Generalization of behaviorally augmented tolerance to ethanol, and its relation to physical dependence. Adult rats, required to perform a motor coordination task while under the influence of ethanol (2.2 g/kg) daily for 12 days, developed significant tolerance to the effects of ethanol, not only on this test but also on a food-motivated maze task. At the same time, they showed reduced shock threshold for production of a startle response, and reduced open field test scores 23 hrs after the last dose of ethanol. Other animals receiving the same dose of ethanol immediately after each training session on the coordination task, and others performing the task and receiving no ethanol, showed no tolerance on either test and no change in shock threshold or open field behavior. The results suggest that behaviorally augmented tolerance depends on basic neuronal adaptive changes indistinguishable from those accompanying physiological tolerance and dependence.


Effects of lithium chloride on muricidal behavior in rats. Lithium chloride at two different doses (1 mEq/kg and 2 mEq/kg) IP BID for 10 days failed to inhibit muricidal behavior in rats. Lithium chloride at the higher dose caused neurotoxicity in 6 of 11 rats as measured by the rotorod. These dosages generated serum levels of 0.70 and 1.00 mEq/L respectively. The same behavior was blocked by imipramine HC1 at an ED50 of 8.5 mg/kg 45 min following a single IP injection without evidence of neurotoxicity by the rotorod method. These results indicate that lithium chloride is unlike the tricyclic agents in the muricide test. Therefore, if its clinical antidepressant activity is substantial, it may be most effective in a neurochemically different class of depressives than the tricyclics.


The interactive effects of prenatal imipramine exposure and postnatal rearing conditions on behaviour and histology. Offspring of rats given oral doses of Saline or Imipramine (5 mg/kg) from 14-21 days prior to mating till parturition were reared, after weaning, in deprived or enriched environments. At 25-27 days and at 80-83 days the home cage behaviour of the Ss reared in the enriched environment was observed. Histological measures of brain development in both the deprived and enriched Ss were taken at the conclusion of behavioural observations. The Imipramine exposed offspring failed to show the characteristic histological changes associated with enriched rearing conditions. In addition they were behaviourally unresponsive and spent significantly less time than the Saline offspring interacting with other animals and the environment. It was argued that the physiological and behavioural unresponsiveness of the Imipramine offspring was due to a subtle teratogenic effect which prevented the Ss from interacting with the environment.


Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on social behaviour in the laboratory mouse and rat. The behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice and rats have been studied by an ethological analysis of encounters between animals injected with the drug and partners injected with the solvent (Tween-saline). In both species, Immobility was increased and Non-Social Activity reduced after injections of 5 mg/kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Flight was increased in treated mice but not in treated rats. Aggression was not significantly altered in either species. Thus, in the mouse, the qualitative behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were similar to those previously reported for crude cannabis resin. Comparison of the dose-response data indicated that some other constituents of cannabis may reduce the Flight reaction from delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol although not interfering with Immobility.


Methaqualone: tolerance and physical dependence in mice. Tolerance and physical dependence was produced in C57Bl/6 male mice that had been exposed, for 36 days, to methaqualone in food pellets via an automated system. Tolerance was revealed in the reduction of sleep-times following intraperitoneal injection of methaqualone. Physical dependence was manifested as an alteration in neural sensitivity to flurothyl-induced convulsions.


Does increasing stress change the behavioral action of mescaline from disruption to facilitation? This experiment is related to the hypothesis of Bridger and of Wray that hallucinogens have facilitatory effects on animal behavior when stress is part of the experiment and have disruptive effects otherwise. Male Long-Evans rats were trained to high (above 89%), stable base line rates of shuttlebox avoidance, then given each of four treatments at 6-day intervals after returning to base line avoidance rates: 1. saline (1 ml i.p.), 2. saline+stressor, 3. mescaline hydrochloride (36.6 mg/kg i.p.), 4. mescaline (39.6 mg/kg i.p.)+stressor. Stress treatment was 1.0 mA footshock (1 sec duration) every 20-30 sec for 15 min between injection and session. Sessions (100 trials) began 20 min after injection. Treatments 1 and 2 had no effect on avoidance rate. Treatments 3 and 4 significantly decreased avoidance rate, with the latter causing significantly more decrease than the former. None of the treatments affected presession (5 min adaptation period) or intertrial crossings of the shuttlebox or latency on escape trials. These results suggest that exposure to a stressor, per se, is not the crucial factor causing hallucinogens to have facilitatory effects on animal behavior.


Hypersensitive lung disease due to avian antigens. Five patients, three exposed to budgerigars (parakeets) and two to chickens, had immunological lung reactions. A Type III hypersensitivity response likely accounts for the pulmonary alteration. The inflammatory exudate accumulates within the alveolar walls and adjacent lobular septa. Radiologically, this is manifested as reticular linear densities and/or multiple small nodules, the interstitial pattern. With spillage into the distal air spaces, an acinar pattern emerges. As this disease is reversible in its early stages, increased awareness and proper management may lead to a reduction in the number of patients who are subsequently diagnosed as having "idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis".


Celiac arteriography following percutaneous splenoportography. Splenic arteriography was performed in 14 patients immediately following antecedent splenoportography. Arteriographic evidence of splenic hematoma was demonstrated in 3 patients while in the remaining 11, no arteriographic abnormalities were detected.


Blood LH after PGF2alpha in diestrous and ovariectomized cattle. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the increased serum LH which occurs within 12 hr after a luteolytic dose of PGF2alpha is dependent upon changes in progesterone or estradiol secretion. In the first experiment, exogenous progesterone abolished the increase in serum LH caused by a subcutaneous injection of 25 mg PGF2alpha in diestrous heifers, but not in ovariectomized  heifers. In the second experiment, progesterone pessaries were removed at 6 hr after a subcutaneous injection of 25 mg PGF2alpha. LH remained at pre-PGF2alpha values while the pessaries were in place, but began to increase within 1 hr after they were removed. Blood estradiol also remained at pre-PGF2alpha values until the pessaries were removed, and began to increase at 2 hr after pessary removal. We conclude that the increase in serum LH within 12 hr after PGF2alpha treatment in diestrous cattle is dependent upon withdrawal of progesterone; it is not due to increased serum estradiol.


7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid and polyphloretin phosphate as non-specific antagonists of the stimulatory effects of different agents on adenylate cyclase from various tissues. 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid (OPA) and polyphloretin phosphate (PPP) are believed to act as specific antagonists of prostaglandin action. In order to estimate their specificity, the inhibitory effects of these drugs were tested on the activity of adenylate cyclase from several tissues which were stimulated by prostaglandins and several other compounds. In adenylate cyclase preparation from L-fibroblasts both OPA (0.15-1.5 MM) and PPP (0.01-1.0 MG/ML) antagonized not only the stimulatory effects of PGE but also the stimulatory effects of sodium fluoride and increased enzyme activity due to the previous treatment of cell cultures by cholera toxin. Both OPA and PPP produced a dose dependent depression of adenylate cyclase activity to zero values both under basal conditions and after stimulation by sodium fluoride and various hormones in all preparations studied, including rat liver, heart, brain, epididymal adipose tissue, small intestine, renal cortex and renal medulla. The present results indicate that both prostaglandin antagonists may, in higher concentrations, act as nonspecific inhibitors of the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase rather than specific antagonists of the prostaglandin effects on adenylate cyclase.


[4 cases of hemolytic autoimmune anemia and idiopathic thrombopenic purpura with anti-native DNA antibodies]. Four cases (1 female and 3 male) of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA) and idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura of 13-34 years' duration are reported. All have antibodies against native DNA, low complement levels and positive Coombs test. In 2, circulating immune complexes were found. Renal biopsies in 3 revealed small deposits of immunoglobulin and complement in the mesangium of glomerula. No inflammatory changes were seen in light microscopy. These patients thus resemble the animal model of NZB mice, which exhibit similar AHA with antibodies to DNA but with minimal renal changes.


Evans blue: a specific inhibitor of factor VIII-induced platelet agglutination. Low concentrations of Evans Blue (less than 1 muM) inhibit the agglutination of formalin-treated platelets by bovine Factor VIII or by human Factor VIII in the presence of the antibiotic ristocetin. Evans Blue is a specific inhibitor of this reaction and acts by inhibiting the binding of Factor VIII to the platelet surface.


Clinical and genetic aspects of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia in Israel: report of 22 cases. Twenty two patients (12 males and 10 females) from all over Israel fulfilled the criteria for establishing the diagnosis of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. All have been observed to have a servere bleeding tendency since infancy or early childhood. In 8 out of 10 adult patients (7 females and 3 males) the bleeding manifestations have persisted over the years. In 2 adult patients major surgery was performed under platelet transfusions which appeared to prevent excessive bleeding. Pedigree analysis was possible for 21 patients who belong to 13 unrelated kindreds. Twelve kindreds are Jewish and one is Arab. Eleven of the 12 Jewish kindreds belong to the Iraqi Jewish community. Analysis of 16 sibships disclosed a corrected segregation ratio of 0.2, which is compatible with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. No bleeding manifestation whatsoever were observed in 30 obligatory carriers of thrombasthania, and the haemostatic functions tested in 12 of them were entirely normal.


Purification of monolayer cell cultures of the endocrine pancreas. Experimental use of primary cultures of endocrine pancreas is constrained by early, vigorous proliferation of fibroblastoid cells. The addition of heavy metals, sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate, phenyl mercuric acetate, phenyl mercuric nitrate and sodium aurothiomalate to the culture media selectively destroys these fibroblastoid cells yielding highly enriched, morphologically intact, functionally competent endocrine cells that are capable of cell replication. This action of heavy metals appears to be due to reversible inhibition of sulfhydryl enzymes since glutathione and thioglycolate were demonstrated to completely inhibit the cytotoxic effects of the mercury and gold containing agents, respectively. Certain variables in the application of the mercurial agents to pancreatic endocrine cell cultures were defined, most notably the enhanced sensitivity of fetal vs. neonatal tissue, and in inverse relationship of cell density to effective toxicity. After removal of the heavy metal agent from the culture media, many pancreatic islets send out cytoplasmic projections, containing large numbers of oriented microtubules which serve as bridging units to adjacent endocrine cells. The sustained availability of virtually pure pancreatic endocrine cell cultures, which results from the application of mercury to the culture media will undoubtedly permit many aspects of the cell biology of the endocrine pancreas to be directly and sequentially assailed.


Radioimmunoassay for plasma betamethasone 17-benzoate. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for plasma betamethasone 17-benzoate has been developed. The antiserum used was obtained by immunizing rabbits with betamethasone 17-benzoate-21-hemisuccinate-bovine-serum-albumin conjugate. All of the endogenous steroids tested cross reacted less than 0.10%. A standard curve was established with a useful range from 0.05-5 ng. Reliability criteria were satisfactory. Measurement of plasma concentrations of betamethasone 17-benzoate was performed in patients and in rabbits following occlusive dressing of betamethasone 17-benzoate cream and gel base.


[Epispadia without bladder extrophy in a female (author's transl)]. A very rare case of female epispadia without bladder extrophy is presented. The main symptoms with this malformation is incontinence and the presence of a bifid clitoris. The therapy of choice is the operative reconstruction of the urethra and reforming the bladder neck. This should not be carried out before the age of three years since the post operative bladder continence training is important for the success. Lasting urinary continence can only be expected in less than 50% of the cases.


Effect of peptichemio exposure on DNA synthesis in a mammalian cell system in vitro. The effect of Peptichemio (PTC) on the survival and DNA synthesis in mouse L-cells was studied. Experimental data show that a typical dose-survival curve is obtained when L-cells are cultivated in the presence of PTC. Exposure of L-cells to various concentrations of PTC caused an inhibition in cellular ability to synthesize DNA which is evidenced by the decreased incorporation of 3H-thymidine. This inhibition is dependent on the concentration of PTC and the time of exposure.


[Effect of pyrogenes on the activity and isoenzyne spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase in tissues and blood serum of guinea pigs]. It is established that 2,4 DNP effect produces no changes in the total activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.2.3) in the heart, liver and blood serum of guinea pigs. Under the effect of lipopolysaccharide obyained from Bact. alkaligenes faecalis it increases in the liver and heart. A change in the isoenzymic spectrum is characterized bt a decrease in the LDA3, LDH4, LDH5 activity in the blood serum, an increase in the activity LDH1, LDH2 and a decrease in the LDH4, LDH5 in the myocardium, disappearance of LDH, in the liver under the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Under the effect of 2.4 DNP the activity of LDH3 in the liver increases and that of LDH3 DECREASES.


[Change in the activity of glycolytic enzymes in different areas of the albino rat brain in dependence on the stress agent]. The activity of aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes was studied in various areas of the albino rat brain in stressed state connected with insomnia and fatigue. The activity of the mentioned enzymes in the brain various areas is established to change differently and depend on the stress agent. So, under insomnia the activity of aldolase increases in the horn of Ammon and midbrain and that of lactate dehydrogenase--in the great hemispheres and cerebellum. Under conditions of fatigue the activity of aldolase does not change, that of lactate dehydrogenase lowers in the great hemispheres and stem. In fatigue the activity of isoenzyme LDG1 lowers and that of LDG4+5--increases in the great hemispheres, stem and cerebellum. The activity of these isoenzymes is unchanged with insomnia.


[Level of gonadotropic hormones in the blood plasma of cows during the sexual cycle]. Studied was the level dynamics of the pituitary gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) in the blood plasma of five cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed. During the estrus cycle an average of 12 samples of 100-150 cu. cm citrate blood were taken from each cow. The determination of FSH was performed after Brown's method, and that of LH - after Parlow's method. It was concluded that both FSH and LH consistently enter the blood during the estrus cycle. Their concentration in the peripheral blood changes in accordance with the phase of the estrus cycle. During this period two peaks in the release of gonadotropic hormones in the peripheral blood are established: one at the time of estrus itself, and another after the first half of the heat cycle.


[Comparative study of immunity in swine vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease vaccines prepared with various adjuvants]. The vaccines used were prepared with saponin, an oil adjuvant and a DEAE-dextran adjuvant. Comparative studies revealed that vaccines containing DEAE-dextran at the rate of 50 mg pro dosi confer weaker immunity as compared with vaccines containing saponin or an oil adjuvant. Pointed out is the lack of correlation between the antibody level in the vaccinated animals and the effectiveness of the immunity conferred, which was established through challenge. Discussed is the quality of the DEAE-dextran containing vaccine in comparison with the other two F. M. D. vaccines. The practical use of the oil containing vaccine is also discussed. Studies revealed that it confers the best immunity in the vaccinated pigs.


[Fluorescent microscopy in the diagnosis of Dictyocaulus infection in sheep]. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to study Dictyocaulus infection in 15 experimentally infected lambs each given 2000 D. filaria larvae. Studied were also the sera of 10 control lambs and of 20 sheep and goats infected with other helminths. Antibodies were established after the 14th day in 53 per cent of the lambs, the 20th day in 86.6 per cent, and the 27th day in all animals infected with the parasite. Antigens were found mainly in the wall of the digestive and reproductive organs, and in the cuticle of the larvae. As a method of early diagnosis fluorescence microscopy is simple, precise, and readily applicable in establishing Dictyocaulus infections.


[Study of the immunogenic capacity of the oocytes of E. tenella following irradiation with gamma rays]. Studied was the immunizing capacity of Eimeria tenella oocysts, treated with gamma rays at the rate of 6000 R, in 10- and 20-day-old chickens. The oocysts sporulated after treatment. Applied at the rate of 50,000 R they showed lower virulence and were capable of inducing resistance to reinfection with nonirradiated oocysts at rates that were three times as much. Following reinfection some birds manifested subclinical coccidiosis but survived. This showed that the immunization with oocysts that had been irradiated with 6,000 R had its peculiar aspects.


[Pathomorphological changes in a disease in swine caused by feeding bacterial-contaminated 1-lysine]. Studied were the lesions in the parenchymal organs and the hormonal glands in 20 pigs spontaneously died as a result of feeding with 1-lysine that had been contaminated with bacteria. The gross changes consisted of the enlargement and dark red coloration of the liver, gastroenteritis, hyperemia and hemorrhages in the kidneys and heart, oedema of the lungs and the wall of the gall bladder. Histologically, in the acute cases the liver showed hyperemia, pericapillary oedema, and granular dystrophia; in the subacute cases there were toxic dystrophy with the activation of the reticulo-endothelial system and subserous oedema in the gall bladder. The kidneys presented hyperemia, hemorrhages, and decreased volume of the glomeruloses in the subacute course of the disease. In terms of their function the heart, lungs, and kidneys displayed hemodynamic disturbances, and in the thyroid there were histologically changes characteristic of a follicular collapse. It is believed that the morphologic changes in the viscera investigated were due not to the intake of lysine itself, but to the effect of toxins produced by the concomitant microflora and the toxic amins (metabolites of the amino acids).


[Antibody formation in swine vaccinated with a lapinized K-vaccine and serum against hog cholera]. Immunized were experimentally a total of 10 pigs with 2 cu. cm lapinized K vaccine and 10 cu. cm swine fever serum each. Reimmunization was performed a month later using only vaccine. After three and a half months the experimental pigs were included into the group of pigs producing serum against swine fever that were preliminary simultaneously immunized against hog cholera by the classical method. Swine fever antibodies in the serum of the experimental pigs showed a concentration that was equal to that in the serum of the regular donors as in both cases the serum titer ranged within the limits of 0.10 to 0.12 cu. cm per kilogram body weight. It is concluded that pigs intended for serum producers can be immunized with a lapinized K vaccine and serum against swine fever on the farms supplying the animals. After building up the basic immunity, which lasts about three and a half months the pigs could be bought over and included for serum production. Thus, the pathogenic hog cholera virus of the simultaneous immunization at the Institute (producer of serum) will be eliminated, economizing forage and labor and premises for several months, which are necessary for serum producing pigs.


[Changes in the serum proteins in lambs experimentally infected with Haemonches contortus]. Infected were experimentally eight lambs with larvae of Haemonchus contortus. The test lambs were divided into two groups and were given each, by groups, 2500 and 5000 H. contortus larvae. Prior to infection and on the 10th, 20th, 30th, 40th and 50th day following it electrophoretic studies on the blood serum were performed. Results showed that certain quantitative changes in the protein fractions took place. They consist in the drop of the albumin and the rise of the globulin fractions.


[Structure of the surface of transformed cells of the L line]. In normal fibroblastoid cells 30 minutes after cultivation the cortical layer would be well defined and demarcated from the adjacent cytoplasma, microfibrillae constituting it are parallel to one another and perpendicular to the cell membrane. In transformed L cells at any terms of cultivation the cortical layers is poorly defined, the boundary with the cytoplasma is indistinct, microfibrillae are disoriented. Microvilli on the cell surface represent narrow projections of the cortical layer and consist mainly of microfibrillae. Microtubules show no definite orientation. The failure of cells L to spread over the substrate is due to an impaired orientation of microfibrillae and microtubules, and formation of fine projections-microvilli.


[An enzymohistochemical study of experimental tumors of the intestine]. The activity of 19 enzymes (hexokinase, glucoso-6-phosphatisomerase, alpha-glycerophosphate-, lactate-, succinate-, isocitrate-, malate-, glucoso-6-phosphate-, 6-phosphogluconate-, glutamate-, alcohol-, inosine-5'-phosphate-, guanosine-5'-monophosphate-dehydrogenase, cytochromoxidase NAD.N2- and NADP.N2-diaphorase, monoaminoxidase, alkaline and acid phosphatase) was studied comparatively in the mucosa of control rats and in tumors of the small intestine (27), and large intestine (176), induced in 41 rats percutaneously by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. A decreased level of the enzymes of tissue respiration and Krebs cycle was found with a simultaneous increase in the activity of the enzymes of glycolysis and pentoso-monophosphate shunt. These data evidence variations in tumor metabolism consisting in oxidizing phosphorylation, being replaced by aerobic glycosis, and also reflecting an intensive proliferation of tumor cells.


[Utilization of excess phenylalanine in the diet of rats to obtain an experimental model of phenylketonuria]. An excess of phenylalanine in the diet of rats was found to produce toxic action, especially strongly pronounced in animals receiving low-protein ration. A protein-rich diet is shown to produce a definite protective effect in acute poisoning with phenylalanine. In the blood and hepatic tissue of rats receiving for 15-30 days a diet containing 24 per cent of caseine and 7 per cent of phenylalanine there occurred a marked disproportion of free amino acids, i.e. a state of endogenous amino acids imbalance. The nature of biochemical disorders arising in the blood of these animals essentially differs from changes characteristic of the blood of the children suffering from phenylketonuria.


[Neuromuscular and phlebothrombotic clinical aspects of primary magnesium deficiency]. The symptomatology of the neuromuscular hyperexcitability due to magnesium deficit is non-specific. An analysis of its diagnostic criteria and of the etiological and physiopathological problems is made. The description of a phlebothrombosis syndrome due to primary magnesium deficit must lead to an investigation of the part played by this ionic disturbance in various thrombogenic conditions which may induce a leakage of this ion. Practical data related to the problems raised by the administration of oral magnesium therapy.


[Immunology of the Goodpasture's syndrome]. About 5% of all human glomerulonephritides are induced by basal membrane antibodies. Immunohistologically they are characterized by a linear fluorescence along the basal membrane of the glomerulum, when cuts of the kidneys of bioptic material are incubated with fluorescent anti-human-IgG-serum. Basal membrane antibodies circulating in the serum as well as antibodies eluted from renal homogenates are nephritogenic. Also recidivations of nephritis on renal homografts confirm the pathogenic significance. Basal membrane antibodies of patients with rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis seem to differ only by a non-existing cross-reaction to the antigen of the basal membrane of the lungs from Goodpasture basal membrane antibodies. Only a glomerulonephritis with pulmonary haemorrhage induced by basal membrane antibodies should be called Goodpasture syndrome.


[Detection of a hitherto unknown ninhydrin positive substance in the haemolysate of patients with metachromatic leucodystrophy (author's transl)]. A hitherto unknown substance, which appears between glycine and alanine in ion exchange chromatograms, was found in the erythrocyte cold haemolysate of two children with metachromatic leucodystophy; this substance could not be detected in the haemolysates from patients with other (brain) diseases. It would be worthwhile to test for this symptom in confirmed, still active (florid) cases of metachromatic leucodystrophy.


[The effect of adren- and serotoninergic substances on the behavior of amygdalectomized rats and on the aggressiveness evoked by intra-amygdaloid administration of acetylcholine]. The effect of serotoninergic (serotonin, 1-trytophane, imipramime, methysergide), catecholaminergic (noradrenaline, amphetamine, dopamine, 1-DOPA, iproniazid) and cholinergic drugs (physostigmine, atropine, benactyzine) on emotional reactions and orienting-motor activity, as well as the effect of these drugs on shock-elicited aggressiveness enhanced by intraamygdaloid microinjection of acetylcholine was investigated in experiments on amygdalectomized male albino rats. In amygdalectomized animals, as compared to control false-operated rats, the stimulating effect of amphetamine, imipramine, tryptophane and m-cholinoblockators was enhanced and their inhibitory effect was weakened. Bilateral microinjection of cholinergic drugs (acetylcholine, physostigmine and carbacholine) and noradrenaline into the amygdaloid body intensified emotional reactivity and aggressiveness. Microinjection of serotonin and dopamine inhibited aggressiveness and caused facilitaion of orienting-motor activity.  It is suggested that the adrenergic system intensifies and serotoninergic system depresses the m-cholinergic trigger mechanism of aggressive behavior in limbico-diencephalic structures.


[The effect of caudate nucleus stimulation on phenamine stereotypy in cats]. Large doses of d,1-amphetamine produce in cats a stereotype behaviour: its chronic administration results in low variability of the behaviour of one and the same animal and a stable set of motor automatisms. This makes it possible to use the cyclography for an objective estimation of the d,1-amphetamine-induced stereotypy. Low-frequency stimulation of the caudate nucleus head weakens or completely blocks the sterotype movements when current intensity is subthreshold for behavioral arrest reaction. The pecularities of the caudate control its similarity to the action of haloperidol and the absence of influence of the stimulation of the capsula interna and some thalamic nuclei on the stereotypy lead to the assumption that it is due to the depression of the inhibitory function of the caudate nucleus brought about by the intensification of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic transmission.


[Correlation of hippocampal theta-rhythm with behavior in rabbits]. Dynamics of the hippocampal theta-activity was studied during performance of a stably elaborated habit with drinking reinforcement. It has been shown that during running and in other forms of behaviour, belonging to the class of voluntary movements, the theta-activity takes place within the band of 7.5--12 c/s; during emotional stress without locomotion its frequency amounts to 6--7.5 c/s, during lapping movements it is equal to 5-6 c/s, during emotionally motivated and behavioral inactivation--to 2.5--5 c/s. In accordance with the data obtained in conditions of spontaneous behaviour, the observed facts allow to consider the wide spectrum of the hippocampal theta-rhythm not as a continuous, one-band, functionally uniform frequency, reflecting the continuum of arousal by its intensity,--but as consisting of discrete frequency bands which are functionally connected with different forms of behavior.


[Basic properties of nervous processes in twins]. Characteristics of nervous processes were studied in 50 pairs of twins by the verbal motor method with a preliminary verbal instruction. A chronographic reflexmeter with programmed control was used. Statistical processing of the data and calculation of heredity coefficients by the Holsinger formula has shown that the average intrapair difference in monozygotic twins (MT) was, as a rule, smaller than in dizygotics (DT). Dispersion analysis revealed a considerable dispersion of resultative characters in DT as compared with MT. The heredity coefficients obtained for the strength of the inhibitory process (H=0.88), that of the excitatory process (H=0.50), the mobility of nervous processes (H=0.42) and the rate of conditioning (H=0.34) points to a considerable genotypic determination of the examined properties of nervous processes.


[Interaction between the left and right sided systems of secretory conditioned reflexes following section of commissural pathways of the dog brain]. By means of stereotype rhythmic presentation of positive and inhibitory stimuli, systems of unilateral reflexes were elaborated in dogs with symmetrical parts of the tongue brought out by Abuladze method. After section of the corpus callosum as well as of the corpus callosum and the hippocampal and fornix commissures, differentiation of stimuli in the left- and right-side reflexes systems is impeded, and the systemic nervous process is also disturbed. The significance of the interhemispheric interaction has been revealed for the formation of unilateral dominant excitation sites necessary for achievment of a distinct unilateral reaction. The longer retention of unilaterally organized sites of latent excitation after callosotomy testifies to the role of interhemispheric interaction in the timely erasing of traces of unilateral stimuli.


[The type of higher nervous activity in twins]. Exmination of twelve pairs of monozygote (MT) and dizygote (DT) twins and their control groups revealed an identity of the higher nervous activity type and a high positive intrapair and group correlation of typological parameters in MT (0.42); a predominantly different typological classification and a lower correlation in DT (0.33); a low correlation in the control group No. 1 and mere traces of general positive correlation in group No. 2 (0.07) and No. 3. The data point to the considerable genetic dependence of the higher nervous activity type; they also serve as a verification of the method used.


[The dynamics of forming an active defensive reflex in cats]. Active defensive reflexes were elaborated in cats with pain stimulations of the forepaw by means of an electrical pricking device with a target attached to it. The elaboration was carried out during action of a flickering light used for the convenience of the EEG analysis. Repeated pain stimulation led to elaboration of an aggressive attacking reaction, chiefly manifested in the paw striking the target. At the beginning of the elaboration, passive-defensive reactions were manifest, which did not completely disappear even after formation of a stable attacking reflex. Two types of active defensive reflexes were elaborated: A-type reflex which helped the animal to get rid of the pain stimulation at the very beginning; B-type reflex which prevented the pain stimulation. The difference beteween these two types is discussed.


[The possibility of elaborating conditioned reflexes on the basis of emotional reactions evoked by electrical stimulation of limbic structures]. In experiments on cats with chronically implanted electrodes a conditioned stimulus (200 c/s tone) was paired with electrical stimulation of limbic structures, which produces pronounced emotional behaviour: defensive, aggressive, alimentary or drinking reactions. It has been shown that conditioned reactions are not elaborated on the basis of electrical stimulation, which activates alimentary, drinking or aggressive behaviour. Neither is a conditioned reflex formed to the combination of sound and stimulation of the brain structures, which inhibits alimentary behaviour. A distinct conditioned fear reaction sets in as a result of combination of sound and electrical stimulation of brain structures, which evoke defensive behaviour. The data obtained are analyzed in the light of the significance of natural requirements of the organism for the elaboration of conditioned reflexes.


Dynamics of social hierarchy in a dairy herd. Factors which lead to social rank tension and dynamics of social hierarchy were analysed in a herd of dairy cattle. Socioethological characteristics were evaluated by means of the Dominance Value (DV) and the Index of Aggression (IA) which were computed for each animal of the herd. The analysis of interrelationships between DV--IA--seniority--body weight--individual pecularities elucidated some impulses of social rank dynamics.


[Formation of linear relations of potentials in the dog neocortex in a dynamic stereotype]. During elaboration of a stereotype system of defensive conditioned reflexes in dogs (Pavlov dynamic stereotype), a correlation spectral analysis was made of electrical activity in the neocortex. With a stable dynamic stereotype, substantial changes of background electrical activity were observed in the interstimuli periods, manifested in a significant growth of linear relations of cortical potentials at certain frequencies. This was expressed in separation from the wide-band random process (involving background activity before the formation of the dynamic stereotype) of definite, relatively narrow ranges of frequencies which formed the high coherence of the processes. No such changes of electrical activity were observed in conditioning without a stereotype; this points to special mechanisms of the dynamic stereotype, which differ from those of ordinary conditioned reflexes.


[Direct and feedback temporary connections between unfamiliar visual stimuli]. Recording of averaged evoked potentials to two successive visual stimuli shows that associations, temporary connections, direct and feedback, can be elaborated in man between two unrecognized stimuli. The magnitude of cortical late response to the first stimulus in the complex diminishes as a result of action of the inhibitory feedback temporary connection. This inhibitory effect is more pronounced when the second stimulus is emotionally significant for the subject. The evoked potential to the second stimulus in the association between unrecognized visual stimuli is considerably facilitated. The role is discussed of direct and feedback temporary connections between unrecognized stimuli in some unconscious psychic phenomena in man.


[Probabilistic reinforcement and neurotic breakdown in unrestrained dogs]. The substitution of a constant reinforcement for a random one with a probability of 0.5 in experiments on two dogs with a simple motor stereotype was attended with nervous breakdowns with motor excitation, inadequate orienting reactions or passive-defensive behaviour. The change in the probability of reinforcement from 0.5 to 0.3 had a positive effect in experiments on one dog, while in the other it developed drowsiness. In two other dogs with a complicated stereotype, the change in the mode of reinforcement was attended with a peculiar preventive effect of probabilistic, but ordered reinforcement in experimental surroundings, including signals with a probabilistic random reinforcement as well. In this case the dogs displayed primarily signs of emotional stress only. Behaviour was somewhat disturbed in one animal only when testing signals with a probabilistic random reinforcement.


[Critical notes on delivery and perinatal mortality in single breech presentation deliveries]. This report deals with 432 single breech presentation deliveries. Caesarean section frequency was 12,3%. As to the vaginal route of delivery, the simple Bracht manoeuvre had been prefered; in recent times, however, the assisted spontaneous delivery with oxytocin-infusion has been introduced. The corrected perinatal mortality was 4,9%. The rate of prematurely born infants amounted to 14,6%. The corrected perinatal mortality of infants up to 2500 g was 3,3%; of full term infants it was 1,4%. The importance of breech presentation delivery as a high risk delivery is being emphasized. Fetal monitoring and blood gas analysis were required. Indications of caesarean section and suggestions for the management of breech presentations were established. Generally caesarean section of primiparae is not recommended. The diminished rate of prematurely born infants is considered to be of great importance for the decrease of perinatal mortality of breech presentation infants. Intensive pregnancy care, widely used uterotocolysis, and cervix-cerclage in cases of breech presentation are recommended.


[Reproduction of the electrophysiologic correlates of a conditioned defense reflex following electroconvulsive activity]. Acute and chronic experiments on cats have shown the possibility of obtaining in one session conditioned EEG-responses and vegetative changes as well as conditioned motor reactions time-locked to the moment of the unconditioned pain stimulation omitted during testing. Electro-convulsive stimulation directly after elaboration prevents the appearance of conditioned motor reactions, while conditioned EEG and vegetative changes are retained after electric seizures. A conclusion has been drawn that the emotional component of conditioned reactions is not subjected to the amnestic effect of electro-convulsive action.


[The structure of the intellectual defect in children with cerebral palsy born prematurely]. The paper is concerned with a study of the structure of an intellectual defect in 2 groups of children with intrauteral birth trauma is characterized by a certain dissociation (in a satisfactory speech development and verbal thinking there was an insufficiency of spacial perception). The structure of an intellectual defect in children of the 2nd group (characterized by a bilirubin encephalopathy due to a physiological icterus of the prematurely born) the main feature was a defect of hearing and an underdevelopment of verbal thinking, while as the subject-visual thinking was preserved.


[Experimental hyperkinesis upon systemic activation of the limbic structures of the brain]. Proceeding from the standpoint of a systemic organization of nervous processes which determine the central mechanism of hyperkinesis, the authors modeled hyperkineses by a simultaneous or successional electric stimulation of the brain limbic system in dogs. It was established that there was a correlation between the external expression of hyperkineses, their stability and reproduction and the ordinal succession in which the structures are irritated. In such conditions it is possible to create a functional system where the activation of separate structures appears to be a link in the system while the separate links are inter-related on the basis of inborn and developed mechanisms.


Relationship between type of tobacco used and localization of tumour in patients with gastric cancer. The relationship between the type of tobacco used and the localization of the tumour was studied in 493 patients with gastric cancer. The relative frequency of tumour site was found to vary significantly with the type of tobacco. In men who used all kinds of tobacco, a pipe was the most common form of smoking. Women smoked only cheroots or cigarettes or both. Male smokers showed a significantly higher percentage of tumours at the cardia than did female smokers. Female smokers had a significantly higher percentage of tumours involving the entire stomach than male smokers. Male smokers with tumours at the cardia were significantly more often pipe smokers and cigarette smokers than cheroot smokers. Male smokers with tumours involving the entire stomach were significantly more often cheroot smokers than cigarette smokers. The localization of tumours in cigarette smokers differed in men and women, indicating that cigarette smoking per se possibly plays a subordinate causal role. On the other hand, the distribution pattern of the localization among cheroot smokers was practically the same in both sexes, which might indicate that this type of smoking plays an important role. The same probably applies to pipe smoking, especially when combined with snuff or chewing tobacco, but these types of tobacco had not been used by the women. It is mentioned that not only the nature of tobacco used, but also concurrent factors may influence the localization of the tumours.


[Dissociation of reproduction of conditioned vegetative and motor reactions during retrograde electroconvulsive amnesia]. It has been shown in chronic experiments on rats that electro-convulsive action applied in five to ten seconds after one-session conditioning completely precludes the reproduction of conditioned motor reactions, while conditioned bradycardiac reactions are clearly reproduced in tests one hour and 24 hours after elaboration. Unconditioned stimulus presented in another experimental situation six to seven days after elaboration and amnesic action, leads to a stable reproduction of the previously non-achieved conditioned motor reactions. The results obtained suggest that electrical seizures influence the reproduction of motor reactions, rather than fixation of temporary connection.


Origin and destination of the median germ cells in late somite stage and early post-somite stage duck embryos. In continuation of preceding investigations, in 184 duck embryos of the developmental stages 18-27 according to Hamburger and Hamilton (about 85-140 hours of incubation) a study was done on the occurrence of median germ cells. These cells proved to be present in proportionally small numbers in the stages 19-26. Their numbers were independent of the sex of the embryos and did not show any relations whatever with changes in the numbers or distribution of the intragonadal germ cells. The temporary occurrence of the median germ cells could be shown to be due to the movement of the gonadal primordia from the splanchnopleure of the yolk sac to the ventro-medial surface of the mesonephros, and it was argued that ultimately all these germ cells reach the right of left gonad.


Gross morphology of ovarian changes during the reproductive cycle of Indian lizards (Calotes versicolor and Hemidactylus flaviviridis). A comparative study has been made of the reproductive cycle and gross ovarian changes in two species of Indian lizards (Calotes versicolor and Hemidactylus flaviviridis), which are oviparous. They exhibit a single, short breeding season that extends over a few months. Calotes ovalutes 10 to 32 eggs per clutch (the highest number recorded so far for lizards belonging to the family Agamidae) from last week of June to the first week of September, with July through August being the months of highest reproductive potential when monsoon occurs. From October to May, there occur reduced ovaries containing small previtellogenic follicles which begin to increase in size with the approach of June when heavy yolk deposition occurs. Hemidactylus ovulates from mid-March to mid-May, with a peak in April when there occurs an appreciable increase in day length and temperature. It usually ovulates two eggs per clutch (one from each ovary). From June to the 3rd week of February, the ovaries remain small whitish bodies, each containing 3 or 4 small previtellogenic follicles of variable size which, with the approach of March, begin to increase in size by accumulating yolk. Various indirect evidences suggest that both the lizards lay more than one clutch of eggs during the breeding season.


Behavior and the balance between norepinephrine and serotonin. The functions of the central monoamines Norepinephrine (NE) and Serotonin (5HT) can be clarified by the study of behaviors of rats administered selective monoamine toxins. In his home environment the low NE rat has drive deficits and is lethargic, tending to remain in his burrow, but in novel environments this animal acts less frightened than Controls. The low 5HT rat is conversely active and exploratory in familiar environments but frightened in novel environments. These two animals model aspects of depression and anxiety, respectively. 5HT can be thought of as placing the brain into a state of consciousness appropriate for an animal in his nest (i.e., 5HT neurons act as relaxers), and as involved in a type of positive affect related to security, whereas NE neurons are dominant when an animal is vigilant, foraging out in the environment and are involved in a type of positive affect related to goal-directed approach arousal. Monoamine toxins may be produced when the behaviors elicited by these central neuronal systems are negatively reinforced (extinguished).


Effects of female sex hormones on histamine metabolism in guinea-pigs. Determination of the urinary excretion of histamine and methylhistamine was performed in intact and gonadectomized male and female guinea-pigs. The excretion of methylhistamine varied more than that of histamine both in the same animal and between different animals. The urinary excretion of histamine and methylhistamine reflects fairly well the total histamine turnover in the animal, provided that aminoguanidine is administered to inhibit diamine oxidase activity. There was no sex difference in the excretion of histamine and methylhistamine and gonadectomy did not influence the urinary output. Female sex steroids had little ifany effect upon histamine turnover in the guinea-pig which is in contrast to the situation in rats and mice.


Age-dependent sensitivity of basal cells in mouse vaginal epithelium towards the diferentiating action of estrogen. Following ovariectomy, the vaginal epithelium of the mouse is reduced to two layers of cells, the basal layer that constitutes the germinative compartment and surface layer. Under estrogenic influence, this tissue undergoes keratinization at the expense of asal cell only. The initially superficial cells are progressively sloughed, without taking part in the cornification process. We have shown previously that within the first 12 hours after estrogen administration (that is, before any change in mitotic activity is detected) an intermediate layer of cells is formed. Thurs, a migratory process is induced, which leads to a very rapid redistribution to basal cells into two layers...


Evoked potential changes during ethanol withdrawal in rats. We have recently observed an increase in central nervous system excitability during intoxication and alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics. Our present results demonstrate a similar phenomenon in rats. The hyper-excitability caused by ethanol withdrawal is still present subsequent to the overt behavioral symptoms of withdrawal.


An evaluation of the role of leukocytes in the pathogenesis of experimentally induced corneal vascularization. II. Studies on the effect of leukocytic elimination on corneal vascularization. Investigations on several experimental models in the past have supported the hypotheses that corneal vascularization is a manifestation of the inflammatory response and that leukocytes perform an essential role in stimulating corneal vascular ingrowth. To evaluate the possible role of leukocytes further in this phenomenon, the effect of leukocyte elimination on corneal vascularization induced by silver nitrate cauterization was investigated. Weanling Fischer albino rats received doses of total body x-irradiation ranging from 1100 to 2100 rads to deplete circulating leukocytes, and corneal silver nitrate cauterization was performed 4 days later. In this model, animals that received 1500 rads or more total body x-irradiation became severely leukopenic within 4 days. As a rule, neither leukocytes nor blood vessels invaded the cauterized corneas, whereas both a leukocytic and vascular invasion occurred at lower doses of irradiation that did not totally eliminate circulating leukocytes. Corneal vascularization ensued if the corneal cauterization was performed immediately after total body x-irradiation with 1500 rads before the leukopenic effect of x-irradiation occurred. Control studies in which the cornea was cauterized 4 days after only the head received 1500 rads x-irradiation ruled out the possibility of irradiation-induced limbal endothelial damage as the explanation for the vascular suppression observed by x-ray treatment. In nonirradiated rats, silver nitrate cauterization of the cornea consistently induced corneal vascularization by 2 to 3 days. In further experiments, methylprednisolone acetate was administered subconjunctivally after corneal cauterization. This corticosteroid inhibited the infiltration of leukocytes and the subsequent vascular invasion into the corneal stroma, if administered immediately after silver nitrate cauterization. However, when the same glucocorticoid was administered 1 day after cauterization, both a leukocytic infiltration and vascular ingrowth occurred but to a less severe degree than in non-glucocorticoid-treated cauterized corneas. These investigations together demonstrated that a vascular ingrowth of the cornea did not follow corneal cauterization with silver nitrate in the absence of leukocytes, and gives further support to the hypothesis that leukocytes serve a crucial function in corneal vascularization.


Lipid content in the liver of fatty metamorphosis of pregnancy. Lipid analyses were performed on the liver of a patient who died during an episode of acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and on livers from normal subjects and from subjects suffering from nutritional fatty livers. Comparison of these data indicates that in fatty liver of pregnancy the increased hepatic lipids consist primarily of free fatty acids. The recognized toxicity of fatty acids suggests a pathogenic mechanism for the disease. Nutritional fatty liver is associated predominantly with an increase in triglyceride. These changes are not the result of postmortem change, and they confirm and extend the previous data concerning the fat accumulation in human hepatic illness.


Folate transport in the central nervous system. Methyltetrahydrofolic acid or folic acid was infused intravenously at a constant rate into conscious untreated or methotrexate-pretreated rabbits. After 150 min, at equivalent plasma concentrations, folic acid or methyltetrahydrofolic acid readily entered the cerebrospinal fluid and probably brain by a saturable transport system. In contrast, after intraventricular injections, folic acid but not methyltetrahydrofolic acid was cleared from cerebrospinal fluid to blood by a saturable system. Intraventribular injection of folic acid at concentrations that saturated folic acid clearance from cerebrospinal fluid did not affect the transport of methyltetrahydrofolic acid from blood into cerebrospinal fluid. These results suggest that the transport system for mehtyltetrahydrofolic acid, which is about half-saturated at normal plasma concentrations, helps maintain the cerebrospinal fluid and probably brain methyltetrahydrofolic acid concentrations within relatively narrow limits. Moreover, folic acid, which the brain cannot utilize, is transported from cerebrospinal fluid. A possible locus for the systems that transport folic acid from and methyltetrahydrofolic acid into the cerebrospinal fluid is the choroid plexus.


Influence of age on size and number of fat cells in the epididymal depot. The extensive literature on the effect of rat age on the size and number of adipocytes in adipose tissue depots relates solely to young developing rats and young adults. Therefore a study was carried out in our laboratory on the cellular characteristics of the epididymal depot of the Fisher 344 strain of rats through virtually the entire life-span. Collagenase digests of this depot prepared from rats of 9, 13, 26, 52, 104, and 130 wk of age yield a population of cells with diameters greater than 30 mum identified as adipocytes or "fat cells." A remarkably complex pattern of changes in both the size and the number of these fat cells in the epididymal depot occurred through the life-span of the rats. The epididymal depots also contain some cells with diameters around 10 mum which have a morphology similar to that of the classic adipocytes; such cells may be preadipocytes.


Parasympathetic regulation of mitosis induced in rat parotid by dietary change. Mitotic activity of rat parotid was increased from levels near zero to 10-40 mitotic figures per 1,000 acinar cells (mean, 15/1,000) 2 days after glandular activity was increased from less than normal to normal by replacing liquid diet with a diet of solid chow. This frequency greatly exceeded the maximum (1-3/1,000 acinar cells) observed at any time during the diurnal mitotic fluctuations. This mitotic burst was virtually prevented if the auriculotemporal nerve was removed 2 days prior to introduction of solid chow, but was only somewhat reduced when the superior cervical ganglion was removed prior to the dietary substitution. The parasympathetic innervation also was chiefly responsible for the increased cell size that followed reintroduction of solid food.


Roentgenographic features of mushroom (Amanita) poisoning. The clinical and roentgenographic features of six cases of Amanita mushroom poisoning were reviewed. The roentgenographic manifestations included adynamic ileus (three patients) and small, irregularly shaped kidneys secondary to the healing process of acute tubular necrosis (one patient). Intestinal pseudo-obstruction can result from many medical problems and mushroom poisoning should be considered in its differential diagnosis.


Rectal and sigmoid involvement secondary to carcinoma of the prostate. Three types of involvement of the rectum and recto-sigmoid by carcinoma of the prostate are reviewed through an analysis of eight cases. A fourth type with subserosal metastatic implant of the proximal sigmoid may occasionally be encountered. The roentgenographic findings are not pathognomonic, but are characteristic of extrinsic involvement of the bowel wall. When clinical symptoms are predominantly related to the bowel, carcinoma of the prostate is usually advanced. All patients presented with bone metastases, uretero-hydronephorsis, lack of function of one kidney, or both bone metastases and urinary tract obstruction. Rectoscopy and biopsy are helpful. However, biopsy specimens often show non-diagnostic features in secondary malignancy. Correct diagnosis is important, since there is a difference in treatment of primary carcinoma and of secondary involvement of the rectum by prostatic carcinoma. A diagnostic challenge exists if the patient is evaluated by barium enema examination for primary bowel symptoms, in particular, large bowel obstruction. At this time intravenous pyelography and bone survey for metastases may not be available to suggest the correct diagnosis. More widespread use of barium enema examinations in the evaluation of advanced carcinoma of the prostate is suggested, since the type of rectal disease shown on barium enema study was not clinically suspected in five of eight patients. The prognosis is usually unfavorable because of advanced carcinoma. Survival often does not exceed several months to one year. However, one of our patients is still well after three years of hormonal therapy.


Accuracy of 99mTC-diphosphonate bone scans and roentgenograms in the detection of prostate, breast and lung carcinoma metastases. A technetium 99m diphosphonate scan is a sensitive detector of bony metastases of breast, prostate, and lung cancer. For these particular neoplasms, a negative bone scan in an asymptomatic patient is adequate evidence for absence of bony metastases and a correlative roentgenographic examination may not be necessary. Positive studies demonstrating multiple characteristic discrete areas of increased activity should be considered strong evidence for metastases. Single equivocal lesions require roentgenographic and occasionally biopsy correlation. If roentgenography fails to reveal the source of increased uptake, (e.g., degenerative disease) the scan lesion should remain suspicious for metastases.


Have we lost our way?

Have we lost our way? There are many serious problems that beset society in general and medicine in particular. Some are related to the social and economic revolution that currently involves the world and will necessarily affect the practice of surgery. There is considerable evidence to indicate that one of the main battlefronts in this revolution is the practice of surgery. A review of five aspects of our current professional life has emphasized the complexity and significance of the problems with which we are confronted. It would seem that we are responsible for some of these problems and the associated confusion. In many instances, and perhaps most, it would appear that our problems and the related attempts at their solution have developed with the planning and help of other political, social, and legal groups, and often to their advantage but to the disadvantage of our patients and us. In our effort to find solutions to these problems, a vicious cycle has been established which, in turn, has produced deleterious effects and the impairment of surgical practice. As changes have been introduced in rapid succession, confusion and frustration have occurred. To eliminate confusion, committees have been appointed to solve the problems. In most instances the solutions developed by committees produced more problems which, in turn, required the appointment of still more committees which also created problems along with the development of their solutions. Consequently, the pace of academic and hospital functions has progressively increased to the point that a professional time and energy drain has been created. As the professional energy drain has increased, there has been a decrease in patient care and a breakdown of the system provided to supply this care, due in large measure to the erosion of the surgeon's time by administrative, committee, and various other nonprofessional activities. With the breakdown of hospital surgical practice, a loss of direction and a loss of control have developed.


[Plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone and electrolyte balance in the postoperative period (author's transl)]. Plasma renin-activity and plasma aldosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in 15 female patients before and 16 hours after intraabdominal surgery. Plasma renin was increased in all patients and plasma aldosterone in 12 patients after operation. Plasma renin and plasma aldosterone were correlated significantly (r=0.66, p less than 0.01) in the whole group. The increase of renin and plasma aldosterone was correlated inversely to urinary sodium-potassium-ratio. In 5 patients the increase of plasma renin and plasma aldosterone could not be prevented by the intra- and postoperative administration of 360 mEq of sodium, which was consequently retained. It is proposed that postoperative hyperaldosteronism is at least partly mediated through the renin-angiotensin-system. An absolute or relative sodium deficit appears to be an unlikely explanation for the stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-system in the postoperative period. The postoperative increase of plasma renin and consequently plasma aldosterone is possibly a consequence of anaesthetic induced impaired kidney perfusion and/or catecholamine mediated stimulation of renin release.


[Plasma cell dyscrasia with arteriopathy, polyneuropathy, and endocrine syndrome. A Japanese disease in an Italian patient]. Japanese authors have described a new syndrome: plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy and endocrine disorders. So far this syndrome has been found only in Japanese patients. A new case, with diffuse arteriopathy and mediacalcosis, has been seen in a yound italian patient.


Outpatient anaesthesia in Finland: drugs used and postoperative care of patients. To shed light on the practice of outpatient anaesthesia in Finland 126 hospitals performing outpatient surgery were asked about the drugs used and about postoperative care. 64% of the hospitals replied. Intravenous were more popular than inhalation agents. Diazepam (57%), propanidid (52%) and thiopentone (52%) were the most commonly used drugs. Nitrous oxide, mostly in combination with other anaesthetics, diazepam with pethidine, and halothane were used in 48%, 41% and 36% of the hospitals respectively. Divinylether and diethylether were employed in 35% and 15% respectively. Propanidid, thiopentone and diazepam were the first choice in 29%, 21%, and 11% respectively, while divinylether was still the first choice agent in 11%. Most central hospitals used nitrous oxide (82%), thiopentone (65%), halothane (60%), propanidid (50%) and methohexitone (25%). Small hospitals, where anaesthesia was not administered by specialists, most frequently used ethers (divinylether 51%, diethylether 29%), diazepam with pethidine (54%), propanidid (49%) and diazepam alone (34%). After propanidid, thiopentone and methohexitone patients were generally kept in hospital for 3 hours and advised against driving for between 17 to 20 hours. It is concluded that the choice of drugs seems appropriate. However, supplementation with nitrous oxide could reduce the high doses of intravenous anaesthetics used and result in reduced side-effects and more rapid recoveries. The wide use of involved anaesthetic techniques in rural areas stresses the importance of teaching anaesthesiology to general practitioners.


Familial hypouricaemia due to renal tubular defect of urate transport. A 28-year-old man was found to have hypouricaemia (plasma uric acid, 0.40 to 1.25 mg/100 ml). The 24-hour urinary urate excretion on a low purine diet was 690 mg, a value higher than the mean value of 419 mg for gouty Japanese patients. Urate clearance was 88.5 ml/min--approximately the same as the endogeneous creatinine clearance. The ratio of urate clearance to creatinine clearance was scarcely altered by pyrazinamide, but diminished by probenecid (from 69.2% to 52.4%). No other renal tubular abnormalities were detected. The findings in this subject may be accounted for by a nearly complete tubular defect in reabsorptive transport mechanisms of urate. A survey of his family revealed at least three similarly affected persons, who were all from consanguineous marriages. The hypouricaemia was transmitted as an autosomal trait.


[Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) in Leucophaea maderae (Dictyoptera: Blattidae): crossing of the intestinal wall]. Attempts to infect Leucophaea maderae by feeding them with matured proglottids of Hymenolepis nana var. fraterna, show that only a few embryos are able to go through the midgut wall. During this passage, the parasites induce in the host a cellular reaction into the epithelium and an hemocytic reaction outside. Further development does not occur and embryos cannot reach the cysticercoïd stage.


Comparison of the antiviral effects of 5-methoxymethyl-deoxyuridine with 5-iododeoxyuridine, cytosine arabinoside, and adenine arabinoside. The antiviral activity of 5-methoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (MMUdR) was compared with that of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IUdR), cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), and adenine arabinoside (Ara-A). At concentrations of 2 to 4 mug/ml, MMUdR was inhibitory to herpes simplex virus type 1, but concentrations as high as 128 mug/ml were not inhibitory to three other herpesviruses tested (equine rhinopneumonitis virus, murine cytomegalovirus, and feline rhinopneumonitis virus) or to vaccinia virus. The other nucleosides, in contrast, were inhibitory at similar concentrations (1 to 8 mug/ml) against all viruses tested. The inhibition of HSV-1 by MMUdR appeared to be the result of interference with virus replication rather than the result of drug toxicity to host cells. The drug was not toxic to host cells at 100 times the antiviral concentrations, and pretreatment of host cells with high concentrations of MMUdR had no effect on subsequent virus replication. Combination of MMUdR with either IUdR, Ara-A, or Ara-C gave an enhanced antiviral effect, suggesting that the mechanism of action of MMUdR is different from that of the other three drugs. Antiviral indexes were calculated for each compound and were found to be >250, 80, 40, and 8 for MMUdR, IUdR, Ara-A, and Ara-C, respectively. These were defined as the minimum dose at which toxicity was observed microscopically divided by the dose which reduced plaque numbers by 50%.


Post-lesion yawning and thalamotomy site. Yawning during hyperventilation occurred in certain patients post-thalamotomy. It was found that all of the lesions which elicited yawning (during the routine recording of electroencephalograms) were localized to the medial portion of the center-median nucleus. Yawning was noted to persist up to 3(1/2) years post surgery. Another group of patients who yawned when hyperventilated were patients with a history of a recent head injury who showed post-traumatic behavioral changes. Patients in both groups were young. There was no direct relationship between yawning and EEG abnormality. It was suggested that yawning during hyperventilation may serve as a sign of brain damage, especially at the brain stem level, in young patients.


Effect of substrates on acetoin production by Torulopsis colliculosa and Enterobacter species. Under optimal conditions, Torulopsis colliculosa NRRL 172 and Enterobacter B-87 (ATCC 27613) produced 50 to 500 mg of acetoin per g of substrate. Whereas cane molasses, gur, glucose, and sucrose were suitable substrates for acetoin production, lactose and mannitol supported very good growth but yielded little or no acetoin. Production of acetoin increased with increases in the concentration of glucose, yeast extract, and peptone. Combination of substrates and intermittent feeding of substrate failed to increase the yields.


[Comparative autoradiographic in vitro-examinations of cell proliferation in normal and psoriatic epidermis using autologous plasma and eagles basel medium with 10% fetal calf serum for incubation (author's transl)]. In normal human epidermis and in psoriasis we examined the cytokinetics under in vitro-conditions. We found a continuity of DNA-synthesis during the first 2 hrs of incubations. There were no significant differences between the data obtained by incubation in autologous plasma or in Eagles Basal Medium with 10% fetal calf serum.


Differences due to species, sex and pregnancy in microsomal induction by diphenylhydantoin in rabbits and rats. Diphenylhydantoin sodium (DPH), 100 mg/kg/day for 3 days markedly induced aminopyrine, hexobarbital and aniline in vitro biotransformation, and increased P-450 level in microsomes and liver microsomal protein content in female and male rabbits. However, in pregnant rabbits, only aniline biotransformation was stimulated by DPH. In female nonpregnant rats, DPH also significantly stimulated in vitro hepatic biotransformation of aminopyrine, hexobarbital and aniline, and increased P-450 level in microsomes and liver to body weight ratio. In male rats, however, none of the pathways was stimulated significantly despite increases in P-450 level; the liver to body weight ratios were significantly increased. In day 15 pregnant rats only hexobarbital and in day 20 aminopyrine and aniline biotransformation were significantly increased by DPH-pretreatment. Responsiveness of hepatic microsomal enzymes in rats was apparently decreased on day 15 of pregnancy but was returning towards normal on day 20. Normal and DPH stimulated rates of biotransformation, and P-450 content of microsomes were higher in male than in female rats. These sex differences were not seen in rabbits. Rabbits of either sex generally responded to stimulation by DPH by substantially higher hepatic microsomal biotransformation rates than rats.


Effects of chronic administration of heroin on rats trained on two food reinforcement schedules. The effects on behaviour and growth of rats given heroin s.c. every 8-hr, and during withdrawal (saline q.8.h.) were studied. Performance of rats trained on one food-reinforcement schedule (FR-10 or VI-10) was tested every day after one of the injections of saline or heroin. Doses of 0.25 mg/kg/injection heroin hydrochloride were increased stepwise to 32 mg/kg as "behavioural tolerance" developed. Threshold doses which blocked feeding in the first 30 min of testing ranged from 0.75 to 4.0 mg/kg and "tolerance" to 32 mg/kg/injection required from 18-71 + days. Heroin interrupted growth in heavier rats; lighter rats gained like saline-treated controls. Within 48 hr of withdrawal bar-pressing increased but all rats lost weight, were hyperirritable, and had diarrhoea. Thereafter, performance and body weight rose steadily. Administration of heroin at regular intervals over a prolonged period, and withdrawal from it, cause a disruption in behaviour comparable to that reported for morphine.


A model of the endocrine regulation of the female reproductive organs. A biocybernetical analysis was accomplished for a better understanding of the hormonal management in breast cancer therapy, which is based on reported experimental facts and observations. By this a graphentheoretical model of regulation could be obtained answering some unsolved questions. These questions concern the hypothalamic control of the LTH secretion, the regression of the reproductive organs, the significance of that cyclic testosterone secretion by the ovaries recently reported, and the importance of HCG in the establishment of pregnancy and in proliferation of mammary tissue.


Electron microscopical study of initial and final stages of fowl plague virus-replication in chick embryo cells. Cellular uptake of fowl plague virus occurs 10-30 minutes after inoculation of chick embryo cells. The penetration of the virions is by pinocytosis (viropexis); fusion with the cellular membrane has not been observed. After pinocytosis the virions become gradually disintegrated. Budding of newly formed virions from the cellular membrane starts 3 hours post inoculation (p.i.) and reaches its maximum 8 hours p.i. At the same time budding takes place into electron microscopically empty and autophagic vacuoles. Eight hours p.i. about 3 per cent of the infected cells show budding of virions from the surface and into cytoplasmic vacuoles. Labelling of the cellular membrane with ruthenium red demonstrated that these cytoplasmic vacuoles are not simple cross-sections of invaginations of the cellular membrane. Cluster-like structures were found at 6 hours p.i. in the nuclei of infected cells; however, the suggestion that the clusters develop from nucleoli could not be confirmed.


Binding of polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid with cultured cells. Homogenates prepared from polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid copolymer [poly(rI) - poly(rC)]-treated cells exhibited antiviral activity in chick embryo, L and rabbit kidney cells. The antiviral activity in the homogenate co-sedimented with cellular membrane material and was shown to be poly(rI) - poly(rC) by a hybridization competition test with immobilized polyribocytidylic acid. The results indicate that poly(rI) - poly(rC) binds firmly to cellular membrane. These studies, however, could not differentiate between specific binding leading to the interferon induction and non-specific binding possibly unrelated to the induction of interferon.


[Trigger properties of gonadotropic hormones and oocyte factors in connection with the germinal epithelium of the rat testis]. In order to reveal possible stimulation of growth of the germinal epithelium of the rat's injured testicle the animals were injected follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones and their mixture as well as homogenate of fertilized egg-cells during two weeks. Changes of neurosecretion in large-cell nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus, cellular set in the adenohypophysis and the condition of the germinal epithelium in the gonad under study were investigated. Identical phenomena of reduction (having quantitative distinctions) took place due to effects of exogeneous honadotropins in neurosecretory nuclei and the adenohypophysis. In testicular tubules there occurred pronounced proliferation of the germinal epithelium, but spermatogenesis was absent. Egg-cell homogenate failed to cause changes in neurosecretion and adenohypophysis but resulted in completing the developmental cycle of the germinal epithelium with mature spermatozoa. The effect of gonadotropins upon the system hypothalamus-hypophysis is explained by feed-back mechanism, and the absence of spermatogenesis--by the lack of androgens. The rsults of egg-cell homogenate effects should be associated with local stimulating effects of DNA of the dividing egg-cell.


[Trisomy of an autosome in mice heterozygous by a Robertson translocation]. From 866 embryos of mice heterozygous by Roberstsonian translocations 54 ones (6,2%) had trisomy of one of translocated chromosomes. The frequency of trisomy is unique for each translocation, dependent on other chromosomal redistributions in the karyotype and on sex of heterozygous individuals. Trisomy of all the autosomes studied (N 1, 5, 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 19) results in a characteristic complex of non-specific malformations which includes general delay in development, reduction of the cephalic portion of the nervous tube, cranio-fascial malformations, hypertrophy of the heart cavities. In a number of cases autosomal trisomy (N 15,8) is responsible for certain specific disturbances of morphogenesis. The excess of majority of autosomes (N 5, 8, 9, 15, 16 and 17) causes death of embryos in the period of active organogenesis. Embryos with trisomy of the 1st, 14th and 19th pairs of autosomes in certain cases reach the fetal period but have severe malformations and are non-survival. In mice karyotype there seems to be no autosomes whose trisomy is compatible with postnatal development. Signs of similarity and difference in manifestation of numericle chromosomal aberrations were noted in embryogenesis of mice and man. Principle possibility of modelling chromosomal embryopathy of man in mice with Robertsonian translocations is supposed.


[Study on the inhibition of testicular polyadenylate polymerase stimulated by manganese]. Many different types of naturally occurring substances and of drugs were examined as potential inhibitors of a Mn++-stimulated and poly(A)-primed polyadenylate polymerase that was partially purified from rat testis. By far the most active inhibitors were anionic dyes that were either of the diazo naphthyl sulfonate category, such as Evans Blue, or were halogenated derivatives of fluorescein, like Rose Bengal. The characteristics of these in vitro inhibitions, which did not involve any photo-sensitized reactions, were examined in considerable detail.


Oestradiol-17 beta and prolactin levels in rat peripheral plasma. Radioimmunoassay methods for the determination of oestradiol-17 beta and prolactin have been examined for their reliability and applied to the measurement of hormone concentrations in the plasmas from male and female rats. Prolactin was detectable in all samples (greater than 7 ng RP-1 ng/ml) but the concentration of oestradiol-17 beta was below the sensitivity of the method (greater than 0-10 ng/100 ml) in ovariectomized females. Plasma oestradiol-17 beta concentration rose gradually from metoestrus to proestrus and fell to barely detectable levels in oestrus. Plasma prolactin concentration was very variable even for rats in the same stage of the oestrous cycle but values were minimal in the afternoon of diestrus and a surge in secretion occurred in the afternoon of proestrus. In addition to the stage of the oestrous cycle, the prolactin concentration was influenced by mode of blood collection, degree of haemolysis and choice of serum or plasma. There was no correlation between the concentration of prolactin and that of oestradiol-17 beta in the same sample of plasma.


3-Methylcholanthrene uptake and metabolism in organ culture. The uptake of 3-methycholanthrene and its metabolism to water-soluble derivatives were both determined in organ cultures of mouse and rat tissues, including prostate, skin, lung and skeletal muscle. All the tissues concentrated the carcinogen from the medium and metabolized part of it to water-soluble compounds. The uptake of tritiated 3-methylcholanthrene was highest in the absence of serum and declined  with rising serum concentration. Except for skeletal muscle, it was consistently higher in the murine tissues. The uptake of the hydrocarbon by rat and mouse prostates rose rapidly with time, reaching a maximum after 18 h incubation; the amounts of carcinogen in the tissue then declined and remained at a lower level for the rest of the observation period. The major part of the radioactivity was released within 5 h of transferring the explants to medium without the tracer; 25-40% of the peak concentration of carcinogen, however, still remained in the tissue and further medium changes could not remove any more. Addition of unlabelled 3-methylcholanthrene to the initial incubation increased the radioactivity taken up and caused substantially larger quantities of the carcinogen to be retained after the medium had been changed. The explants converted between 15% and 30% of the 3-methylcholanthrene which they had incorporated to water-soluble derivatives within 48 h but there was no obvious relationship between the amounts of hydrocarbon taken up by the different tissues and the proportions metabolized. A considerable part of the 3-methylcholanthrene in the explants remained unconverted 24 h after its removal from the medium.


A method for detecting factor-VIII clotting activity associated with factor VIII-related antigen in agarose gels. A method for detecting factor-VIII clotting activity in agarose is described. It is based on factor VIII promoting coagulation in a mixture of haemophilic plasma in agarose which is detected by a change in opacity. When this test was used to detect factor-VIII clotting activity in a one-dimensional Laurell electroimmunoassay for factor VIII-related antigen all the factor-VIII activity was found in the same position as the factor VIII-related antigen immunoprecipitate. Factor-VIII clotting activity did not appear to be simply trapped in this immunoprecipitate and therefore it has been concluded that the molecule containing factor-VIII clotting activity carries factor VIII-related antigen determinants.


Mathematical modelling of cell cycle and chronobiology: preliminary results. A mathematical model taking into account the observed diurnal variations in cell kinetics is presented. The principle of the method is to divide each phase of the cell cycle in a definite number of compartments and to assume that the fluxes into and out of the compartments corresponding to the G1 phase are the only varying parameters through the day. Theoretical evolutions of percentages of cells in M and S phase, theoretical curves for percentage labelled mitosis experiment are derived. Preliminary results of the applications of the model to interpretation of published experimental data obtained in hamster cheek pouch epithelium are shown.


Use of synchronization induced by cyclophosphamide in a methylcholanthrene sarcoma with circadian proliferation to rational sequential chemotherapy. Owing to the circadian activity of tumoral proliferation, cyclophosphamide (CPA) morning injection exerts, on a methylcholanthrene induced sarcoma, a preferential oncostatic effect. This morning injection is followed by a temporary inhibition of mitoses preceding a high mitotic peak, explained by chemo-induced synchronization of tumor cells. Whereas single vinblastine (VLB) administration has no antitumoral effect, an injection of VLB during the described peak is able to improve oncostatic effect of cyclophosphamide. Moreover, the VLB administration at the same moment as CPA suppresses antineoplastic activity of the latter.


Administration in mental health: issues, problems, and prospects. The mental health field has grown larger and more complex in recent years, but this has not been equalled by increased administrative sophistication. Two problems, neither one irremediable, have contributed to this state of affairs. First, mental health organizations have generally been administered by mental health professionals with little administrative knowledge or training. And second, we have often failed to recognize the very special circumstances faced by administrators in the mental health field. These special circumstances are legion. For one thing, mental health services depend on public funding and must often deal with a high degree of government regulation. For another, the typical staff in a mental health organization is multidisciplinary, professional, and highly autonomous-a bit like a Navy with more admirals than ships. Then too, the transaction between therapist and patient is much more private and intimate in mental health than in most other fields; we are often dealing with a highly dependent patient population; our product is intangible and the success achieved is hard to judge; the boundaries of the field are very hard to define; and the enduring public stigma associated with use of mental health services, combined with the problem of confidentiality, complicates the administrative task. Finally, on top of all this, it is absolutely essential that the mental health administrator understand the need to create and maintain an organizational climate of efficacy and hope. Taken individually, many of these conditions have obvious counterparts in other fields; but taken as a group, they separate mental health from all the other human services, even ones that are closely related. To be effective, therefore, academic programs in mental health administration must reflect these conditions by developing specialized curricula and training procedures.


Analysis of the principal problems impeding normal development of malaria eradication programs. The problems currently impeding the advance of anti-malaria programs in the Americas fall into several different categories. These include vector resistance to insecticides, parasite resistance to chloroquine, human behavior patterns which promote human/vector contact or reduce the impact of control efforts, and developments affecting operation, administration, and financing of the control program itself. Vector resistance, of course, may be either physiological, behavioral, or both. With regard to physiological resistance, four of the ten anopheline species considered important in the Americas have shown physiological resistance to at least one insecticide in some part of their range. One of the most serious and complex problems of this kind currently confronts El Salvador, where generalized Anopheles albimanus resistance to both DDT and propoxur (along with operational and administrative difficulties) has sparked a considerable rise in malaria incidence. In many places, such physiological resistance is closely related to indiscriminate use of insecticides in agriculture. Here corrdinated action by each country's malaria, health, and agricultural services is urgently needed. Besides physiological factors, the article reviews ways in which vector behavior creates problems. With regard to residual spraying on the inside walls of houses, such behavioral resistance may involve failure to come to rest after biting, resting for only a short period, resting on unsprayed surfaces, or resting only outside the house. Concerning the malaria parasite itself, Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine has been found in parts of Brazil, Columbia, Guyana, Panama, Surinam, and Venezuela over the past 15 years. Furthermore, the rapidity of modern travel has greatly increased the chances for importing malaria cases from areas of P. falciparum resistance into areas now free of this problem.


[Quantitative content of total polar lipids in soybean seeds Glycine max (L.) Merr]. The exhaustive extraction of lipids from soybean seeds in the native state, separation of polar lipids and determination of their functional groups (ester and phosphate) revealed that dry seeds may contain 36,7 mumole (+/- 4,6%) of polar lipids and 25,9 mumole (+/- 1.1%) phospholipids per gramme.


Selective induction of labour.

Selective induction of labour. In a prospective study of 1000 consecutive primigravidae labour was induced on 95 occasions. None of 16 perinatal deaths and none of 4 cases of suspected brain damage occurred after prolonged pregnancy or pre-eclampsia. It is concluded that a low incidence of induction is compatible with good results and that enthusiasm for the statistical concept of high risk in obstetric practice should be reviewed in the interest of mothers and children as individuals.


Reactive lymphoid cells ('Immunoblasts') in autoimmune and haematological disorders. Reactive changes in the lymphoid cells are seen in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and the degree of reactivity is related to the activity of the disease. The test may be useful as an early indication of relapse in autoimmune disease. Changes are also described in the lymphoid cells of the blood in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, which are identical with those seen in other autoimmune disorders, in infections, and following immunization. This provides supporting evidence for the autoimmune nature of this disease. In contrast with this, patients with aplastic anaemia have been found to have entirely normal lymphoid cell populations in the peripheral blood and provide no evidence that this condition has an autoimmune basis.


In vitro culture of functional human thymic epithelium. Cultures of pure epithelial cells have been obtained from human thymus. Incubation of spleen cells from adult thymectomized mice on these cultures rendered RFC sensitive to inhibition by anti-theta serum, whereas no effect was obtained with fibroblasts or spleen cell cultures. The fact that theta conversion was obtained when spleen cells were incubated in the thymic culture placed within a Millipore chamber indicates that theta conversion was due to the effect of a humoral factor.


Evidence of donor suppression of anti-donor PFC responses in mice. Mice receiving high doses of mitomycin C-treated allogeneic spleen donor cells produced more host anti-donor plaque-forming cells than mice receiving high doses of untreated allogeneic spleen donor cells, showing that immunocompetent donor cells capable of recognizing host H-2 antigens can suppress host anti-donor H-2 primary antibody responses. Responses to semi-allogeneic spleen donor cells were consistently lower than responses to allogeneic cells. Low doses of normal allogeneic spleen donor cells showed stimulation of the host anti-donor PFC response compared with similar doses of mitomycin C-treated allogeneic spleen donor cells.


Correlation between sexual maturation and induction of persistent estrus by continuous illumination. The rats brought up under continuous illumination from the neonatal day persist in the rhythmic estrous cycle for long time and do not easily reveal so-called continuous vaginal estrus. On the contrary, immature rats at about 30 days of age show the persistent estrus soon after exposure to continuous illumination as well as adult rats. The purpose of this paper was to examine the relation of the age placed under continuous illumination and the time required to reach the persistent estrus. As the results, it was found that the younger rats need proportionally the longer time to reach the persistent estrus; the rats which were transferred into continuously illuminated environment at 0 (group A), 5 (group B), 10 (group C), 15-16 (group D) and 30 (group E) days of age required a mean time of 132.1 +/- 8.4, 126.8 +/- 8.9, 89.7 +/- 6.2, 91.5 +/- 3.8 and 70.3 +/- 3.0 days after birth to reach the persistent estrus, respectively. In the present data, a significant difference was seen between group B and C. Though all rats were killed after the same length of persistently estrous periods, actual endocrine level appeared to differ among the groups; the rats required longer time to reach the persistent estrus had smaller ovaries and adrenals.


[Morphologic and morphometric studies on the prolactin and STH cells of the adenohypophysis of milked and unmilked cows)]. By morphological and morphometric methods the appearance of prolactin- and STH-cells of the adenohypophysis from unmilked and milked cows was investigated. The prolactin-cells were influenced by the milking stimulus, but not the STH-cells. The morphological results speak in favour of a release of secretes immediately after milking. The following synthesis brings back the prolactin-cells to the normal condition. Immediately after milking the morphometric results indicate a significant shrinkage of the nuclear volumes of the prolactin-cells; afterwards they reach the initial value. It is discussed, that in the prolactin-cells the milking stimulus causes an extreme increase in activity being associated with the release of prolactin.


Droplet size of cooling tower fog.

Droplet size of cooling tower fog. Fog from cooling towers causes problems of visibility and icing along roadways adjacent to the towers; moreover, the visible plume from the towers offers difficulty in that it is equated by much of the public with air pollution. It is desirable to know the size of the fog droplets in order to plan abatement procedures and to determine the airborne lifetimes of such fogs. The methodology involved capturing the droplets on slides coated with a vaseline-mineral oil mixture, making photomicrographs of the droplets, counting and sizing the droplets into eight droplet diameter increments; namely less than 5 mum, 5-10 mum, 10-20 mum, 20-40 mum, 40-60 mum, 60-80 mum, 80-100 mum, and greater than 100 mum. The resulting distribution was similar to that for natural fogs and clouds; i.e., it was bi-modal, the first mode at less than 5 mum containing the vast majority of the droplets, and the second at 20-40 mum. This study agrees with others that the size distribution of a fog in a saturated environment is continuously changing, with the smaller droplets tending to evaporate and the larger ones tending to grow, thus shifting the second mode toward larger sizes.


Body burden of hexachlorbenzene in suckling rats and its effects on various organs and on liver porphyrin accumulation. The hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and porphyrin accumulation in the ograns of 18-day-old Wistar rats, whose mothers were fed a diet containing 80 ppm HCB, were studied. Among the organs examined, the highest HCB residue was in the liver larger than kidney larger than or equal to lung larger than brain larger than spleen larger than heart. The porphyrin level in the liver of the HCB-treated. On the contrary, the weights of the kidney, brain, spleen and heart were significantly reduced. Sex did not influence the organ weight except that of the brain. The results suggested that accumulation of HCB in different organs and porphyrin in the liver of suckling Wistar rats was about equal for the males and females.


[Influences of the complex of environmental temperature, relative humidity and air velocity on the body temperature of restrained mice (author's transl)]. Effects of the complexes of environmental factors, such as ambient-temperature, relative humidity and air velocity, on the body temperature were investigated in restrained mice. Observations were carried out before and after 60 min-exposure to various triple combinations among environmental temperatures of 15, 25 and 35 degreesC, relative humidities of 40, 65 and 90%, and air velocities of 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 m/sec. The analysis of variance about the differences of body temperature revealed significant effects of the environmental temperature and the air velocity levels, while no significant effects were recognized of the relative humidity. Effects of the double factors, either the environmental temperature plus the relative humidity or the environmental temperature plus the air velocity, were significant at 5 or 1% level respectively. However, effects of the double factors the relative humidity plus the air velosity, as well as the triple factors were not significant. Under the environments consisted of triple factors, the environmental temperature of 20 and 25 degreesC, the relative humidities of 40 and 70% and the air velocities of 0.1 and 0.5 m/sec, significant effects at 1% level were recognized only in the environmental temperature levels. In the relative humidty or the air velocity levels, and the double or triple factor levels, no significant effects were recognized. From the results obtained, the effective temperature (Te) was indicated by the formula, Te=t+100x-v square root 38-t, in which were given the environmental temperature in t degrees C, the absolute humidity in x kg/kg and the air velocity in v m/sec.


Heparin effects on cultured mammalian cells. Plasmacytoma cells exposed to heparin exhibited zeiotic blebs in the G1 phase, S phase, and early G2 phase. Zeiosis was not seen in mitotic cells. This heparin effect was reversible. Also fibroblasts were sensitive to heparin. After trypsinization of fibroblasts, heparin produced large non-reversible zeiotic blebs in the cells, except in those in mitosis. The primary target for heparin is apparently to be sought among components of the cellular periphery.


Histochemistry of the lumenal cell surfaces of the mucosa of the oviducts and the uterus of the rat. Changes in prepuberty, estrous cycle, castration, hormone replacement and pseudopregnancy. The lumenal surface coat of the rat oviducts and uterine horns have been histochemically characterized at prepuberty, estrous cycle, castration, hormone replacement and pseudopregnancy. Under the EM, the coat was made up of filamentous and globular structures. Histochemical variations suggested that coat components are under endocrine control.


A cell culture substrate obtained from heat-fused collagen. Coverslips coated with rat-tail collagen dried at 37 degrees C were placed in a hot-air sterilizing oven at 160 degrees C for 2 h. The resulting transparent sterile film was found to be a useful multipurpose substrate for cell culture and for subsequent histological sectioning.


[Plasma and erythrocyte lipids. Relation between globular dystrophies and hepatic lesion in ethylism]. Human red cell and plasma lipids are determined in alcoholic patients with various forms of liver diseases including steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatitis. No relation between serum lipids and red cell lipids content have could be demonstrated. A relation is shown between morphology and lipids red cells content, different anatomopathologic states of liver and erythrocyte morphology. In steatosis red cells phospholipids (specially phosphatidyl choline) are increased. In cirrhosis red cells show an increased of both cholesterol and phospholipids content. Target cells show an inchanged cholesterol-phospholipids ratio when acanthocytes show and increased cholesterol phospholipids ratio by a greater increase of cholesterol than phospholipids.


[The effect of adrenoblockaders on the rate of H3-catecholamine synthesis and uptake in the rat seminal duct]. In the rat vas deferens alpha-adrenoblocking agent phentolamine (1-10(-6)M) and beta-adrenoblocking agent propranolol (1-10(-6)M) activated uptake of exogenous noradrenaline--H-3 by 37 and 47% respectively and synthesis of noradrenaline--H3 from thyrosin-H3 by 72 and 48%. The rate of noradrenaline-H3 synthesis from DOPA-H3 or dopamine-H3 remains unaltered. Regulating effect of the adrenoblocking agents is carried out by means of uptake of tyrosine-H3 and noradrenaline-H3 into adrenergic neuron, i.e. at the main stages sustaining a necessary level of mediator. The rate of noradrenaline biosynthesis is supposed to be independently regulated by means of both types of adrenoreceptors in an adrenergic neuron.


[Experiences with the pelvic teaching model "Ginny" (author's transl)]. The use of this model for student teaching was evaluated by a questionnaire from 233 medical students. 86,6% judged this type of teaching valuable and 56,8% desired a more extensive experience with this model. Generally, this model has proven to be usefull for demonstration and practical learning experiences of speculum examinations of vagina and cervix, bimanual examinations of the pelvic structures (vaginal, rectal and rectovaginal) and application of certain forms of contraceptives.