Pseudocysts of the kidney, with a report of a hemorrhagic pararenal pseudocyst associated with multiple small renal infarcts. A case of a hemorrhagic pararenal pseudocyst associated with med from multiple small emboli is described. The most common cause of pseudocyst formation is trauma. Hydronephrosis is almost always associated with urinary pseudocyst formation. Treatment should be directed at relieving urinary obstruction with excision of the cyst wall when renal parenchyma remains. Pararenal lesions of uncertain nature should be explored. Biopsy of the base of a hemorrhagic cyst should be considered before nephrectomy is performed.


Acetazolamide-induced renal calculi.

Acetazolamide-induced renal calculi. The occurrence of urinary calculi associated with acetazolamide therapy is described. Patients with a history of urinary stones or surgery are a significant risk for further calculus formation when treated with acetazolamide. The concurrent use of sodium bicarbonate further potentiates this risk.


Calcification in an angiomyolipoma: a case report. A patient with tuberous sclerosis and angiomyolipoma of both kidneys is described in whom both tumors demonstrated associated calcification. This finding has not been previously stressed in the literature and is important in that ignorance of its occurence in this tumor might result in an error of diagnosis and nephrectomy in a patient who can ill-afford the loss of renal parenchyma.


Benign mesodermal polyp in childhood.

Benign mesodermal polyp in childhood. A ureteral fibrous polyp presenting as ureteropelvic junction obstruction in a 10-year-old boy is reported. These neoplasms are uncommon, especially in children. If a salvageable kidney is present, resection of the tumor and adjacent ureter is  proper therapy. However, in the present case the fibrous polyp had produced marked ureteropelvic junction obstruction, resulting in only a thin shell of renal parenchymal tissue, and therefore, nephroureterectomy was performed.


Xanthogranulomatous ureteritis.

Xanthogranulomatous ureteritis. A case of xanthogranulomatous ureteritis is described and the numerous similarities with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in their clinicopathological presentation are discussed. Of the xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis symptoms our patient manifested a long history of urinary tract infection, weight loss, urinary obstruction, pyuria and gram-negative bacteriuria. The ureteral lesion was a yellowish nodule, granulomatous and was highlighted histologically by foamy histiocytes with periodic acid, Schiff positive cytoplasmic granules. The lesion mimicked an obstructing neoplasm and a specific granuloma.


Papillary (transitional) carcinoma in an ileal conduit. An example of papillary carcinoma developing at the ureteroileal junction with herniation of the tumor into the lumen of an ileal conduit is reported. This and similar tumors have occurred within 4 years of urinary diversion, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance of patients with an ileal conduit. Patients with widespread atypia of the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract, such as ours,  are especially prone to recurrent carcinoma and should be watched most carefully. Surgical excision of the tumor occurring at or near the ureteroileal junction should always include a cuff of ileum, as in the standard treatment of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors.


Intratesticulr leiomyoma: a case report with discussion of differential diagnosis and histogenesis. A subcapsular intratesticular leiomyoma is described in a 65-year-old man. The pathology is discussed in detail and the hypothesis is advanced that the tumor arises from the myoid cells of the tunica propria of the seiminiferous tubules.


Adult teratoma of the testis metastasizing as adult teratoma: case report and review of literature. A case of adult teratoma of the testis in a 19-year-old white man is presented, The tumor metastasized to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and the metastases were also well differentiated, benign-appearing tissues. This case suggests that even the benign-appearing components of these tumors have malignant potential. Because these tumors are malignant, they should be treated by radical orchiectomy and radical retroperitoneal dissection.


Venographic demonstration of a varicocele in a boy. A case is presented to illustrate the evaluation of varicocele in a boy by a combined technique of spermatic venography and excretory urography. The pertinent technical, anatomical and clinical considerations are discussed. Varicocele is a clinical diagnosis. If the diagnosis is suspected or the clinical presentation is unusual, then a combined technique of spermatic venography and excretory urography may be of value.


Primary leiomyosarcoma of the epididymas. The fourth case of leiomyosarcoma of the epididymis is reported. It is suggested that radical orchiectomy, followed by frequent postoperative examinations, is an adequate method of treatment. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection does not seem to be indicated.


Congenital pelvic arteriovenous fistulas: report of a case and review of the literature. The fifth male patient with a congenital arteriovenous fistula of the pelvis is described. This disorder has been reported previously in 11 female patients. Most patients gave a long history of symptoms before a diagnosis was made. Preoperative angiography is vital to delineate the vascular supply to the fistula and operative treatment consists of ligation of the feeding vessels and resection of the fistula.


[New data on the postembryonal development of certain representatives of Monogenoidea]. The paper presents new data on the development of the adhesive armature of larvae of Callorhynchicola multitesticulatus Manter, 1955 (Chimaericoeidae). There are also described larvae of Teegamatrix sp., Dionchus sp. sp. (Polyonchoinea), Squalonchocotyle sp., Heterobothrium praeorchis Bych., Mam. et Nag., 1975, Anchorophorus sinensis Bych. et Nag., 1958, Microctyle seriolae Yam., 1940, Axine sasicala (Unn., 1957), Neomicrotyle indicum Ram., 1960, Valissia chorinemi Yam., 1953 and some postembryonal developmental stages of Gotocotyee sawara Ishii, 1936 (Oligonchoinea).


[Cercaria splendens Szidat - the larva of the Trematode Azygia lucii Looss]. The belonging of the only one "gigantic cercaria", Cercaria splendens, to the species Azygia lucii was proved experimentally. The geographic distribution of A. lucii is considerably wider than it has been indicated up to now. The distribution area of A. robusta is also confined not only to the Asiatic part of the USSR. The following characters are suggested for distinguishing the Azygia species: the shape and size of the pharynx, the spread of vitellaria beyond the posterior border of the testes and ratio between the size of suckers.


[Dynamics of parasite fauna of different forms of salmon Salvelinus alpinus L. from the basin of the Lake Azabach'e]. The paper deals with age changes in the parasite fauna of different intraspecific forms of chars. It is shown that this year brood and yearlings of predatory, benthofagous, stream and anadromous chars up to 10 cm in length have a similar parasite fauna. During the second year of life the chars come to different feeding; correspondingly changes their parasite fauna which differs considerably in the above forms of chars. Two groups of parasites are distinguished the infection with which increases and decreases with the age of fishes. Observations were carried out on the life cycles, developmental and maturation periods of some parasites of chars. Biological peculiarities of some mixosporidia are studied. A shift in the developmental periods of helminths is noted as compared to those from the European part of the USSR.


[2 representatives of parasitic Isopods of the genus Lironeca (Cymothoidae) from the regions of Australia and New Zealand]. The paper contains description and drawings of the new parasitic isopod Lironeca neocyttus sp. n. and a brief note about L. raynaudii Milne Edwards, 1840, found in the region of Australia and New Zealand.


[Electron-microscopic study of the excretory system of hungry females of the tick Hyalomma asiaticum P. Sch. et E. Schl. 2]. In H. asiaticum the cells of the Malpighian tubules and these of the rectal cas have the uniform structure: the apical surface is covered with microvilli, the basal plasmatic membrane forms relatively small invaginations. As to ultrastructural characters, there is no distinct division of the Malpighian tubule into departments. The distal ends of the tubules are not only somewhat enlarged and form the so-called ampulla cells of which are noticeably flattened. The microvilli and basal folds of the plasmatic membrane in this area of the tubule are indistinct. The cells of the ampulla and the neighbouring area of the tubule are characterized by the presence of inclusions with mucopolysaccharide secretion confined by the membrane. The microvilli are most developed on cells of the proximal ends of the Malpighian tubules. Well developed microvilli of the rectal sac form a striated border each containing a microtube inside. The basal invaginations are developed here better than in the cells of the Malpighian tubules.


[Study of characteristics of distribution of the tick Ixodes ricinus over a large territory]. Attempts were undertaken to study the character of the distribution of I. ricinus over a large territory. Methodic principles of the land survey of arthropods distribution and laboratory processing of its results, that were used before for I. persulcatus, were found to be quite suitable for I. ricinus. It was established that hungry adults of I. ricinus have at least three types of the distribution throughout the forests of Lithuania. Types of the distribution can be ascertained by the results of the record of I. ricinus nymphs with a flag.


[Feeding behavior and reproduction of Stenophthalmus wagneri Tifl., 1928 (Stenophthalmidae, Siphonaptera) under experimental conditions]. Under laboratory conditions at 20 to 21 degrees C young imagos of C. wagneri proceed quickly to feeding and reproduction. They suck blood about three times a day and females oviposit three times, each laying consisting of three eggs. When placed in a refrigirator at 2 to 5 degrees some young individuals lay eggs, while others do not start oviposition up to 5 months (observation period). Fleas, which already laid eggs under laboratory conditions, being transferred into a refrigerator decrease the degree of their attachment to the host and feeding frequency (up to one time a day). Oogenesis of females is inhibited and most of them cease egg laying.


[Pleistophora carpocapsae Sp. N. (Microsporidia, Nosematidae) - a parasite of the codling moth]. A new species of Microsporidia, Pleistiophora carpocapsae sp. n., a parasite of caterpillars and pupae of the codling moth, is described from Moldavia. It is noteworthy that one sporant forms pansporoblasts containing from 4 to 64 sporoblasts and then the same number of spores.


[Certain tasks in the studies of Mermithoidea for biological control of moths]. The method of "flooding" with mermitids, which was successfully used against mosquitoes, is unreal for biological control of black flies because of difficulties and unprofitableness of their laboratory maintenance and reproduction. A more probable way of solving the problem is the untroduction of effective forms of parasites. In perspective the cultivation of the adipose tissue of the host and biochemical overcoming of its protective reactions are necessary.


Renal haemodynamics in dogs with dehydration azotaemia. Intrarenal pressure gradients and glomerular dynamics have been investigated in dogs with severe dehydration elicited by pyloric ligation. 1. Because of the proportionate decrease in arterial pressure and renal blood flow, calculated total renal vascular resistance was found unaltered as compared with normohydrated controls. The slight changes in series connected intrarenal resistances were not significant. 2. Net hydrostatic pressure across the glomerular membrane, i.e. glomerular capillary minus proximal tubular pressure was slightly diminished. The pronounced fall in effective filtration pressure was due to the considerable increase in colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins. 3. Reduced arterial pressure due to clamping of the aorta did not diminish vascular resistance. Thus, the  autoregulatory capacity of renal circulation seems to be lost in dehydrated animals. 4. No correlation was found between plasma NPN values on the one hand and RBF and GFR on the other. Azotaemia seemed to be due to retention and enhanced rediffusion of urea and increased katabolism of tissue proteins. 5. Reduced urine flow caused by dehydration was restored by isosmotic saline or hyperosmotic mannitol infusions. Both agents act by decreasing intrarenal vascular resistance and by diminishing the increased colloid osmotic pressure.


Intensive care in myocardial infarction: report on 840 cases. On the basis of 840 cases of acute myocardial infarction an account is given on the activity of a coronary-care-unit organized in a regional hospital. The technical problems involved and the procedures applied are discussed. The complications of the early phase, in particular dysrhythmias, their prevention and treatment are dealt with in detail. While the mortality due to electric failure was significantly reduced by appropriate measures the mortality resulting from muscular insufficiency could not be improved by intensive care.


Abnormalities of left ventricular function associated with prior acute myocardial infarction. Selective coronarography, left ventricular cineangiography were performed three to six months after acute myocardial infarction in 45 patients. Simultaneously, stroke volume (SV), enddiastolic (EDV) and endsystolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF) and left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP) were determined. LVEDP was measured at rest and after static (handgrip) exercise. According to the type of the LV abnormality patients were divided in three groups: 1. without LV abnormality (5 patients) 2. asynergy (15 pts) and 3. aneurysm (25 pts). The data were reviewed separately in patients where abnormalities of LV were associated with angina pectoris. The degree of coronary obstruction and the type of LV abnormality did not disclose any correlation. LVEDP at rest was in normal limits in patients in group 1 and 2, elevated in patients with aneurysm. (LVEDP: 15, 15 and 25 mmHg resp.) After handgrip exercise LVEDP increased in each group: 21, 22, 32 mm Hg. SV: decreased significantly in LV aneurysm (53 ml/beat). EDV was 50 ml in patients with asynergy and 118 ml in those with aneurysm. ESV was in normal limits when asynergy was present, 35 ml in patients without abnormality and 118 ml in LV aneurysm. EF was 0.66 and 0.65 in group 1 and 2, in group 3 (aneurysm) this value was 0.49 (significantly lower). The extent of shortening of the longitudinal and transverse diameters were significantly diminished in each group. When angina was associated with LV asynergy a higher SV was observed, when angina was associated with aneurysm, SV and EF were decreased. The conclusion from these data can be drown that the compromised LV after prior AMI works with a different mechanism, according the type (and degree) of abnormality.


Care of the patient in autoimmune renal disease. Assessment of clinical and immunological activity. 174 patients suffering from various autoimmune and renal diseases have been followed up for periods of one to four years. Repeated assessment of clinical and immunological activity is indispensable for therapy, prognosis and rehabilitation. Determination of microscopic haematuria by the Addis count proved to be the best indication of clinical activity. Immunological activity was assessed by the CH50, C3 and immunoconglutinine tests, the titer of the anti-glomerular basal membrane antibodies and the inhibition of leucocyte migration. Depending upon the nature and stage of the disease one or more positive tests indicated activity of the pathological process. Consequently, the simultaneous application of several methods is recommended for assessment of immunological activity in autoimmune renal diseases.


Contribution to the quantitative aspects in medical research. Both the advantages and dangers of fallacies in the quantitative approach are discussed, having Laplace's "...le bon sens réduit au calcul..." for motto. The general rules are briefly presented. Stressed is the prerequisite of prior thorough qualitative study of the topic at stake. The medical and mathematical ways of thinking are contrasted, stressed is the leading role of the former. The rebound effect of the quantitative study on the qualitative aspects is treated, with special regard to medical terminology. The necessity to distinguish physiological values and population data is emphasized. Some further aspects are briefly mentioned. The illustrative examples are from diverse terrains of Medicine. The leading role of the well-trained and disciplined medical cortex is stressed throughout.


Effect of 2-thiourea administered to pregnant rats on the thyroid and the protein bound iodine content of the offspring. A 0.2% solution of 2-thiourea administered during the third or the second and third weeks of pregnancy increased the weight of the thyroid of 20-day old fetuses and newborn rats, and decreased the protein bound iodine content in their thyroid and serum. Similar changes were observed in those weanling rats whose mother had been given a 0.2% solution of thiourea during the period of lactation. Both the intrauterine changes and those occurring during lactation proved reversible. The findings point to the possibility of congenital or infantile thyroid injury caused by thiourea derivatives taken up from the environment.


Effects of ammonia intoxication and liver injury on rat brain glutamate-dehydrogenase and glutaminase activity. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutaminase activity in the rat brain was altered by chronic ammonia intoxication, subacute liver injury induced by CCl4 or digalactosamine, and the combination of them. GDH activity was found to increase considerably in ammonia intoxication without liver damage, probably as a result of enzyme induction. GDH activity failed to increase, while glutaminase was appreciably elevated. when ammonia intoxication was associated with hepatic injury. Toxicological studies have indicated that these changes in brain enzyme levels may be involved in the mechanism of ammonia neurotoxicity.


Insulin resistance.

Insulin resistance. The possible causes of insulin resistance, in particular the production of insulin-antibodies, abnormal factors interfering with the effect of insulin on peripheral tissues and the Somogyi effect, are discussed. Accumulation of insulin antibodies with formation of insulin-antibody complexes is pointed out as the prevalent cause of insulin resistance in advanced age. Intravenous insulin treatment with massive doses ensured a beneficial effect. Achrestic diabetes associated with peripheral resistance is regarded as the cause of insulin resistance in juvenile patients possessing no major amounts of antibody. Muscle tissue obtained from these patients showed an insulin resistant impairment of glucose consumption and of Na-transport. This is consistent with the peripheral pathomechanism underlying this condition. A feedback mechanism elicited by latent hypoglycaemia may be the cause of spurious insulin resistance.


Structure of cutaneous lymphatics propelling lymph. In serial sections from the oedematous skin of hind limb of rats the lymph vessel walls were studied for structures active in propelling the lymph. To dilate the lymphatics lymph formation and transport were increased by dextran-oedema. A special type of sack-like structure lined almost exclusively by endothelial cells was observed at the postcapillary segment between the lymph capillaries and lymph vessels proper. The lymph flow from the capillaries into these postcapillary sack-like sinuses is regulated by valves. The postcapillary sacks joined the lymph vessels proper the media of which was built up of a muscle cell sheath. In these artery-type lymph vessels proper the lumen was found to be varying in diameter; some vessels seemed to have practically no lumen while other segments were open. Under the electron microscope thin, actin-type and thick, myosin-type myofilaments were seen in the muscle cells of lymphatic post-capillaries and lymph vessels proper. The lymph is accumulated in the postcapillary sack-like sinuses and from there is transported towards the centre by the contractions of artery-type lymph vessels. Thus, these structures may function as "lymph hearts" in the oedematous skin.


Association of obliterative extracranial vascular disease with carotid sinus hyperaesthesia: a possible mechanism of transitory cerebral ischaemia. In extensive studies of cerebral circulation it has been shown that obliterative extracranial vascular disease is associated with a particular regulatory pattern of cerebral circulation. In stenosis of the vertebral artery, of the internal carotid or in the subclavian steal syndrome, cerebral blood flow and O2 consumption was adequate under resting conditions and it is essentially the high cerebrovascular resistance which points to some derangement. The haemodynamic reserves of the brain  being restricted, a sudden fall in heart rate may produce a significant decrease in the cerebral blood flow and thus bring about transitory cerebral ischaemic episodes. Twenty patients were studied in whom the production of transitory cerebral attacks was attributable to the coexistence of obliterative extracranial vascular disease and carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Elicitation of the carotid sinus reflex resulted in the production of transitory cerebral ischaemic spells together with a fall in cerebral blood flow in all cases. It is suggested that the transitory cerebral attacks are due in part of the cases to a coexistence of obliterative extracranial vascular disease and carotid sinus syncope. The majority of such patients become symptom-free if bradycardia or sinauricular or av block due to the carotid sinus hypersensitivity can be prevented by atropine therapy or pacemaker implantation.


Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in experimental ascites. Transport of labelled protein from the abdominal cavity by the thoracic duct and by the right lymph trunk was investigated in dogs with ascites due to inferior cava vein constriction and in control animals. The greater part of peritoneal fluid protein is transported in both ascites and under normal conditions by the lymphatics of the right side. The excess protein filtered from the liver sinusoids in venous stasis is transported by the thoracic duct. In this condition large amounts of fluid accumulate in the lymphatics in consequence of a relative obstacle to outflow at the veno-lymphatic junction. Thoracic duct drainage in experimental ascites leads to large fluid and protein losses and consequently to a reduction of inferior caval pressure and of capillary filtration in the liver. The intervention reduces ascites formation but does not influence the lymphatic absorption and transport of peritoneal fluid. Consequently, it is indicated only as a temporary measure, a preliminary to portocaval shunt operation, to reduce the increased sinusoidal and portal pressures. A cervical lympho-venous anastomosis reduces thoracic duct pressure by eliminating the obstacle to lymph flow. Accordingly, the intervention facilitates the return of excess lymph into the blood stream, and reduces fluid and protein leakage into the abdominal cavity from the liver.


Importance of haemodynamic, metabolic and electrocardiographic alterations in the detection of coronary failure. Haemodynamic, metabolic and ECG alterations due to a "critical" stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) with and without additional work load induced by pacing and the changes due to a total obstruction of the artery have been investigated in anaesthetized open-thorax dogs. Direct ECG recording was done from the epicardial surface of the area perfused by the constricted coronary artery; blood samples were collected from the same area for estimation of metabolites. It was shown that ischaemic biochemical changes (decrease of myocardial lactate uptake and of the ratio myocardial O2 supply/myocardial O2 demand) can be detected along with a reduction of flow in the constricted artery long before the appearance of ischaemic ST-segment elevation in the epicardial ECG. This change can be evoked by an additional work load induced by pacing but even at the stage of manifest ischaemia, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) is unaffected. It increases only after complete obstruction of the LAD. Accordingly, ischaemic metabolic changes in the area with restricted blood supply seem to be the most sensitive indicator of an incipient coronary insufficiency. ECG and particularly LVEDP changes are limited value, since they only appear if the ischaemic damage and/or the ischaemic area is sufficiently large.


Accumulation of 42K and 86Rb in the organs of the rat. 42K and 86Rb were administered in combination to anaesthetized rats by the intravenous route, and accumulation of the isotopes in the organs during a few cirulatory cycles (90 sec) and after 24 hours has been studied in the rat. a) Accumulation of the two elements was identical in skeletal and heart muscle at both points of time. b) Acute (90 sec) accumulation of 86Rb slightly exceeded that of 42K in the skin, liver, brain, external and internal medulla of the kidney. Therefore, the cardiac output fractions obtained with 42K and 86Rb according to Sapirstein's method must be compared with certain corrections, and they cannot be evaluated in a combined form. c) Considerable differences were found in the accumulation of the two elements after 24 hours. The differences were ascribed to the different intra- and extracellular concentrations of the natural isotopes of the two elements and, to a lesser extent to their presumbly different "lag phenomenon".


Correlation between juxtaglomerular index, kidney renin content and plasma renin concentration in the rat. The correlation between juxtaglomerular index, kidney renin content, and plasma renin concentration has been investigated in rats. The results indicate that renin exists in two forms. When determining the renin content of the kidney, the renin actually present in the modified smooth muscle cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is measured; this is called bound renin. The amount of bound renin is derived from the total of granular and subgranular renin in the modified smooth muscle cells. Since JGI and KRCont show a significant positive correlation in untreated adult rats, it is assumed that in such animals the ratio of granular and subgranular renin is constant. Since no correlation could be demonstrated between kidney renin content and PRC in untreated adult rats, and JGI and KRCont did not change parallel with the increase of PRC in numerous experimental conditions, it is assumed that part of the renin synthetized in the JG cells is secreted directly, without passing the process of condensation into membrane bound granules. This mobile renin does not significantly affect the renin content and the JGI of the kidney. Under physiological circumstances, most of the produced renin seems to mature to granules in the modified smooth muscle cells before being secreted. When renin production and release increased, maturation to granules may be inhibited, a significant part of the produced renin released by direct secretion, and the subgranular, immature renin may also be secreted.


Melatonin content of cat cerebrospinal fluid and blood following intravenous injection of melatonin as measured by Xenopus laevis skin melanophore test. Melatonin content of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum and choroid plexus was measured in untreated and melatonin-injected cats using the Xenopus laevis melanophore-contracting bioassay. CSF and choroid plexus had a considerable melanophore contracting activity in the untreated animals. Intravenously injected melatonin considerably enhanced the melanophore-contracting activity of the CSF and choroid plexus. Two hours later, melatonin was still present at high concentrations in these tissues, whereas it had considerably diminished in the blood. It is concluded that the choroid plexus concentrates and secretes melatonin into the CSF in a bioactive form.


Urinary fluoride levels after consumption of fluoride-poor drinking waters in Hungary. Fluoride concentration in the urine of subjects drinking fluoride-poor water was investigated. In the first series of experiments, mean F concentration in the urine collected for 24 hours was 0.26 mg/litre, in the second series, 0.28 mg/litre, and in group fractions 0.20 mg/litre. Standard deviations ranged from 0.07 to 0.12 mg/litre. No conclusion could be drawn from the F level of a single urine fraction to the 24-hour F level of the same subject. In group tests, means reflected the expected 24-hour values. There were differences in the urinary F levels of the subjects. Values for the same subject also varied; they were different on different days and the fractions collected on the same day showed variations. Older people excreted more fluoride than young ones. These findings are in good agreement with published data.


Dose-related dual action of corticosterone on hypothalamic serotonin content in rats. The effect of corticosterone administered in different doses has been studied on hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT) content. A single intraperitoneal injection of the hormone in doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg bw. increased the serotonin content of the hypothalamus at 30 min after administration. Five mg/kg had no effect, while 10.0 mg/kg decreased the serotonin content. The data provide an explanation for the controversial findings of different authors having used different doses of different glucocorticoids and on the basis of the results it is emphasized that the action of glucocorticoids on hypothalamic 5-HT content is a dose-dependent dual effect.


An inexpensive miniature preamplifier for monitoring electroencephalographic and extracellular action potentials in unrestrained animals. A miniature preamplifier is described that is suitable for use with microelectrodes with moderately high impedance (i.e. 10 to 25 micron diameter). The device has a gain of 500 and an imput impedance of 2.2 X 10(7) ohms. The imput noise is less than 20 microvolts r.m.s.


On the role of catecholamines in the humoral modulation of the electrocortical activity in the cat. By using the mescaline or the strychnine spikes as indicators of electrocortical activity it was found that they are increased in size by some catecholamines topically applied. These spikes showed late and long-lasting changes after somatic, as well as after autonomic afferent stimulation. The latter induced by cyanide, light asphyxia, intravenous injections of adrenaline or noradrenaline, and after a small dose of 6-hydroxydopamine. After a dose of this last substance, high enough to deplete the catecholamines of the brain, the late increase in amplitude of the cortical potentials observed following afferent stimulation disappeared leaving a long lasting reduction in that amplitude. The hypothesis is presented that the noradrenaline liberated by the adrenergic nerve fibers reaching the upper layers of the cortex acts on the nonsynaptic dendritic membranes modulating their activity in a humoral-like way. The pattern of this facilitating effect has a different temporal course and is longer lasting than that which is to be expectec only by the arrival of impulses at the cortex during the persistence of the neuronal activation induced by the information input to the CNS.


Blood sugar serum insulin and free fatty acid levels in normal dogs. Sex differences. Sex influences on blood sugar, serum immunoreactive insulin and free fatty acid levels in normal dogs, basally and during intravenous glucose tolerance tests, were studied. Serum free fatty acid levels were the variable most affected by sex in our study. They were high in males in the post-absorptive condition, with a prompt, sharp suppressibility by combined hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, followed by intense, subsequent rebound. Low in fasted females, they were poorly, non-significantly suppressed by glucose administration, and no subsequent rebound was observed. Insulin response was hardly impaired in males in respect to females, and neither blood sugar and serum insulin basal levels, nor the rate of glucose disappearance from blood depended upon sex.


Development of supersensitivity in denervated slow muscle of the frog. Its dependence on the nerve stump length. Sensitivity to carbachol has been studied in paired normal and denervated gastrocnemius slow muscle fibers of the frog. Dose response curves showed that after 25 days the ED50 was ten times less in denervated muscle than in the normal. The denervated muscle showed a three-fold increase in affinity constant to d-tubocurarine. In studying the development of supersensitivity of paired muscles denervated near or far from the neuromuscular junction it was found that muscles with a long axon stump started to increase sensitivity three days later than muscles with a short stump. We suggested that in slow muscle fibers, denervation supersensitivity is not only due to a spread in cholinergic receptor area but also to a change in the receptor properties. As the onset of the supersensitivity depends on the length of the nerve stump, it is also suggested that it is regulated by presynaptic factors which would be transported along the axon at a rate of a few centimeters per day.


Immunologic mechanisms in hepatitis B assayed by antigen-binding lymphocytes. Immune mechanisms in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were investigated in 16 persons with and without hepatitis using tests for HBS Ag, anti-HBS, anti-HBC and 125I-labeled HBS Ag binding lymphocytes (ABL) in peripheral blood. Anti-HBC, which is an evidence of a recent or current HBV infection, was detected in all HBS Ag positive sera. High counts of ABL correlated with the presence of anti-HBS in serum but not with anti-HBC or with HBS Ag. In patients with chronic hepatitis, and in asymptomatic carriers of HBS Ag, there was a trend towards low counts of ABL, which may represent partial tolerance ot HBS Ag in carriers of this particle. Further work on ABL for HBS Ag and HBC Ag should enhance our understnading of immunologic responses to the antigens of the hepatitis B virus.


Viral hepatitis in the United States, 1970-1973: an analysis of morbidity trends and the impact of HBS Ag testing on surveillance and epidemiology. Morbidity and surveillance data on viral hepatitis cases in the United States since 1970 has revealed plateauing of case rate, continued failure to observe seasonal variation, more general geographic distribution of cases, and persistence, although at progressively lower levels, of highest rates in males 15-29 years of age. Based on results of HBS Ag testing, as much as 24 per cent of hepatitis B may be misdiagnosed by physicians and from 18 to 46 per cent of reported cases can be classified hepatitis B, thus suggesting that hepatitis B may account for up to  one-half the recognized viral hepatitis in this country. HBS Ag-negative hepatitis still seems commonly acquired through close personal contact; hepatitis B patients 15-29 years of age also commonly have personal contact association. Parenteral drug abuse and transfusion of blood and blood products continue to play a role in dissemination of hepatitis B, but hepatitis B seems to account for only about one half of all reported transfusion-associated hepatitis. Case fatality rates for reported cases appear to increase with age but are not higher for HBS Ab positive patients than for negative patients.


The program of the World Health Organization in the international surveillance of viral hepatitis B. Viral hepatitis represents one of the important public health problems throughout the world. However, from the very inadequate and sometimes considerably inaccurate world data on the incidence, severity, and mortality of the disease, only tentative conclusions can be drawn. There is, however, reasonably good evidence derived from HB antigen testing that it is more common in tropical countries than in temperate zones. The need for introducing more complete reporting of hepatitis by age and sex, and differential reporting of hepatitis type A, type B and type unspecified is stressed. In addition, information on the WHO program on hepatitis B is presented.


Vertical transmission of the hepatitis B surface antigen. Vertical transmission implies transmission of the hepatitis B virus from mother to infant. This occurs with great frequency (70 to 100 per cent) when the mother has acute hepatitis B near delivery. Studies indicate that transmission may occur transplacentally or during the birth process, Once infected, the infants apparently remain hepatitis B surface antigen carriers with persistent hepatitis indefinitely; The rate of transmission of the hepatitis B surface antigen from asymptomatic carrier mothers to their infants varies from 0 to 40 per cent in different areas of the world. The highest rate is in Taiwan where it was found that neonatal infection correlated with the height of complement fixation of surface antigen in the maternal serum. In our series of carrier mother-infant pairs, three infants became surface antigen positive as neonates; two became positive between three and six months; and one became positive between six and 12 months of age; Two babies developed extremely high titers of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen the first year of life. In addition, 33 infants who were followed for from three to 42 months developed neither antigen nor antibody positivity.


Intrafamilial spread of asymptomatic hepatitis B. A survey of 751 families with a total number of more than 3,200 individuals was carried out. The sex-age standardized prevalence of serologic evidence of hepatitis B (HB) was, in familes with an index-donor antigen positive, ten times as high, and in those with an index-donor antibody positive, two of three times as high as in control families of the same ethnic background. The frequency of familial aggregation (two or more cases) was also unusually high (39-48 per cent). Familial prevalence and aggregation were found to be associated with family size. The highest prevalence of antigenemia was observed among sibs and patients (11 to 34 per cent) and the lowest among spouses (0 to 5 per cent). Sibs matched to the index-carriers by age showed a four to sixfold higher antigen prevalence than unmatched sibs. An excellent fit with the recessive inheritance hypothesis was obtained in genetic segregation analyses. In two of three matings with both members antigen positive, all progeny were found to be antigen positive. This study provided evidence indicating that familial aggregation and segregation of HB are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors.


Natural history of viral hepatitis in Greenland. Epidemiological data indicate that endemic hepatitis in Greenland is immunologically different from hepatitis type A occurring in large epidemics. The endemic type is characterized by sporadicity, a high incidence in urban areas, and predominance of adult cases indicative of a hepatitis B virus (hbv) etiology. The distribution of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the healthy population suggests the existence of a hyperendemicity of HBV in some rural areas showing few overt hepatitis cases but a HBs Ag carrier rate up to 25 per cent.


Endemoepidemic non-parenteral type B hepatitis in Costa Rica. In an endemic area of Costa Rica nonparenteral type B hepatitis occurs at a yearly rate of 160/100,000, in an endemoepidemic pattern with periodic localized outbreaks. In a recent episode in the village of San Rafael, 23 clinical and 67 subclinical cases, all subtype adw, originated from two carriers living in opposite ends of the village. Contact transmission was identified as the mode of spread. In a coincidental outbreak in another village, San Juan, 17 clinical and 40 subclinical cases were observed. Thirty-seven cases of HBs Ag/ayw positive hepatitis occurred in the Western sector of the village, apparently originating from contact with three HBs Ag/ayw carriers found in that area. There were also 20 cases of HBs Ag/adw positive hepatitis, but these occurred almost exclusively in the Eastern sector, where subtype adw disease has been prevalent in previous years. The geographic distribution of antibody subtypes found in the two separated sectors of the village coincided fully with that of the antigen subtypes. These observations show that personal contact is definitely a mode of transmission of hepatitis B.


Nonparenteral transmission of viral hepatitis in Greece. "Nonparenteral" transmission of acute viral hepatitis was implicated in 50;5 per cent of 346 patients included in this study and in 67.5 per cent of 1,235 cases reviewed for the period 169-1973. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) was detected in 48.3 per cent of these patients. Of 476 family contacts of HBs Ag carriers 71 per cent had HBs Ag or anti-HBs, this being true for 88.8 per cent of siblings and for 67.7 per cent of offspring. Anti-HBs was detected in 10.4 per cent to 49.3 per cent of the populations tested, its frequency correlating with that of HBs Ag and increasing with age. Significant differences in the patterns of exposure to the hepatitis Bvirus (HBV) were seen between offspring and siblings of HBs Ag carries mainly determined by the observed HBs Ag prevalence in relation to their age. It was calculated that as many as 25 per cent of all Greeks may come into familial contact with HBs Ag carriers and acquire the infection mainly by nonparenteral mechanisms. It is concluded that in Greece there is already a wide exposure to HBV before vaccination programs.


The emerging pattern of post-transfusion hepatitis. The exclusion of commercial and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag)-positive donors, as measured by counterelectrophoresis, has markedly reduced the frequency of post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH). A further, significant reduction in type-B PTH can be achieved by prescreening donors for HBs Ag by solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA); When a voluntary donor population, pretreated by RIA, is used, approximately 90 per cent of residual hepatitis is serologically unrelated to either the type-A or type-B hepatitis viruses. Similarly, cytomegalovirus and the Epstein-Barr virus are not serologically implicated in "non-A, non-B" hepatitis. Additional human hepatitis virus(es) may exist.


The consequences of administering blood pretested for HBs Ag by third generation techniques: a progress report. Elimination of commercial blood, mandatory HBs Ag testing by third generation techniques, and detection and interdiction of incriminated blood donors have all contributed to a dramatic 63 per cent reduction in the estimated number of cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis from 424 in 1970 to 158 in 1973 and an even more dramatic drop in fatalities from 55 to 1970 to 10 in 1973.


Pilocarpine ocuserts. Long-term clinical trials and selected pharmacodynamics. For up to one year, 22 patients with occular hypertension or glaucoma wore a seven-day sustained release device (Ocusert) containing pilocarpine with acceptable retention and no important side-effects. Comparison of prestudy medical regimens using eye drops with those defined as minimum controlling concentrations indicated a high rate of over-medication. The hypotensive effect of two Ocusert strengths was compared to four pilocarpine drop concentrations. Concurrent administration of epinephrine drops did not interfere with Ocusert action and had the anticipated additive effect. Further study indicated the need for continuous wearing and delimited the effective duration of action for single Ocuserts to seven days.


Hbc ag, anti-HBC, and DNA polymerase activity in transfused recipients followed prospectively. Hepatitis B core antigen, antibody to core antigen, and DNA polymerase activity were measured in sera from a select group of post-transfusion hepatitis B patients who had been followed prospectively following blood transfusion. Preliminary results of this study have revealed (1) that RIA testing of blood would not eliminate but would reduce post-transfusion hepatitis B infections by about 50 per cent; (2) that infection with HB virus is modified or aborted in the presence of pre-existing antibody to HB surface antigen; and (3) that transfusion of blood containing anti-HBs does not increase the risk of post-transfusion hepatitis B. HBc Ag and/or DNA polymerase activity were observed in the sera of all recipients tested who developed liver enzyme abnormalities along HBs Ag and anti-HBc. DNA polymerase activity usually occurred in the early stages of incubation before the transaminase became abnormal, whereas HBc Ag was more often associated with increasing enzymatic evidence of liver damage, suggesting release of core structures from the hepatocytes. The presence of DNA polymerase without detectable HBc Ag may be due to the presence of intact Dane particles in the sera, preventing recognition of the core antigen. No serological evidence of hepatitis B was observed in the sera of 24 other recipients who developed abnormal transaminases. Immunoelectron microscopy of these same sera revealed evidence of exposure to hepatitis A antigen following transfusion in at least two recipients.


Size of the physiologic cup of the optic nerve head. hereditary and environmental factors. This study provides a quantitative assessment of heritability of size of the normal physiologic cup when estimated as a continuous variable. A horizontal cup-disc ratio was estimated clinically among a sample of 37 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 26 pairs of like-sexed dizygotic (DZ) twins. Differences in intrapair variance and intraclass correlation coefficient between the MZ and the DZ samples were large and highly significant, and suggest that inheritance plays a major role in determining diameter of the normal physiologic cup. Values of heritability index (Hl, an estimate of the proportion of variance within pairs explained by genetic factors) ranged from 0.60 to 0.80 by various computational methods employed.


Transfusion of hepatitis B immune complex-containing blood in high HBV prevalence populations. In several countries where there is a high prevalence of HBV the risk of PTH has been investigated. One study demonstrated that HBV immunity provided protection against infection following transfusion of HBs Ag-postive blood in that a higher proportion of immune recipients failed to develop, or developed only transitory, HBs antigenemia, Forty (61 per cent) of 66 recipients who received HBs Ag positive (IAHA) units developed hepatitis, which was subclinical in 37 (93 per cent) of the 40. Six recipients of HBs Ag-containing units had HBs Ag in the pre-transfusion serum. In four, HBs Ag disappeared in the early post-trasfusion period, and anti-HBs was detected within days, persisting for the duration of the study. The mechanism of this change in HBV immune status is unknown but it may be related to the existence of HBs Ag immune complexemia detectable by radioelectro-complexing in approximately 80 per cent of Hbs Ag-positive blood donors. The phenomenon of apparent "cure" of the HBs antigenemic state warrants further attention.


Peripheral retinal neovascularization in sarcoidosis. Three black patients with peripheral retinal sea fan neovascularization were found to have sarcoidosis. The periphlebitic process may be the cause of stasis, hypoxia, and a secondary vasoproliferative stimulus. We noted the peculiar finding of a vessel passing through the neovascular tissue into the peripheral retina. This feature may help in the differential diagnosis.


Attempt to prevent hepatitis by using specific anti-HBs immunoglobulin. Sixteen batches of specific anti-HBs immunoglobulin have been prepared from December 1970 up to now. They were used in an attempt to prevent hepatitis B: (1) By a single injection, within seven days, in patients exposed by HBs Ag-positive blood transfusion: with a dose of 0.16 ml/kg, two hepatitis B cases were observed among 29 followed up patients out of 43 cases; with a dose of 0.5 ml/kg, no hepatitis was reported to us in the next 26 patients. (2) By a single injection, within seven days, in laboratory and hospital personnel accidentally contaminated. With a dose of 0.08 ml/kg administered to more than 1000 persons, an excellent protection was observed. (3) By injections repeated every five weeks during the first four months, then more widely spaced during the following months, in hemodialysis units staff. The attack rate of clinical hepatitis B was reduced from about 44 per cent to 0 per cent. No hepatitis case was observed in 90 persons protected from four to 26 months. In a control group (eight subjects) three hepatitis B cases occurred (37 per cent).


Carcinoembryonic antigen-positive metastatic adenocarcinoma of the choroid. A case report. Plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were found to be elevated in a 62-year-old woman who came to us with a diffuse choroidal mass in the left eye. Although a metastatic tumor was suspected clinically, a thorough medical evaluation failed to detect a primary lesion and the eye was enucleated. The histologic diagnosis was metastatic adenocarcinoma. On immunohistologic assay, the choridal metastases stained positively for CEA. We believe this to be the first CEA-positive intraocular tumor to be reported.


Gelatin implants in scleral buckling procedures. The use of gelatin has been evaluated in a series of 59 retinal surgical procedures over a five-year period. When used as a "trapdoor" alone, we conclude that gelatin works as well as any of the currently employed materials for simple cases. The technique gave a 90% primary reattachment rate, which was increased to 100% reattachment by subsequent surgery or photocoagulation. It also gave a desirable absorbable feature in very anterior or very posterior lesions. Used as a meridional implant and combined with one or two layers of solid silicone, the gelatin has proved to be extremely useful in closing holes that were highly elevated or significantly "fish mouthing." We wish to emphasize the value of this use as a meridional implant combined with silicone in complex cases.


A model for steroid effects in herpes keratitis. Dextran-Blue 2000 was used as a marker to determine the effect of steroids on large molecule transfer through the cornea. In superficially scarified corneas topically applied steroids greatly enhanced the transfer of this chromophore through the cornea in the in vivo state, but had little effect in vitro. This implies that the steroid effect is an active process. Since herpes simplex virus is approximately the same molecular weight and configuration as the chromophore used, this study explains one aspect of how steroids may be detrimental when used in the presence of this virus.


Va cooperative study of post-transfusion hepatitis, 1969-1974: incidence and characteristics of hepatitis and responsible risk factors. The Veterans Administration has been conducting a cooperative randomized, double-blind, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of conventional and hepatitis B immune serum globulin for the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. Data collected between 1969 and 1974 provide the opportunity to describe the annual incidence and characteristics of the hepatitis that has developed, and the risk factors which have been identified. Anicteric hepatitis has developed four times more frequently than icteric hepatitis, the total incidence for all six years being 11.3 per cent. The incidence of HBs Ag-associated hepatitis declined dramatically after 1973 with the institution of routine screening of donor blood by radioimmunoassay techniques, although no change in the incidence of antigen-negative hepatitis has occurred. There is indirect evidence to suggest that an undefined agent is responsible for the majority of instances of post-transfusion hepatitis occurring presently. The most important risk factor responsible for the development of hepatitis is the use of commercial blood, and it is strongly urged that this form of blood be removed from general use.


Prevention of experimental allergic uveitis. Treatment and methotrexate. These experiments were undertaken to determine if methotrexate therapy, initiated after immunization, could prevent the development of experimental allergic uveitis. Strain 13 guinea pigs were immunized with Strain 13 guinea pig retina-uvea extract that had been emulsified in Freund complete adjuvant. Some were treated with methotrexate twice a week until the 21st day. Each week, all of their eyes were examined with a slit-lamp. At the end of the study, some were skin tested, and the sera of selected animals were tested by immunodiffusion for antibody. The eyes of certain groups were examined histologically. Results show methotrexate prevented the development of this type of uveitis, even when therapy was initiated seven days after immunization. The disease did not appear after therapy was stopped. Methotrexate also inhibited the development of skin sensitivity and antibody to retina-uvea antigen.


A semi-automated instrument for determination of acuity threshold. A device has been constructed that permits rapid, repeatable measures of visual acuity while minimizing many of the patient and examiner errors in subjective acuity testing. The Baylor acuity meter utilizes digital logic circuitry to implement a carefully controlled psychophysical "staircase" testing procedure in a small portable unit. Comparisons of the acuity meter with conventional measurement techniques on 51 subjects yield correlations of +.74 and +.81. A test-retest correlation of +.96 was found.


Viral hepatitis type B: prospects for active immunization. Studies with heat-activated serum containing hepatitis B virus (MS2 strain) revealed 1) it was not infectious, 2) it was antigenic and 3) it was protectie. Acitve immunization with this preparation was associated with the detection of antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and no detectable core antibody (anti-HBc). In addition, various investigators have prepared a synthetic hepatitis B peptide vaccine, These findings indicate that it should be feasible to develop an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine by the use of purified hepatitis B surface antigen or one of its polypeptides.


Pneumocephalus. A sign of intracranial involvement in orbital fracture. Fractures of the orbit resulting from blunt or penetrating injury that involve the paranasal sinuses may tear the dura and allow air to enter the cranial cavity (pneumocephalus). Pneumocephalus is sometimes the only sign of intracranial involvement. It is characteristically delayed in onset and clinically unsuspected, so that routine follow-up roentgenograms of patients with orbitosinus fractures may be the only means of assuring early detection. Roentgenographically, the air may be seen in spidural, subdural subarachnoid, intracerebral, or intraventricular locations. Prophylactic parenterally administered antibiotics may prevent intracranial infection. However, since about 25% of patients still develop meningitis, surgical repair of the dural fistula is often necessary.


Naevus superficialis lipomatosus. A clinicopathological report of twenty cases. Naevus superficialis lipomatosus (NSL) is a rare malformation consisting of multiple or solitary papules usually occurring on the lower trunk or gluteal regions. In this study the clinical features of twenty new cases are described with a detailed account of the histopathology. Notable were the marked variability in the amount of ectopic fat found in the lesions, and the presence of associated abnormalities of the connective tissue, the vessels, and the skin appendages. In early lesions, mononuclear cells differentiating into lipoblasts could be identified around proliferating capillaries. Two clinical types were distinguished. First, the classical type (7 cases) consisting of multiple lesions occurring in a zonal distribution, and secondly the solitary papule or nodule (13 cases). The latter type can be difficult to distinguish from a skin tag with fatty herniation.


Comparative morphological studies on adjuvant arthritis induced in the extremities of rats, mice, and golden hamsters by intracutaneous injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. Forty rats, 60 mice, and 60 golden hamsters were administered complete Freund's adjuvant by intracutaneous injections in an attempt to produce the clinical picture of arthritis. 90% of the rats, 25% of the mice, and 40% of the golden hamsters developed swollen extremities similar to those observed in rats affected by adjuvant arthritis. 12 animals of each of the 3 species included in this investigation, which showed macroscopically visible swellings of their extremities, were used for comparative histological studies in order to find out whether the swellings of the extremities of mice and golden hamsters are real inflammations of joints and identical with rat adjuvant arthritis. The animals were killed, at 4-day intervals, between the 8th and the 44th days from administration of the adjuvant. Whereas rats showed the full clinical picture of adjuvant arthritis, mice and hamsters exhibited only inflammatory pedal edema without florid arthritis. The involvement of the joints was confined to a minor focal reaction of the synovial membranes of small individual joints. The results obtained support the view of rat adjuvant arthritis being a species-specific reaction rather than corresponding to a species-dependent, universal principle of reaction.


Studies on the mechanism of lithium action: preliminary report. Preliminary observations in a small animal sample reveal that chronic lithium treatment in rats produced significant changes in the microvillous processes on the cell surface of the choroid plexus. These alterations may be associated with increased intracellular choroidal volume. The type of changes noted by SEM suggest an alteration in movement of water into the extracellular areas of the brain. This basic alteration produced by lithium in the secretory/absorptive capacity of the chorid plexus is probably reversible.


[Role of gonadotrophins in mediating the effect of progesterone. I. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the rat vaginal epithelium (author's transl)]. Progesterone induced alterations in the vaginal epithelium of the rat has been studied under the following experimental conditions characterized by an abundance of deficiency of gonadotrophins: ovariectomized impuberal rats, ovariectomized adult rats (at different periods following ovariectomy), impuberal rats subjected to ovariectomy and hypophysectomy (untreated and treated with FSH, LH, HCG).


[Action of clostridial spores on transplantation tumors in alloxan-diabetic rats (author's transl)]. With the intention to improve the up to now unsatisfying effectiveness of tumour treatment by clostridial spores, the influence of Alloxan-induced hyperlglycemia on clostridial therapy in two transplantable tumours of the rat are examined. Contrary to the isolated clostridial application the combined treatment causes a significant improvement of therapeutic effects (tumour-necrosis and -liquefaction, decreased growth-rate-quotient). The examination of antibody titers against clostridial rods shows in animals with Alloxan-diabetes a more early and more powerful increase in comparison with the isolated clostridial application. The importance of these results for therapy and serological diagnosis of malignant tumours is discussed.


Effect of gamma radiation on the enzymatic activity of cell organelles of liver and epithelium of small intestine in rabbits. The protein content and activity of enzymatic markers of cell organelles: succinate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase, uricase, acid phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase were assayed in the homogenate and the supernatant (after two-hour centrifugation at 140,000 X g) of the liver and intestinal epithelium in rabbits irradiated with a single dose of 550 rads of gamma rays. The determinations were carried out on 1,3,6,9,15 and 30 days after irradiation for experimental and control animals. After gamma irradiation the following alterations were found: 1) increase in protein content (marked between 3-6 days), 2) remarkable rise of alkaline phosphatase activity (during the entire period of study), 3) elevation of 5'-nucleotidase activity (only in the intestinal epithelium), 4) marked reduction of succinate dehydrogenase and uricase activity (on the first day of study), 5) moderate decrease of glucose-6-phosphatase activity (mainly on the third day). Apart from a slight decline in the activity of acid phosphatase in the homogenate of intestinal epithelium, on the third day there practically were no changes in the activity of this enzyme either in the supernatant of intestinal epithelium or in the liver tissue.


Simultaneous and successive discrimination of similar letters: comparison of training techniques and transfer effects. Letter discrimination training and its transfer to a trigram recognition task were investigated among 64 kindergarteners. Pretraining, method of stimulus presentation, and type of stimuli were varied in a factorial design. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that while pretraining facilitated learning the discriminations, presentation method and stimulus type did not. The presentation method by stimulus type interaction for number correct during discrimination training was significant at the p less than or equal to .07 level. No effect was noted on transfer task performance.


Age-dependent changes in juvenile hormone esterase and general carboxyesterase activity in the hemolymph of the colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. An in vitro method has been developed for the quantitative estimation of juvenile hormone (JH) esterase activity in the hemolymph of the Colorado beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. The apparent Km value for JH-esterase was determined. JH-esterase and general carboxyesterase activities were estimated throughout the life cycle and under different photoperiodic conditions. High activities were observed in fourth instar larvae and in beetles just before diapause. Lower activities were found in third instar larvae, long-day, diapause and post-diapause beetles. Similar variations were found in general carboxyesterase activity but not in protein concentration. A possible role for the esterase in the regulation of the JH titer is discussed.


The contribution of a chloride shunt to the transmucosal potential of the rabbit submaxillary duct. Chloride movement across the wall of the rabbit submaxillary duct has been studied. It was shown that the chloride diffusion from blood to luminal side was determined primarily by the existing transmucosal potential difference. From the fact that the ouabain-poisoned duct showed symmetrical behavior with respect to the chloride diffusion potentials in both directions and the fact that the measured chloride flux behaved as predicted according to the Goldman equation, it was suggested that a single barrier, rather than a series membrane system, determined the chloride movement. The permeability coefficients for chloride, in the order of 5.5 x 10(-5) cm sce-1 are much larger than would be expected for cell membranes. These findings in combination with the observations that mannitol permeability is higher during chloride perfusion than during sulfate perfusion and the observed electron-microscopic changes favor the concept of the existence of an extracellular route in chloride diffusion. An equivalent electrical circuit is given in order to evaluate the contribution of the chloride shunt more quantitatively. Calculations showed that the ductal resistivity during sulfate perfusion has a value in the order of 434 omega cm2, while during chloride perfusion this value is lowered to 48 omega cm2, indicating that the ductal wall can change from a tight to a leaky epithelium. The implications of these findings are discussed.


Ionic mechanism of action of a spin-labeled local anesthetic on squid axon membranes. The ionic mechanism of action of a spin-labeled local anesthetic (SLA), 2-[N-methyl-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidonooxyl)]-ethyl 4-ethoxylbenzoate, was studied by means of voltage clamp technique with squid giant axons in comparison with the parent compound without spin label moiety, 2-(N,N-dimethyl)ethyl 4-ethoxylbenzoate (GS-01). Like other local anesthetics, they suppressed both sodium and potassium conductance increases. However, three remarkable differences have been noted between SLA and GS-01: (1) SLA is more effective than GS-01 in suppressing the sodium and potassium conductance increases; (2) SLA induces a potassium inactivation, whereas GS-01 is lacking this ability; (3) SLA has no effect on the time to peak sodium current, whereas GS-01 prolongs it. GS-01 resembles procaine with respect to (2) and (3) above. SLA will become a useful probe for the study of the molecular mechanism of local anesthetic aciton and of ionic channel function.


An extended kinetic analysis of valinomycin-induced Rb-transport through monoglyceride membranes. The time course of the current following a voltage jump, which is applied to monoglyceride bilayers in the presence of valinomycin, shows two relaxation times. This is basically in agreement with a simple carrier model which has been described in full detail formerly. Relaxation times and amplitudes allow a calculation of the rate constants of the transport model. The presented data supplement an analysis which was hitherto based only on the slower relaxation process and on information derived from the nonlinearity of current-voltage characteristics. The additional resolution of the faster relaxation time allowed an approximate determination of the voltage dependence of the translocation rate constant for carrier-ion-complex and provided evidence for a small voltage dependence of the interfacial reaction. The dependence of the relaxation parameters on the ion concentration in the aqueous phase was interpreted assuming a saturation of the ion concentration at the reaction plane at high bulk concentrations.


The autistic character.

The autistic character. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the autistic character as a diagnostic entity and then delineate the formative early object relations, the symptoms and how they develop out of the early object relations, and the related defensive behavior. The paper will end with recommendations for treatment.


Mitochondrial uncoupling agents. Effects on membrane permeability of molluscan neurons. Agents which uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria were applied to identified neurons in an isolated ganglion of the marine mollusc Navanax inermis. Aromatic monocarboxylic acids, acetanilides, benzamides, benzaldehydes and phenols all caused a rapid, reversible, dose-dependent increase in the membrane potential and conductance of the neurons tested. These events were due primarily to an increase in the membrane's conductance to potassium, relative to chloride. All active compounds also produced a reversible, dose-dependent decrease in the permeability of alkali-cations relative to potassium. The relative activity of congeners in each group of substances was directly correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficients of the various compounds, indicating that hydrophobicity was important in determining drug effect and suggesting that steric requirements were minimal. The results suggest that the observed changes in membrane electrical properties and cation selectivity are due to an increase in the membrane's anionic field strength caused by the hydrophobic interaction of anionic and nonionic agents with the neuronal membrane.


Response of Nitella internodal cell to chemical stimulation. A model for olfactory receptor system. Electrical response to excitable internodal cell of Nitella was studied by applying various kinds of odorants to the cell. Changes in membrane potential and resistance during responses induced by odorants were measured intracellularly under a variety of ionic environments in the media. Results were: 1) Some odorants (coumarin, isoamylacetate, methylacetate, 1-octanol, 1-butanol, 1-propanol) produced an all-or-nothing type action potential when the concentration of odorant exceeded a certain threshold. The action potential was followed by a gradual depolarization of the potential whose amplitude depended on the odorant concentration, C. Other odorants (heptanoic acid, beta-ionon) induced gradual depolarization of the membrane potential without evoking an action potential. 2) Membrane resistance Rm changed in various ways during depolarization: some odorants led to a temporal or gradual decrease in Rm, and others caused an increase in Rm when the membrane potential was depolarized by the application of odorants. 3) Magnitude of response to odorants OR was found to be represented by the following equation: OR =(alpha + beta square root I) log (C/Cth)  for C greater than or equal to Cth where alpha and beta are constants for a given odorant, I the ionic strength in the medium, and Cth the threshold concentration of the odorant. 4) Plots of olfactory threshold of human and of internodal cell of Nitella gave a straight line having slope unity. 5) Local application of odorants on the internodal cell induced impulses which transmitted from the part treated by odorants to the other portion. Physico-chemical and physiological implications of the results obtained were discussed.


Identity and name changes.

Identity and name changes. The theoretical literature as well as case material presented point to the intimate relationship of name changes to identity struggles. Names have strong affective value and symbolize an important part of a person's identity. The cultural and social value of a name may be secondary to the personal meaning of that name to the individual who in changing it will reveal an inner change in his sense of identity or an inability to integrate a diffuse sense of identity. The answer to "what's in a name?" may be "Identity's in a name."


Application of real-time mass spectrometric techniques to environmental organic geochemistry. I. Computerized high resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectrometry. LOGOS (Smith et al. 1971), an integrated mass spectrometer/computer system, has been employed in a series of experiments which illustrate the utility of the automated techniques of real-time mass spectrometry in the study of organic compounds in the environment. These techniques are shown to be particularly useful in resolving complex mixtures of organic compounds encountered in environmental studies. Complete high resolution mass spectrometry, particularly when used in conjunction with combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and auxiliary techniques such as stable isotopic labeling are described to illustrate the type and scope of information that may be obtained. Illustrative samples include extracts of air- and waterborne particulates, extracts of water-soluble organic material, and a DDT metabolite from sewage sludge.


The differentiation of an androgynous imago. Global phobic-obsessive states accompanied by androgynous images broke, with treatment, into alternating phobic and obsessive phases characterized by paternal images in the former and maternal images in the latter. The dynamics of the phobic states related to the patient's wish for and dread of the paternal phallus, complicated by the father's death during a transitional anal period. The dynamics of the obsessive states were related to wishes and fears of destructiveness of or by the maternal insides. The maternal insides were also experienced as both dangerous and life-giving to the father. As the patient worked through her paternal and maternal fantasies, especially in the transference, her fears of the outside world (the father) and her need to control the insides of her home (the mother) markedly diminished. Active and passive-responsive tendencies bound up and distorted in her obsessive and phobic states were able to undergo fuller differentiation and development with regard to both the internal maternal and paternal objects and the ego's modes of relating to them.


Toxicity of malathion to mammals, aquatic organisms and tissue culture cells. The effect of malathion on rats (75 and 38 mg/kg bwt), aquatic organisms (100 to 0.001 mg/L), and cells in tissue culture (1000 to 1 ppm) was studied. The conventional toxicological tests conducted for 90 days on rats yielded negative results. ChE activity was determined in plasma, liver, brain and erythrocyte samples. It was significantly reduced in the erythrocytes of animals treated with the larger dose for 21 days and in the cerebral cortex of rats fed either of the doses. ChE activity of rats consuming malathion for 90 days did not differ significantly from that of the controls. In contrast, the psychophysiological examinations utilized in the experiments indicated abnormalities within 21 days. Alterations were observed in the EEG and EMG records after 90 days of feeding. Malathion had a definitely harmful effect on phylogenetically and ontogenetically young aquatic organisms, as well as on the cells of monkey kidney culture. The latter finding suggests that the preparation has a direct destructive effect on cells. Although it is not suggested that malathion should be regarded a toxic agent thus requiring limitation of application, attention is directed to the fact that inconsiderate use of the preparation may involve potential dangers for man and his environment.


Working through. A process of restitution. A number of authors, including Freud, have written about the process of working through but have left unsettled what is actually involved. I have attempted to outline the step-by-step process of working through, starting with recollection and repetition and ending with restitution and resolution. I have introduced the term restitution in order to give more importance to an already existing step in the working-throught process; it should not be looked upon as an artificial device. Restitution allows the patient to find appropriate gratification in present reality, and this helps him to relinquish the past. Rather than allowing the patient to "wallow in the muck of guilt," as Eveoleen Rexford suggests society "wallows" in its inability to help its children, restitution gives appropriate direction for change. It is a natural step in the successful resolution of treatment.


DDT and selected analogues as microsomal oxidase inducers in the mouse. Sixteen DDT-type compounds were tested in the mouse for their ability to induce hepatic microsomal enzymes and cytochrome P-450. Results suggested three categories of inducers: (a) inducers which are metabolized to inducers, (b) temporary inducers which are metabolized to noninducers, and (c) noninducers. Freedom from inductive properties is suggested as a parameter for new microcontaminant chemicals.


Comparative behavior of dieldrin and carbofuran in the field. To measure the amounts of dieldrin and carbofuran lost to the environment, we incorporated them into soils in small (0.6-1.1 ha) watersheds in separate years. The disappearance of each was monitored by periodically measuring residues in the soil, runoff, maize plants, and overlying air (dieldrin only). Soil residues were nonuniformly distributed. Best estimate for the time for 95% disappearance of dieldrin from the soil was 12.8 years. Carbofuran disappearance conformed to a first-order reaction and gave 95% disappearance times ranging from 145 to 434 days, depending on soil pH, moisture, and temperature. Runoff losses of both pesticides were highest in rainfalls during the first month after application. Over the season, dieldrin losses ranged up to 2.3% of that applied and were concentrated in the solids. Carbofuran losses in runoff occurred largely in the water and comprised up to 1.9% of the application. More than twice as much carbofuran (and metabolites) as dieldrin was accumulated in the maize plants, mainly in the leaves. Volatilization was an important route of dieldrin loss, amounting in the first year to 4.5% of that applied. Volatility of carbofuran, which was only 1/18th that of dieldrin in a laboratory test, was not measured in the field. The data show that use of optimum management practices can substantially reduce the environmental impact of agricultural applications of these pesticides.


Determination of susceptibility of S-triazine herbicides to protonation and hydrolysis by mineral surfaces. The relative ease of protonation and/or hydrolysis of s-triazine herbicides due to reactions on soil mineral surfaces may be measured by exposure of films of calcium-saturated montmorillonite to chloroform solutions of the s-triazines for appropriate time periods. s-Triazines susceptible to protonation are transformed into organic cations and adsorbed into the interlamellar region of the montmorillonite. Upon interlamellar adsorption of the s-triazine the concentration becomes sufficiently high to be detected by infrared techniques in the 1500 to 1800 cm-1 region. Hydrolysis of the triazines due to the "surface acidity" of the mineral surface is indicated by formation of a carbonyl band having a frequency at about 1750 cm-1. The relative degree of protonation and hydrolysis has been measured for twenty-seven chloro-, bromo-, methoxy-, and methylthio-s-triazines. These observations aid in predicting physiochemical behavior of s-triazines in soils as well as formulations containing similar mineral surfaces.


Bunyaviruses and Bunyaviridae.

Bunyaviruses and Bunyaviridae. A new family is described, the Bunyaviridae, which contains a single genus, Bunyavirus. The main characteristics of the family are as follows: single-stranded RNA, total molecular weight about 7 X 10(6) daltons, probably in three segments. Virions spherical, enveloped particles 90-100 nm in diameter. Envelope contains at least one virus-specified glycopeptide. Develop in the cytoplasm, mature by budding into smooth-surfaced vesicles in the Golgi region or nearby. Internal ribonucleoprotein composed of long strands 2-2.5 nm broad. There are at least 150 members, 87 serologically related bunyaviruses and other probable bunyaviruses.


Electrocardiographic patterns in normal healthy Zambians. Although abnormalities in the electrocardiograms have been described amongst peoples of the Negroid race, there does not appear to be a clear classification of these abnormalities. An attempt has been made to classify these abnormalities in a study amongst indigenous Zambians. There was no correlation between the electrolyte profile of the subjects under study and the electrocardiographic abnormalities could be a feature of individuals living in the tropics and subtropical areas. They are not necessarily confined to the peoples of the Negroid race. Environmental factors could be responsible in part for these abnormalities. We do not subscribe to the theory that electrolyte abnormalities are solely responsible for the abnormal electrocardiograms seen in the African.


Sleeping sickness in children.

Sleeping sickness in children. Twenty-three cases of Sleeping Sickness in children have been analysed at the Arthur Davison Hospital and Mukinge Hospital during the past five years. The overall mortality was 34.8%. This was especially high when trypanosomes were found in the CSF (43.8%), in patients with a CSF cell count greater than 101/cumm (50.0%), and in patients with associated protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) (30.0%). Some clinical features of sleeping sickness (SS) in children are discussed and the therapeutic approach reviewed. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed.


Nutrition rehabilitation in Lusaka.

Nutrition rehabilitation in Lusaka. The incidence and present modes of management of malnutrition in the country are first discussed, and the idea of rehabilitation village, where the mother learns in a practical way about child feeding, is described. Details of the Chipata centre are given and it is recommended that these centres should be established on a wider scale.


Guanidine inhibits tobacco mosaic virus RNA synthesis at two stages. Guanidine (GD) inhibited tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA synthesis at two different steps, depending on the concentration of GD used. The time-course of inhibition by 40 mM GD coincided with the time-course of RNA synthesis. However, 10 mM GD inhibited an earlier step that occurred prior to viral RNA synthesis.


Uncommon arthropathies seen at the University Teaching Hospital-a presentation of two cases. Two cases of arthritis are presented the first being a case of rheumatoid arthritis and the second a case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy secondary to pulmonary disease. Similar conditions have probably been seen in Zambia previously but none have been recorded, as far as we are aware.


phi gamma: A coliphage coliphage related to, but distinct from the phi 80 virion. The coliphage phi gamma, though capable of genetic recombination with phi 80, is morphologically distinct from the phi 80 virion. It has a prolate head (58.4 X 46.7 nm) bearing a tail (143 nm) which is strikingly flexible. On the basis of their buoyant density in CsC1, both infectious and transducing phi gamma particles form a single population. This density value is slightly higher than that of the phi 80 virion. The phi gamma chromosome is a double-stranded linear DNA molecule of 13.4 mum in length (corresponding mol. wt.: 27.6 X 10(6)). From its melting temperature and its buoyant density in CsC1, phi gamma DNA appears to have a base composition very close to that of Escherichia coli DNA.


Cross-cultural considerations in community psychiatry. With the advent of community psychiatry it has become imperative to reconsider the role and meaning of such basic concepts as ego development, oedipal conflicts, object relations, etc. So much of life in the ghetto has been reduced merely to the struggle for survival. This is even more dramatically evident in dealing with the emotional and behavioral problems encountered among the children. Psychological intervention in any dimension must recognize and adapt or redefine these concepts within the context of the particular cultural and social environment. This varies widely when dominated by violence, disruption, and chaotic life experiences. Cases are cited to demonstrate the problems facing the practitioner who must attempt to treat a host of multi-faceted problem areas.


Social performance and readmission in acute and chronic schizophrenics: comparison of two approaches. Schizophrenics classified into acute, chronic, and high-low social competence groups were compared in terms of comprehensive social functioning and life stress. Results obtained with 624 patients showed overlap between the two classifications in functioning in eight areas of psychosocial activity. Interpersonal relationships differentiated acutes-chronics while antisocial behavior separated high from low social competence subjects. For stress three areas were common to both classifications. The acutes-chronics differed on work and interpersonal stress while leisure time stress differentiated competence groups. Predictability by comprehensive functioning measure identified readmission variables for acutes while social competence did not. For chronics, comprehensive functioning identified isolated psycosocial factors as predictors.


Exposure to white spirit. I. Concentration in alveolar air and blood during rest and exercise. Fifteen healthy male subjects were exposed to 1,250 and 2,500 mg/m3 of white spirit in inspiratory air during rest and excercise on a bicycle ergometer. The white spirit contained approximately 83% aliphatic and 17% aromatic components. The duration of each exposure period was 30 minutes. The pulmonary ventilation, the cardiac output, and the concentration of white spirit (subdivided into aromatic and aliphatic components) in alveolar air, arterial blood, and venous blood were determined during and after exposure. The concentration of aliphatic and aromatic components in alveolar air tended to level off towards the close of each period. The resting level of the aromatic components increased approximately 2.0 times, and that of aliphatic components about 2.5 times, during exercise with increased intensities. The concentration of aliphatic components in arterial and venous blood increased at the start of each exposure period but tended to level off towards the close of the period. The resting value increased fourfold in work at the highest intensity. However, the concentration of aromatic components rose sharply during each period. The arterial blood concentration was about 15 times higher at the end of exposure during the heaviest exercise intensity than at rest. Pulmonary ventilation appeared to be more important to uptake in arterial blood than to circulation. The results are believed to be due to the differing solubilities of aliphatic and aromatic components in blood. Measurement of the concentration of white spirit in venous or arterial capillary blood is suggested as a biological check on exposure.


An experimental analysis of response acquisition and elimination with positive reinforcers. An 11 year old retarded child with a history of deviant behaviors underwent an extensive experimental-therapeutic program. This habilitation program was an extensive effort to decrease deviant behavior and to increase appropriate behavior. The program provided an experimental analysis of omission procedures for the reduction of deviant behaviors, and positive reinforcement for the acquisition and maintenance of appropriate play behavior. Response covariation of deviant behaviors was demonstrated. The study included a time period when the child was physically ill and under medical isolation. At the end of a two year follow-up, the child had significantly advanced her overall behavioral repertoire thus improving her physical health and living conditions.


Exposure to white spirit. II. Psychological functions. The effect of the solvent white spirit on psychological functions, such as perceptual speed, reaction time, short-term memory, numerical ability, and manual dexterity, was studied in two separate series of experiments employing 14 and 8 healthy male students, respectively. Each subject was tested repeatedly in each series in exposure to 625, 1,250, 1,875 and 2,500 mg/m3 of white spirit in inspiratory air and under control conditions with exposure to pure air. In another experimental series each subject was tested during exposure to 4,000 mg/m3 of white spirit and under control conditions. Alveolar air samples were taken every fifth minute. No effect on examined functions was observed in the first experimental series. However, a prolonged reaction time and a probably impaired short-term memory was observed in subjects exposed to 4,000 mg/m3. At this concentration of white spirit in inspiratory air an alveolar air concentration was obtaine which corresponded to values obtained in exposure to 2,500 mg/m3 during light exercise.


Roentgenographic findings of the lumbosacral spine in preemployment examinations of lumbermen with special reference to spondylolisthesis. The X-ray findings of the lumbar spine in the preemployment examination of 807 lumbermen are presented. From the applicants 11.4% were rejected because of roentgenological and/or clinical low back abnormalities. The youngest age group showed a high frequency of spondylolisthesis (8%). The possible role of heavy work in adolescence in the etiology of spondylolisthesis is discussed.


Changes in the nasal mucosa after exposure to copper salt dust. A preliminary report. Ten mental workers with varying exposure to complex copper salts to dust form, six other metal workers not exposed, and nine construction workers in other occupational categories, also unexposed to the salts, were compared with respect to history and mucosal changes in the nose. There were subjective symptoms of metal dust exposure in the group exposed to the copper salts. Suspected early atrophic changes in the mucous membranes were noted in subjects exposed for long periods of time. Protective equipment in the form of breathing masks should be used in this type of work unless moistening or a surface finish on the copper sheeting is capable of preventing the release of dust.


Requirement of cell nucleus for the replication of an arenavirus. Baby hamster kidney (BHK21) cells enucleated with cytochalasin B were infected with Pichinde virus or Sindbis virus. Viral replication was measured by plaque assay, and the synthesis of viral antigens was determined by immunofluorescence. Pichinde virus replication was completely inhibited in cells enucleated prior to infection as measured by both techniques while the replication of Sindbis virus was unaffected. Enucleation of cells at different times after infection with Pichinde virus indicated that intact nuclei were required for at least 8 h after infection.


Biochemical changes caused by asbestos dust in the lungs of rats. The contents of collagen, hexosamine, phospholipids, and cholesterol and the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases, glutamic oxalo-acetate transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transminase, aldolase, hexokinase, and lactic dehydrogenase were determined in the lungs of rats 150 days after the intratracheal injection of amosite, anthophyllite, and chyrsotile. Anthophyllite did not cause any significant change, while amosite and chrysotile caused significant increases in the contents of collagen and mucopolysaccharides. Lactic dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities were increased by all the dusts, while the othe enzymes were not seriously affected. The biochemical significance of the findings in relation to abestosis was discussed.


Blood cell gamma-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in humans exposed to methylmercury. The gamma-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity in blood cells was studied in 15 subjects exposed to methylmercury through consumption of contaminated fish and 19 "unexposed" subjects with a similar sex and age distribution. The exposed subjects had a mean mercury level of 120 (range 15-370) ng/g blood cells while the controls had 9 (range 4-15) ng/g. Both groups had the same mean level of lead in whole blood (10+/-1 mug/100 ml). ALA-D activity decreased statistically significantly as both mercury and lead levels in the blood cells increased.


Isolation and morphology of the internal component of human coronavirus, strain 229E. Biochemical studies on human coronavirus, strain 229E, indicate that the RNA is present in the virion in association with protein as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. Morphological studies have revealed that this nucleocapsid is probably a continuous helical RNP.


Endogenous DNA polymerase-positive core particles from hepatitis-infected hepatocytes. The purification is described of liver-derived hepatitis B core antigen (HBc Ag) from human hepatocytes demonstrating only intranuclear particles by electron microscopy. The purified preparation contained 5 x 10(11) particles per ml. The particles were mono-dispersed and relatively free of background material. DNA-dependent polymerase activity was present and had greater activity than an equal number of cores derived from Dane particles isolated from plasma. Specificity of the polymerase reaction was confirmed by precipitation of the activity with specific anti-HBc antiserum. A proportion of the liver-derived core particles was nonreactive for DNA polymerase activity. The polymerase-positive population of particles had a larger size than the polymerase-negative population of liver-derived cores as evidenced by gel filtration in Sepharose 4B.


Cricket paralysis virus replicates in cultured Drosophila cells. Drosophila cells infected with cricket paralysis virus yielded normal virus particles as shown by their infectivity and by physical and serological tests; the paricles had the same sedimentation coefficient and density as the virus particles used as inoculum, and were precipitated specifically by an antiserum to those particles.


A systems approach to the provision of social work services in health settings: part 2. In the first part of this presentation published in the last issue, the author offered a sociological view of the hospital as an institution within the economic, political, and value systems of the community. Systems theory is the conceptual base for projecting the potential role of the social worker in the health setting. Part 2, in this issue, deals with impediments and barriers to effective social work in hospitals as well as solution finding based on systems work in combination with direct service skills.


Demonstration of antibodies to both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of H3N2 influenza A virus in domestic dogs. Serologic evidence of infection with human (H3N2) influenza viruses of 6 of 79 dogs sampled in New York City in March-April 1973 was obtained through the use of four different methods for measurement of anti-hemagglutination and anti-neuraminidase antibody.


The social work role in an inpatient alcoholism treatment team. This article discusses the role of the social worker in an alcoholism treatment team. Many insights for social work treatment have derived fron an unusual blending of professional and experiential knowledge and consciously used lay counseling. The importance of a consistent philosophy among team members is emphasized, as is the need to treat the significant persons in the patient's life.


Working with problems of assault to self-image and life-style. This paper defines two groups of patients in general hospitals who require special attention to the social and emotional components of their illnesses: those patients who experience assaults to self-image and those patients who must make basic changes in their life-style. These two groups comprise a large segment of the adult patient population found in medical and surgical services of the general hospital. The emotional reactions of patients and family members to the process of illness and its treatment by surgery and prescribed regimen are examined. Although therapeutic intervention is the shared responsibility of all health care practitioners, the social worker is particularly equipped to deal with these attitudes and reactions. Methods of social work intervention useful to both groups of patients during hospitalization are discussed. The author urges greater utilization of therapeutic milieu concepts in medical and surgical services and identifies the role of the social worker in fostering this.


Using the group method to study and treat parents of asthmatic children. This paper describes the use of the group method to study and treat parents of hospitalized asthmatic children. The needs of parents as revealed by the group process are discussed, and the implications for treatment of both child and family are reviewed.


The sub-acute center: a proposal for relocating elderly mental patients. Both researchers and practitioners have become increasingly concerned with the plight of elderly mental hospital patients who are often inappropriately confined in state hospitals and then discharged from these facilities with little preparation for survival or attention given to the quality of community resources. This paper proposes the establishment of a new community care setting, a sub-acute center (SAC), which is designed to meet present inadequacies in the mental care system for the aged and combines elements of a foster home and a protective setting with a mental health aftercare component for more effectively preparing the elderly for independent community living. The SAC combines at least three concepts which are discussed: (a) the receiving station; (b) continuity of care; and (c) advocacy. The professional SAC staff and aides have many potential roles to play as practitioners, spokesmen, educators, consultants, and researchers.


Social work designs a humanistic program to enhance patient care. This article is a description and evaluation of the University of Utah Medical Center's effort to enhance patient care through the establishment of a hospital staff human relations program. The program, focused on select hospital staff, aimed at greater staff awareness and sensitivity to the problems and needs of patients resulting from hospitalization. Because of the positive initial response, the program has been extended and has become a major staff development and education project. This program was presented by a team of social workers and represented a new contribution to the health care system by social work.


The functional analysis study: a first step in quality assurance. This article describes a recent study of how social work staff in a large medical center spend their time--the tasks and activities performed regularly. The value of this kind of study, especially as a first step in the development of a comprehensive quality assurance program for a department of social work services, is discussed.


Replication of human chromosomes in human-mouse hybrids: evidence that the timing of DNA synthesis is determined independently in each human chromosome. The terminal phase of DNA replication was studied by autoradiography in hybrids between human lymphocytes and mouse fibroblasts. The hybrids contained on the average only 11 human chromosomes. It was found that the sequence of terminal DNA replication for the human chromosomes in the hybrids was the same as the sequence of terminal replication for the corresponding chromosomes in the human lymphocytes. Furthermore, it was shown that the maintenance of the normal terminal replication sequence of the human chromosomes in the hybrids was not dependent on the presence of any specific human chromosome. The results suggest that the timing of terminal DNA replication is determined independently in each human chromosome.