The role of linoleic acid in hypoxia-induced changes of the action potentials and the force of contraction of isolated papillary muscles of the guinea pig. With sufficient oxygen supply to isolated papillary muscles of the guinea pig no specific effect of linoleic acid on the parameters of muscle function could be detected. During hypoxia, however, there was a marked reduction in effective refractory period and in contractile force which had the same order of magnitude in substrate-free and in linoleic acid-containing medium. With glucose in addition to linoleic acid, the shortening in refractory period could be delayed, although no influence on the impairment of force of contraction was observed. Conversely, the decrease in both action potential duration and force of contraction could be delayed considerably in hypoxic perfusion media containing increasing concentrations of glucose.


Erucic acid metabolism by cultured beating heart cells of the postnatal rat. Cardiac erucic acid metabolism has been studied with beating heart cells in culture. It has been shown that erucate is taken up by these cultured cardiac myocytes. These cells are unable to oxidize it directly but require delaying intermediary steps to shorten the erucic acid chain before its complete oxidation. This long latency time of erucate oxidation would explain its accumulation within the different cellular lipid classes. It is suggested that the occurrence of large amounts of erucate in the different phospholipids might affect cellular and mitochondrial membrane structures. Evidence is reported that erucate does not affect the oxidative capacity of the myocardial cell but because of its accumulation dilutes other fatty acids which will then be oxidized at a lower rate.


Changes in myocardial water and solutes after ischemia. Myocardial ischemia was produced in six dogs by arterial occlusion. Tissue contents of H2O, Na, Ca, and amino acids increased; K and (in one dog) Mg decreased. Variability in composition increased. Cell changes were evaluated with a method of appraising variability in composition between biopsies, and calculated (in three dogs) using extracellular fluid (ECF) volumes measured with [60Co]EDTA. Cell contents of H2O, Na, Cl, Ca, amino acids, and the molar quantity of nondiffusible solutes increased. Contents of K, nondiffusible anions (epicardium only) and total ionic strength of cell fluid decreased. Clinical implications are discussed.


Measurement of extracellular fluid after acute myocardial infarction. The volume of distribution of [60Co]EDTA in normal dog myocardium is slightly less than that calculated from tissue contents of H2O, Cl, K, and their extracellular fluid (ECF) concentrations subsuming a steady state across cell membranes. The volume of distribution of [3H-]sorbitol was substantially higher than the measured CoEDTA space. [60Co]EDTA can be measured in ischemic myocardium that remains perfused. Extraction of [60Co]EDTA and [3H-]sorbitol is incomplete from dried biopsies.


Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial fractions of serum aspartate aminotransferase in the early phase of myocardial infarction. The behavior of the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) (E.C. 2.6.1.1) has been quantitatively evaluated in the serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction. For this purpose a new electrophoretic procedure on Cellogel strips with spectrophotometric evaluation has been used. An increase of the mitochondrial fraction of AAT has been observed in the very early phase of myocardial infarction (i.e., 6 hr after the onset of symptoms). The serum increase of the mitochondrial AAT precedes those of other enzymes, including creatine phosphokinase.


Myocardial enzyme loss: factors leading to reduction or exacerbation of release. In studies with the isolated, perfused, K+ arrested rat heart the release of four myocardial enzymes was studied during 7 hr of anoxia. The effect of several potential protective agents upon enzyme release was measured. Anoxic perfusion with exogenous supplies of glucose afforded considerable protection; the duration of anoxia that could be tolerated without significant release was greatly extended and the extent of overall release was greatly reduced. Limited oxygen availability also afforded considerable protection and the effect was additive with glucose. It is proposed that maximum protection is achieved with procedures aimed at maximizing cellular levels of ATP during hypoxia. The use of "membrane stabilizers," e.g., methyl prednisolone may also have some protective effects. It is proposed that the onset of myocardial enzyme release is associated with the transition from reversible to irreversible cellular damage. Significant metabolic protection can be achieved during the phase of reversible damage. In contrast, after the onset of irreversible damage, little can be done to halt or reduce enzyme loss. Under certain circumstances, e.g., reoxygenation after an extended period of anoxia, attempted protection may lead to exacerbation of damage.


Carnitine palmityltransferase activity during myocardial ischemmia and at low ionic strengths. Carnitine palmityltransferase activity was measured in mitochondria isolated from control and ischemic dog heart. The ischemic activity demonstrated a decrease in both the Vmax and the Km of the enzyme for 1-carnitine when measured in the presence of 160 muM palmityl-CoA. The kinetic response of the mitochondrial carnitine palmityltransferase to ischemia was mimicked by assay of the enzyme from control mitochondria in a medium of low ionic strength. The effect of ionic strength on enzyme activity was directly correlated with binding of palmityl-CoA to the mitochondrial membranes. The decrease in carnitine palmityltransferase activity in ischemic mitochondria may reflect a decrease in palmityl-CoA binding to the enzyme active site. The depression in ischemic carnitine palmityltransferase activity may represent an early defect in mitochondrial metabolism.


Protein synthesis in cell-free systems from totally ischemic rat myocardium. Ribosomes and cell sap were isolated at different times from excised rat hearts stored in a moist chamber at 37 degrees C and their capacity for protein synthesis was tested. The incorporation rate of labeled amino acids by ribosomes with cell sap from control hearts showed a slow decrease after the first hour of incubation. Polysome profiles as well as incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine in the presence of polyuridylic acid indicated an increase in the amount of monoribosomes during storage of the organ. The activity of cell sap prepared from such hearts after 1 hr and measured with ribosomes from control hearts was also decreased. The reduction in the capacity for protein synthesis noted separately with ribosomes and with cell sap from stored hearts is additive if both components are prepared from stored hearts.


Dissociation of inotropic and chronotropic effects of isoproterenol on the isolated working rat heart after coronary artery ligation. Acute regional ischemia was achieved by left coronary artery ligation in the isolated working rat heart preparation. After an early decline in left ventricular performance, the preparation showed good mechanical stability. Electrical stimulation beyond 5.5--5.7 stimuli/sec had a negative inotropic effect. When dl-isoproterenol was added to the perfusion fluid aortic output showed a biphasic response but left ventricular peak systolic pressure rose to preligation values as heart rate reached 400 beats/min, suggesting dissociation of inotropic and chronotropic effects in these experimental conditions.


Modification of acetylcholine action by bivalent cations on the perfused heart of the frog. When frog heart is perfused with high calcium Ringer solution it may be stimulated by a low dose of acetylcholine. This stimulant action is mediated through atropine-sensitive receptors and is blocked by certain calcium antagonists such as local anesthetics, cobalt, magnesium, and phenoxybenzamine. However, the nicotinic action of high doses of acetylcholine on atropinized heart is not blocked by cobalt and magnesium ions.


Which of caffeine's chemical relatives are able to evoke contractures in mammalian heart? At concentrations between 0.5 mM and 10 mM caffeine, theophylline, theobromine, imidazole, 2-methyl imidazole, 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide, naphazoline, antazoline, and tolazoline in normal MacEwen solution induce contractures in rat and guinea pig myocardium. 9-Methylxanthine, 1,3,9-trimethylxanthine, hypoxanthine, or 2-imidazolidone, when similarly applied, do not. These observations, and similar results from frog heart, can be interpreted assuming that an unsaturated position 9 nitrogen in a xanthine molecule or in the equivalent position of an imidazole group is necessary for the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm to be initiated and therefore for a contraction to develop. The site of action of these compounds is likely to be the sarcoplasmic reticulum.


Temperature-dependent ethanol inhibition of [14C]leucine incorporation in mouse heart slices. The incorporation of [C14]leucine into mouse heart slice proteins was temperature dependent, being maximal at 37 degrees C. Ethanol (200mM) produced an irreversible inactivation of the incorporation which was strongly temperature dependent, being only 8 percent at 34 degrees C, but 66 percent at 42.8 degrees C. The inactivation was proportional to the concentration. At 41.8 degrees C, even 40 mM ethanol produced a significant inhibition of incorporation. Ethanol affected the oxygen consumption of the slices much less than the [C14] leucine incorporation. Both acetone and dimethylsulfoxide produced similar, although less pronounced, effects. It is concluded that ethanol potentiates the heat inactivation of [C14] leucine incorporation into mouse heart slices due to its solvent effect.


Myocardial cell damage due to ethanol.

Myocardial cell damage due to ethanol. The effect of ethanol on the myocardial metabolism of experimental animals was studied in acute and in chronic models. Thirty minutes after intraperitoneal injection of ethanol in a dose of 250 mg/100 gm of body weight there was a significant increase of glycolysis and slight decrease of mitochondrial respiration as well as of respiratory control ratio. No changes were observed in the concentration of high energy phosphates in the heart muscle. The metabolic changes in these acute experiments were of a transitory character; they disappeared parallel with the decline of ethanol level in the blood and in the myocardium. The chronic alcoholic model was observed for 10 weeks. Ethanol (250 mg/100 gm) was injected daily. The analyses of the heart muscle were carried out 24 hr after the last injection of ethanol. In this model ethanol also provoked considerable disturbances of metabolic processes in the myocardium: decrease of glycolysis and of glycogen content, decrease of mitochondrial respiration as well as of respiratory control ratio of isolated mitochondria and decrease of adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate with simultaneous increase of inorganic phosphate in the myocardium.


Hemodynamic, metabolic, and ultrastructural consequences of hyperosmolal mannitol after myocardial anoxia. Recovery from anoxia has been evaluated in the isovolumic nonrecirculating paced perfused rat heart. Seventy studies were performed consisting of 1) 15 min of aerobic perfusion (AP), 2) AP + 15 min of anoxic perfusion, 3) AP + 15 min of anoxic perfusion + 15 min of reoxygenation. Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate + 5 mM glucose (KRB) was compared with KRB + mannitol (osmolality, +60 mOsm). Mannitol decreased myocardial water content. It improved recovery of hemodynamic function after reoxygenation. With KRB alone left ventricular systolic peak pressure (LVSp) decreased by 32 percent and maximum dP/dt by 50 percent. With mannitol added LVSp decreased 18 percent and dP/dt 21 percent (p less than 0.01). No effect on energy metabolism was demonstrated. KRB and mannitol did not differentially affect total coronary flow, lactate, and glucose extraction, tissue glycogen, creatine phosphate, or adenine nucleotide concentrations. No significant difference in capillary filling was demonstrated by microfil injection. Mannitol appears to improve LV function by direct myocardial osmotic action unrelated to enhanced energy production.


An explanation for the positive inotropic effect of hypertonic solutions. Hypertonic solutions of mannitol and sucrose have positive inotropic effects on both cardiac and skeletal muscle in vivo and in vitro. By increasing the tonicity of dog plasma of 50 mOsm in vitro with sucrose or mannitol Ca++ activity. The negative results with calcium proteinate and simple salt solutions suggest that the increased activity increases of 20--50 percent can be measured with a calcium-specific electrode. Increased tonicity had no effect on calcium proteinate complexes. By increasing the tonicity of solutions of small molecular weight complexes, a 5--50 percent increase in Ca++ activity results, depending on the specific complex used. Increasing the tonicity of solutions of inorganic salts such as CaSO4 or CaCl2 did not increase Ca++ activity seen with small molecular weight complexes is caused by dissociation of the Ca++, not by an interaction of the sucrose or mannitol solutions with the electrode. The absolute change inducible in a 10(-3) M solution of a small molecular weight complex is in the range of 0.5 mEq/l, a physiologically significant range. Thus it is suggested that part of the positive inotropic effect of increase osmolarity is a result of increased Ca++ activity from small molecular weight complexes in plasma and interstitial fluid.


Influences of dietary fats on the coronary flow and oxygen consumption of the isolated rat heart. The influence of various diets on the coronary flow (Qcor) and oxygen consumption (VO2m) of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts was studied. The diets contained 23 percent of the total amount of calories as proteins and sufficient amounts of minerals and vitamins, while the amounts of starch and type of fat were varied. In the Langendorff set-up, the perfusion pressure (Pp), and/or the developed left ventricular pressure (PD) were varied to change Qcor and VO2m. At Pp = 50 and 90 mm Hg, Qcor and VO2m of the isolated hearts of rats fed 50 percent of the total number of calories (cal%) as sunflower seed oil (50 SSO) or 50 cal% palm oil (50 PO) for 3 days were 10--20 percent higher than those of the hearts of rats fed pellets (11 cal% fat). At Pp = 80 mm Hg and at various levels of PD, Qcor of the isolated hearts of rats fed 50 SSO or 45 PO + 5 SSO for 3 months was about 20 percent higher than that of the isolated hearts of rats fed a high carbohydrate diet. No differences were found in VO2m or in the maximum obtainable value of PD. When rats were fed mixtures (total amount of fat 50 cal%) of SSO and hardened coconut oil (CO) for 3 days, Qcor increased with increasing dietary SSO. The value of Qcor of the isolated hearts of rats fed a high carbohydrate diet containing 5 cal% SSO was in between the values of the groups fed 50 SSO and 45 CO + 5 SSO. Perfusion of the latter two groups of hearts with substrate-free medium increased Qcor by about 35 percent. The total hypoxanthine + inosine output in these two groups of hearts was about 4.0 nmoles-min-1, and remained contstant during perfusion with substrate-free medium. We conclude that the composition of the diet influences the coronary flow of isolated perfused rat hearts. The amount and the type of dietary fat influence both the magnitude and the direction of the effects. The relationship between the type of dietary fat and its effects on coronary flow is complex.


Is substrate supply of the myocardium limited by capillary exchange? Data of tracer wash-out kinetics of substrates and other substances permit the calculation of myocardial capillary exchange rates. Transfer rates calculated from these data and from known plasms substrate concentrations are close to the extraction rates observed by several authors. The substrate pattern offered for the myocardial cell, calculated from the capillary transfer, is also very similar to that extracted. These findings indicate that myocardial substrate consumption is determined and, under certain circumstances, even limited by capillary exchange. Limitation of capillary substrate transfer might act as a bottleneck of myocardial energy metabolism and might induce myocardial cell necrosis under certain conditions.


The effects of polyamines on cardiac protein biosynthesis. Putrescine, spermine, and spermidine were able to stimulate cell-free protein biosynthesis at low Mg++ ion concentrations. The addition of polyamines to the perfusate of an isolated perfused rat heart preparation caused an increased rate of [14C]phenylalanine incorporation into myocardial protein. Spermine increased the uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid into the myocardium.


Changes in myocardial collagen in normal development and after beta blockade. During development the total mass of collagen increases to the same degree in each ventricle independently of the mass of muscle. At birth the concentration of collagen is the same in each ventricle. Thereafter a greater quantity of muscle is developed in the left ventricle than in the right ventricle, so that the concentration of collagen in the right ventricle comes to exceed that in the left. In the mature rabbit the concentration of collagen is higher in the atria than in the ventricles, higher in the right ventricle than in the left ventricle, and higher in the epicardium than in the endocardium. Beta blockade has no effect on the content of myocardial collagen.


Diffusion in the gas phase: the effects of ambient pressure and gas composition. Gas transport across the pores of a hen's egg shell occurs by a process of diffusion in the gas phase and for any particular gas depends upon its diffusion coefficient and the pore geometry. The egg shell is thus a convenient model for measuring the diffusive permeability of the shell to a given gas species when its diffusion coefficient is altered by either a change in ambient pressure or by changing the second gas in the diffusion pathway. In this study the permeability of the shell to water vapor and O2 was inversely proportional to ambient pressures over the range of .06 to 8 atmospheres' absolute (ata). The permeability of the shell to water vapor in a He environment (KH20, He) was 2.4 times KH20, air. If KO2, N2 is taken as unity, the permeabilities of the shell to O2 in He, Ar, CO2 and SF6 are 3.38, 0.95, 0.88, and 0.52, respectively. The results are interpreted in terms of the Chapman-Enskog equation, from which binary diffusion coefficients can be predicted for given gas pairs and ambient pressures. These results also provide explantations for the structural modification of egg shells in altitude-adapted chickens, and for the reduced insensible water loss in man at high ambient pressure.


Effects of ambient PO2 on hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and red cell ATP concentrations in a benthic fish, Pleuronectes platessa. Previous studies have demonstrated that acclimation of mammals and fish to hypoxic conditions elicits opposite responses in red cell organic phosphate levels (an increase and a decrease, respectively). This investigation focuses on the "reverse" response - when the benthic fish Pleuronectes platessa, which occurs locally under hypoxic conditions, is subjected to higher oxygen tensions. Compared to the hypoxic (PO2 =30 mm Hg) situation the ATP:Hb ratio in increased (1.1 to 1.8) and oxygen affinity is increased (i.e. P50 changed from 18 to 30 mm, at pH 7.7 and 15 degrees C) by acclimation to Po2 of 150 mm Hg. Under hyperoxic conditions (Po2 =300 mm Hg) the ATP:hemoglobin ratio and blood P50 showed a surprising decrease and returned to values comparable to those in hypoxic fish (to 1.3 and 18 mm Hg, respectively). When "stripped" of organic and inorganic ions hemoglobin solutions prepared from fish acclimated at 30 and at 150 mm Hg have the same P50 and Bohr effect values, showing that the intra-erythrocytic factor rather than changes in the hemoglobin molecules, are involved. The pure hemoglobin shows high sensitivity to ATP at physiological concentrations. There is evidence that apart from the direct helcotropic effects, ATP decreases oxygen affinity in the red cells through modification of the Donnan distribution of protons across the red cell membrane. Fish acclimated to 30 and 150 mm Hg oxygen tensions showed the same oxygen consumption rates at the same oxygen tensions.


Oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise in pregnancy. The oxygen consumption (Vo2) of 12 normal women was measured at monthly intervals during pregnancy and 2, 6 and 12 weeks and 6 months postpartum. At each study session measurements were made sitting at rest, during standard steady-state exercise on a bicycle ergometer, and for 10 minutes of recovery. A significant increase in exercise Vo2 was observed in late pregnancy when compared to paired postpartum values. The oxygen debt incurred by standard exercise was also greater in late pregnancy than 12-14 weeks postpartum.


Ventilation during rest and exercise in pregnancy and postpartum. The expiratory minute volume (Ve), respiratory frequency (f), tidal volume (VT), carbon dioxide production (Vco2), and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (FETCO2) and pressure (PETCO2) were measured at monthly intervals in 12 normal women during pregnancy and two, six and 12 weeks, and six months postpartum. At eacy study, measurements were made sitting at rest and during steady-state exercise at 306 kpm/min on a bicycle ergometer. During pregnancy, a significant increase in VE occurred, both at rest and during exercise, due to a significantly greater VT. Although VCO2 was significantly increased at rest throughout pregnancy and with exercise in late pregnancy, the respiratory exchange ratio (R) was not significantly altered during pregnancy. The FETCO2 was lower during pregnancy than postpartum, both at rest and during exercise. The ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2) was greater at rest near term and during exercise throughout pregnancy. However, resting physiologic dead space increased during pregnancy. Alveolar ventilation (VA) was calculated on the basis of three alternative assumptions: (1) that PETCO2 during exercise accurately reflects mean alveolar PCO2; (2) that the physiological dead space does not change during exercise; and (3) that mean alveolar PCO2 does not change from rest to exercise. Exercise VA, calculated on the basis of any of these three assumptions, is greater during pregnancy than postpartum.


Respiratory function of blood in hibernating and non-hibernating hedgehogs. The oxygen affinity of the blood of hibernating hedgehogs has been investigated previously by Clausen and Ersland (1968) and Bartels et al. (1969). The results of these studies were conflicting in so far as Bartels et al. (1969) found an increase of the O2 affinity during hibernation resulting in a P50 of 23 mm Hg at pH 7.4 37 degrees C, while Clausen and Ersland reported a P50 of 33.6 mm Hg under the same conditions, a value which was only slightly different from the one found in nonhibernating animals (Bartels et al., 1969).


Central ventilatory responses to O2 and CO2 at three levels of carotid chemoreceptor stimulation. Two series of experiments were performed on anesthetized dogs to study the steady-state ventilatory responses of the central respiratory mechanism to hypoxia and hypercapnia at three different levels of cartoid body stimulation. A cross-perfusion technique was used to perfuse a recipient dog's carotid bodies with blood of desired oxygen tension from a donor dog. Central hypoxia and hypercapnia were induced by allowing the recipient dog to spontaneously breathe specific gas mixtures for 6-min periods.


Activity of medullary respiratory neurones during reflexes from the lungs in cats. We have studied in cats the discharge pattern in response to lung inflation and deflation of 283 medullary respiratory neurones, 173 being inspiratory and 110 expiratory. The ventral respiratory nucleus, near the nucleus ambiguus, was particularly investigated. The neurones were classified into bulbo-spinal neurones, laryngeal motoneurones and propriobulbar neurones by antidromic invasion from the spinal cord or the vagus nerve (collision test). The bulbo-spinal neurones responded in the same direction as spinal motoneurones in the Hering-Breuer reflexes: depression of inspiratory neurones and facilitation of expiratory neurones by inflation of the lungs. All the expiratory laryngeal motoneurones and some inspiratory laryngeal motoneurons responded in the opposite direction to the Hering-Breuer reflexes: depression of expiratory motoneurones and facilitation of inspiratory motoneurones. The function of propriobular neurones could be inferred from their response to Hering-Breuer reflexes: one group of propriobulbar neurones responded in such a manner as to be linked to the activity of the bulbo-spinal neurones; the other group responded in accordance with the activity of the laryngeal motoneurones.


The interaction of chemo- and mechanoreceptor signals in the control of airway calibre. The volume of an isolated tracheal segment and of the intrathoracic airways (intrathoracic portion of anatomical dead space) were measured during independent changes in ventilation minute volume and alveolar PCO2 and PO2, in order to assess the separate effects of chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor signals upon airway calibre. The results were highly dependent upon initial airway tone, initial airway constriction favouring dilator responses and vice versa. Increasing alveolar PCO2 caused reflex airway constriction if ventilation was held constant. The magnitude of this response was reduced if ventilation was maintained at a high level and increased if it was held at a low level. Increasing ventilation caused reflex airway dilatation even if end tidal PCO2 was held constant. The size of the dilatation was reduced at high PCO2s and increased at low PCO2s. The interactions of the chemoreceptor and mechanoreceptor signals and of the effect of initial airway tone put a limit on airway dilatation during hyperventilation and particularly during hypercapnic hyperventilation. These mechanisms also limit the airway constriction following reductions in ventilation. They are consistent with the existence of an airway control system which adjusts airway calibre to minimise the work of breathing.


[Process control and management of mine ventilation by means of a computer]. The application of process control to mine ventilation, as described in this paper, has two aims 1. to improve safety in mines, by a rapid and, if possible, continuous matching of the air distribution with the variable methane and heat emissions in the mine workings, 2. to limit the adverse effects of perturbation in the mine ventilation system. The principles are discussed and the computer flow sheets given. The colliery where the installation is proposed, is presented. Pressure, air flow, methane concentration, temperature and humidity are measured underground. Readings are collected and transmitted through the telephone network to a computer where they are processed in real time. The next step will be to install the airflow regulating devices and to control them remotely by computer. The computer programs will be progressively introduced in the control routine. Nevertheless, the important regulating actions will not, at least during the initial period, be automaticaly executed unless supervised by man.


Investigation of the blood flow in the maxillary sinus. Plethysmographic measurements of the blood flow in the mucosa of the human maxillary sinus was reported in 1974, but the errors of the method were not completely known. By measuring the absorption of the radioactive gas 133Xe by the antral mucosa simultaneously with plethysmography a comparison between the two methods is possible. A good correlation between the two methods was found in the only subject investigated so far.


The indirect measurement of nasal airway resistance. This is a comparative study of two indirect methods for measuring nasal airway resistance. 1. In 499 patients, nasal airway resistance was studied with the alternating pressure principle. Using mathematical and computer analysis, nasal resistance averaged 18,7 and 15,4 mm H2O/1/sec., respectively. This correlates well with literature data of nasal resistance, as defined by different methods. 2. In 760 patients nasal airway resistance was studied with the body plethysmograph. The mean value was 11,5 mm H2O/1/sec. We believe, that there is a methodical failure due to leakage of the mask during exspiration against a mechanical closing mechanism of the body plethysmograph.


Controlled specific immunotherapy of the nasal atopy. 61 extrinsic nasal atopic patients (26 Grass-positive, 35 D.pt.-positive) underwent a longitudinal study of some clinical-diagnostic parameters in order to establish their usefulness for a specific controlled therapy. The symptoms diary drawn up by the patient himself together with the research of the threshold and nasal responsiveness by the RRM provocation test and the evaluation on the same patient of the endo-point of the blocking antibodies result, at present time, the most suitable means to carry out in a satisfactory way a controlled specific therapy.


Push-down of the external nasal pyramid by resection of wedges. A technique of wedge resection is used for reduction of an extreme projection of the bony nasal pyramid. In these cases the push-down technique is inadequate, and resection of the dorsum is considered too destructive. The method consists of the resection under direct vision of a bony triangle at the base of the bony pyramid. To this end, a subperiosteal tunnel about 7-8 mm wide is created on the lateral and medial surface of the nasal bones via vestibular incisions.


Renal blood flow and function during neuroleptanaesthesia and at elevated intravesical pressure. An experimental study in the pig. During two hours of neuroleptanaesthesia in five pigs, renal blood flow was unchanged, whereas renal vascular resistance and the mean arterial blood pressure increased. The glomerular function was not significantly altered. The tubular function was moderately impaired. The intravesical pressure was successively elevated in seven pigs. This caused no changes in renal blood flow. The renal vascular resistance increased parallelled by a slight increase of the mean arterial blood pressure. Both glomerular and tubular function decreased when the intravesical pressure was elevated to 50 mm Hg or above.


Renal blood flow and function at elevated ureteric pressure. An experimental study in the pig. The unilateral ureteric pressure was successively elevated in five piglets. Bilateral studies of renal blood flow and related parameters (cardiac output, renal vascular resistance, mean arterial and mean venous blood pressures) revealed no significant changes. At a unilateral ureteric pressure of 10 mm Hg, there was a temporary decrease in the renal vascular resistance in both kidneys concomitatnt with an increase in renal blood flow. Glomerular and tubular function decreased successively as the unilateral ureteric pressure was increased. At a retrograde pressure of 75 mm Hg, some renal function was still preserved, probably due to pyelolymphatic backflow.


Renal blood flow and function in vesico-ureteric reflux. An experimental study in the pig. A unilateral, free, vesico-ureteric reflux was surgically created in six piglets. Three to four months later, glomerular and tubular function had decreased by about 50 per cent. The reflux also caused a reduction in the kidney's capacity to maintain a steady blood supply when the intravesical pressure was elevated.


Exposure to methylene chloride. III. Metabolism of 14C-labelled methylene chloride in rat. The accumulation of methylene chloride and its metabolites in different organs and tissues was studied in an experimental series comprising 10 rats. Each rat was exposed for 1 h to radioactive methylene chloride (14C) in a concentration amounting to 1,935 mg/m3 in inspiratory air. Radioactive carbon atoms were found in the isolated carbon monoxide after exposure. There was also a close correlation between the activity of carbon monoxide extracted from the blood sample and the amount of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in the specimen. The largest concentration of methylene chloride and its metabolites per gram of tissue was found in white adipose tissue. This concentration had declined by more than 90% 2 h after exposure, whereas the concentration in the liver declined by about 25% during the same period. The amount accumulated in the brain displayed a decline of about 75% 2 h after exposure. Thus the examination showed that the increased concentration of COHb in the blood during exposure to methylene chloride is due to the metabolism of methylene chloride into carbon monoxide.


Female work capacity during the menstrual cycle: physiological and psychological reactions. Changes in physical and mental work capacity during the menstrual cycle were studied in  12 healthy woemen with severe menstrual distress. Physiological and psychological tests were performed before, during, and after menstruation. Heart rate, pulmonary ventilation, oxygen uptake, blood lactate concentration, and perceived exertion were measured during work on a bicycle ergometer ar two submaximal work loads corresponding to 40 and 70 %, respectively, of individual maximal oxygen uptake. Mental work capacity was studied with the aid of performance tests of psychological functions such as attention, short-term memory, perceptual speed, perception of time, and reaction time. No change in heart rate or oxygen uptake could be observed over the three phases of the menstrual cycle. However, pulmonary ventilation during work varied significantly. It was highest in the menstrual phase. At the same heart rate exercise on the bicycle ergometer was perceived as more exerting in the menstrual phase than in either the premenstrual or postmenstrual phase. Among the performance tests significant results were obtained only in a test of reaction time, which was slightly impaired during the menstrual phase. The results of the performance tests do not however support the assumption that menstruation affects a woman's mental work capacity.


The epidermiologic relationship between pleural mesothelioma and asbestos exposure. This paper describes an investigation of 85 notifications of either probable or possible mesothelioma to the Finnish Cancer Registry from 1953 through 1969. The investigation covers characteristic epidemiologic features and the possibility of the mesothelioma being connected with occupational or other exposure to asbestos. The incidence rate of pleural mesothelioma was estimated at 1.1 per million per year. The male/female ratio was 1.3:1, which greatly differed fsrom that for malignant neoplasms of the bronchus or lung in Finland in 1960. The mean age  at dealth from mesothelioma was over 7 years lower than that for bronchial carcinoma. The ratio of the crude incidence rates for the urban and rural populations was 4.2; the corresponding ratio for cases of carcinoma oopulations was 4.2; the corresponding ratio for cases of carcinoma of the bronchus or lung was 1.2 in Finland in 1960. THE LAST OCCUPATIONS OF THE 82 DECEASED PERSONS, OBTAINED FROM THE DEATH CERTIFICATES, WERE DIVIDIED INTO THREE CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO POSSIBLE ASBESTOS EXPOSURE.  Exposure was present or probable in 9 (11.0) cases, 28 (34.2 %) had a possible exposure, and in 33 (40.2 %) cases exposure was absent or unlikely. The occupation of 12 (14.6) persons was unknown. Additional information of possible exposure history was obtained by interviewing the relatives of 10 mesothelioma patients. For half of the persons a definite, although in some cases trivial, exposure to asbestos could be ascertained. For the other five persons no exposure, either occupational, neighborhood or domestic, to asbestos could be traced. The residental distribution of the 85 persons with mesothelioma revealed no clustering of cases.


Exposure to methylene chloride. I Its concentration in alveolar air and blood during rest and exercise and its metabolism. Fourteen subjects were exposed to about 870 and 1,740 mg/m3 of methylene chloride in the air during rest and physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The duration of each exposure period was 30 min. Each subject was exposed during four periods. The concentration of methylene chloride in the alveolar air increased in the beginning but had a tendency to level off at the end of each period. There was a high correlation between the alveolar and arterial concentration of methylene chloride. The uptake of methylene chloride was about 55 % of the supplied amount at rest, about 40% at a work load of 50 W, and about 30 and 35 % at 100 and 150 W, respectively. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) increased both during and after exposure. With exposure to 1,740 mg/m3 a concentration of COHb in the blood of about 0.85 g/100 ml was reached. This value corresponds to about 5.5 % COHb.


Exposure to methylene chloride. II. Psychological functions. The effect of the solvent methylene chloride on psychological functions such as reaction time, short-term memory, and numerical ability was studied in 14 healthy male subjects. Each subject was tested repeatedly during exposure to 870, 1,740, 2,600, and 3,470 mg/m3 of methylene choride in inspiratory air and during control conditions. Samples of sub ject alveolar air were taken every third minute during the experiments. No statistically significant impairement in the performance of examined functions could be observed during exposure to methylene choride as compared to control conditions. Inexposure to the highest concentration a greater irregularity of response was obtained for subject reaction time than under control conditions.


[Determination of specific IgE serum antibodies using the Radio-Allergo-Sorbent-Test (RAST) and its significance for the diagnosis of atopic allergy]. The Radio Allergo Sorbent Test (Phadebas-RAST) is a recently developed radioimmunological in-vitro test for determining IgE specific serum antibodies in reaginic allergy. The overall correspondence between RAST and skin tests in 1,128 tests with a total of 19 allergens was 70.2%. The agreement between positive RAST and skin tests was 22.1%. In instances of disagreement the combination of a positive skin test and a negative RAST was much more frequent (24.1%) than the reverse (5,7%). The agreement between  RAST and skin tests was 94.5% for cat epithelium, 89.3% for egg white, 86.2% for timothy pollen, 84.2% for milk, 80.3% for mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, 78.8% for birch pollen, 71.9% for dog epithelium, 67.7% for horse dandruff, 57.3% for moulds and only 40.3% for house dust. Positive RAST results for atopic patients with respiratory allergy usually indicate a clinically relevant sensitization (positive case history or positive provocation test), while negative results do not rule out the possibility of significant sensitization. Circulating reagins were detected in 9.4% of the mite and 12.7% of the mould RAST, although the skin tests were negative. The greatest discrepancy between RAST and inhalation test results occurred with house dust (47% agreement, only 12% positive correlation). The RAST was negative in 53% of the cases with positive provocation tests. The first step in the diagnosis of allergy is still a thorough case history combined with careful prick and intracutaneous testing. When the case history and skin tests are in disagreement, RAST may be helpful as a supplementary test. In addition, the RAST may be useful in clarifying cases in which the patient is on continuous steroid or antihistamine therapy, as well as for children who are frightened of skin tests. If house dust asthma is suspected, it is advisable in all but a few instances to utilize the bronchial provocation test to confirm the diagnosis and for initiation of specific desensitization.


[Psychological care of the child cancer patient]. The basic problems surrounding the psychological care of children with cancer are outlined and possible solutions are considered. Parent-related problems are suitable guidance to parents about the nature of the disease and understanding for the possible resultant reactions, and the building of a doctor-parent relationship which can help the parents to accept the loss of their child more easily. In regard to the child-related problems, it is important that the child is informed about all new situations, that his problems are taken seriously and that he receives as much warmth and security as possible. The child is then able to adjust to the threatening situation in which he finds himself and his fears will be lessened. Only then, a clarifying dialogue between the doctor and the child is possible, as long as this is thought necessary, and it is possible that it may help the child to an easier death. In conclusion, the reactions of the staff when faced with an incurable sick child that reminds them of their own mortality are discussed. Suggestions are made that may lead to a better contact between the child with cancer and the doctor.


[Restoration of growth contact inhibition in malignant melanocytes from man, mice, and hamsters]. Contact inhibition of growth is the in vitro property whose loss is most closely correlated with in vivo tumorigenicity. A contact inhibited line of hamster melanocytes produces a diffusible high molecular weight protein (melanocyte contact inhibitory factor, MCIF) which restores contact inhibition of growth to hamster malignant melanocytes. MCIF, extracted from culture medium of confluent contact-inhibited cultures, is now shown to restore the same capacity for in vitro growth regulation to malignant melanocytes of human and murine origins. In all 3 species MCIF produces characteristic changes in growth and morphology of cultures, with significant reductions of saturation densities. MCIF, the first protein identified which restores contact inhibition of growth to malignant cells, may be the prototype for a closely related class of surface-associated proteins concerned with regulation of normal cell-cell interactions leading to feedback inhibition of growth.


Toxoplasma antibodies in Indonesian and Chinese medical students in Jakarta. The presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in medical students of Indonesian and Chinese ancestry was determined by the indirect hemagglutination test with titers of 1:256 or greater considered positive. The sera from 90 Indonesian and 203 Chinese male (146) and female (147) students between 20 and 30 years of age were tested and positive titers detected in the sera of 16 (18%) Indonesians and 14 (7%) of the Chinese. There were no difference between the presence of positive titer and between males and females of either ethnic groups. Both groups denied eating raw or partly cooked meats and no correlation could be found between the ownership of domestic cats, the eating of exotic meats and positive titers.


The role of cell-mediated immunity in Taenia taeniaeformis infections. A functional cell mediated immunity (CMI) response was recorded in rats experimentally infected with Taenia taeniaeformis larvae. The presence of CMI was manifested in the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction recorded between 12 hours and 24 hours on elicitation with antigen. The time course of the immediate type hypersensitivity (ITH) over 10 weeks showed 2 peaks around the 2nd and the 6th weeks of infection, whereas the DTH response was generally weaker and more uniform over the same time course. Transfer of peritoneal cells from infected rats conferred partial protection to normal recipient rats against a challenge infection. However, optimal protection was only about 50% with transfer of 0.625 X 10(7) cells/rat, and no increase in protection was possible even with transfer of higher cell concentrations.


Ancylostoma malayanum, Alessandrini, 1905 in Thailand. Ancylostoma malayanum was recorded from a Malayan Sunbear, Helarctos malayanus, in Nakorn Sri Thammarat Province, Southern Thailand. Comparison of the body measurements recorded by various authors were presented. The morphological features were described and illustrated, including the anogenital papillae.


Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in small towns and villages of Penang Island, Malaysia--an ovitrap survey. An ovitrap survey was carried out in April and May of 1975 at twenty-one locations scattered throughout Penang Island excluding the City of Georgetown. The results showed the ubiquitous presence of Ae. albopictus. Ae. aegypti was recorded only in Tanjung Tokong Lama, an area adjacent to the City of Georgetown. In the survey, Ae. albopictus females were found to prefer the outdoor ovitraps than indoor ones. The effectiveness of ovitrap in Aedes survey was discussed.


The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas). 27. The life cycle of A. (P.) robertsi population samples from Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, Australia, and Sri Lanka. To provide background data for an investigation of biological interrelationships between Argas (Persicargas) robertsi Hoogstraal, Kaiser and Kohls and 3 arboviruses (Kao Shuan, Pathum Thani, and Nyamanini) isolated from this tick species, domestic pigeons were used as experimental hosts to study the life cycle of population samples from Taiwan (TA), Thailand (TH), Indonesia (IN), Sri Lanka (SR), and Australia (AU). The life cycle (at 28-30 degrees C and 75% RH) required 2-10 months. Biological data for the different population samples varied possibly owing to atavistic retention of seasonally adjusted properties associated with diapause and the migratory habits or breeding cycles of wild hosts, or to different rearing times of the various samples. There were 2-4 nymphal instars in SR and AU samples and 2-5 instars in TA, TH, and IN samples. Nymphs and adults fed within a few days after molting or oviposition and usually emitted coxal fluid while feeding. Males molted from earlier nymphal instars than females.


Canine ehrlichiosis (tropical canine pancytopenia) in Thailand. An epizootic of canine ehrlichiosis has occurred in military working dogs in Thailand. During the epizootic, 161 cases of ehrlichiosis were identified serologically in a population of 316 dogs, and 54 dogs exhibited clinical signs of disease. The epizootic is being controlled by elimination of ticks, by serologic identification and treatment of carriers with 30 mg/lb body weight/day of tetracycline for 14 days, and by continuous daily prophylactic administration of 3 mg/lb body weight/day of tetracycline. Clinical and serologic recognition of ehrlichiosis among pet dogs in widely separated regions of Thailand suggest that the disease has been endemic in Thailand for an extended time. Under such circumstances it is possible that pet and stray dogs have served as a source of infection for the epizootic in military working dogs.


Serum haptoglobins in pregnancy.

Serum haptoglobins in pregnancy. Serum haptoglobin types and levels were determined by starch gel electrophoresis and a colorimetric method based on the peroxidase activity of the haptoglobin-methaemoglobin complex in 220 pregnant women and 120 normal female subjects. The frequency distributions of haptoglobin types in the 2 groups of subjects were similar. No correlation between the number of gravida or duration of pregnancy and serum haptoglobin levels were observed in pregnant subjects. Haptoglobin values were found to be low in 39% of pregnant women and a direct relationship between these low haptoglobin levels and the haemoglobin concentrations was observed. The cause of low haptoglobin values was probably haemodilution and increased blood estrogen concentrations during pregnancy.


The purification of methylene blue and azure B by solvent extraction and crystallization. Detailed schemes are described for the preparation of purified methylene blue and azure B from commercial samples of methylene blue. Purified methylene blue is obtained by extracting a solution of the commercial product in an aqueous buffer (pH 9.5) with carbon tetrachloride. Methylene blue remains in the aqueous layer but contaminating dyes pass into the carbon tetrachloride. Metal salt contaminants are removed when the dye is crystallized by the addition of hydrochloric acid at a final concentration of 0.25 N. Purified azure B is obtained by extracting a solution of commercial methylene blue in dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide (pH 11-11.5) with carbon tetrachloride. In this pH range, methylene blue is unstable and yields azure B. The latter passes into the carbon tetrachloride layer as it is formed. Metal salt contaminants remain in the aqueous layer. A concentrated solution oa azure B is obtained by extracting the carbon tetrachloride layer with 4.5 X 10(-4)N hydrobromic acid. The dye is then crystallized by increasing the hydrobromic acid concentration to 0.23 N. Thin-layer chromatography of the purified dyes shows that contamination with related thiazine dyes is absent or negligible. Ash analyses reveal that metal salt contamination is also negligible (sulphated ash less than 0.2%).


A technique for cytological preparations following enzymatic digestion of pollen mother cell walls. A technique is presented for making meiotic chromosome preparations with enzymatic digestion of pollen mother cell walls with cellulase. This technique has given excellent chromosome definition from early pachytene stages on. Such chromosome preparations were found useful for in situ nucleic acid hybridisation studies on plant chromosomes.


[Ultrastructure of trophocyte nuclei in polytrophic ovarioles of Chrysopa perla (Neuroptera)]. The light and electron microscope and autoradiographic studies (H3-uridin incorporation) were carried out on the trophocyte nuclei of imago polytrophic ovarioles of Chrysopa perla (Neuroptera), from the trophocyte differentiation up to their degeneration. Like the oocytes, one of the seven nurse cells o every ovariole chamber contains extrachromosomal DNA bodies. This nurse cell is formed during differential mitoses in the germarium as one of two prooocytes. In contrast to extrachromosomal DNA of oocytes the trophocyte DNA bodies are less active structures. Several (2--4) complex nucleoli develop in the trophocytes of Chrysopa in the early stages of oogenesis. They consist of three main components: the chromatin mass, fibrillar bodies and granular strands. Such nucleoli grow, through increasing in number of fibrillar bodies and granular strands. They are most developed by the start of the vitellogenesis. At the middle vitellogenesis the general nucleolar structure modify due to the beginning of trophocyte degeneration. The consecutive stages of nuclear degeneration are described. The trophocyte nucleoli synthesize RNA still in germarium. The most intensive RNA synthesis is observed at the beginning of the vitellogenesis to decrease by the beginning of trophocyte degeneration.


[Ultrastructure of sheep metaphase chromosomes identified by study of total preparations of metaphase plates]. The data obtained suggest wide possibilities of using the elaborated method of the whole metaphase plates investigation under the electron microscope to disclose the specific characters of the structure of individual chromosomes. Each chromosome has a definite number of bands of condensed DNP material. The number and disposition of bands are essentially the same in homologous chromosomes. The Giemsa-positive disks which could be seen after differential chromosome staining correspond to the bands of condensed material.


[Denaturation time of actomyosin exposed to different chemicals]. The frog sceleton muscle actomyosin denaturation time dependence on the concentration of salts (NaCl and CaCl2) and organic chemicals (carbohydrates, narcotics and alcohols) was investigated. The following effects were detected: phase change in denaturation time associated with the rise of concentration of chemicals under study; actomyosin stabilization effect; coincidence of concentrations giving rise to protein stability with those increasing the survival time of isolated frog sceleton muscles in vitro (literature data); denaturation effect of alcohols used, both in high and very low concentrations.


[Effect of naphthenic acids on the permeability of ascitic tumor cells to potassium ions]. Ascite cells were treated with naphthenic acid preparation, containing a mixture of naphthenic acids with average molecular weight equal to 240, and with a fraction of this preparation differing in the boiling temperature. A 5-10(-7)M and higher concentrations of the preparation and its fraction brought about an increased permeability in ascite cells for K-ions. The effectiveness of naphthenic acids is associated with their hydrophobic properties, which was characterized in the present communication by the value of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance calculated according to the Davies formula.


[Character of neuronal functional associations according to the content of RNA and SH-groups in the cat cerebral cortex]. A new principle of taxonomy was used for determination of the spaceal character of the neuron cortex associations based on RNA and SH-group contents. The experiments were performed on the intact cat's somatosensory cortex, and after epileptiform activity induced by electrical stimulation. In the intact cortex, the neuronal mosaic of metabolic activity (determined by RNA and SH-group contents) was meshed, whereas in the hemisphere with epileptiform activity this mosaic was formed by less numerous but larger groups of cells. The functional significance of these groups is discussed.


[Hippocampus morphology in tissue culture]. Explants of the hippocampus of newborn rats were studied neurohistologically and with electron microscope within 5--35 days of explantation. Two zones are found in the culture of the hippocampus: a zone of explant, and a zone of outgrowth. Neurons, glial cells and a network of their fibres are compactly arranged in the center of the former, whereas, the latter involves a layer of migrated glial cells. The explant is surrounded by glia limiting cells. Three types of neurons are identified in the long living culture of the hippocampus: pyramidal, polymorphic and granule cells. Numerous nerve endings observed in the hippocampic explant can be recognized as axodendritic, axosomatic and glomerular synapses. The availability of several types of neurons, a variety of synapses and their complication during outgrowth of the culture are suggestive of a formation in the hippocampic explant of a functional reflex activity.


[Possibility of using irradiated non-dividing target cells for evaluating the cytolytic activity of leukocytes in vitro]. Immune allogeneic cells of lymph nodes, spleen and peritoneal exudate lyse in vitro dividing and irradiated non-dividing target cells with the same intensity. The number of target cells lysed during the immune attack are more precisely registered in irradiated non-dividing cells.


[Effect of far and near ultraviolet radiation on the DNA content in the unicellular flagellate alga Dunaliella salina]. Effects of far (254 nm) and near (above 300 nm) ultraviolet radiation on DNA in Dunaliella salina were compared. DNA synthesis was delayed by both the kinds of UV radiation applied in isoeffective doses (ld0 and LD90), but the extent of inhibition of DNA synthesis was much stronger after action of far UV rays.


[Comparison of the dimensions of synaptic vesicles in axon profiles forming synapses on the bodies and dendrites of cat motor cortex neurons]. The synaptic vesicle sizes in the cat motor cortex presynaptic elements was estimated by variational statistics. Populations of axonal profiles synapsing on the pyramidal neurone bodies were found to have significantly smaller synaptic vesicle sizes as compared to the axonal terminals at the dendrite branches and dendrite spines.


[Preparation of isolated cells by alkaline dissociation of formalin fixed tissue]. A procedure is described for preparation of isolated cells by treating formaldehyde fixed tissues with a 50%-solution of KOH. This results in complete yield of cells from a variety of organs (liver, kidney, heart, spleen, etc.). The alkali-treated cells entirely retain their morphological and tinctorial peculiarities. It was shown that preparations derived from alkali-treated tissues were useful for a series of quantitative cytological and cytochemical techniques: cytofluorometric estimation of nuclear DNA; interferometric determination of dry cell mass; autoradiographic studies of nuclear DNA synthesis; cell number counts; evaluation of cell distribution according to the number of their nuclei; estimation of the mitotic index.


[Device for transmembrane voltage clamping in conditions of rapid transient processes]. The voltage clamp system is proposed for studying the membrane ion currents with a characteristic time order 1 mu second.


[Induction of bladder tumours in the mouse by direct implantation of 20-methylcholanthrene. (author's transl)]]. Plain paraffin was pellets and pellets containing 1% and 5% 20-MCA were implanted in the bladder of 219 C57 X IF and Swiss mice of both sexes. One hundred and fifty four survived and were killed after 40-42 weeks; 56 had been implanted with plain pellet and 98 with pellet containing the carcinogen. Only one bladder tumour (1,8%) developed in the former, whereas 35 tumours (35.7%) were found in the latter group. When a pellet containing 20-MCA was used, the tumour incidence was related to the strain and sex of the animals, rather than to the amount of carcinogen in the pellet. As a matter of fact, irrespective of the concentration of 20-MCA, females C57 X IF gave a significantly higher tumour yiels (87.5%) than males and Swiss mice of both sexes. It is concluded that when bladder implantation is used to induce tumours in mice, the results must be strictly referred to strain and sex. Besides tumours, areas of marked epithelial hyperplasia were seen in bladders implanted with either plain pellet or pellet containing 20-MCA. The possible meaning of this hyperplasia is briefly discussed and the need for further investigation stressed.


[Effects of Hodgkin cytotoxic serum on blast transformation of normal and Hodgkin human peripheral blood lymphocytes]. The PHA-resposiveness of normal and Hodgkin patient human peripheral blood lymphocytes has been studied before and after incubation with Hodgkin cytotoxic sera. The following conclusions have been reached: (a) Hodgkin cytotoxic serum is capable of decreasing the PHA-responsiveness of normal lymphocytes and of furtherly impairing the already defective PHA-responsiveness of Hodgkin lymphocytes. (b) The impaired PHA-responsiveness can be restored to the original levels by eluting the cytotoxic antibody. Control experiments in which normal and Hodgkin lymphocytes were put in contact with normal and Hodgkin non-cytotoxic serum showed no decrease of PHA-responsiveness. These data are in agreement with the hypothesis that the presence of serum cytotoxin is at least partly responsible for the immuno-incompetence of T-lymphocytes characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.


[Histopathologic and ultrastructural study of tumors induced by murine sarcoma virus (msv) (author's transl)]. Various growth phases of Moloney murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV) induced tumors in suckling and young adult BALB/c mice have been studied by light and electron microscopy. In the early phase (3-6 days following M-MSV), observations at the injection site of the thigh muscles consisted of endo- and perimysial edema "activated" muscle satellite, cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, scattered type C virus particles within the muscle fibers, muscle fibers and endomysial cells undergoing necrosis and macrophage and granulocyte infiltration. During the overt tumor phase (6-12 days following M-MSV), observation of neoplastic tissue disclosed proliferation of several cell type (endothelial, periosteal, fibroblasts, etc.), poorly differentiated myoblasts along with atypical rhabdomyoblast-like cells and sarcolytes, type C virus budding from muscle fiber and myoblast plasma membrane, and intense degenerative and regenerative changes in the muscle fibers together with more profuse granulocyte infiltration. The regressive phase (13-21 days following M-MSV) presented reduced cellularity of the neoplastic tissue, a decrease in blast cells, diminishing granulocyte infiltration with contemporaneous appearance of prominent lymphocyte foci and gradual disappearance of virus particles. Although many cell types of mesenchymal origin proliferate following M-MSV infection, the above morphological findings indicate that striated muscle is a preferential site for virus replication and transformation. Furthermore, the peculiar virus cell relationships leading to cell lysis and continuous recruitment of newly infected cells have been widely documented. In the light of these findings it is suggested that, besides the host immune control of virus spread and tumor cell multiplication, the non clonal growth pattern of M-MSV induced tumors is a crucial factor in determining the spontaneous regression which occurs with high frequency in this experimental system.


[Characteristics of primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus with report of a case]. The case of a 72 year old woman with primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus, subjected twice to surgical operation with a 17-month interval and still alive 35 months after the onset symptoms is reported. In order to outline the biologic behaviour of this rare neoplasm, 44 similar bibliographic cases are analysed and comparisons made between melanoma and carcinoma of the esophagus as well as between melanomas of the esophagus and of the skin.


[Pleuroparenchymal and cardiomediastinal reactions in the radiotherapy of malignant lymphomas. (author's transl)]. The radiographic documentation for over 300 malignant lymphoma patients who received radiotherapy to the hilo-mediastinal regions at the National Cancer Institute of Milan is examined with a view to ascertaining the pleuroparenchymal and cardiomediastinal sequelae of irradiation in a fairly homogeneous series in respect of treatment techniques. Early and late lesions of varying severity, mild, marked and severe, were found in 60% of the patients. Only in 15% were the lesions severe; in 6% pronounced pleural effusions were found and in 1.2% exudative pericarditis. To identify the etiological factors, the lesions were correlated with several variables: patient age, disease stage, pretreatment condition of the intrathoracic organs, radiotherapeutic techniques and doses, and combined therapy with Bleomycin at the doses usually given in the treatment of lymphomas, where relevant. Of these factors only the radiotherapeutic technique (site and number of fields, division of dose) and especially the dose absorbed seem to be relatively closely related to the frequency and severity of the post-irradiation lesions. There seem to be other factors in the genesis of these lesions, probably related to individual reactivity, but for these we have no evaluation parameters.


Serum copper levels in patients with solid tumors. The serum copper levels were investigated in 125 patients with solid tumors: 34 patients with bronchial cancer, 35 with gastric cancer, 31 with breast cancer and 25 with melanoma. Analysis showed that serum copper was extremely high in 82% of the patients with bronchial carcinoma, while in the other examined groups no significant changes were observed. According to these results, serum copper could be a diagnostic factor in patients with bronchial carcinoma.


[Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in the course of primary malignant tumors of the ovary. Cutaneous reactivity. (author's transl)]. The present possibilities of clinically evaluating cell-mediated immune potential using skin reactivity to microbial protein antigens (streptokinase-streptodornase; tuberculin; formalin-killed parotitis virus) together with a contact sensitized such as dinitrochlorobenzene are examined. A single evaluation index for the set of cutireactions is proposed and, as a practical example, the delayed hypersensitivity data based on intradermal and patch tests in 41 cases of primary malignant tumor of the ovary are reported. There is a definite correlation between immune impairment and cancer spread, with a survival prognosis value even in initial cases.


Hematology and blood chemistry in saturation diving: II. Open-sea vs. hyperbaric chamber. Hematograms, platelet function, and blood-enzyme chemistry were compared in two similar saturation-excursion dives, one conducted in a hyperbaric chamber and the other in the open sea. The chamber dive was more stressful in that it was preceded by a series of bounce decompression dives (one of which produced a 100% incidence of cutaneous pruritus in four subjects) and in that the excursions from saturation depth (60 fsw or 2.818 ATA) were longer and deeper (producing one case of O2 convulsions, one of confirmed decompression sickness, and several of Doppler-detected vascular bubbles). The chamber dive was associated with a marked and significant reduction in circulating platelet count; significant increases in plasma enzyme activities in the victim of O2 toxicity (LDH, CPK) and in one subject with Doppler bubbles and questionable bends symptoms (LDH, GOT, GPT) but not in another; and mild but significant anemia. In the open-water dive, one subject, who developed symptoms of gastroenteritis, showed moderate elevation of LDH, GOT, and GPT activity. No significant change in platelet counts occurred. Both dives were associated with elevated white-cell counts, apparently as a result of numerous minor infections, and reduced sensitivity of platelets of ADP-induced aggregation.


Hematology and blood chemistry in saturation diving: I. Antiplatelet drugs, aspirin, and VK744. Blood chemistry and cellular parameters were studied before, during, and after saturation (2.4 ATA) dives in the HYDRO-LAB habitat on two separate occasions. In both, platelet count fell greater than 20% 12-24 hours after surfacing and moderate (5%) reductions in hemoglobin, red-cell count, and packed-cell volume were observed. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were depressed postdive as were most plasma enzymes (GOT, GPT, CPK, LDH, ALP). The latter changes were very slight. In the first study, the incidental ingestion of aspirin by some divers did not prevent the loss of platelets even though the platelet-release reaction in response to ADP was inhibited. In the second study the platelet-suppressive drug VK744 was administered, on a double-blind randomized basis, to six divers, six others taking a placebo capsule. Dosage of VK744 was 300 mg TID for 2 days before, 5 days during, 3 days after saturation dive. The drug inhibited the postdive loss of circulatory platelets and in fact the treated group showed a rebound in platelet count above control values, 48-72 hours postdive. Megathrombocyte counts indicated the production of new platelets in both groups at this point. The treated group also showed a marked and significant reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, suggesting an antilipidemic effect of the drug. Theses results confirm previous observations and indicate that postdecompression loss of platelets may be related to sequestering of reactive platelets, possibly by microbubbles, and that the phenomenon can be inhibited by some antiplatelet drugs.


Changes in hemostatic parameters in fish following rapid decompression. The effect of rapid decompression on the stress-accelerated blood coagulation system of male and fingerling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was examined after simulated 100- and 200-fsw dives. Blood samples taken either through a dorsal aorta cannula or from a severed caudal peduncle were analyzed for total plasma protein and fibrinogen concentrations, prothrombin times (PT), and partial thromboplastin times (PTT). The effect of mild decompression (100-fsw) on the hemostatic mechanism of both adult and fingerling coho salmon indicated an alternating fibrinogen concentration, declining from normal levels 1 min after decompression, followed by an increase 10 to 15 min later with an eventual loss of fibrinogen to one half the original level an hour after decompression. Partial thromboplastin times were found to increase 10 to 15 min after decompression occurred. Prothrombin times showed an increase 1 hour after decompression in adult salmon, whereas in fingerlings, prothrombin times increased almost immediately from normal levels. The effect of severe decompression (200-fsw) showed similar trends, but at an accelerated rate. It was concluded that both mild and severe decompression activates the hemostatic mechanism of fish which may eventually result in consumption coagulopathy at a greater rate than reported for experimental mammals.


Measurement of helium elimination from man during decompression breathing air or oxygen. Air breathing was compared with oxygen breathing during decompression from an 80-20% helium-oxygen dive to a depth equivalent to 120 fsw (4.6 ATA) in a dry chamber to see which was the most efficient gas for helium elimination. Helium elimination was measured in a closed circuit system for 90 min at the 40-fsw (2.2 ATA) stop. No significant difference was found in the efficiency of helium elimination breathing either air or oxygen in the five subjects tested.


[Study of the retroperitoneal lymphatic spread of müllerian ovarian carcinoma, using lymphography]. From January 1973 to May 1974, 117 patients with ovarian carcinomas were evaluated with lymphography. The tumors were staged and classified histopathologically according to FIGO (1971). Considering all cases, lymphography showed nodal metastases in 44 patients (38%). Lymphography was positive in 36% of serous cystoadenocarcinomas, in 26% of mucinous cystoadenocarcinomas, in 15% of endometrioid carcinomas and in 36% of unclassified carcinomas. Of the 10 cases not identified by cell type, lymphography was positive in 40% of cases. In 68% of cases bilateral involvement was found. The site of metastatic nodes was in 32% of cases only in the iliac chains were both involved. Considering the single node chains we found 36% of para-aortic, 27% of common iliac, 35% of external iliac and 2% of inguinal involvement. Metastases were observed, regardless of histological type, in 25% of cases in stage III, 62% iin stage IV, 54% in recurrences and only in 5% of cases in stage I. Therefore the lymphatic spread seems to occur in more advanced stages and in recurrences. In 28 of 117 patients node biopsy was performed. Histological-lymphographic correlation was correct in 7/7 positive cases and in 19/21 negative cases (93%). These results show that lymphography is a reliable tool in the evaluation of ovarian cancer.


Nitrogen elimination in man during decompression. The effect of ambient pressure on inert gas elimination during decompression was investigated using human subjects breathing air in a dry hyperbaric chamber. This was done by measuring nitrogen recovery during three different decompression schedules following identical simulated dives. Five subjects were used, each with normal pulmonary function. In each case the simulated dives consisted of exposure for 40 min to air at 4 ATA corresponding to a depth of about 100 fsw and 28 degrees C. Following these exposures each subject was decompressed in different experiments to 50 fsw (2.515 ATA) and to 10 fsw (1.303 ATA) while breathing a mixture of 80:20 helium-oxygen. In addition, two of these subjects were denitrogenated isobarically, at 100 fsw, breathing 80:20 helium-oxygen. Significant differences in nitrogen-elimination rate were observed, with nitrogen removed most effectively at 50 fsw and least at 100 fsw. To explained these unexpected results it is tentatively suggested asymptomatic bubble formation occurred at both 10 and 50 fsw.


Calculation of the percentage of a narcotic gas to permit abolition of the high pressure nervous syndrome. A theoretical method is derived for computation of the interactin of pressure and a weak anesthetic such as nitrogen or other narcotic gases in a two-dimensional material so as to prevent signs and symptoms of the high pressure nervous syndrome. A ratio of one part nitogen to 9 parts helium (pressure) is derived, which is in excellent agreement with previous human experiments in men at 31 ATA, with PO2 = 0.5 ATA.


[Experimental study of the relationships between activation of erythropoiesis and hematotoxicity of some antitumoral agents (author's transl)]. The changes in the blood toxicity of some antitumoral chemotherapeutic agents in the presence of erythropoiesis activation by bleeding are evaluated. The general toxicity seems to be unaffected but the damage to erythropoiesis proved, in absolute terms, to be more severe in the bled animals. The recovery of hematopoiesis was slower after some drug than others. These results are discussed in the light of present knowledge of hematopoietic kinetics and of the relationships between antiblastic drugs and staminal hematopoietic compartments.


[Neurinoma of the abdominal vagus and replapsing peptic ulcer (author's transl)]. A singular association of neurinoma of the abdominal vagus with relapsing peptic ulcer is reported. The singularity lies in the exceptional finding of a neurinoma of the left abdominal vagus -- not previously recorded in the literature -- and in the concomitant severe relapsing peptic ulcer, for which the nerve lesion may have been partly responsible.


[Nuclear morphology in false negative and negative rectal biopsies (author's transl)]. An typical nuclear structure consisting of a cribriform and condensed chromatin pattern with hyperchromasia, a small nucleolus and a moderately increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio was observed in the epithelial cells of the crypts and in the stromal and muscular cells of 51 out of 70 oncologically negative biopsies of the rectal mucosa. The subsequent retrieval of all clinical and histologia data revealed that the 51 cases included 39 of adenocarcinoma of the large intestine either present (15 cases) at a variable distance from the false negative biopsy or removed previously (24 cases), 7 of extra-intestinal malignant tumor (parotid gland, urinary bladder, endometrium, breast, stomach, metastatic, anus) and 5 with benign conditions of the large intestine. Of the remaining 19 cases whose biopsies did not reveal the atypical nuclear structure 16 had benign lesions of the large intestine and nowhere evidence of malignancy, two had an adenocarcinoma of the large bowel (one present and one removed previously) and one a carcinoma of the anus. In the rectal biopsies examined the atypical nuclear structure was detected in 93.9% of the cases with a malignant tumor either present or removed previously and in 19% of the cases with benign conditions. The morphologic evidence indicated that the atypical nuclear structure was compatible with a possible distrubance of the mitotic cycle since the findings were restricted to the generative compartment of rectal epithelium. The results are discussed in connection with their possible practical use as a diagnostic aid in the evaluation and interpretation of false negative and negative rectal biopsies as well as with their possible significance in the biology of tumor-bearing hosts.


Disorientation with middle ear barotrauma of descent. Disorientation and vertigo, which develops in divers during descent, is objectively demonstrated with dysbaric electronystagmographic tracings. Middle ear barotrauma of descent is verified as a valid etiology in the classification of vertigo associated with diving and may present as either a transitory or a more persistent disorder.


Calculation of the relative speed of sound in a gas mixture. Since the frequency spectrum of a voice signal is directly dependent on the velocity of sound, studies of speech spectra include the problem of calculating the speed of sound in the gas mixture being used. A computer program written in BASIC has been developed to calculate the speed of sound relative to air in various diving gas mixtures. In addition, a set of tables available as a separate technical report has been generated using this program. These tables are designed to provide a standard reference for reporting spectral shifts in speech due to different gas mixtures under normal diving conditions.


[Spectroscopic studies on the self-association mechanism of biomembrane lipid components and their interaction with water and alcohols in a non-polar medium]. Main thermodynamic and spectral parameters are determined for dimers of cholesterol, water and complexes of lecithin with cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) and other donors of proton.  On the basis of analysis of the obtained quantitative data, a conclusion is drawn on a comparative contribution of certain functional groups of lecithin to the entalpy and entropy values with inermolecular interaction with cholesterol, 7-DHC and other hydroxyl-containing compounds.  A decrease in mobility of water molecules evidences for a configuration stability of lecithin complexes with water...


Criteria of cerebral death.

Criteria of cerebral death. This critical survey of the current means of determining cerebral death has indicated certain shortcomings in each of the sets of criteria currently in use. It is apparent that criteria applied at a point in time and based upon a single organ system-clinical history and findings, EEG examinations or cerebral blood flow determinations - will fall short of absolute accuracy. The clinical examinations alone have an accuracy approximating 90%, the EEG findings have greater accuracy but a much smaller scope. Cerebral blood flow studies, short of four-vessel angiography, achieve about the same accuracy, but their scope is not yet determined. The combination of all three may prove to be optimal.


[Results of reconstructive jejunogastroplasty in dumping syndrome]. 135 reduodenizations were performed for grave forms of the dumping-syndrome. Clinico-roentgenological investigations of patients in later terms after reduodenization have evidenced the development of great morphological and functional compensatory changes of the gastric stump, jejunal graft, duodenum and other portions of the small intestine. The results of reconstructive surgery in different terms of observations are presented.


[Long-term peridural anesthesia in fractures of pelvic bones]. A continuous peridural anesthesia was used in 20 patients with pelvic bones injuries. Puncture of the peridural space was performed in an appropriate patient's posture. During 3--15 days 5--12 ml of 2% trimecain solution were infused via a catheter. For patients being in a shock condition the anesthetic dose was 3-4 ml less. 4-5 minutes following injection of the anesthetic in the peridural space pain at the site of fracture disappeared, there was noted a stabilization of hemodynamic indices, and the ventilatory and cardiac functions were improved. Anesthesia contributes to an early restoration of intestinal peristalsis, diuresis, active management of patients in bed. Strict rules of its conduction being followed, continuous peridural anesthesia is an effective method of analgesia in pelvic bones injuries, associated with a traumatic shock, that enabled to use it in traumatological practice.


[Complications of peridural anesthesia]. Peridural anesthesia is believed to be a complicated kind of analgesia yielding grave complications (syncope, apnoe, collapse, persistant and pronounced hypotension, nematomyelia, paraplegia of the lower extremities, Brown--Seguard syndrome and many others). This king od anesthesia is permissible only in an anesthesiological or reanimatological department. The frequency of complications depends on a level of injecting the anesthetic, patient's status and age. The former is the greater the higher the level of the peridural space puncture. To combat against complications occurring while using this kind of analgesia everything necessary for reanimation provision (intubation of the trachea, closed and open heart massage, etc.) should be ready at hand.


[Complications during puncture of the subclavian vein]. Based on the data of pertinent literature and personal author's material the technic and complications in cannulation of the subclavian vein are analysed. There were 39 complications among 1309 punctures (pleural puncture--in 11, puncture of the subclavian artery-in 20, and thrombophlebitis-in 8). All these complications were not serious and easily liquidated.


[Characteristics of anaphylactic reactions to antibiotics administered under anesthesia]. Wide application of active chemical and biological substances in medical practice is inevitably associated with the appearance of adverse side reactions sometimes hazardous for patients' life. Especially grave allergic reactions are observed to antibiotics administered under narcosis. Narcosis would inhibit an anaphylactic response, but with its cessation when the allergen concentration in blood is high enough an extremely  rapid anaphylactic reaction would develop that promptly resulted in a terminal patients' condition. Three case reports are described. Reanimation measures proved to be a success only in 2 cases.


[Outcomes of strangulated hernia].

[Outcomes of strangulated hernia]. The article is concerned with the results of treatment in 9795 patients with strangulated hernia in the Leningrad City within a 14-year-period. The causes of 527 cases of mortality are studied in detail, and recommendations on improvement of the results of treatment in this category of patients are given.


[Goiter with multiple recurrences].

[Goiter with multiple recurrences]. An analysis of treatment of 38 patients with multiple recurrences has demonstrated that these are caused by various factors, a combination of several causes and predisposing factors being noted in the majority of patients. Most frequently, multiple recurrences develop in persons operated upon in young age. The clinic of multiply recurrent goiter is characterized by a great variety, and its diagnosis should be established basing on the complex investigation, using all up-to-date methods of study. A predominance of nodular forms of goiter in patients with multiple reocurrences and their frequent malignant transformation necessitate active surgical tactics.


[Results of vagotomy in duodenal ulcer not responsive to conservative treatment]. In the article, an analysis of the results of vagotomy with pyloroplasty in 114 patients showing duodenal ulcer is presented. It is concluded that patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer and minimum changes in the duodenum should not be subjected to vagotomy, though, as a rule, they have a lot of complaints. In patients with marked ulcerous changes in the duodenum vagotomy yields quite satisfactory late results.


[Lipid ang glucose absorption after vagotomy with conservative resection of the stomach]. Vagotomy in association with economic gastric resection under conditions of maintained food passage along with duodenum results in no impairment of fat and glucose absorption. The absorption of fat and glucose after selective and trunk vagotomy shows the same character.


[G.S. Toprover's gastrostomy].

[G.S. Toprover's gastrostomy]. Based on the analysis of 76 case reports of esophageal cancer (55 patients), cancer of the cardiac portion of the stomach (15 patients) and other organs, in which the G.S. Toprover gastrostomy was performed, the main drawbacks of the operation were revealed, and the causes of lethal issues following the operation after this technic are analysed. It is emphasized that putting in circular sutures on the gastrostome conus results in their cutting through with subsequent impairment of the fistula hermeticity, and some modified more improved methods of gastrostomy are recommended.


[Radioisotope diagnosis of localized inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity]. The method of radioindication of localized inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity was studies experimentally and clinically. Experimental studies were conducted on 48 animals with induced abscesses of different localization. The animals were injected RISA-J131 intravenously. A focus of inflammation has shown increased gamma-radiation that reached its maximum 24 hours following injection of the substance. A selective selective RISA-J131 accumulation in localized inflammatory foci was rather clearly seen on the obtained scannograms by means of an apparatus "Scinticard Numeric". Using this method 11 patients aged from 14 to 57 years were investigated: 4 males and 7 females. In neoplastic character of the disease scannograms have shown an even distribution of the isotope over the abdominal cavity. A selective accumulation of the substance in the region of an inflammatory focus was observed in inflammatory infiltrations. Radio-indication may be used as a valuable adjunct to topic and differential diagnosis of abscesses and inflammatory infiltrations of the abdominal cavity.


[Resection of extrahepatic bile ducts in cancer]. Resection of the bile ducts for cancer was performed in 9 patients. Indications for such operations are well demarcated tumors located in the zone of triple junction of the ducts. Radicality of surgery and improvement of its results are largely contributed by an extensive resection of the duct with removal of the cellular tissue, lymph nodes of the hepatoduodenal ligament with obligatory cholecystectomy. A reconstructive stage should be terminated by constructing hepatico-gastroanastomosis with a controlled transnasal drainage.


[Roentgeno-surgical comparisons in choledocholithiasis]. The results of roentgenological investigation of bile ducts are analysed in comparison with the revision findings during cholecystectomy and choledochotomy. Among 61 patients concretions were diagnosed in 37, and in 13 pa tients lethiasis of the ducts was suspected. In 6 observations no concretions were revealed, in 5 patients inadequate contrasting did not allow to judge the state of ducts. Emphasis is laid on the importance of infusion-drip administration of a contrast solution and simultaneous tomography of the ducts for the improved diagnosis of lithiasis.


[Surgical tactics in bilateral diseases of the kidneys and ureters]. A bilateral affection of kidneys and ureters necessitating surgical therapy occurs and not rarely. The routinely used surgical tactics in such cases is an intervention on both aspects by turn with an interval of 2--4 months. Based on clinical data obtained, it is concluded that such policy is not well grounded and needs a revision in favour of a one-moment intervention performed bilaterally irrespective of a character of the disease. Observations relative to patients with different bilateral affections of kidneys and ureters, who underwent a one-moment bilateral intervention with favourable issues, are analysed.


[Surgical treatment and prevention of myocardial infarct]. In modern surgery of coronary arteries both surgical therapy of early stages of acute infarction and its surgical prophylaxis in preinfarction conditions seem to be quite feasible. 100 consecutive operations for ischemic heart disease are analysed. The principal type of surgery is a mammary coronary anastomosis. Among the mentioned patients one had a progressive acute myocardial infarction, resulting in death, and 14 patients were in primary preinfarction conditions. A surgical classification of acute disturbances in coronary circulation is described. Marked segmental stenoses of large coronary vessels underlie preinfarction status. Mosaic electrocardiotopography is of great value in recognition of preinfarction conditions. An early recognition and urgent surgical intervention are absolutely necessary in preinfarction state patients.


[Surgical treatment of acute paraproctitis]. Based on the experience with surgical therapy of 1178 patients with acute paraproctitis, a detailed statistic and morphological analysis of the disease is given. The authors have proved the possibility of a one-moment radical operation practically for all forms of acute paraproctitis. The suggested methods are grounded on incision of a pararectal abscess in the intestinal lumen onto the involved Morgan cript. If partial or even complete incision of the anal compressor proves to be necessary during the operation, the authors would apply its suturing or non-tamponade method of the postoperative management.


[Surgical treatment of congenital spindle-shaped aneurysms of the internal jugular vein]. In 6 of 12 investigated patients resection of a congenital aneurysms of the internal jugular vein was accomplished. In 2 of them venous patency was restored by means of a longitudinal-lateral suture after resection of a sac-shaped aneurysm, while in 4--following circular resection of a spindle-shaped aneurysm the vein was reconstructed by an end- to-end anastomosis. Phlebographic studies in 2 patients 10 and 12 months after reconstruction of the internal jugular vein have demonstrated great perspectives of employing such operation in clinical practice.


[Role of arterial wall in the process of local thrombus formation after endarterectomy]. The authors have studies the capacity of the endarterectomized arterial wall to release tissue factors of hemocoagulation in blood circulation. According to the investigations performed in 11 patients the endarterectomized artery releases into the circulation at least 3 substances showing a procoagulative action: thromboplastic factor, antiheparin substance and fibrinolysis inhibitors. The dynamics of these substances release into the circulation was studied by the authors experimentally on 74 dogs. The greatest disorders in the hemocoagulation potential at the site of endarterectomy were observed on the day of operation. The operated arterial wall would release the thromboplastic factor during 9 days, antiheparin substance during 5 days and fibrinolysis inhibitors up to 4 days following the operation. Arterial fragmentation is accompanied with reduction of the profibrinolysin content of tissue activator in the operated heart region. There was found a relationship between the process of regeneration of the endarterectomized arterial wall and dynamics of the release of tissue factors of hemocoagulation from it.


[Treatment of post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the ong tubular bones with antistaphylococcal plasma]. The results and methods of treatment in 26 patients showing posttraumatic osteomyelitis of long tubular bones with antistaphylococcal plasma are described. This is a preliminary report, but it is believed that intramedullary, intravenous and local administration of antistaphylococcal plasma neutrolizes staphylococci in the wound and blood, produces a greater reactivity of the body and proves to be a rather effective measure in combating against staphylococcal infection in osteomyelitis.


[Treatment of pseudarthrosis of the lower third of the femur]. The results of surgical for pseudarthrosis of the lower third of the femur in 11 patients, using a modified King technic, are reported. To improve fixation of a distal fragment the authors suggest to employ two CITO pins with diverging ends at the level of femoral condyles with an additional compression by two rings of the Ilizarov apparatus. Plaster cast immobilization was not utilized. This method of fragments fixation provides an early motion of the knee joint. Roentgenologically and clinically the consolidation of fragments was noted after 4--5 months, the knee joint function being restored.


[Plastic surgery of splenic wounds with heterogenic preserved peritoneum]. Heteroperitoneum was employed with hemostatic purposes for splenic injuries, Experiments were conducted on 80 dogs. The results of studies have evidenced the development of aseptic inflammation at the site of a contact between the spleen and a graft. The proper splenic capsule and omentum are the source of development of new connective tissues. Gradually, heteroperitoneum is subject to fibrillolysis, fragmentation and fusion. Six-seven months following the operation heteroperitoneum is completely substituted by newly-formed connective tissues. A newly-formed capsule is considerably thicker than the proper splenic capsule, and its structure differs but little from the latter. One case of clinical application of the heterogenous preserved peritoneum with hemostatic purposes in splenic trauma is described.


[Surgical treatment of diaphyseal fractures of digital phalanges]. At present, widely used intraosseous and paraosseous methods of osteosynthesis of digital phalanges are traumatic for soft tissues and hand joints, and provide inadequate security of fragments. A closed transosseous osteosynthesis with fine metallic needles is free from these shortcomings. Its main advantage lies in the fact that it requires no immobilization in a plaster dressing. This enables to start therapeutic exercises early enough and to gain better functional results after digital fractures. 178 patients were operated upon. The results obtained were studied in 68 patients: good-in 43, satisfactory-in 21, poor-in 4.


[Experience in the sanation of a pedigreed poultry farm pullorum disease]. A trial was carried out for the sanitation of three elite flocks of a total of 3578 chickens on a pedigree poultry farm applying the method of eliminating the infected birds. These were detected with the use of the whole-serum agglutination reaction (after Huddleson) and the tube agglutination reaction (after Wright). No means whatever were used to control the disease. Routine microbiologic methods were employed, however, to examine the eggs, embryos, and chicks obtained from these flocks. Thorough disinfection on the premises including all equipment as well as deratization were conducted after each investigation and elimination of infected birds.


[Comparative study of microbial and mold pollution of the air in locations for poultry-keeping in various technologies]. Experiments were carried out to establish the microbial and mold contamination of the air on premises where birds were raised following varying patterns of tending and feeding. It was found that on premises for layers, raised in cages, the microbial contamination of the air was 2-3 times lower. The results obtained showed that the main source of air contamination in places where birds are kept is the litter (the other alternative being the floor type of raising). Differences were established in the egg laying, on the one hand, and the forage intake per 'market' egg, on the other, comparing the two types of raising. As all other factors of microclimate were within the normal range of zoohygiene standards, the basic factor which was incriminated to affect both productivity and forage intake per egg was the amount of the microbial flora of the air. Studies have shown that the number of birds per unit of area is an important factor determining the microbial contamination of the air and the health condition of birds.


[Study of anemia in spirochetosis of poultry by means of radioactive iron]. Radioactive iron was used to follow up some hematologic indices in birds infected with irradiated spirochetes of the Borrelia anderina species. Used were a total of 90 cockerels, aged two months, divided into three groups. Ist group - cockerels inoculated with spirochetes that had been gamma-irradiated at the rate of 40000 R; IInd group-cockerels inoculated with untreated spirochetes; and IIIrd group - normal cockerels. The infective material consisted of strain Rouen spirochetes of the Pamoukchii serotype. Radiometric studies were also carried out to find out to what extent radioactive iron was incorporated in the erythrocytes and was deposited in the liver, spleen, and marrow of the investigated birds. Classical methods of investigation were employed to determine the erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte counts, the hemoglobin content (after Sahli) as well as the erythrocyte pack after the method of Todorov. It was found that the inoculation of gamma-treated spirochetes led to sub-clinical changes in the hemopoiesis of the cockerels. Such changes, however, were negligible and were rapidly overcome by the birds. So they could successively be referred to in the specific immunoprophylaxis of spirochetosis. 59FeCl3 can be successfully applied in the study of anemia in birds caused by sbirochetosis.


[Comparative study of the antigenic composition of strains of Borrelia anserina. 2. Antigenic structure and immunobiologic relationships of a newly isolated strain]. Agar immunoelectrophoresis and an immunofluorescence method were used to analyse antigenically a newly isolated spirochete strain of the Borrelia anserina species. It was established that by its antigen structure it could not be classified under the already described two serologic types, Surnevo I and Pamoukchii. The strain possesses five antigens common to serotype Surnevo I and four antigens common to serotype Pamoukchii. Besides, it has also one typespecific antigen. This strain was said to belong to a new, third serotype named venets.


[Localization of Listeria in white mice]. A total of 115 albino mice were infected through venous, subcutaneous, and oral administration of a suspension of 32P-labeled Listeria organisms at the concentration of 1.5 billion microbial cells per cu. cm. Each day following inoculation as many as four animals on an average were investigated (up to 120th hour) for all of the routes of infection used. It was established that via venous application the Listeria organisms reached all viscera and the brain in highest numbers. The greatest localization of Listeria introduced venously and orally was found in the first 24 hours in the liver. The localization of the organisms in animals infected per os proved similar to that found with the venous route of inoculation, however, showing weaker intensity. Listeria were found in the brain regardless of the route of infection.


[Serologic typing of strains of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from sheep]. Typed were a total of 85 strains of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from lambs, weaned lambs, and adult sheep in cases of septicemia and broncho-pneumonia applying the hemagglutination-inhibition reaction and making use of capsule antigens and anti-capsule hyperimmune sera. It was found that 74 strains belong to biotype A, five belong to biotype T, and six remained untyped. Most wide spread in this country proved serotype A2--35 strains, followed by serotype A6--14 strains.