not regulated by feedback but by substrate supply.


Changes in cellular composition during magnesium deficiency. Mg deficiency increased the water content of the liver, kidney, heart and thigh muscle in the rat and decreased the proportion of nitrogen in the dry matter of the same tissues. Changes in the concentration of metals also occurred. 2. Cellular fractional indicated that the Mg and K depleted in liver occurred primarily in the heavy-mitochondrial and microsomal fractions respectively. The calcification of liver and kidney was due to preferential deposition of Ca in the heavy-mitochondrial fraction. 3. The proportion of cellular nitrogen present in the heavy-mitochondrial and microsomal fractions was markedly decreased in the liver and kidney of the Mg-deficient rats, and the proportion in the supernatant fraction increased. 4. Electron microscopy revealed that the cross-sectional areas of liver cells and all their mitochondria were decreased in Mg deficiency. The number of mitochondrial per cell was decreased even more severely and the average area of a mitochondrion was greater in deficient rats than in control animals. 5. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the location of the primary metabolic disturbance during Mg deficiency.


The activation of non-phosphorylating electron transport by adenine nucleotides in Jerusalem-artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) mitochondria. In isolated plant mitochondria the oxidation of both succinate and exogenous NADH responded in the expected manner to the addition of ADP or uncoupling agents, and the uncoupled rate of respiration was often in excess of the rate obtained in the presence of ADP. However, the oxidation of NAD+-linked substrates responded in a much more complex manner to the addition of ADP or uncoupling agents such as carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone to mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate plus malate failed to result in a reliable stimulation; this uncoupled rate could be stimulated by adding AMP or ADP in the presence of oligomycin or bongkrekic acid. Spectrophometric measurements showed that the addition of AMP or ADP resulted in the simultaneous oxidation of endogenous nicotinamide nucleotide and the reduction of cytochrome b. ADP was only effective in bringing about these changes in redox state in the presence of Mg2+ whereas AMP did not require Mg2+. It was concluded that AMP activated the flow of electrons from endogenous nicotinamide nucleotide to cytochrome b, possible at the level of the internal NADH dehydrogenase.


Enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis in small-intestinal mucosa of foetal and neonatal guinea pigs. 1. The activities of some enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis were measured in homogenates obtained from the intestinal scrapings of 62-66-day foetuses and 2- and 8-day-old guinea pigs. 2. The ratio of protein concentration/DNA concentration was significantly higher (P greater than 0.001) in homogenized tissue from the neonatal compared with the foetal guinea pigs. Enzyme activities were therefore expressed relative to both protein and to DNA. 3. The specific activities (relative to DNA) of palmitoyl-CoA synthetase, glycerol phosphate acyltransferase and phosphatidate phosphatase were higher in homogenized tissues from neonatal than in those from the foetal guinea pigs. These activities are probably involved more in cell proliferation than in the absorption and transport of triacylglycerol. Its activity was not significantly different in the foetal and neonatal guinea pigs when expressed relative to DNA but it was lower in the neonatal guinea pigs when expressed relative to protein. The entry of food into the intestine after birth is therefore not necessary for its activity.


An investigation of the location and possible compartmentation of the precursor pool of phenylalanine for protein synthesis in human granulocytes. Evidence is presented that in human granulocytes the immediate precursor pool of phenylalanine for protein synthesis in vitro is intracellular significant compartmentation.


Role of cytosolic rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase in the oxidation of acetaldehyde during ethanol metabolism in vivo. The activity of a high-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver cytosol was increased by phenobarbital induction. No corresponding increase in the oxidation rate of acetaldehyde in vivo was found, and it is concluded that cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase plays only a minor role in the oxidation of acetaldehyde during ethanol metabolism.


Colchicine inhibition of the heparin-stimulated release of clearing-factor lipase from isolated fat-cells. When isolated fat-cells are incubated at 25 degrees C in serum-based media containing glucose, insulin and heparin, the rise that occurs in the clearing-factor lipase activity of the incubation medium is inhibited by colchicine. The rise in the fat-cell clearing-factor lipase activity that occurs during similar incubations in the absence of heparin is not affected by colchicine.


[Irreversible degradation rate of free essential amino acids in vivo]. A method for determining "in vivo" the irreversible degradiation rate of essential free amino acids has been described. This rate of degradation is not uniform from one amino acid to the other, but is specific for each one. It can be modified by food intake. Under the influence of a moderate quantity of growth hormone the irreversible degradation rate of six amino acids (Ileu, Leu, Met, Phe, Thr and Val) was significantly decreased. This does explain the general anabolizing effect of the hormone. The administration of moderate quantities of coritsone has a specific effect on the degradation of essential free amino acids; it increases the rate of degradation of Met, Thr and Val but the rate of degradation of Ileu was unchanged. Therefore the catabolic effect of cortisone could presumably be explained by an accelerated rate of degradation of some essential free amino acids.


[Heat production by breast neoplasms. IV. Influence of growth rate and probability of lymphatic dissemination during spontaneous development]. Growth rate and heat production of breast carcinomas have been investigated during the natural evolution of 21 untreated cancers, all with small tumour size (greater than or equal to 3 cm) and most of them were treated by surgery (excision of growth, mastectomy). Three original facts have thus been discovered : a) the specific heat power 1 (i.e. the heat quantity generated by the tumour per untis of volume and time, computed from from intramammary temperature and thermal conductivity measurements made using of fluvographic needle probes), is typical of each cancer and re7ains remarkably constant during the growth in spite of themorphological and of the morphological and circulatory changes; b) the tumour doubling time tau2v (calculated from measurements of the tumour size effected at various stages of the evolution by assuming an exponential growth), is univocally related to 1 by a hyperbolic law so that the faster the tumour is growing themore heat generates; c) q is significanty higher and tau2v shorter in all cases where the histological examination has revealed signs of lymphatic dissemination (carcinomatous lymphangitis, lymph node metastases,...). Practically q represents a quantitative criteria useful for setting with objectivity the pre-therapeutical prognosis of cancers clinically classified T1 or T2 and of circumscribed no palpable cancers. Similar but less accurate prognostic information may also be obtained by cutaneous thermography (infrared, liquid crystals) considering the intensity, extent and topography of the skin hyperthermia frequently elicited by the cancer. Thid aid to prognosis of the thermal methods is all the more valuable as the tumour doubling time cannot be evaluated under the customary clinical conditions.


Probable Marden-Walker syndrome: evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance. Two first cousins, the offspring of consanguineous marriages, had features suggestive of Marden-Walker syndrome. Phenotypic similarities and differences for Schwartz-Jampel syndrome have been discussed. Main features of the Marden-Walker syndrome are failure to thrive, marked motor and mental retardation, and multiple malformations in the form of peculiar facies associated wilth poor muscle mass, mild congenital joint contractures, pigeon breast, kyphoscoliosis and arachnodactyly. Peculiar facies is due to blepharophimosis, congenital ptosis, hypoplastic mandible and low-set and malformed ears. Posterior median cleft of the palate as well as cardiac and renal anomalies were noted in the case reported by Marden and Walker. Our Case 2 had dextrocardia. The present report suggests autosomal recessive inheritance of this syndrome.


A patient with the Larsen syndrome.

A patient with the Larsen syndrome. A child with the Larsen syndrome is described. His multiple malformations included a flattened nasal bridge and other unusual facial features, a cleft palate, a poorly developed larynx and dislocations involving several joints.


The Larsen syndrome, autosomal dominant form. A mother and her newborn with the characteriestic facial features, congenital dislocations and other associated skeletal anomalies of the hands, feet and vertebras associated with the Larsen syndrome are described. It seems likely that the mode of inheritance in this family is that of an autosomal dominant trait.


The Saethre-Chotzen syndrome.

The Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. The Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome (SCS) is characterized by craniosynostosis, low-set frontal hairline, parrot-beaked nose with deviated septum, ptosis of the eyelids, strabismus, refractive error, tear duct stenosis, dystopia canthorum, brachydactyly and abnormal dermatoglyphic patterns. The syndrome follows an autosomal dominant mode of transmission with complete penetrance and variable expressivity. Many cases of SCS have been previously reported but erroneously diagnosed as Crouzon syndrome, "pseudo-Crouzon" syndrome, simple craniosynostis, microcephaly or other inappropriate diagnostic category. Based on the findings in 6 kindreds with 31 affected individuals and an analysis of well-documented cases from the literature, the syndrome is delineated. Close attention to minor skeletal anomalies and "incidental" findings is emphasized.


Roentgencephalometric studies of the premature craniofacial synostoses: report of a family with the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Five affected individuals in 4 generations of a family with acrocephalosyndactyly (McKusick ACS Type III; Saethre-Chotzen syndrome) are reported. Serial roentgencephalometric data obtained pre- and postoperatively on the proband were compared with similar measurements on the affected mother and maternal uncle, both of whom have not had operative corrections, and the proband's unaffected older brother. Similarity in skull form among the affected individuals was demonstrated. Head circumference as an index of cranial growth or intracranial capacity was misleading in assessing the intellectual potential of the affected adults. In contrast, cranial capacity, as measured by the modulus, was found to be more reliable.


The Kleeblattschädel anomaly.

The Kleeblattschädel anomaly. Two cases with the characteristic features of the Kleeblattschädel anomaly are presented. The precise etiology of this rare syndrome is unknown and no genetic or environmental factors have been identified to date. Within the spectrum of disorders characterized by craniostenosis, the Kleeblattschädel anomaly appears to represent the most severe degree of expression. An early aggressive neurosurgical approach to correct the cranial malformation did not significantly alter the poor prognosis in these two patients.


Limb malformations in the cloverleaf skull anomaly. An Egyptian child with the rare cloverleaf skull anomaly had associated limb malformations which suggested that he had the Pfeiffer syndrome with severe skull involvement. The cloverleaf skull is an anomaly which may occur as a part of several syndromes. Careful study of skeletal changes, particularly limb malformations, may be the clue to the different syndromes with which cloverleaf skull may be associated.


Polysplenia syndrome with skeletal and central nervous system anomalies. A case of polysplenia syndrome with severe skeletal and central nervous system anomalies is presented. Similar cases from the literature with particular reference to skeletal anomalies are discussed. The need for systematic radiologic examination in cases of "splenia" syndromes is emphasized.


New syndromes of mental retardation.

New syndromes of mental retardation. During a survey of a selected group of residents of an institution for the mentally retarded, four previously undescribed syndromes were found. They were characterized as follows: cerebral maldevelopment, dwarfism and cataracts (autosomal recessive inheritance); cerebral maldevelopment, dwarfism and facial osteoproliferation (autosomal recessive inheritance); cerebral maldevelopment and colobomata (autosomal recessive inheritance); and cerebral maldevelopment and acrocephaly (X-linked recessive inheritance).


Three familial midline malformtion syndromes of the central nervous system: agenesis of the corpus callosum and anterior horn-cell disease; agenesis of cerebellar vermis; and atrophy of the cerebellar vermis. Three syndromes are presented in which major midline malformations of the central nervous system were associated with characteristic somatic and neurologic features in 2 or more sibs. The malformations may be suspected on clinical grouds but require confirmation by pneumoencephalography. In 3 French-Canadian sibships from the Saguenay-Lac St. Jean area of Quebec, patients with areflexia, muscular wasting and slowly progressive weakness in a paraparetic distribution were proved to have agenesis of the corpus callosum and anterior horn-cell disease, a syndrome not previously described. In another family, mental retardation, ataxia and episodic hyperpnea were associated with agenesis of the cerebellar vermis in 4 sibs. In yet another French-Canadian family, atrophy of the cerebellar vermis was associated with mental retardation, ataxia and a mild pyramidal syndrome. Because malformations of this nature are usually considered sporadic or multifactorial in origin, recognition of these specific clinical syndromes with probable autosomal recessive inheritance is important from the point of view of genetic counseling and prevention.


Holoprosencephaly: birth data, benetic and demographic analyses of 30 families. Thirty families were studied to determine genetic and evnironmental factors involved in holoprosencephaly. Those with chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. Many factors appear to cluster in proband families, such as mental retardation, mental illness, endocrine disorders, increased twinning and poverty level socioeconomic status. The empiric recurrence risk was 6%. Among 7 with lobar holoprosencephaly, there were 3 females and 4 males, while there were 19 females and 6 males with alobar holoprosencephaly.


Mulibrey nanism: review of 23 cases of a new autosomal recessive syndrome. Mulibrey (muscle, liver, brain, eye) nanism is probably an autosomal recessive condition characterized by progressive growth failure of prenatal onset, triangular face with hydrocephaloid skull, general thinness and muscular hypotonicity, peculiar voice, venous congestion caused by pericardial constriction, and pigment dispersion and yellowish dots in ocular fundi. Two thirds of the patients had cutaneous nevi flammei and one third cystic fibrous dysplasia of the tibia. Probably a substantial portion of the affected are lost by early abortion and others by infantile death. The physical capacity and life expectancy seem to vary depending on the degree of the cardiac affection.


New syndrome of skeletal, dental and hair anomalies. A Brother and sister are presented with the following abnormalities: dolichocephaly with tendency toward premature closure of the sagittal suture; antimongoloid slant of the eyes with epicanthal folds, full cheeks, everted lip, multiple oral frenula, mildly high-arched palate, and microdontia with possible enamel defect; posteriorly rotated low-set pinnae with deficient cartilage; a small short thorax with pectus excavatum; unusual dermatoglyphics, and abnormal hair growth and stucture; disproportionate shortening of the fibulae and the middle and distal phalanges of the toes and fingers; and somewhat flattened epiphyses. A paternal aunt gave birth to a stillborn dwarfed male with some of the same clinical features. Although an autopsy was obtained, unfortunately no roentgenograms were made.


[Development of 7--11-week-old human embryonic gonads in organ culture]. The author suggests a simplified method of organic culture of the human gonads. Gonads (160) from 7--11-week embryos were cultivated on millipore filters in penicillin bottles. During the first week of cultivation the central necroses were observed both in the male and the female gonads, but later they disappeared in some of the explants. In the ovaries from the 9--11-week embryos the germ cells underwent development which continued to the pachytene stage, while in the ovaries from the 7--9-week embryos the development of the germ cells failed to reach the leptotene stage. In the case of testis germ cells they remained at the stage of spermatogonia.


[The fluorescent catecholamine reaction in neurons of the intervertebral sensory ganglion]. Falck and Hillarp's method (modified by E.M. Krokhina) was applied to the study of intervertebral ganglia in 45 cats; Nissl's, Unna's methods, and staining for lipofluscin, as well as Masson-Fontana's method for detection of serotonin were used in parallel. Two types of neurons were revealed: a) neurons of the first type with a yellowish-white granularity in the region of the axon hill, dispersed yellowish granules and diffuse greenish fluorescence in the perikarion; b) neurons with an orange granularity accumulated in clustered along the whole territory of the perikarion. Both types of the neurons were surrounded by single adrenergic nerve fibers.


[The nature of differences in beta-adrenergic receptors]. Results of investigation of the affinity between teranol (practalol), alpheprol (alprenolol), propranolol to beta-adrenoreceptors of various organs confirmed the division of these receptors into two subtypes. The action of isadrin on beta1-adrenoreceptors of the myocardium and smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract was accompanied by changes in Ca2+ entrance into the cells. With the action of isadrin on beta2-adrenoreceptors of the trachea and the vessels there was seen an intensification of the Ca2+ ions from the cells and a reduction of the smooth muscle tone.


[Pathomorphologic characteristics of the regional lymph nodes in hydronephrosis]. The dependence of pathomorphological changes in the regional lymphatic ganglia of the dog's kidney upon the duration of experimental hydronephrosis is shown. The development of necrosis in some of them points out indirectly to the participation of the renal lymphatic system in carrying off the urine saturated with toxic products persisting in it for a long period. Increased dilatation of intermediate and medullary sinuses is connected with continuous inflow of the lymph that contributes to its congestion and then leads to the retrograde flow. A mechanical obstraction appears on the way of lymph and this fact aggravates mechanical insufficiency of the lymph circulation. At the same time this particular case is lymphogenic sclerosis, which is induced by acumulation of disturbed metabolism products in the intermediate tissue brought by the lymph.


[Characteristics of human embryonal hepatocytes cultivated in vitro]. A simple and reproducible method for cultivation of human embryo (7--12-week) hepatocytes in a monolayer is presented. The culture showed the capacity for limited growth, displayed a viability for 4 to 6 weeks without being subcultured, and retained some specific characteristics: synthesis of serum protein (albumin and alpha-fetoprotein), a significant amount of glycogen, a high activity of monaminooxidase, and a characteristics response to a high concentration of glucocorticoids. These properties are useful as markers for genetic experiments or for selection.


[The effect of cholinergic substances on individual mechanoreceptors--Pacinian corpuscles]. Acetylcholine and nicotine application to the intact pacinian corpuscle failed to stimulate the spike activity, but changed the sensitivity to the mechanical stimulation: low concentration (1.10(-6) g/ml) increased the sensitivity and high concentration (1.10(-4) g/ml) decreased it. This influence can be attributed to the action of these substances on the structures which generate the action potentials. Acetylcholine application to decapsulated pacinian corpuscles stimulated the appearance of the spike activity. This reaction was possibly connected with the acetylcholine influence on the mechanoreceptive zones proper. Tubocurarine or hexonium application of decapsulated pacinian corpuscles led to depression of the sensitivity of the receptor to the mechanical stimulation that can also be explained by the participation of acetylcholine in the process of adequate receptor stimulation.


[The effect of cervical sympathetic ganglia extirpation on the growth of rats during postnatal ontogenesis]. Bilateral extirpation of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglia carried out during the first month after the birth of ratlings caused a delay in growth by 40-60%. Section of pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers and also sham operations failed to lead to any significant changes. Normal growth and skeletal development were disturbed in gangliectomized rats: the zone of growth of the proximal end of the tibia was much narrower in the operated animals than in the intact ones and there was a delay in the spread of secondary ossification centres.


[The effect of functional overstrain of the central nervous system and endocrine disorders on the development of experimental atherosclerosis in dogs]. In a chronic experiment (up to 6 years) on dogs (13) a protracted functional overstrain of the CNS was associated with an additional action changing the hormonal background (castration and mercasolyl injection). A steady hypercholesteremia, atherosclerotic changes in different intraorganic arteries, particularly in the myocardium, developed in dogs; dystrophic processes occurred in the parenchyma of various organs. An important role of functional overstrain of the CNS as one of the leading factors of the "risk" determining the development of disturbances of the regulation of lipid metabolism and formation of the atherosclerotic process in the vessels was demonstrated.


[The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on the development of infarct-like myocardial necroses experimentally induced in rats by a single administration of novodrin (isopropylnoreadrenaline)]. It appeared that acetylsalicylic acid considerably decreased both development of the infarction-like foci of necrosis and primary damage of the myocardial cells experimentally induced in animals by direct action of novodrin and expressed in the course of the first hour. This led to the supposition that acetylsalicylic acid not only prevented platelet aggregation, but also increased the resistance of the myocardial cells to the injurious action of catecholamines.


[Mechanisms of catecholamine synthesis disorders in the adrenals of rats subjected to physical fatigue]. There was a depression of transformation of noradrenaline, DOPA and thyrosine added in vitro, into catecholamines in the adrenal glands of rats after swimming for a period of 8 hours. This permitted to suppose a depression of the activity of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transpherase, DOPA-decarboxylase, and, possibly, of tyrosine hydroxylase under these conditions. After the end of swimming, in the presence of 1-tyrosine, there is at first an activation of noradrenaline synthesis, and then there occurs a gradual normalization (on the 7th day) of adrenaline formation. In rats trained for a period of 2 months the extent of reduction of the catecholamine synthesis in the adrenal glands in response to the 8-hour swimming was much less in comparison with the untrained aniamals.


[Change in the rheologic properties of blood during the early postreanimation period]. Experiments were conducted on nembutal-anesthetized cats; a study was made of the dynamic viscosity of the blood, and also of an aggregation capacity of the blood formed elements for two hours of the postresuscitative period. There was established an increase in the viscosity both in the zone of a low (1.82 dynes/cm2) and high (10.94 dynes/cm2) sear stress. A definite role in increase of the blood viscosity is played by a rise in the hematocrite index and by enhanced aggregation capacity of the blood formed elements.


[The functional state of the thyroid gland following partial pancreatectomy]. In Wistar rats a study was made of a functional condition of the thyroid gland 1, 6 and 24 hours after partial pancreatectomy. The following signs-served as criteria of a functional condition of the gland: the amount of neutrone-activated iodine in iron, iodine-absorptive capacity of the gland by I131, the amount of protein-bound stable and radioactive iodine in the blood, a morphological condition of the gland structures. It was demonstrated that, despite the initial intensification of the process of synthesis and secretion in the thyroid gland, its secretory activity fell by the end of the experiment. This reduction is regarded as an adaptive response to partial insulin deficiency.


[RNA synthesis in the brains of rats with changes in the function of their central nervous systems]. A method of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel was applied to the study of the RNA synthesis in the phenol nuclei and the cytoplasm of the cells of the higher portions of the brain in rats under normal conditions, during training of these animals in the motor-defence habit in a complicated labyrinth, and in active control (irregular presentation of motor-defence stimuli). Behaviouristic stimulation and an irregular presentation to the animals of the same stimuli as in the elaboration of habits, but not leading to their formation, activated the RNA synthesis in the phenol nuclei with sedimentation characteristics of 18S, 28S and over. Thy cytoplasmic RNA displayed an increase in the labeled precursor incorporation in the 18S region.


[The effect of sporofusarin on the cell membranes of isolated perfused liver]. A study was made of the effect of sporofusarin (mycotoxin produced by Fusarium Sporotrichiella v. Sporotrichoides) on the functional activity and permeability of cell membranes of the isolated perfused rat liver. Sporofusarin (in the end concentration of 5.9 . 10(-5) M) produced a marked depressive effect on the rate of bile, formation, urea synthesis and oxygen consumption, and also caused an early and marked disturbance of permeability of the lysosomal and plasma membranes of hepatocytes (an increase in the activity of the enzymes--beta-acetylglucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, arylsulfatases A and B, beta-galactosidase in the supernatant fluid of liver homogenate and in the perfusata). It is supposed that depression of the functional activity of the liver under the effect of sporofusarin resulted from damage of the membrane structures of the cell, and, primarily, of lysosomes.


[Change in the optical rotatory dispersion characteristics of serum albumin of patients with appendicitis and cholecystitis]. The authors studied the optic rotation dispersion of serum albumin in patients suffering from cholecystitis and acute appendicitis. Conforming changes in these forms of pathology characterized by despiralization processes were established. A method of purification of albumin from its modified forms, possibly causing the mentioned changes in the albumin structure is suggested.


[The effect of neutotropic substances on motor excitation in dogs induced by amizil]. The motor activity of dogs was quantitatively recorded before and after the intramuscular injection of amizyl (2 mg/kg). Amizyl was found to induce hyperactivity for 2-3 hours. Galanthamine (3 mg/kg) blocked the effect of amizyl. Etaperazine was the most active substance of the neuroleptic tranquillizers tested. Chlorpromazine and diazepam deranged the dogs' state. Diazepam and haloperidol potentiated the effect of amizyl. Motor hyperactivity induced by amizyl is supposed to be connected with anticholinergic mechanisms; no neuroleptics with cholinolytic properties should be used for the treatment of amizyl intoxication.


[Antagonistic effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate on several effects of aminoxyacetic acid]. A well-known protective effect of aminooxyacetic acid against thiosemicarbazide convulsions was confirmed; it was shown that a similar, although somewhat weaker activity, was exerted by sodium hydroxybutyrate. Surprisingly, the effect of aminooxyacetic acid was diminished by sodium hydroxybutyrate. Sodium hydroxybutyrate in combination with aminooxyacetic acid decreased the protective activity of the latter against thiosemicarbazide convulsions and diminished the extent of GABA accumulation characteristic of aminooxyacetic acid action. This effect is attributed to the competition between the aminooxyacetic acid, sodium hydroxybutyrate and GABA for alpha-ketoglutarate-GABA-transaminase and possible for the GABA-ergic receptor.


[ The effect of prostaglandin E1 and noradrenaline on the tone of cerebral vessels and arterial pressure]. Acute experiments were conducted on cats; it was found that prostaglandine (PG) E1 produced a contrary effect on the tone of the cerebral vessels and on systemic arterial pressure depending on the presence of ethanol in its solution. Blocking of PG biosynthesis with indometacine promoted a marked increase in the vasoconstrictor reaction of the cerebral vessels and aided elevation of arterial pressure in response to noradrenaline administration. It is supposed that disturbance of PG biosynthesis in the organism could play a definite role in the genesis of hypertension and cerebrovascular disturbances.


[Stimulation of cellular immunity and immunologic memory be somatotropic hormone]. The role of somatotropic hormone (STH) in the development of delayed hypersensitivity and immunological memory was studied in guinea pigs. The STH injected at periods of sensitization and realization of delayed hypersensitivity stimulated the skin reactions. Suppression of the endogenic STH by the antiserum to the guinea pig. STH prevented development of hypersensitivity at both periods. Hypersensitivity was restored after the cessation of antiserum effects. The period of sensitization proved to be most sensitive, whereas the period of immunological memory persistence remained resistant.


[The effect of strophanthin following administration of homocardiac antigen to animals with experimental myocardial infarct]. A study was made of strophanthin sensitivity and hemodynamic effect of glycosidein immunization of rabbits with a homocardiac antigen on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days after the reproduction of myocardial infarction. The titre of anticardiac autoantibodies proved to decrease on the 10th day after the ligation of the coronary artery, and also there was a sharp reduction of strophanthin sensitivity by the values of the minimal lethal dose and the toxic one (causing cardiac arrhthmia). Changes in strophanthin tolerance under conditions of administration of the antigen from the myocardium with infarction are associated with the intensive immunopathological shifts in the heart.


[Effect of the lining of the thymus gland on hematopoietic stem cell kinetics in a suspension of embryonic mouse liver]. A study was made of the kinetics of hemopoietic stem cells in the organic culture of a suspension of mouse embryonic liver cultivated directly on the filters and on the preliminarily grown embryonic thymic feeder. It was shown that stem hemopoietic cells were retained in the course of one month of cultivation in the embryonic liver suspensions; during the first two weeks hemopoiesis in the suspension practically failed to differ from such in the fragments of the same age and cultivation period, whereas during the subsequent periods hemopoiesis proved to be more active in the suspension cultivated on thymic feeder. A possible participation of the thymus in the hemopoiesis is discussed.


[Thermal sensation and the thermoregulatory vascular reactions in man]. It was shown by the method of continuous highly sensitive thermometry of the human skin with a simultaneous recording of the verbal reports of the thermal feeling that the most important thermoregulatory reactions of the dermal vessels of the limbs were definitely related to the particular temperature sense.


[Circadian rhythm of the mitotic activity and of the number of nuclei synthesizing DNA in sarcoma 37 in white mice]. Circadian variations in the frequency of mitoses and the number of nuclei labed with thymidine-H3 in sarcoma-37 of mice were investigated. It was shown that the circadian rhythm of mitotic activity was composed of diurnal variations in the frequency of labeled and unlabeled mitoses. The G2-phase of mitotic cycle of the cells with labeled mitosis was approximately one hour. The G2-phase of the cells with unlabed mitosis lasted four hours and more. It is suggested that there are two cell populations in sarcoma-37.


[Fluctuations in amino acid-H3 incorporation into the proteins of the isolated retina]. The rate of amino acid incorporation into the mouse retina proteins was measured in dynamics of dark adaptation and at different terms of their stimulation by light. It was found that variations in dry weight of the ganglion retinal cells and in the incorporation of amino acids into their proteins occurred rhythmically, with the period of about one hour.


[Kinetics of the main sections of the hematopoietic system in the process of postradiational regeneration]. After a sublethal (200 rad) irradiation of mice there occurred during the first 24 hours in the bone marrow a marked reduction of the number of the stem (to 4%), committed precursors of granulocytes and macrophages (to 20%) and of the morphologically-identified cells (to 50%). Complete restoration of hemopoiesis was observed by the end of the 2 weeks after the irradiation and was primarily due to the exponential growth of the number of the stem cells and their intensified proliferation. An increase in the number of the committed precursors was retarded to the moment of restoration of the normal amount of cells in the bone marrow.


[Projections of the somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex into the thalamic nuclei]. Results of morphological studies of degenerated fibers indicated that the first somatosensory area of the cortex was connected by the descending cortico-thalamic fibers with the posterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus. The second somatosensory area was simultaneously connected with the caudal portion of the posterior ventral nucleus and with the nuclei of the posterior group of the thalamus. The mentioned cortico-thalamic connections were distributed by the somatotopic principle.


[Proliferation of piriform neurons in the rat cerebellar cortex in the pre- and postnatal periods of development]. The method of histoautoradiography with the use of H3-thymidine was applied to the study; there were established the periods of appearance in the cerebellar anlage of albino rats of neuroblasts differentiated into the piriform neurones of the cerebellar cortex; dynamics of the proliferative activity of these cellular elements in the course of the pre- and postnatal periods of development of the experimental animals was investigated. On the basis of the material obtained a conclusion was drawn that the last cell divisions (the result of cell differentiation were Purkinje's cells of the cerebellar cortex) stopped by the 13th--15th day of the embryonic development. No incorporation of the labeled precursor into the DNA of the nuclei of the differentiating piriform neurons occurred later.


[Cytological study of a continuous swine embryonic kidney cell line with a persistent Toxoplasma infection]. Invasion of the PEK cell culture by toxoplasma did not cause any sharp disruption of the vital activity of the cells and failed to lead to their rapid degeneration. The observed changes in the morphology of the host cells were apparently chiefly the result of a purely mechanical pressure of the vacuoles on the nucleus and the cytoplasm, although the extreme forms of disturbances of the cell morphology were possibly associated with their greater injury. No complete "selfpurification" of the cells apparently occurred, since despite the marked reduction in the number of parasites a possibility of reinfection with toxoplasma of the culture at the later periods after the infection could not be excluded.


[Study of the nature of toxic factors in burns on sterile guinea pigs]. Experiments were conducted on sterile and contaminated guinea pigs. The toxicity of the serum and the water-salt extracts of the internal organs after the burn was studied by the action on the leukocyte migration in a culture. Despite the complete absence of the microbial flora, the toxic properties of the serum and of the extracts of the internal organs of the sterile animals were the same as in the contaminated organs. The data obtained pointed to the important role of the histiogenic factors in the development of burn intoxication.


[Role of aldosterone in the initial stage of 2 forms of experimental vasorenal hypertension]. The role of rat adrenal mineralocorticoid function in the development of experimental reno-vascular hypertension was studied. Na-retention action of aldosterone was blocked by means of verospiron. Daily excretion of aldosterone proved to be significantly increased in rats with unilateral stenosis of the renal artery (the contralateral kidney was intact). In ischemia of the only kidney there was seen no change in the activation of adrenal mineralocorticoid function. Administration of verospiron strongly suppressed the development of the first form of reno-vascular hypertension and had no effect on the blood pressure in rats with stenosis of the only kidney.


[Relationship between the curve of the instantaneous pressure gradients and the enveloping heart sound]. The curve of instantaneous pressure gradients between the communicating chambers of the heart represents the "enveloping" one of the cardiac sounds. This curve is proportional to the curve of the instantaneous rates of the blood flow in the given area of the system. Consequently, the higher the pressure gradient, the greater the rate of the blood flow and the greater the oscillation range on the phonocardiogram.


[Electromyographic indices of lesion to the spinal cord following its trauma]. There was revealed a possibility of making a more precise diagnosis of the extent of the spinal cord trauma with the aid of electromyography, even at the early period of treatment. The following indices revealed on the attempt to move indicated the absence of anatomical section of the spinal cord: 1) with the level of the trauma at D5--D10 the absence of retardation in time of inclusion into the activity of the lower portions of the long muscles of the body in comparison with their upper portions; 2) with the level of the trauma at D10--L5--L1--the presence of the activity in the muscles of the hip and the shin recorded even in the form of individual potentials of low amplitude; 3) irrespective of the level of the trauma, the appearance of the activity in the symmetrical muscles of one foot on the attempt to move the other one. Even in the presence of one positive index the motor functions were restored in the majority of the patients by the restitution type.


[Interrelationship of the cardiovascular and digestive systems in the genesis of experimental atherosclerosis]. In chronic experiments (up to 2 years) on dogs on atherogenic diets the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract, cholesterol, the phospholipid level in the blood and in the intestinal secretion as well as the morphology of the small intestine and the vascular system were examined. At the early stages of atherosclerosis (up to 4 months) the rise of the blood cholesterol level was followed by an increase in the periods of the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, a rise of cholesterol discharge by the small intestine, and the development of the hypertrophic process in the mucous membrane. At the later stages a change in the mucous membrane of the small intestine was observed with development of a dystrophic-atrophic process, a disturbance of motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract and of the correlations between the cholesterol content in the blood and its discharge by the small intestine. This period was characterized by a high and persistent hypercholesterolemia and pronounced atherosclerotic changes in the vascular system.


[Effects of stimulating the caudal zones of the mesencephalic reticular formation on the postcruciate cortex of the cat]. The influence of the electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral (DL) and the ventromedial (VM) portions of the caudal area of the mesencephalic reticular formation on the neuronal activity of the lateral zone of the gyrus sygmoideus posterior was investigated in cats. The mesencephalo-cortical influences were mainly excitatory in character; the predominance of the neuronal reactions with a short latency (3--12 msec) during the VM stimulation and reactions with a longer latency (20--25 msec) during the DL stimulation was revealed. The VM and the DL were found to influence both cortical neurones, the ones sensitive to somesthetic stimuli (mono-, di- and polyvalent) and the ones which failed to respond to the electrocutaneous stimulation of the limbs.


[Functional and biochemical parallels in two-stage devascularization of the liver]. Experiments were performed on mongrel dogs. Biochemical changes of the blood and functional disturbances in the organism were studied after a two-stage devascularization of the liver at different periods after the second stage, i.e. after the ligation of the hepatic artery. Early disturbances in the intermediary metabolism were the consequence of the two-stage devascularization, i.e. of the rise of the pyruvate and the lactate, an increase of ammonia in the blood and serum transaminases. Biochemical changes of the blood precede and accompany the encephalopathia and serious hemodynamic disturbances in the organism. The mentioned method was capable of causing hepatic coma.


[Bone strength in hypokinesia].

[Bone strength in hypokinesia]. Experiments (20- and 100-day) on rats showed that decrease of the animal motor activity with preserved static function of the extremities led to a marked thinning of the cortical layer of the femoral bone. However, the ability of the whole bone to bear mechanical load decreased but slightly. An increase in the firmness of the bone tissue as a result of its mineralization compensated for the cortical layer thinning.


[Survival rate of dogs in the recovery period after prolonged hypovolemic hypotension]. Survival and completeness of the central nervous system functional restoration were investigated during the postreanimation period in 76 dogs, depending upon the duration of the hypovolemic hypotension, arterial pressure level and the subsequent transfusion therapy. Early polyglucine infusion to dogs who suffered 4 hours of hypovolemic hypotension increased the percentage of survived dogs and of dogs with complete neurological restoration as compared to the animals untreated with polyglucine.


[Molecular forms of acid proteinases of the brain]. Molecular forms of cathepsin D bound with subcellular structures were studied in the grey matter of the large hemispheres. Free and bound forms of the enzymes exposed to solubilization with detergent triton X-100 were fractionated by passage through a Sephadex G-100 column. Gel chromatographic analysis demonstrated three peaks of acid proteinase activity. Different areas of solubilization curves of acid proteinases corresponded to different molecular forms of cathepsins. The initial S-shape areas of solubilization curve corresponded to the first high molecular weight peak of the enzyme activity in the grey matter, whereas the subsequent linear ones -- to the second peak; the activity of free forms of the enzyme corresponded to the third peak.


[Specificity and mechanism of serotonin stimulation of adenylate deaminase activity]. Adenylate deaminating activity was stimulated in the liver mitochondria of rats in vivo not only by serotonin or synthetic indolylalkylamines, but also by phenyl- and imidazolalkyamines. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide protein biosynthesis inhibitors prevented stimulation of adenylate deaminating activity. Theophylline, phosphodiesterase inhibitor, produced a similar effect only when the extent of stimulation of adenylate deaminating activity was comparatively high.


[Presence of a renin inhibitor in the plasma of intact dogs]. The authors elaborated a method of determination of the plasma renin inhibitor based on the statement that with successive dilution of the plasma the velocity of the renin + substrate reaction in the presence of an inhibitor fell more slowly than the extent of dilution, and, on the contrary, in the plasma without any inhibitor the rate of the reaction decreased more than the value of the plasma dilution. This statement follows from the equations of the reaction suggested by Dixon and Webb (1966). With the aid of this method the presence of the renin inhibitor in the plasma was found in 8 of 19 intact dogs examined.


[Free amino acids and some enzymes of placental amino acid metabolism at different stages of its development]. There were revealed changes in the content of free amino acids and in the activity of glutamic dehydrogenase, aspartic- and alanine-aminotransferases in the course of development of the placenta in guinea pigs. The greatest values by the indices under study were reached by the 25th--30th days of pregnancy, i.e. by the period of final formation of the placenta. By the 40th day of pregnancy the activity of the enzymes and the content of free amino acids fell, and from the 45th day persisted at a certain stable level up to the occurrence of labour.


[Participation of ethanolamine, phosphoethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine in brain mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in white rats]. It was shown that introduction of ethanolamine, phosphoethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine in a concentration of 0.05 mumol into the fraction of the brain mitochondria increased the endogenous respiration and the P/O value. In insulin hypoglycemia introduction of the mentioned substances led to a proportional increase in the level of respiration and nonorganic phosphorus; due to this energy provision remained at the level of the intact rat indices.


[Adrenoreception characteristics of the neurons of the superior cervical and caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglia of the cat]. Experiments were conducted on the supeior cervical and the caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglia of a cat; it was shown that dophamine (DA), similarly to noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A), depressed the cholinergic conduction. The activity of DA in the superior sympathetic ganglion was less than that of the NA and A 2- and 3-fold, respectively, and in the caudal mesenteric ganglia DA was 50 times more active than NA by the capacity to depress the cholinergic conduction. The effects of DA and NA in the superior cervical ganglia were eliminated by dyhydroergotamine, phentholamine and haloperidol, but not by tropaphen and chlorpormazine. In the caudal mesenteric ganglia the inhibitory effect of NA was decreased by phentholamine, dihydroergotamine and chlorpromazine, but not by haloperidol. On the contrary, haloperidol and chlorpromzine decreased the depressive effect of DA on the cholinergic conduction in the caudal mesenteric ganglion, whereas phentholamine, dihydroergotamine and deseryl proved to be ineffective. It is supposed that the manifestation of the dopaminergic mechanism of inhibition of cholinergic conduction in the caudal mesenteric sympathetic ganglion could underlie the dilatation of the mesenterial and renal vessels and its hypotensive action caused by DA.


[Effect of audiogenic convulsions on the activity of n- and m-forms of lactate dehydrogenase in the neurons and neuroglia of different sections of central nervous system]. It was shown spectrophotometrically that in Krushinsky-Molodkina and Wistar rats the ratio of the activity of the aerobic H-forms of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) to the activity of the anaerobic M-forms was higher in the neurons of the cerebral cortex and the Purkinje's cells of the cerebellum and in their glial cells-satellites than in the motor neurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord and their perineuronal glia. In Krushinsky-Molodkina rats (with genetically-determined high sensitivity to audiogenic convulsions) epileptiform attacks under the effect of sound were accompanied by a marked activation of both the H- and the M-forms of LDH in the cortical neurons in the absence of any shifts in the perineuronal glia. On the contrary, the activity of all the forms of LDH was unchanged in the spinal motor neurons, whereas in the neuroglia cells surrounding these neurons there was a distinct increase in the activity of the H-forms of LDH. In the Purkinje's cells of the cerebellum an increase and in the glial cells- satellites -- a reduction of the activity of the M-forms of LDH in case of convulsions was seen.


[Intracellular mechanism of the action of imipramine and diazepam]. The content of noradrenaline during the action of antidepressant imipramine and a tranquilizer diazepam was determined in rats by differential centrifugation of the hypothalamus tissues. Imipramine was found to decrease the noradrenaline content in synaptosomes, whereas diazepam failed to evoke any similar effects. Thus, in the action mechanism of the first substance the adrenergic compound was of definite importance, while in the mechanism of the second one it took no part.


[Effect of aminazine on cerebral circulation]. In acute experiments on anesthetized cats intravenous injection of chloromazine (2--3 mg/kg) caused a reduction in the tone of the cerebral vessels and decreased the general arterial pressure. The cerebral blood circulation increased with the stable arterial pressure or its moderate decrease. With a significant fall of arterial pressure the cerebral blood flow proved to decrease.


[Study of the correlation between the effects of phenamine and reserpine on models of the caudate arrest reaction]. Chronic experiments were conducted on cats. It was revealed that the effect of d, 1-amphetamine reducing the inhibitory effects of the caudate nucleus on the motor function persisted after the reserpinization of the animals. Reduction of the inhibitory function of the caudate nucleus in the form of increased threshold of the causate retardation of movement under the effect of d,1-amphetamine was expressed more 24 hours after the administration of large doses of reserpine (0.3 mg'kg). This could be the result of increased sensitivity of dopaminergic receptors of the niqro-striate routes to the mediator by the principle of denervation.


[Study of the mechanism of postcoital contraception in the combination of streoids and the central m-cholinolytic, amizil]. Experiments on female rats showed the blocking of the M-cholinoreactive system with amizyl to significantly contribute to the estrogen/norsteroid contraceptive effect during the postcoital periods. This effect was accompanied by decrease in the gonadotropin level and by the change in the LH/FSH ratio, this creating an unfavourable background for implantation of the fertilized ovicell in the endometrium. There was a change in the transport rate in the tube and a delay in the decidual reaction. Changes in the rate of the ovicell transport were not accompanied by distrubances in the process of fertilization or with the cytotoxic action. Mestranol and ethynylestradiol in combination with norethynodrel (1:20) and with the  central cholinolytic amizyl were agents with future prospects for short-term postcoital contraception.


[Study of some oxidoreductases in nerve tissue culture]. A change in the activity of succinic dehydrogenase, of the NAD- and NADP-diaphorases was studied in the dissociated culture of the cerebellum of neonatal rats under the effect of immune serum of the animals with an experimental allergic pertussis encephalomyelitis. There was revealed an increase in the activity of oligodendrocytes following a 3-hour exposure with the immune serum and a reduction of the activity of the enzymes under study in the same cells after a 12-hour exposure of the cultures with the serum. In difference from oligodendrocytes, the astrocytes displayed a high activity of all the enzymes under study after a 12-hour exposure.


[Study of the rat parotid blood capillaries during a 3-hour feeding cycle]. Regularities attending the change in the lumen diameter and the area of the endothelial cells were studied in the capillaries of the rat parotid gland during the secretory cycle under conditions of circulatory ischemia. The mean lumen diameter and the area of endothelial cells failed to change during the secretory cycle and during the occlusion of the carotid artery. It is thus supposed that enhanced capillary blood flow during the discharge of saliva could be explained by the growing number of the functioning capillaries.


[Functional characteristics of light and dark cells]. Comparison of peculiarties attending the structure of mitochondria in the dark and light cells with the results of studying the respiration of condensed, intermediate and orthodoxic mitochondria showed that dark cells containing condensed mitochondria were at the state of rest or specific activity associated with a high level of bioenergetic and biosynthetic processes. Light cells with a preponderant content of intermediate mitochondria are characterized by the state of active specific activity accompanied by a high energy potential, intensified energy expenditure and a reduction of the level of biosynthetic processes. Light cells with a prevalence of orthodoxic mitochondria are characterized by a low level of energy provision and a predominance of the processes of decomposition of structures over their resynthesis.


[Experimental study of the morphogenesis of nutmeg fibrosis of the liver]. Partial structure of the inferior vena cava over the diaphragm carried out experimentally in dogs let to blood stasis in the liver. Biopsy material obtained at different experimental periods demonstrated that fibrosis began to develop from the central and collective veins as a result of proliferation of the fibroblasts of the vein adventitita and "emigration" of the fucsinophilic fibers into the adjacent parenchyma. In parallel there occurred a neoformation of the connective tissue in the areas of hemorrhages and necroses associated with proliferation of the Kupffer's cells. Nutmeg fibrosis proved to have a cellular genesis and as associated with increased tropocollagen activity of fibroblasts.


[Combinatorial relations in the EEG spectrum]. The geometric mean frequency of any EEG wave divides its frequency band B into sub-bands b and s. For the wave beta the values s, b and B are the subsequent elements of the geometric progression with denominator equals to the invariant of the gold section. A hypothesis was proposed that all the EEG waves were described by the system SG of the recurrence equations. This system was derived by the generalization of the Fibonacci generating function. Theoretical invariants Ilambda of the system and experimental ratios b/s were found to coincide with the quadratic mean error equals to 1%. The system SG predicts the existence of the EEG waves, rho and sigma (55-118, 118-225 cycles per sec.), which have not yet been discovered experimentally.


[Reaction of rat embryo tissues to mechanical trauma and to infection with Staphylococcus aureus (strain 209)]. Experiments were conducted on albino rat embryos. A study was made of healing of the skin wounds and the reaction of the tissues to the intrauterine injection of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (strain 209). In horizontal cut the orthotonic position of the fetus and retraction of the skeletal muscles prevented wound contraction and epithelialization of its surface. In vertical cut the margins of the wound were approximated and healing took place without formation of granulation tissue by epithelialization of the wound surface 2 days after the operations with regeneration of the squamous epithelium. To the action of the pathogenic staphylococcus the embryos responded by a local untypical reaction with the prevalence of alterative changes and the accumulation of the histiocyte-like cells near some colonies. There was no exudative inflammatory reaction either during the trauma or in injection of a staphylococcus culture at all the periods of the intrauterine life.


[Ultrastructural changes in the spermatogenic epithelium and in the basic components of the blood-testis barrier in adult rats following repeated administration of estradiol dipropionate]. Electron microscopic studies of the testes were conducted in intact adult Wistar rats and in rats given repeated injections of a 0.1% solution of estradiol-dipropionate-0.3 mg week for 10 weeks. Administration of the hormone caused focal inhibition of spermatogenesis (6 weeks) accompanied by development of destructive changes in the spermatogenic cells. These pathological changes were reversible and disappeared two months after the cessation of the hormone injection, and the spermatogenesis was restored. Development of the pathological changes in the spermatogenic epithelium was accompanied by disturbances of the fine structure of the main components of the blood-test is barrier (Sertoli cells, tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules).


[Method of morphometric study of the kidneys]. The authors describe two measuring and counting method suitable for the morphometric and histometric analysis of the main structures of the kidneys: the volume of the cortical substance and medulla, the pelvis and vessels; the quantity, the size and the volume of glomeruli.


[Change in factor XIII activity in plasma during thrombocyte aggregation]. On addition to rat plasma, platelet-enriched, of active factor XIII (XIIIa), there occurred along with increase in the aggregation induced by ADP, a reduction in the activity of factor XIII in the plasma. Addition to the plasma of inactive factor XIII failed to influence either the degree of aggregation, or the change in the activity of factor XIII in the plasma in comparison with control samples. In platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, addition of factor XIII was accompanied by a marked fall of its activity in the plasma. In comparison with control, the extent of aggregation in this case decreased. The observed differences in the character of aggregation coursing in the presence of factor XIIIa when different aggregating agents (ADP and thrombin) were used were apparently due to the interaction of active factor XIII with thrombin added to the plasma in the capacity of an aggregating agent.


[Thyroid gland function in heatstroke].

[Thyroid gland function in heatstroke]. Development of thermal stroke in rats with the action of high external temperature (45 degrees C) was accompanied by a reduction of accumulation of I131 in the thyroid gland, a fall in the protein-bound-iodine--I131 and in the amount of thyroxin in the peripheral blood plasma, and also by a fall in the rate of disappearance from the blood of Nal131 injected intravenously. A relative decrease of the content of mono- and particularly of diiodthyrosines, and also, slightly, of iodthyronines occurred in the trypsine hydrolyzates of the thyroid gland at the moment of the thermal stroke development.


[Mechanism of hypoprothrombinemia and hypoproconvertinemia in experimental thyrotoxicosis]. The changes in the thromboelastogram (TEG), the activity and disintegration of prothrombin and proconvertin were studied in experiments on rats with thyrotoxicosis induced by giving thyroidin per os. In marked thyroidin intoxication the majority of TEG indices shifted to hypocoagulation. The most distinct changes were: delayed thrombin formation, an increase in the general coagulation constant, and a decrease in the maximal amplitude. Besides, a decrease of the activity and an increase in prothrombin disintegration (particularly of proconvertin) was observed. It is supposed that increased disintegration of these procoagulants is of great importance in the pathogenesis of hypoprothrombinemia and hypoproconvertinemia in thyrotoxicosis.


[Erythrocyte resistance to destructive factors during craniocerebral hypothermia]. Experiments were conducted on dogs; a study was made of the effect of cranio-cerebral hypothermia on the erythrocyte resistance to the action of chemical and osmotic hemolytics. A reduction of the body temperature of the animals from 38 to 24 degrees C led to a reduction of the chemical resistance of red cells. Erythrocytes with the maximal stability disappeared from the circulation; cells with diminished stability became prevalent. A change of erythrocytes to the group with a minimal resistance was accompanied by redistribution erythrocytosis, this indicating the loss of the hemolytic function of the erythron. The osmotic stability of red blood cells under conditions of chilling either increased somewhat or persisted of the initial level.


[Segmentary topography and ventilation gradients in human lungs]. Segmentary topography of the air volume was studied by regional electroplethysmography of the lungs. A distinct apical-basal gradient was shown to be present in men tested in supine position, along with the dorsal-ventral gradient; the origin of the apical-basal gradient could not be explained from the point of view of the gravitational mechanism. A possibility of recalculation of the electroplethysmographic index of the percentage of the air content in the lobe of the lung to the regional air volume index in the lungs, and the principal possibility of calculation of the regional total lung capacity index with the help of electroplethysmography was shown.


[Effect of polyethylene glycols of linear structure and different molecular weights on rat liver lysosomes]. The action of nonionic detergents--polyethyleneglycols of the linear structure with various molecular weight (from 700 to 15 000) on the lysosomes of rat liver was studied. Triton X-100 activated the acid phosphatase of the sum total fraction of lysosomes to a greater degree than the rest of the polyethyleneglycols. The action of polyethyleneglycols on the activation of acid phosphatase in the lysosome subfractions was inconstant. The result obtained is explained from the aspect of the morphological and biochemical heterogeneity of lysosomes. On the basis of comparison of personal data and literature data a supposition is put forward that the resistance of lysosomes to the action of the polyethyleneglycols in vitro and in vivo was the same.


[Subcellular distribution of acid hydrolases in rat liver during toxic hepatitis]. Changes occurring in the lysosome population were assessed by the results of studies of intracellular distribution of the marker lysosome enzymes--acid phosphatase and acid RNAase. An acute (pure CCl4-0.15 ml per 100 g of weight into the stomach) and chronic (inhalation poisoning after Rabinovici and Wiener) toxic hepatitis was accompanied by an increase in the specific activity of the enzymes in the fraction of heavy mitochondria, this pointing to the change in the sedimentation properties of the lysosomes. An increase in "nonprecipitable" activity of the acid RNA-ase in chronic toxic hepatitis served as the sign of injury of the lysosome membranes.


[Dynamics of the amino acid composition of the medium during cultivation of isolated organs by the directed perfusion method]. The dynamics of the amino acid composition of the medium under conditions of adequate perfusion of the isolated organs of a dog (sternum, kidney and liver) was studied. It was found that after a 6-hour perfusion of the complex of organs the amount in the perfusion medium of such amino acids as histidine, lysine, alanine, considerably increased, whereas the amount of arginine, serine, aspartic acid, threonine with glutamine, isoleucine, proline, leucine and valine decreased as compared with their initial concentration. The dynamics of the amino acid medium composition during a 4-hour perfusion was studied in experiments with the isolated sternum. The concentration of alanine, lysine and histidine increased in the medium. At the same time there was seen a decrease in the concentration of serine, aspartic acid, isoleucine, tyrosine and phenyl-alanine.


[Supramolecular changes in preserved corneal tissue exposed to alpha-tocopherol]. Kinetics of chemifluorescence of the tissue of the cornea of isolated dog eyes (induced by 1% hydrogen peroxide) was confronted to the results of determination of the ultrastructural changes in the 30th day the eye preservation in a moist chamber at 4 degrees C with and without replacement of the chamber humour of the eye with alpha-tocopherol. The results of investigations pointed to profound changes of free radical processes in the structural components of the corneal cells with changes in the periods and conditions of preservation. It is supposed that these disturbances underlied the trigger mechanisms of the autolysis. Stabilization of the lipoprotein complexes of the cell in preservation is apparently determined by the capacity of antioxidants, particularly of alpha-tocopherol to maintain oxidative processes at a constant level.


[Phospholipids in albino rat blood and liver at various stages in the development of experimental pancreatitis]. In experimental pancreatitis in rats there was revealed a marked reduction, particularly on the 3rd-7th day of the disease, of neutral phospholipids in the blood plasma and formed elements. With the development of pancreatitis no polyglycerophospholipids (an important fraction of acid phospholipids participating in the formation of the oxidative enzymatic systems) were revealed in the liver. The described phenomena are regarded as significant pathogenetic factors leading to the development of fatty infiltration of the liver in pancreatitis.


[Mechanism of action of naphthylvinylpyridine]. Naphthylvinylpyridine (NVP) in the cat cerebral cortex (50 mg/kg) and in the mouse brain (100 and 250 mg kg) caused inhibition of choline acetyltransferase (ChA) and didn't influence the acetyl- and butyrilcholinesterase activity and acetylcholine (Ach) content in the mouse brain. NVP (25 mg/kg) failed to influence the ChA activity. Pretreatment with NVP (25 and 250 mg/kg) increased the duration of hexenal sleep in mice greatly, and a dose of 250 mg/kg (but not of 25 mg/kg) enhanced the atropine activity in mice poisoned with armine. NVP (250 mg/kg) reduced the release of Ach from the cerebral cortex of a cat, spontaneous and evoked by atropine and electrical stimulation of the reticular formation of the brain stem. A conclusion was drawn that the pharmacological effect of NVP when the latter was applied in combination with atropine and armine could be connected with the anti-Cha action and the inhibition of the newly-formed Ach, rather than with depression of the microsomal enzymes.


[Radioprotective effect of pyrazolone derivatives]. The intraperitoneal injection of analgin (1000 mg/kg), antipurine (400 mg/kg), amidopyrine (100 mg/kg) 3 hours before the irradiation of mice in a dose of 800 R led to survival of 30 to 45% of the animals (against 12.5% in control) and to increase in the average duration of life of the animals that perished. 80-95% of mice survived the period of "intestinal deaths" (the 7th day after the irradiation) after combined prophylactic use of purasolone derivatives and cystamine before the irradiation of these animals in a dose of 1050 R. The radioprotective effect of pyrasolone derivatives given in therapeutic doses was less pronounced.


[Effect of Clematis fusca preparations on androgen target organs]. The effect of Clematis fusca (Clematis fusca Turcz.) preparations of the prostate and seminal vesicles was studied in castrated rats. There was seen an intensification of the functional activity of these organs, similar to the result of the methyltestosterone action. Substances with an androgenic effect are supposed to be present in the plant under study.


[Bone marrow interferon].

[Bone marrow interferon]. The nucleated cells of the bone marrow of mouse, rat, guinea pig, chick, cattle and humans proved to be capable of producing interferon in vitro following induction with the Newcastle disease virus. The production of interferon by these cells was characterized by high stability. The bone marrow interferon was not inferior in its activity to the corresponding interferon prepared with the blood leukocytes or splenic cells.


[Activity of acid phosphatase and succinate and dehydroorotate dehydrogenases during the interaction of allogeneic lymphocytes and target cells in tissue culture]. A study was made of the activity of acid phosphatase in interaction of lymphocytes and target cells; it was shown that in the lymphocytes its greatest increase occurred in the 1- and sometimes in the 3-hour cultures; sometimes the activity of the enzyme in the L-cells increased by the 3rd-6th hour. The initial activity of acid phosphatase was greater in the immune lymphocytes; later, on their addition to the L-cell culture, there was no significant difference in the changes in the activity of the enzyme in the immune and normal lymphocytes. In the L-cells the activity of acid phosphatase was lower on addition of normal lymphocytes in comparison with the immune ones. The activity of dehydrogenases in the lymphocytes increased by the 3rd hour of the incubation period and was greater in the immune lymphocytes than in the normal ones. The activity of the succininc- and dehydroorotic dehydrogenases altered practically at the same periods in the L-cells as in the lymphocytes. The intensification of the activity of the redox enzymes and of the acid phosphatase during the first hours of contact pointed to the rapid activation of the effector lymphocytes.


[Selective adsorption of immune lymphocytes, synthesizing DNA, on corresponding target cells]. Lymphocytes of inbred mice immunized with allogenic tumour cells were labelled in vitro or in vivo by 3H-thymidine, washed out and incubated with target cells in the presence of "cold" thymidine. A fraction of labelled small and medium lymphocytes was demonstrated by autoradiography to be absorbed rapidly and specifically onto the corresponding target cells. When the non-labelled immune lymphocytes were preincubated with target cells for 2 hours, and 3H-thymidine was added to the medium at various time periods, the percentage of labelled small and medium lymphocytes which adhered to the target cells appeared to be reduced in the course of the incubation, with the target reaching the initial value after an 8-hour contact. Small and medium immune lymphocytes which synthesize DNA are supposed to be the effector killer fraction which do not transform into blasts during the interaction with the target cells.


[Immunochemical properties of naturally occurring antiglobulin factors-homoreactants]. The naturally-occurring antiglobulin factors to the pepsin fragments of the homologous IgG (homoreactants or agglutinins) present in the human and rabbit sera and gamma-globulin preparations, behaved in Sephadex G-200 gelchromatography as proteins with a molecular weight of approximately 250,000 daltons. It was shown that the human pepsin homoreactant failed to penetrate through the placenta. Since the pepsin homoreactant was absorbed specifically by the insolubilized antibodies against the Fc portion of the IgG molecule, the data obtained could indicate that the homoreactant activity was associated with the IgG molecules of the unusual structure.


[Local Shwartzman phenomenon in germ-free guinea pig]. Eleven germfree and two monoassociated with the Citrobacter guinea pigs, and 25 conventional animals were injected with the heat-inactivated Citrobacter or E. coli for the induction of the local Schwartzman phenomenon. All the gnotobiotic pigs gave a positive reaction. Infiltration at the site of intracutaneous injection was found in all the conventionals, but in none of the gnotobiotics. The data are discussed from the aspect of primary and secondary sequelae of the absence of host microflora.


[Modifying effect of darkness on the growth of mammary cancer and on the efficacy of experimental hormone therapy]. A study was made of the effect of different light regimen on the changes in the reactive properties, and also of the efficacy of hormone therapy of the transplantable rat mammary carcinoma (RMC-1). In darkness the percentage of the take of the carcinoma proved to be less, and also the growth of the RMC-1 was delayed; there was also a marked increase in the efficacy of estrogen-therapy of mammary carcinoma. It is supposed that more effective treatment of the RMC-1 in darkness was associated with the change in functional activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system.


[Colony formation inhibition in human bone marrow stromal cells exposed to a factor formed in vitro by peripheral blood leukocytes]. Addition of human peripheral blood leukocytes or a medium in which the leukocytes were cultivated to the monolayer culture of human bone marrow produced an inhibitory action of the growth of the fibroblast colonies. This effect was not associated with the immunological incompatibility of the cells in a culture--autologous blood cells produced the same action as the heterologous ones. The factor inhibiting the fibroblast growth failed to depress the growth of other cells, of macrophages in particular.


[Sequential maturation of skeletal muscle groups during postnatal ontogenesis of rats]. Experiments were conducted on rats during the early postnatal period; a study was made of the membrane potential (MP) establishment of the fibers of the skeletal muscles of the neck, the anterior and the posterior limbs. At birth the most mature were the muscles of the neck, and the least -- the muscles of the posterior limb. Establishment of the stationary MP level in the muscles of the neck occurred during the first week after birth, in the muscles of the anterior limbs -- by the 10th-12th day, and of the posterior limbs -- by the 15th-20th day. The order of maturation of various groups of the skeletal muscles was associated with the peculiarities of the neuro-trophic influences at various age periods. Muscles of the neck were characterized at all the developmental stages by a rhythmic low-frequency electromyographic activity. In the muscles of the limbs the rhythmic electromyographic activity was transformed into the discharge high-frequency activity by the period of termination of increase of the MP of the muscles.


[Effect of splenectomy and India ink blockade of Kupffer cells on hepatocyte mitotic activity following hepatectomy]. Splenectomy was carried out in one group of rats 48 hours before partial hepatectomy. The second group was given an injection of 2 ml of a 1% India ink solution into the spleen for the purpose of block of the reticulo-endothelial system of the liver four days before partial hepatectomy. An increase of the mitotic activity of hepatocytes occurred in both experimental groups at later periods than in control ones.


[Membrane permeability of brain cell processes after death]. Experiments were conducted on rats. A study was made of persistence of semipermeability of the membranes of the cell processes of the brain (contraction) with the action of a hypertonic buffer at various periods after death. The membranes of the processes proved to retain the property of semi-permeability even 48 hours after death. Prefixation of the postmortem material in the glutaraldehyde did not influence the sensitivity of the membranes of the processes to the osmotic strength of the surrounding solution.


[Hyperplastic processes in cardiac muscle mitochondria exposed to toxic doses of adrenaline]. Experiments were conducted on albino rats; a study was made of hyperplastic processes in the mitochondria of the myocytes of the heart with the action of toxic adrenaline doses. A solution of adrenaline chloride was injested intramuscularly (3 mg/kg). Three types of mitochondria were revealed in electron microscopic study. Mitochondria of the first type were of the size and structure characteristic of the muscle cells of the myocardium. Mitochondria of the second type had a very dense, finegrained matrix and a great number of cristae per unit of the area. Mitochondria of the third type had two "sections" under the common external membrane, differing from one another by the matrix density, distribution and number of cristae. It is supposed that the ultrastructural peculiarities of each of the types reflected their functional condition.


[The external laryngeal nerve].

[The external laryngeal nerve]. An investigation on the external laryngeal nerve is carried out from cadeverous material (24 thyroid glands). Various origins of the nerve are reported. The relationships are investigated. They are particularly important on the superior pole of the thyroid gland. The nerve may pass at a variable distance of the superior pole of the thyroid gland. The size of the gland and particularly the more the more or less early intramuscular course of the nerve through the fibers of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle determine the relationships. Those relationships will be made closer if the nerve is adherent to the thyroid sheath, passes forward of the superior thyroid artery or between the supra polar branches. The collateral nervous branches for the thyroid gland or for the thyroid vessels, the arterial branches which passed into the pharyngeal constrictor muscle with the nerve may also change the relationships. Practical applications in thyroid surgery are made through this investigation.


[Measurement of tibiofibular torsion with profile radiography. Relation to the shape of the plantar arch]. This study deals first with the measure of the tibio-fibular torsion, on one radiography in profile. The film has only to be set in a parallel direction to the medial edge of the foot, therefore to the first metatarsus. The malleoluses can easily be marked, with some practice. The angle of the torsion can be calculated from its tangent, therefore from the ratio of the distance between the two malleoluses seen in profile, to the bimalleolar distance which could be measured in a front wiew. The latter is in  a nearly fixed ratio with the antero posterior diameter of the lower extremity of the tibia. We then get the formula: (see article) which gives us the torsion from a single radiography taken in profile, centered upon the malleoluses. The same incidence makes it possible to measure the medial plantar arch. The A. have then lodeed for the correlation that should exist, in series of both sexes in France and Congo: a more hallow plantar arch = a stronger T.F.T. The results are very significant indeed, for approximatively r = -- 0,650 in series of 85 individuals.


[Substitute pathways of the arterial system of the lower extremities]. Some ideas emphazied by RENARD and his collaborators were rediscovered.--Anastomosis doesnt always signify compensation and it is often difficult to appreciate the functional importance of the anastomoses shown by arteriographies.--The most valuable compensations are made by short ways. Long ways only come into action when the shorter are obliterated. Finally a certain number of arteries play an important role in the compensatory circulation, that is:--the system of lumbar arteries--the hypogastric artery--the origin of the deep femoral artery.


[Anatomical study of the arch of the internal saphenous vein (saphena magna) in man]. The Authors present 40 dissections of the saphena magna with different branches. The variability of number is shown and they call attention to 5 cases of double vein. Two classifications are described. (MINNE, 1958; MORIN, 1970). It is very difficult to put all cases in these classifications. Later, the authors plan to show topographic marks for the saphena magna.


[Intra-osseous vascularization of the astragalus]. Using micro-angiography and Spalteholz's technic on twenty cadaveric feet. The arterial vascularisation of talus is described. They emphasize the importance of the internal arterial pedicle coming from the arteria tibialis posterior and entering the corpus tali through its internal wall.


[Comparative anatomy of the arterial and venous vascularization of the septomarginal trabecula in man and mammals]. By means of naked-eyed dissections and microscopic examinations of the right ventricle in 71 mammals, the authors explained the contents of the trabecula septomarginalis. Besides the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle, they always observed a long artery running deeply from the left coronary artery to the anterior papillar muscle where it joins some right coronary vessels. A few various venous capillaries may be observed going to the anterior interventricular vein or mouthing into the right ventricular chamber (Thebesian veins).


[Sinus of the cerebellar tentorium].

[Sinus of the cerebellar tentorium]. Post-mortem anatomical study on the "Tentorial sinus", in 23 skulls, using a retrograde veinous injection of a mixture of Rhodopas and lead tetroxide. Present in more than half the cases, this sinus actually constitutes a true sinus, principally draining the superior and inferior hemispheric veins of the cerebellum, traversing the posterior section of the tentorium cerebelli and opening into the lateral or straight sinus.


[Arterial vascularization of the tibia in the adult]. The arterial vascularization of the tibia in an adult is examined by microangiography (with micropaque).--The proximal epiphysis vessels originate in the periarticular circle of the knee; some are vertical, others horizontal; the condylus medialis is more vascularized than the condylus lateralis.--The metaphysis is vascularized by the arteria nutriciae terminal branches and by numerous vessels originating in the periosteal system.--The diaphysis depends on the nutrition (arteria nutriciae tibialis) and periosteal systems: these two systems are equally important in the two upper thirds but in the lower third the nutrition system is more important.--The proximal metaphysis receives numerous arteries coming from the periosteal system; they anastomose with the terminal ramifications of the arteria nutriciae.--The distal epiphysis is vascularized by three pedicles: anterior, posterior, and medial, whose branches anastomose. These pedicles are provided by the perimalleolar circle.


[Fibrous arch of the adductor muscle of the thumb (musculus Adductor pollicis)]. In 8 out of 30 cases we found the fibrous arch of the Adductor pollicis muscle. In 4 cases, the resistant arch is situated between the 2 fasciculi of the Adductor Pollicis and inserted on the upper third of the third metacarpian on its anterior face. Il resists a traction of 500 g.; in 4 other cases, it is less resisting. The connections with the deep cubital vasculo-nervous fasciculus are important, especially the deep branch of the cubital nerve which can be compressed at this level.


[Organogenetic analysis of the variation of insertions of the fibular collateral ligament and the biceps muscle at the knee]. Concerning a displacement in distal direction of the insertions of the ligamentum collaterale fibulare and of the tendo musculi bicipitis femoris on the superior epiphysis of the fibula, the authors describe in detail and in millimetrical scale the permanent existence of bundles, additionnal to the main insertions known up to now, and of a sheath envelopping the ligament. The study of the organogenesis of these formations, followed by their dissection at an adult stage allow to estimate the genetical, mechanical, and constitutional factors explaining the usual variations of these structures.


[Significance of echotomography B in the analysis of pronation]. By an ultrasonic technique (B. scan), the authors have analysed dynamically, the wrist during pronation. They could show that when the elbow is bended at 90 degrees, the distal tip of the radius effects a circular movement of great radius but low grade value, while the ulna draws in the opposite direction a nearly complete small circle.


[The development of the triangular ligament in man]. The origin of the carpal articular disc has been studied in serial sectioned embryonal and fetal hands. In particular the complex; ulnar styloid process--triangular disc--carpal joint has been considered. In this development a relation is brought about between the so-called lig. subcruentum and the prestyloid recess. It has to be emphasized, that both pre-styloid recess and pisotriquetral joint space originate as isolated spaces.


[Proximal interphalangeal articulation in man]. A report is presented on microdissections of the proximal interphalangeal joint, in particular the proximal attachments of volar plate and tendon sheath. The proximal anchorage of the joint capsule is assured by three components, occurring bilaterally. A. Laterobasal and retrochlear fibres. B. An internal cord which inserts along the inner side of the line of attachment of the osteofibrous sheath of phalanx I; C. The cruciform ligament of the sheath which is inserted at the outer side of the osteofibrous sheath of phalanx I.


[Arterial vascularization of the human bulbo-uretral glands]. The study based on the dissection of 79 specimens of bulbo-urethral glands describes their arterial vascularisation. 1. The glands receive their main arterial vascularization from the artery of the bulb of the penis. The vessel reaches the surface of the gland from above and from both sides. 2. Supplementary sources of vascularization may take their origin from the int. pudendal artery, urethral art., perineal art., or an anastomosis between the cystic inferior art. and the pudendal int. artery. 3. The artery of the bulb of penis is variable. It may divide into two (often) or three (seldom) branches penetrating the bulb of the penis. One case with two arteries of the bulb (both from the pudendal int. artery), has been described. 4. The glandular arterioles ("short or intraglandular" ones) take their origine inside the gland (type I) or exist as supplementary arteries ("long or extracapsular" ones) branches from near arterial truncs (type II). If the gland is placed in the musculature of the uro-genital diaphragm and it is well separated from it by a connective-tissue capsule, the capsule receives its own ("capsular") branches, which are a supplementary source of vascularization for the gland (type III). 5. The existence of "long or extracapsular" branches is in connection with lobation of the gland. Every lobule receives its own branch from an "extracapsular" artery. 6. Only one slight right-left assymetry was observed.