[Increased flavin synthesis in yeasts utilizing hydrocarbons]. Comparative studies of the process of possible overproduction of flavins by cultures with different flavinogenous activity grown on media with hydrocarbons and glucose have been carried out. The strains with a high flavinogenous activity, Candida guilliermondii and Torulopsis famata O-3, produced more flavins on media containing hydrocarbons than the cultures with a low flavinogenous activity. At a high content of iron in the medium, which is unfavourable for overproduction of riboflavin the rate of flavinogenesis is higher on hydrocarbons than on sugars, especially on alkanes with a longer chain in the strain O-3. Under the conditions of iron deficiency, the activity of flavinogenesis is higher on glucose in the case of both cultures. Iron deficiency in media containing hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivative (cetyl alcohol, palmitic and acetic acids) has no such effect on the production of flavin by T. famata O-3 as in the glucose containing media. On media with ethanol, overproduction of the vitamin by the strain O-3 obeys the same relationships as on media with glucose. Possible factors that may have effect on the elevated synthesis are discussed.


[Comparative sensitivity of several laboratory animals to infection by nasal instillation of the saprophytic phase of Emmonsia crescens Emmons & Jellison, 1960: frequency and intensity of parasitism, histological reactions]. Comparative observations were made on the development of Emmonsia crescens in the lungs of laboratory rats and mice, golden hamsters and guinea pigs after a nasal instillation of a heavy suspension of the saprophytic phase of the fungus. 95% of 80 experimental rats were found to be parasited against 80% of 200 inoculated mice, while only 30% of 70 hamsters and all of 4 guinea pigs showed an infection. The lungs of the mice, rats and guinea pigs were frequently more heavily infected than those of the hamsters. In addition, the adiaspores obtained from the mice and rats had, on average, a diameter double those from the hamsters and their walls were thicker. Thus, the laboratory mice and rats were shown to be better hosts of E. crescens than were golden hamsters.


Black grain mycetoma--2 case reports.

Black grain mycetoma--2 case reports. Two cases of black grain mycetoma, one owing to Madurella grisea and the other due to M. mycetomii have been reported. The clinical features appear to be less florid than that occurring in actinomycotic mycetoma. There was no bone involvement in either of the two cases. These two are the first cases of black grain mycetoma from our institution.


Antagonistic effects of Trichoderma harzianum on Pythium aphanidermatum causing the damping-off disease of tobacco in Nigeria. Culture filtrates of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai have been found to inhibit zoospore germination, germ tube elongation and mycelial growth of Pythium aphanidermatum causing the damping-off disease of tobacco in Nigeria. Further, the invasion of the hyphae of P. aphanidermatum by hyphae of T. harzianum has been demonstrated in mixed cultures of the  two fungi. The results of investigations on the role of T. harzianum as an agent of biological control of the damping-off disease in sterilized and unsterilzed soils are reported and discussed.


Four endoparasitic nematode destroying fungi isolated from sand ridge state forest soil. A survey to determine the endoparasitic nematode destroying fungi located within Sand Ridge State Forest of Illinois was conducted from 1 January to 3 April 1973. A total of seven nematode destroying fungal species were isolated from the collected soil samples. Harposporium helicoides, H. crassum, H. lilliputanum are endoparasitic nematophagous fungi that have been isolated previously from the forest soil. Acrostalagmus gonoides, A. obovatus, Cephalosporium balanoides, and Monacrosporium cionopagum are nematophagous fungal species that had not been isolated previously from Illinois soil. Soil pH's and soil nutrient levels were not important in the isolation frequency of the collected endoparasitic nematode destroying fungi.


[Growth and sexual reproduction of the dermatophyte Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii Takashio (Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Robin blanchard) on a synthetic medium]. A synthetic medium without agar is proposed for the growth and the sexual reprpduction of the dermatophyte Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii (Trichophyton mentagrophytes). The determinations of mycelium dry weight showed that this species grew poorly with only one amino-acid as nitrogen source. A. vanbreuseghemii grew weakly on a mixture of glutamic and aspartic acid and serin. A small amount of aromatic amino-acids added to this mixture, increased the growth rate comparable to that obtained on peptone. The sexual reproduction was induced on synthetic medium with a propicious balance between carbon and nitrogen sources. Addition of 0.5 or 1g/1 of glucose to 50 mg N/1 supplied by the amino-acids mixture (including the aromatics) gave the optimal ratio. Using these conditions, many cleistothecia was produced by crossing two semi-compatible strains.


[Comparison of growth and morphological differentiation of 22 strains of Emmonsia Ciferri et Montemartini, 1959, agent of adiasporomycosis, in different temperatures]. The comparative study of the responses of 22 strains of Emmonsia to different temperatures between 5 degrees and 40 degrees C allowed us to confirm the existence of thermophilic and non-thermophilic strains. 11 strains composed a very homogeneous non-thermophilic group: their growth, maximal at 20-25 degress C was almost completely inhibited above 30 degrees and they produced characteristic adiaspores at 35 degrees. The remaining 11 strains composed a thermophilic group: their growth was maximal at 25 degrees except for 57 (30-35 degrees), the growth of U.A.M.H. 139 was inhibited at 35 degrees, the others were inhibited at 40 degrees except for three which still continued to develop slowly. Microscopically they produced more or less degenerate chlamydospores at 40 degrees and few adiaspores.


[The non-synaptic membrane of the retinal horizontal cells as an amplifier of slow potentials]. A simplified model of the membrane of horizontal cells of L-type is suggested. The model reflects two main features of these cells studied earlier experimentally: 1) their hyperpolarizing response to light results from a decrease in EPSP maintained continuously in the dark; 2) the resistance of nonsynaptic membrane of these cells drops under hyperpolarization within a physiological range (from 0 to 70 mV). The model reproduces such properties of horizontal cells as a low membrane potential in the dark, inversion of the response to light with depolarization above a zero level of the membrane potential, an effect of mutual amplification of colour signals, saturation of the response in the bright light, peculiarities of stationary V-A-characteristics in the dark and in the light, as well as a shape of stationary relations between the membrane potential and light intensity which often have a steep part within a certain range of membrane potentials. The existence of hysteresis loops in V-A-characteristics and relations between the membrane potential and light intensity predicted by the model was confirmed experimentally in horizontal cells of fish retina. The analysis of the model and experimental results show that the nonsynaptic membrane of horizontal cells is able to amplify actively the slow graded potentials.


[Impulse activity of cultured rat cerebral cortex neurons]. Background spike activity and morphological characteristics of the visual cortex neurons 1-2 day old rats were investigated under conditions of long-term (up to 34 days) tissue cultures. Three types of unit activity were found: single (regular) spikes, bursts and group discharges. Background activity is shown to depend on the cultivation period. Regular firing of neurons for the first 7-15 cultivation days is changed later by bursts or group activity. These changes in neuronal activity coincide in time with the process of morphological maturation of synaptic connections. Strychnine caused a distinct increase in the mean frequency of background activity accompanied by separate series of group discharges. On the basis of the data obtained the problem on the genesis of the spontaneous activity in cortical neurons is discussed.


[Penetration of cephaloridine and cephalothin into the cerebrospinal fluid-clinical study (author's transl)]. There were 35 cases, treated with Cephaloridine or Cephalothin after neurosurgical operation. Neurological surgeon always troubled with passage of blood-brain barrier when drug was given. Antibiotics was not  exceptionally, therefore we, neurological surgeon, must select the effective drug to bacterium, that which penetrated enough to the intracranial organ through the blood-brain barrier. In this paper, we measured the concentration of Cephaloridine and Cephalothin into cerebrospinal fluid in the cases with non inflammatory meninges. We collected the cerebrospinal fluid from continued ventricle tap and serum, then measured the concentration of the drug with bioassay. Cephaloridie treated cases. 22 cases. 1) 1 g intramuscular injection. 4 cases. Serum level got to highest value, 64 mug/ml (mean value) 1 hour after injection. CSF level got to maximum concentration 46.8 mug/ml. (mean value) serum mean level 21.5 mug/ml. CSF mean level 0.73 mug/ml. 2) 1 g 3 minutes-intravenous injection 5 cases. Serum level got to highest value 67.5 mug/ml. CSF maximum level was 5.25 mug/ml. Serum mean level 19.74 mug/ml. CSF mean level 0.61 mug/ml. 3) 1 g 1 hour-intravenous drip. 9 cases. Serum maximum level 121.0 mug/ml. CSF maximum level 2.30 mug/ml. Serum mean level 20.08 mug/ml. CSF mean level 0.67 mug/ml. 4) 1 g 8 hours-intravenous drip. 3 cases. Serum maximum level 61.0 mug/ml. CSF maximum level 1.36 mug/ml. Serum mean level 14.78 mug/ml. CSF mean level 0.47 mug/ml. Cephalothin treated cases, 12 cases. 1) 1 g 8 hours-intravenous drip, 4 cases. In fact we could detect the drug only in one case, in CSF, and we could not in other three cases. In KF - 4 case, serum maximum concentration was 26.0 mug/ml, CSF maximum concentration was 0.07 mug/ml. Serum mean level 16.97 mug/ml. CSF mean level 0.01 mug/ml 2) 2 g 1 hour-intravenous drip, 9 cases. Serum maximum level 690.0 mug/ml. CSF maximum level 2.03 mug/ml. Serum mean level 29.59 mug/ml. CSF mean level 0.06 mug/ml. In cephaloridine cases, the tendency was observed, that which, as concentration of the drug in CSF increased, cell count and protein decreased, and, as concentration of the drug decreased, cell count and protein increased. CSF/serum concentration ratio of Cephaloridine increased, when time passed, in intramuscular, 3 minutes intravenous, and 1 hour-intravenous drip group. Then only in 8-hours-intravenous prip group. Then only in 8-hours-intravenous drip group, concentration ratio decreased. In Cephaloridine group, mean value of CSF/serum ratio showed. 1 g i.m. 0.084 1 g 3 minutes-i.v. 0.098 1 g 1 hour-i.v. 0.194 1 g 8 hours-i.v. 0.044.


[Case report: Aneurysm of the Rt-vertebral artery which terminates as the Rt-posterior inferior cerebellar artery (author's transl]. A case aneurysm  of the Rt-vertebral artery which terminates as the Rt-posterior inferior cerebellar artery is reported. It belongs to rare anomalies that one of two vertebral arteries terminates as the posterior inferior cerebellar artery of the same side, though various anomalies arise very often in a vertebral artery system. Such an anomaly had been recognized in approximately 0.2% among vertebral angiographies. We had experienced 4 such anomalous cases among 501 vertebral angiographies which had been performed in our neurosurgery clinic from the beginning of 1967 to the end of June of 1973. A case among them had an aneurysm at a distal portion, the other one had a tumor. The process of the origin of such an anomaly is briefly discussed.


[Bilateral giant carotid aneurysm in the cavernous sinus with a carotid-cavernous fistula on one side, case report (author's transl)]. Since Sir Gilbert Blane's report of a case in the year 1800, bilateral aneurysms of the internal carotid artery within the cavernous sinus of nontraumatic origin are extremely rare. In reviewing literatures, only 22 cases have been described, including the present case (Table 1). We are reporting our own case in which carotid angiograms revealed the presence of bilateral giant aneurysms with a carotid-cavernous fistula on one side, and discussed briefly with reference to its clinical features, radiological observations and treatment. (case report) M.R, a woman aged 78, was admitted on May 15, 1973, with a complaint of sudden onset of right supra- and periorbital headache and a loud bruit about 2 months previously. She became aware of ptosis of the right eyelid and prominence of the right eyeball. The carotid arteriogram showed bilateral giant aneurysms in the region of the cavernous sinus (Fig 2, Fig. 3). A carotid cavernous fistula due to the ruptured giant aneurysm was seen on the right and poor filling of the right anterior and middle cerebral artery was also observed (Fig. 2). An attempt was made to close the fistula by using propelling method (polyurethane foam emboli after Ohta's technique) with great success (Fig. 4). No special treatment was done to the left giant aneurysm. She is now in good condition 7 months after discharge.


[RI-cisternography of traumatic pneumocephalus (author's transl)]. A radionuclide, when injected intrathecally, normally does not enter into the ventricle system. In our three cases of intra cerebral-ventricular pneumocephalus the radionuclide entered into the ventricle and concentrated in the cyst. Such an abnormal movement of the radionuclide was generally caused by the obstruction of subarachnoid space and the increased C.S.F. absorption in the enlarged ventricle. Under consideration of the pre-and post-operative cisternograms of our three cases we examined the principal factor which brought on the abnormal movement of a radionuclide. Each principal factor was the excessive C.S.F. rhinorrohea in the first case, the increased C.S.F. absorption in the enlarged ventricle and the cyst in the third case. An analysis of our three cases shows that the accumulation of radionuclide into the ventricle system is not necessarily due to the obstruction of subarachnoid space, but also due to more C.S.F. absorption in the ventricle system than that in the subarachnoid space.


Penetration of 99mTcO4- into cerebrospinal fluid from blood on brain scintigraphy (author's transl). It is well known that the permeability of the blood brain barrier and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier changes more or less in various diseases of the central nervous system. At present, thee is no clinically available index which reflects the alteration of the permeability of the blood brain barrier and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier. The brain scintiraphy is an examination which detects a breakdown in the blood brain barrier, its clinical usefullness is limited only in a localized and extremely pathological proces of the brain. In this report, a cerebrospinala fluid isotope measurement comined with the brain scintigraphy was presented as a clinical examination for blood brain barrier function. Thirty minutes prior to brain scintigraphy, potassium perchlorate (4 mg/kg) was given orally to reduce the accumulation of 99mTc04-in the choroid plexus and to minimize iradiation for tr other organs. Spinal tap was performed two hours after injection of 99mTc04- according to Haines's method...


[Melanoma of the spinal cord in pregnancy (author's transl)]. A case of spinal cord melanoma at the level of C2 was reported. A 27-year-old house-wife, in the 8th month of an uncomplicated pregnancy, complained of motor weakness and sensory impairment in the left arm. Then, left lower limb and right upper and lower limbs were gradually involved and she suffered from tetraplegia when  she was first admitted to our hospital about two months after the beginning of her symptoms. Neurological and roentogenological examination revealed an upper cervical intradural extramedullary tumor, and laminectomy from C1 to C4 was performed. The tumor was totally removed and diagnosed as a melanocytic melanoma histopathologically. Postoperatively, she had complete recovery. In order to exclude the possibility of a metastatic melanoma, the patient was seen in repeated consultations by dermatology, gastro-enterology, otorhinolaryngology, urology and gynecology services. But, there was no evidence of  pigmented lesions anywhere, so we considered this case as a primary melanoma of the spinal cord clinically. Finally, a brief discussion about correlation between the melanoma and the pregnancy was added.


[Chronic spinal epidural abscess (author's transl)]. A case of 58 year old female with chronic spinal epidural abscess demonstrating rapid progression of complete spinal cord paralysis without remarkable recovery by laminectomy was reported. Patient had a large subcutaneous abscess on left back, ten years ago. Three months before admission she fell down from stairs and had a compression fracture on the seventh thoracic vertebra. She has been troubled with slight spinal ache and left lower back pain since the fall accident. One month before admission she suddenly noted severe lower back pain with radiation to left side and the pain became more  severe. Three weeks after she noted fecal retention without urinary retention. Five days before admission she noted gait disturbance accompanied by numbness of both foots. Three days later she developed inability to urinate and the same day, over the coure of a few hours, she became total paraplegia and anesthesia below the waist. On admission neurological examination and myelography disclosed complete spinal subarachnoid block with flaccid total paraplegia and anesthesia below the lower chest. The clinical diagnosis was spinal epidural mass lesion, probably neoplasm. Laminectomy from Th-6 through Th-9 was performed the next day: three days after complete paralysis. The epidural abscess included pus and soft granulation tissue was found and totally removed. Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to penicillin, chloramphenicol etc. was isolated on becteriologic culture. On seven months after operation, sensory and deep reflexes were considrable improved, but she remained paraplegic without sphincter control. Dicussion were made on the incidence, pathogenesis.


[External carotid-basilar anastomosis: case report (author's transl)]. The occipital-vertebral anastomosis is one of the anastomotic channels between the external carotid system and the intracranial vessels. In this paper, we have reported a large, left external carotid-basilar anastomosis which was incidentally revealed in a patient with left hemiparesis due to arteriosclerotic occlusion of the right internal carotid artery. A 55-year-old man suddenly developed left hemiparesis without headache, unconsciousness or vomiting on the morning of January 15, 1973. When he was referred to our service on April 11, the noticeable neurological findings were left hemiparesis and left homonymous hemianopsia. The right carotid angiogram revealed occlusion of the internal carotid artery associated with collateral channels from the external carotid artery. Also a segment of the vertebral artery was visualized via the muscular branch of the occipital artery. In the left carotid angiogram, the posterior circulation was markedly visualized throught the left vertebral artery originating from the external carotid artery trunk. This anastomotic vessel had a large branch with constant caliber leading to the occipital fossa. But the posterior cerebral artery was directly visualized from the internal carotid artery without connection to the basilar artery. Repeated bilateral brachial angiograms revealed hypoplasis of the vertebral arteries. It was suggested that the persistent external carotid-basilar anastomosis might be constantly associated with hypoplasia or aplasia of the bilateral vertebral arteries.


[Rupture of intracranial aneurysm due to cerebral angiography (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of rupture of intracranial aneurysm by angiography which was done four hours after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Case; A thirty-one year old male patient was brought to our outpatient's clinic by ambulance because of conscious loss and convulsive seizure on Feb. 5th, 1974. Lumbar puncture showed grossly hemorrhage in the CSF. Immediately he was hospitalized and administered anticonvulsants, hypotensive drugs, antibrinolytic agents and corticosteroid. His signs and symptoms on admission were mild headache, nausea, nuchal rigidity, anisocoria (right greater than left) and left hyper reflexia. This attach was his second. (He first noted the bleeding attack on January 30, 1974). Four hours after this attack cerebral angiography was done under local anesthesia with heavy premedication. Puncture of common carotid arteries were uneventful. Three injections of 60% Conray, at the dose of 8 ml each, were performed and three films were taken. Few minutes after injections, he suddenly became unconscious and ceased respiration for a few seconds. Blood pressure was 210 mmHg at systolic, although 120 mmHg two minutes before. Immediately resuscitation started. His respiration reappeared within 0.5 minute and his vital signs gradually improved. We stopped examination. When returned to his bed, right pupil dilated and optic fundi showed bleeding bilaterally. Arteriography showed a large dumbbell shaped aneurysm at the trification of the right middle cerebral artery but no finding of hematoma (Fig. 1). We decided emergency operation at once. When started the operation his both sides pupil dilated, B.P. was very low. OPERATION: Right side large frontolateral craniectomy was done. Large subdural hematoma (Fig. 2), severe diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage (Fig. 3) and intracerebral hematoma were found. Aneurysmal neck clipping was successfully done. His level of consciousness was semicomatous. But gradually his state deteriorated and died one week after the operation. There was severe edema in both sides cerebrum. The brain stem, especially interbrain, and pons, had fallen into softening, so called respirator brain. This complication of angiography is very rare. This case is the 24th reported case of the ruptured aneurysm by angiography.


[Four cases of ectopic pinealoma with ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy (author's transl)]. The 6 cases of brain tumor with ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy in which 4 cases were experienced in our institute and 2 cases were found in literature were studied in this paper. The specific character which was common in 6 cases were observed in their clinical course and the findings of clinical examinations. The histopathological study was proceeded with a autopsy case to observe the correlation between brain tumor and the ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy. As the result of it, we discussed the mechanism of appearance of the ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy due to brain tumor in the thalamic region. 1) All six cases were very young in which the age of onset was between 8 to 14 years old, 11 years 8 months old in average. 2) Their clinical course was relatively chronic. The period from onset to first admission was between 1 year 2 months to 4 years, 2 years and 1 month in average. 3) The declining of school work and hemiparesis were recognized as the primary sign of their onset. Main symptoms were hemiparesis, dementia, character and emotional change, and abnormal behavior, but sign of increased intracranial pressure was not observed. 4) The findings of carotid angiogram and pneumoence-phalogram showed ipsilateral hemiatrophy on the tumor side. 5) The brain tumor localized in the thalamic region and its surroundings which was common with all six cases. 6) Histopathological diagnosis was pinealoma, and 3 autopsy cases were ectopic pinealoma and the other 3 cases were suspected too as ectopic pinealoma. 7) In our autopsy case, ipsilateral cortical and subcortical atrophy with ectopic pinealoma was observed. As the pathological findins, degeneration and destruction of ganglion cells, demyelination in the subcortex and damage of axon were observed. These findings suggested that the ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy was induced by Waller's and retrograde degeneration as the result of the secondary damages of the thalamic ganglion cells and the afferent and efferent nerve fibers, due to invasive tumor into thalamic region.


[Hydrodynamic of the C.S.E. under experimental occlusion of superior sagittal sinus (author's transl)]. It is recognized that absorption of C.S.F. occurs mainly at the superior sagittal sinus through arachnoid villi after study of the Retzius (1875) and Weed (1914). We are interested in C.S.F. circulation and pathway on the obstructed superior sagittal sinus. At the border of middle one third and posterior one third of the superior sagittal sinus was obstructed experimentally. 1. When evans blue 0.5 to 1.0 ml was injected into lateral ventricle or cisterna magna, the evans blue was recognized on basal surface in either normal and obstructed dog of the superior sagittal sinus. Evans blue stained the convexity of normal dog, however, did not stain the convexity in the dog of obstructed superior sagittal sinus contrally. This was caused by the disturbance of C.S.F. circulation toward superior sagittal sinus. On the intraventricular injection of evans blue, it infiltrated into parenchym from ventripcle due to C.S.F. circulatory disturbance. 2. Study of radioactivity in the peripheral blood after intracisternal or intraventricular injection of RISA 100 muCi revealed that the radioactivity in the blood lowered with day after obstruction of superior sagittal sinus comparing with normal dogs. 3. Macroautoradiography after intracisternal or intraventricular injection of P 2mCi showed lower RI activity at the convexity, but increased activity at the basal brain in the obstructed dogs of superior sagittal sinus. These results showed that C.S.F. in normal dog was absorbed through the brain surface, expecially the basal surface of brain, other than through the superior sagittal sinus. Absorption of C.S.F. through the convexity of brain was disturbed significantly in the obstructed dogs of superior sagittal sinus. C.S.F. absorption into peripheral blood decreased in chronic  stage after occlusion of surperior sagittal sinus and it suggested that the absorptive function of C.S.F. through the basal surface of brain was restricted.


[Experimental Subarachnoid hemmorrhage in dogs--effect of various drugs and sympathectomy on cerebral arterial spasm (author's transl)]. Adult mongrel dogs were used. The posterior communicating artery was punctured with a fine needle and subarachnoid hemorrhage was produced, which simulated aneurysmal rupture in human. The cerebral basal arteries were constricted remarkably after the puncture. However this vasospasm disappeared in about 60-120 minutes. After this restoration, the vessels began to be constricted again and reduced their diameter in greater degree with lapse of time.  Effect of various drugs and sympathectomy on the experimental spasm induced by this method were studied utilizing the magnified vertebral angiography. The drugs used were papverine, isoxuprine, methysergide, phentolamine and propranolol. One of these drugs was given to each dog into the vertebral artery 15 minutes after the puncture of the artery for study of the early spasm, and the same procedure was carried out 24 hours after the late spasm. Vertebral arteriograms were taken immediately after and at 5, 10 and 30 minutes after injection of the drug. Diameter changes of the cerebral basal arteries were measured on the film. Smooth muscle relaxtants, papaverine and isoxsuprine, were effective on relieving the early and the late spasm. An antiserotonin agent, methysergide, relieved slightly the early spasm, but it had no effect on the late spasm. Phentolamine, that is an adrenergic blocking agent, relieved the early spam remarkably, but it was less effective on the late spam. A beta adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, was effective on relieving neither the early nor the late spasm. Two weeks after the removal of the bilateral upper cervical ganglia, subarachnoid hemorrhage was produced by the smae method as mentioned above in four dogs. Arteriograms taken 24 hours after puncture of the posterior communicating artery in these dogs showed vasoconstriction as same as in the non-sympathectomized dogs. From these experimental results, it was suggested that an etiological difference in the early and the late spasm may exist, and that the occurence of the late spasm may not be influenced by the sympathetic system.


[An attempt of electrothrombosis of carotid-cavernous fistula (author's transl)]. The patient was 50 year-old female who was admitted to our department on June 13, 1973 complaining of left conjunctival injection and ipsilateral exophthalmos. Visual acuity of her right eye had been lost almost completely due to the previous ocular injury. Ophthalmological examination revealed left conjunctival injection, slight ipsilateral proptosis but pulsation of eye ball, chemosis and bruit were not so obvious. She had a visual acuity of 1.2 on her left eye. Left intraocular pressure was 30 mmHg while right was normal. Left CAG revealed a left carotid-cavernous fistula with anterior, posterior, inferior venous drainage. Temporal craniotomy was done and copper needles were inserted into the posterior part of Parkinson's triangle. An angiogram after operation demonstrated the persistency of the anterior and posterior venous drainage. 6 weeks later, electrothrombosis of left superior ophthalmic vein was carried out. After that, carotid-cavernous fistula disappeared perfectly. Important points of the surgical technique are; 1) to apply a silverclip to the tentorial edge just posterior to the third nerve, than anatomical realtionship of internal carotid artery, cavernous sinus and the clip applied are carefully investigated on the subsequent angiograms. 2) to repeat angiography several titate of embolization of cavernous sinus should often be checked.


[Meningioma of foramen magnum--report of two dases and review of reference: its clinical manifestations (author's transl)]. Two cases of the spinocranial type of meningioma of the foramen magnum are presented with review of references, its clinical manifestations and surgical consideration. The clinical syndrome is stereotyped, but the patients with occipital or cervical pain, stiff neck, muscle weakness of the upper and lower limbs and disturbance of gait, which may be called "Foramen Magnum Syndrome", should always be suspected of having a mass lesion in the upper cervical or foramen magnum. Myelography is of prime importance in confirming the diagnosis and when preformed with care and understanding of the anatomy without fearing of losing the contrast material into the basilar cisterns, the myelographic examination is not difficult. We also stress the importance of preoperative vertebral angiographic study as well as myelographic study, because of the initimate relationship of the meningioma of the foramen magnum with the vertebral artery.


[Acute subdural hygroma in the posterior fossa (author's transl)]. Four cases of acute or subacute subdural hygromas in the posterior fossa were reported. All showed suboccipital skull fractures radiologically. Two cases of acute subdural hygromas were encounteded during the fiscal year from 1972 to 1973 at Toritsu Toshima Hospital. In the same period 254 patients with head injuries were admitted here and 106 demonstrated skull fractures. Among these 24 exhibited fractures in the suboccipital region. Among these 24 cases 8 showed signs and symptoms of space-occupying lesions in the posterior fossa and were confirmed later surgically (7 cases) or by autopsy (1 case), namely; three extradural hematomas, two acute subdural hygromas as mentioned above, three subdural hematomas with cerebellar contusions. Preoperative courses in these three acute subdural hygomas as well as three subdural hematomas were summarized as follows:lucid interval was followed by severe nuchal pain and rapid downhill course and finally by coma and panea. Retrograde brachial angiographies were performed in cases. The findings were not contributary to locate mass lesions, in three cases, partly because of delayed or faint filling of vessels caused by compression with hematoma or acute subdural hygroma. In short, differential diagnosis between subdural hematoma and subdural hygroma was difficult preoperating. Postoperatively, courses of subdural hematomas were poor or even fatal. On the contrary, patients of acute subdural hygromas showed rapid clinical improvement after evacuation of xanthochromic fluid. The authors stressed that suboccipital craniectomy should be performed as soon as possible to the patients with sugoccipital fractures when vital signs became progressively worse even if little findings were obtained by carotid angiographies. Subdural hygromas in the posterior fossa may have been present in those fatal cases where autopsy finds neither contusion nor hemorrhage but only brain edema or swelling.


[Subarachnoid hemmorrhage and aneurysmal change of cerebral arteries due to metastases of chorioepithelioma (author's transl)]. An episode of subarachnoid hemorrhage was seen on a 22-year-old married woman, which followed vaginal spotting and convulsive seizure. The neurological examination revealed bilateral papilledema, retinal hemorrhage, neck stiffness, Kernig's sign abducens paresis on the right. The chest X-ray film showed a spherical mass lesion in the right lung. The pelvic examination disclosed no pathological findings, however, HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in the urine increased significantly. Intracranial metastasis of chorioepithelioma was the tentative diagnosis at the admission and the right caroid angiography was performed, which demonstrated a fusiform aneruysm of the right middle cerebral artery beside arterial shift indicating a metastatic mass lesion in the parietal lobe. At surgery the tumor was removed and the arterial change was resected. Histologically the tumor was verified and the aneurysm was produced by metastasis of the tumor to the intima and interruption of the internal elastic membrane. She was placed on the anticarcinogenic agent and later the mass lesion in the chest was operated and irradiated. The postoperative carotid angiography showed another berry-shaped aneurysm arising from the right calloso-marginal artery. After the serial treatment with Actinomycin D the aneurysm disappeared completely and the arterial branch distal to the aneurysm was thrombosed. The patient is still alive 3 years after the onset of illness. An emphasis was placed that the neurosurgeon should be aware of cerebrovascular changes due to metastasis of the chorioepithelioma while making diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage of the female patients who belong to the reproductive age. Intracranial aneurysmal change due to metastatic infiltration to the arterial wall was reported.


[A giant aneurysm of the internal carotid artery treated by intracranial direct surgery--with a special reference to the anatomical relationship between the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery (author's transl)]. There have been a few reports about intracranial giant aneurysms treated by intracranial direct approaches. Especially, for giant aneurysms of the internal carotid artery, direct operation has been thought to be difficult to perform because of the anatomical particularity and the danger of rupture during surgery. So the cervical carotid ligation has frequently been indicated. However, the carotid ligation does not relieve the symptoms caused by the giant aneurysm as an "intracranial mass lesion". The authors have reported here, a cured case of a giant aneurysm of the intracavernous portion of the internal carotid artery, to which, as the first step, ligation of the internal carotid artery in the cervical region was performed, and as the second step, endaneurysmorrhaphy was carried out for the remaining symptoms caused by the "intracranial mass lesion". Furthermore, the surgical techniques for treatment of giant aneurysms of the internal carotid artery were discussed citing literatures, and the authors concluded that the combined operation of carotid ligation and endane-urysmorrhaphy could be effective to giant aneurysms in this region. Meanwhile, a new concept concerning the anatomy of the carotid-cavernous region already proposed by Bedford, was confirmed by our observation at operation. It may be considered that the intracranial direct approach to aneurysms in this region and also to carotid cavernous fistulae should more frequently be indicated than ever performed, according to the new concept of the anatomy in this region.


The effects of litter size on plasma corticosterone and prolactin response to ether stress in the lactating rat. Lactating female rats reared litters consisting of 4, 8 or 12 pups. At weaning (21 days) females were removed from their maternity cages and exposed to a 1-min ether stress followed by heart puncture. The animals were then isolated and 14 min after the termination of ether stress blood was collected by decapitation. Plasma prolactin and corticosterone were assayed in the blood collected from heart puncture, and in the 14-min stress blood. Boer stress showed a significant linear increase with increasing litter size. The 14-min values of corticosterone were inversely related to litter size. The results are consistent with a prolactinmediated 'buffering' of the corticosterone stress response in the lactating rat.


Pituitary and plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and prolactine in the immature female rat following administration of pregnant mares' serum. 28-day-old female rats were killed at increasing time periods after the injection of either 30 IU pregnant mares' serum (pms) or saline, and pituitary and plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactine levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Hormone concentrations were measured at intervals up to one week following injection with frequent measurements made on the afternoon preceding ovulation to better characterize and evaluate the PMS-treated immature rat as an ovulation model. Peaks in both plasma LH and prolactin occurred on the afternoon preceding ovulation. Pituitary LH was found to decrease and again increase during this afternoon period before falling to a low value on the morning following ovulation. Pituitary prolactin increased to an early afternoon maximum value, fell to a low value by late afternoon, and increased again by the morning following ovulation. Saline-treated immature female rats displayed fluctuation in plasma and pituitary LH and prolactin similar to but smaller than the afternoon changes found in PMS-treated rats. Pituitary weights were significantly greater in PMS-treated rats on the afternoon preceding ovulation. The hormonal changes encountered in the PMS-treated rat prior to ovulation appear to be similar to those encountered in the proestrous cycling female rat, although more study is necessary to validate this system as a model of spontaneous ovulation in the adult animal. The data suggest that PMS causes ovulation in immature rats by amplifying or synchronizing existing hormonal rhythms.


Cellular injury and cell proliferation in skin carcinogenesis by UV light. The effects on mouse skin of varying doses of light from a high-voltage mercury lamp were compared to the alterations occurring after repeated light applications from a carbon-arc xenon sunlamp. A single dose of UV light at a carcinogenic wavelength caused necrosis and ulceration, followed by scarring, but failed to produce tumors. In the case of repeated small doses, the neoplastic response was predominantly epithelial, resulting in formation of papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Increasing the dose caused formation of fibromas and fibrosarcomas of the ear. However, repeated applications of UV light having a spectrum similar to sunlight failed to induce tumors. In these studies, only animals showing initially destructive lesions ultimately presented tumor formation, while the hyperplasia induced by UV irradiation showed no relationship to neoplastic transformation. The results emphasize the significance of dose and wavelength in evaluating effects of UV-light skin carcinogenesis.


Aural pathohistology in leukemia.

Aural pathohistology in leukemia. Three clinical histories of leukemia are followed by their related histopathological findings, the latter through the sequence of hemorrhage, leukemic infiltration, organization to connective tissue, suppuration, formation of new bone, degeneration into cholesterol granuloma.


Human nasal epithelium and cellular elements in chronic allergic rhinitis. Electron-microscopic study. The fine structure of human nasal respiratory epithelium and tunical cellular elements was studied in 15 chronic allergic patients. The epithelium showed characteristic morphological details suggestive of oedematous infiltration occurring in these cases. Eosinophils, mast cells and plasma cells showed ultrastructural changes explaining the role played by each of them in allergic rhinopathies.


IgE and IgE antibody to mite in nasal fluid. The levels of total IgE and IgE antibodies to mite per unit quantity of nasal fluid were successfully determined by our special method of collecting nasal fluid. The mean value of IgE was 80 +/- 101 U/ml, and that of IgE Ab 1.45 +/- 1.29/ml (RAST score) in NF. Nasal IgE concentration was approximately one twenthieth of serum IgE on the average, and nasal IgE Ab to mite was one half of serum IgE. The IgE Ab/IgE ratio was nine times greater in NF (0.0181) than in serum (0.0022). The concentration of IgE Ab to mite was very well correlated between serum and NF (correlation coefficient of 0.83), while that of IgE was not (coefficient of 0.51). IgE Ab to mite was also well correlated to IgE (coefficient of 0.78) in NF while it was not in serum (coefficient of 0.48). The correlation coefficient of nasal/serum IgA was 0.41; that of IgE/IgA in NF was 0.31; and that of IgE/total protein in NF was also 0.31. The possibility of local production and secretion of IgE Ab to specific allergen is discussed in detail.


Organochlorine pesticide residies in human milk, Western Australia--1970-71. Milk samples from 22 nursing mothers in the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia, have shown the presence of DDT, DDE, dieldrin, and HCB in amounts consistent with similar surveys in other countries. Although mean values tend to be slightly lower than expected, their wide range, 0.002-0.025 ppm for DDT, suggests that a much larger sample should be examined to obtain a more accurate mean. This view is supported by values obtained in another survey of the same area.


Activation of electrogenic sodium pump in mammalian skeletal muscle by external cations. The effect of change of the external ionic composition on "Na-loaded" and "K-depleted" soleus muscle fibres of K-deficient rats was investigated by recording resting membrane potentials. The addition of K, Rb, Cs and NH4 ions to K-free Krebs solution bathing "Na-rich" muscles resulted in a rapid hyperpolarization. The hyperpolarization was abolished by removing the above cations, cooling to ca. 4 degrees C, and adding 0.1 mM ouabain. The effectiveness of cations for activating the electrogenic Na pump was Rb greater than or equal to K greater than NH4 greater than Cs, and NH4 ions seemed to be unique in their stimulating action. The resting cell membrane of "Na-rich" muscles is permeable to cations in the order of Rb = K greater than Cs greater than NH4. Reducing Na ions in Krebs solution had no effect on the rate of Na-pumping in "Na-rich" muscle fibres at a given K concentration. It is concluded that the external K ions could be replaced by Rb, Cs and NH4 ions in activating the electrogenic Na pump in "Na-rich" soleus muscle fibres, but that the electrogenic Na pump in this tissue does not require the external Na ions.


Circulatory and respiratory adaptation in man to acute withdrawal and reinfusion of blood. In eight healthy men 950 g of blood (12.2 17.6% of the blood volume) was withdrawn and reinfused after about half an hour. Respiration and circulation were studied by analyses of expiratory gas, blood gases and data from right heart catheterization. On hemorrhage oxygen uptake and cardiac output decreased by 10 and 28%, repectively; both varied indirectly with the blood loss. The pressures in the right ventricle, pulmonary and systemic arteries fell without relation to the cardiac output. Mean heart rate did not change significantly, but a moderate positive covariation (P less than 0.05) between heart rate and arterial blood pressure was found during bleeding. This result was confirmed by the relative bradycardia noted in  the period prior to reinfusion. On refilling of the bood the oxygen uptake and the pulmonary arterial pressures increased above the initial value. The heart rate varied directly with the arterial pressure also during reinfusion. The observations demonstrate a depression of the metabolism and circulation on moderate hemorrhage. Part of these effects is tentatively referred to a lowered set point of the arterial baroreflexes.


Active amino-acid and sugar uptake by gall bladder epithelium in dog, guinea-pig and man. Slices of dog gall bladder are capable of accumulating amino-acids and sugars against considerable concentration gradients across the luminal membrane of the cell. The epithelium of the common bile duct also absorbs these substrates. The transport systems are sodium-dependent, saturable and inhibited by ouabain and metabolic poisons. The specificity of the mechanisms is more reminiscent of kidney than of intestinal transport. Glycine is preferentially transported across dog gall bladder from the mucosa to the serosa, but the net flux is small. It is concluded that the contraluminal membrane of the epithelial cell might be relatively impermeable to the amino-acid. concentrative uptake also occurs in guinea-pig gall bladder; however it appears to be practically non-existent in rabbit tissue. Human gall bladders, obtained at random from the operating room, also displayed active accumulation. The gall bladder epithelium is remarkably resistant to anoxia. Furthermore, following obstruction of the common bile duct for 2 weeks in dogs, the gall bladder is still able to concentrate amino-acids and sugars, but the extent of the uptake is significantly reduced.


Length-tension diagram and force-velocity relations of mammalian cardiac muscle under steady-state conditions. Length-tension diagrams and force-velocity relations of isolated cat papillary muscles were measured under strictly stationary conditions: any analysis of isometric mechanograms was carried out only in stable isometric beats; each measurement in beats under any condition different from the isometric one was determined in the very first contraction after a period of stabilization under isometric conditions. The length-tension diagrams show a clear distinction between isometric and isotonic length-tension curves. Force-velocity curves on the basis of afterloaded isotonic, as well as of damped quick-release contractions, could be satisfactorily approximated by a polynomial of the 5th order. Vmax estimated on the basis of afterloaded and of damped quick-releases in the course of isometric and isotonic contractions, was significantly dependent on preload. This is also valid in a range of muscle length which is regarded as physiological.


Cesium induced rectifications in frog myelinated fibres. Voltage clamp experiments done on nodes of Ranvier show that external application of Cesium blocks the inward but not the outward potassium currents. Internal application of Cs ions reduces the outward K-current and the inward K-current is not affected. These results support the hypotheses that K ions cross th- K-channel after dehydration at superficial sites where competition may occur with Cs-ions.


Determination of glomerular intracapillary and transcapillary pressure gradients from sieving data. II. A physiological study in the normal dog. The two theoretical models proposed previously to calculate the intracapillary and transcapillary glomerular pressure gradients from the sieving of macromolecules such as PVP have been used to analyse in 22 normotensive dogs the sieving curve relating the sieving coefficients, phi, to molecular size (phi: glomerular clearance of PVP fractions/GFR). Neither the "local c2" model-filtrate unmixed at the outer face of the capillaries walls--nor the constant c2 model-filtrate well mixed--allowed to obtain realistic values for the hemodynamical parameters. Indeed with the local c2 model, the best fit between calculated and experimental sieving curves could be obtained only by reversing the intracapillary pressure gradient; conversely the constant c2 model obliged to decrease the intracapillary pressure so abruptly along the capillaries, that retrofiltration took place in the distal parts of the vessels. This difficulty has been overcome by combining the two models; the so-called "hybrid model" considers that the filtrate is well mixed in the vicinity of the urinary pole only. The following results were obtained: 1. PGCa and PGCe (intracapillary pressures at the afferent and efferent extremities of the capillaries) equal to 49.7 +/- 1.03 and 41.8 +/- 1.00 mm Hg respectively. 2. Pressure equilibrium is generally reached at the efferent extremity of the vessels. 3. The slope of PGC (see article) varies inversely to FF. (filtration fraction). 4. The model, however, does not allow to rule out the possibility of retrofiltration.


Creep after loading in relaxed and contracted (KC1 or K2SO4 depolarized) smooth muscle (taenia coli of the guinea pig). 1. The time course of creep in the taenia coli of the guinea pig was recorded during 2000 sec (33 min 20 sec) in the relaxed (Ca2+-free bath solution with verapamil) and contracted (KCl or K2SO4 depolarized) states. 2. The variations in initial length before loading (l0), immediate elastic extension after loading (lE), and creep (N) were standardized with respoect to volume (cm/cm3) and compared among the different states. 3. Immediate elastic extension (lE) and particularly creep after 2000 sec (N2000) are minimal in the relaxed and maximal in the K2SO4-contracted state. The values in the KCl-contracted state are probably affected by intracellular swelling. Statistically, there is a significant difference between the overall length (l0 + lE + N2000) in the relaxed and in the K2SO4-contracted state when creep ends. 4. The hyperbolic relation of N to dN/dt representing the time course of creep mentioned in an earlier paper is reconfirmed for the relaxed as well as for the contracted state. 5. The parameters of the equation giving this relation are calculated from the experimental data. They characterize elastic properties and inner friction during creep. It is shown that the parameters of inner friction diminish more than those characterizing the elastic properties if the preparation is changed from the relaxed into the contracted state by K2SO4-depolarization. 6. In the discussion further evidence is given that not only changes in the diameter of the preparation but also changes of the intracellular elements must be responsible for the altered time course of creep during contraction.


Blood flow in mesenteric, hepatic portal and renal portal veins of chickens. Blood flows were determined by electromagnetic probes placed upon the posterior vena cava (PVC), coccygeomesenteric vein (COCMV), mesenteric vein (MV), and hepatic portal vein (PV) of white Leghorn males. Blood flow in ml/min of non-fasted, unanesthetized males were as follows: (see article). Withholding food for 24 hrs decreased flow significantly only in the MV and PVC. Anesthesia decreased flow in PVC, PV and COCMV. After ligation of PVC, blood was shunted from caudal areas and renal portal circulation to COCMV and liver. Ligation of PV caused a diversion of flow to renal portal circulation and an increase in PVC flow and a reversal of direction of flow in COCMV.


Antagonistic effects upon cutaneous circulation of muscular excercise and exposure to a high ambient temperature. Measurements were made in man of heart rate (Fc), arterial blood pressure (Pa), cutaneous blood flow (Z) (by plethysmography of the hand) as well as variation sin venous volume (deltaV) in the course of muscular exercise of 70 Watts intensity corresponding from 48% to 60% of the maximal oxygen consumtion of the subjects. These exercises were carried out at ambient temperatures of 22 degrees and 29 degrees C. for 8 min. In every case, an initial lowering of the Q and deltaV followed by a progressive climb was found. The average maximal reduction in output was virtually identical at 22 degrees and 29 degrees C (4.10 +/- 2.05 and 4.00 +/- 2.31 ml/min. 100 cm3). But the average maximal fall in volume turned out to be less at 29 degrees C (0.30 +/- 0.40 ml/100 cm3) than at 22 degrees C (0.60 +/- 0.60 ml/100 cm3). The resistive sector of cutaneous circulation conserves the same vasomotor capacities at the two ambient temperatures studied; the cutaneous capacitive sector shows lower reactivity at the higher ambient temperature. This would suggest that diminished venous return may be partially responsible for poor tolerance to exercise in warm climates.


Blood affinity for oxygen in experimental hemorrhagic shock with metabolic acidosis. This study was designed to evaluate, in vivo, the effect of a severe non-respiratory acidosis on hemoglobin oxygen transport. Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin, Bohr effect, Hill's number and red cell 2,3-DPG were evaluated during experimental hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Three periods were considered: control, hypotension (mean arterial pressure 60 mm Hg for 2 hr 30 min) and blood replacement. There was no significant change in erythrocyte 2,3-DPG following hemorrhagic hypotension but ATP increased significantly. n, the Hill number (2.6), was not changed by in vivo acidosis (pH 7.1). Respiratory Bohr coefficient (BCO2) corresponding to pHe variations was drastically reduced (control BCO2 = 0.55, acidosis BCO2 = 0.31, blood replacement BCO2 = 0.35). P50(7.4) was not modified significantly by hemorrhagic acidosis. It is unlikely that variations of blood affinity for oxygen play a major role in oxygen delivery during early experimental hemorrhagic shock.


Ventilation estimated from efferent phrenic nerve activity in the paralysed cat. The purpose of this study is to develop a reliable method for obtaining information about "spontaneous respiration" in paralysed cats. Therefore action potentials from one of the phrenic nerves are recorded. In a spontaneously breathing animal, a CO2 rebreathing experiment is performed in order to obtain a relationship between phrenic nerve activity and tidal volume. This phrenic nerve activity is corrected for the noise measured during expiration and quantified proportional to the square root of the mean impulse rate of the whole nerve bundle. Thus, high correlation coefficients (0.95 or more) between phrenic nerve activity and tidal volume can be obtained. After paralysing the cat this relationship can be used to estimate "spontaneous tidal volume" from the phrenic nerve activity. It appears to be necessary to perform unilateral phrenicotomy on the nerve from which recordings are taken, because there is a condiserable amount of afferent signals in the phrenic nerve which is dependent on the stroke volume of the respirator, on the alveolar PCO2 and somewhat on the alveolar PO2. It is concluded that after vagotomy and phrenicotomy and if suitably quantified, the electrical activity in the phrenic nerve gives accurate information on "spontaneous ventilation" in a paralysed cat.


Preganglionic C-fibres: a major component of the sacral autonomic outflow to the colon of the cat. The sacral preganglionic pathways to the colon and urinary bladder of the cat were studied with electrophysiological techniques. Peak conduction velocities in preganglionic fibres to the colon ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 m/sec, whereas maximum velocities in the bladder pathway were between 8 to 10 m/sec. Thresholds for electrical stimulation of preganglionic axons to the colon were 7 to 10 times higher than thresholds for bladder efferents. It is concluded that the sacral parasympathetic inputs to the colon and bladder are composed, respectively, of non-myelinated and myelinated fibres.


Intrarenal distribution of citrate in the dog during antidiuresis and diuresis. The intrarenal distribution of citrate was evaluated in the dog during antidiuresis and osmotic diuresis, by using the specific citrate assay method of Moellering and Gruber. The measurements were made on tissue samples taken from four different regions throughout the kidney: cortex, outer and inner medulla, and papilla. During antidiuresis, a characteristic distribution of citrate was observed with highest levels in the papilla and lowest ones in the outer medulla. A medullary concentration gradient for citrate was found. Mannitol greatly decreased papillary citrate and sodium, but no changes in outer and inner medullary citrate occured. The results could not be explained by the citrate contained either in the trapped urine or blood in the tissue. It is suggested that citrate accumulation in the inner regions of renal medulla may be accounted for by countercurrent mechanisms or regional differences in renal citrate metabolism.


Renin secretion at the individual nephron level. Blood was collected from the descending aorta, from a renal efferent arteriole and from the renal vein of a rat. The renin concentrations of the blood samples were measured. The renal vein renin concentration was 673 +/- 81 (SE) ng ml-1h-1 which was significantly higher than the concentration in the aorta of 456 +/- 50 (SE) ng ml-1h-1. The concentration of renin in the renal efferent arteriole was significantly lower than that in the aorta. These observations imply that net renin secretion is a combination of two processes; removal between artery and efferent arteriole and entry between efferent arteriole and renal vein. It appears that renin is released into the interstitium and enters the circulation at the capillary level rather than being released into the afferent or efferent arterioles. This mode of secretion supports the suggestion that the renin angiotensin system may primarily work intra-renally rather than through the systemic circulation.


Tubuloglomerular feedback in rat kidneys of different renin contents. Variations in flow rate through the loop of Henle in the range of 0--50 nl/min were induced using pressure controlled microperfusion. Simultaneously, with the aid of a second pressure-microperfusionsystem, the glomerular function of the same nephron was studied by continuous measurement of two parameters, early proximal flow rate (EPFR) and/or stop flow pressure (SFP). Elevation of loop perfusion above physiological values (40 nl/min) resulted in a drop of EPFR and SFP, whereas lowering perfusion rates had no effect. This feedback behaviour was studied in kidneys with different renin contents to test the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the mediation of the macula densa signal to the adjacent glomerular vessels. Renal renin content, measured after micropuncture experiments by incubation with substrate followed by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I, was unaltered in control (Ia) and heminephrectomized rats (Ib), lowered in contralateral kidneys of 2 kidneys Goldblatt hypertensive rats (IIa), in DOCA- and salt-loaded rats (IIb), and in DOCA-, salt-loaded and heminephrectomized rats (IIc), and it was evaluated in clipped kidneys of Goldblatt hypertension rats (IIIa). Micropuncture evaluation of the tubuloglomerular feedback behaviour in these experimental groups revealed the following results: 1. a feedback response under all conditions independent of the widely varying renin contents (1000-fold), 2. an asymmetrical behaviour of the feedback response in all kidneys as demonstrated by suppression of EPFR and SFP at elevated loop flow rates, but no change of these parameters when loop flow was interrupted. 3. compared to controls the decrease of each GFR parameter between 0 and 40 nl/min loop perfusion was lower in DOCA- and salt-loaded rats (IIb, IIc). Additional heminephrectomy (IIc) had no further influence on the reduced feedback response in DOCA- and salt-loaded rats, whereas this maneuver reduced the renal renin content drastically. A somewhat higher response than in controls was found in heminephrectomized rats (IIb) and in clipped kidneys of Goldblatt hypertensive rats (IIIa). These different magnitudes of feedback responses do not correlate with the renal renin content. It has been concluded, therefore, that renal renin activity is not the sole determinant of the effectiveness of the tubuloglomerular feedback response.


Effect on Mn2+ on permeability properties of frog skin. Mn2+ added to the inner bathing solution of frog skin caused a transient increase in potential difference (PD) and a decrease in total skin conductance and mannitol influx. Net Na flux and short-circuit current (Is. c.) were also reduced, the isotopic net flux being reduced more than Is. c. This observed discrepancy appears to be the result of Cl- retention in the outer medium since it was not observed when the skin was bathed in a sulfate-substituted chloride-free solution. The effect of Mn2+ on the inner side of the frog skin appears to be due to a reduced permeation of Na+ and Cl- through the outer barrier of the skin. Addition of Mn2+ to the outer solution bathing the frog skin caused an increase in PD and a smaller increase in Is. c. These changes were not associated with alterations in the fluxes of Na+ or mannitol and were observed only when chloride was present in the bathing solutions. The effect of Mn2+ on this side of the frog skin may therefore be due to a net retention of Cl- in the outer solution.


Cardiac muscle models for both isotonic and isometric contractions. The choice of a suitable muscle model consistent with the mechanical behaviour of Rat papillary muscle at rest or during isotonic or isometric contraction has been considered. Three different preload levels within the ascending limb of the Frank-Starling curve have been used in five papillary muscles. Series elastic (SE) and parallel elastic (PE) length-tension relationships have been evaluated according to five mechanical muscle models using data from systolic and diastolic quick-release manoeuvres. For each preload level and muscle model, the time course of the force-velocity relationship of the contractile element (CE) has been calculated using a PDP 8/L digital computer. Several mechanical and biological characteristics are considered which exclude four of the five selected muscle models. The Maxwell model with a damper seems to be the most suitable mechanical model for Rat papillary muscle. According to the selected muscle model it seems that VCEmax is dependent on muscle length variation; the reliability of this parameter as an index of myocardial contractility is discussed.


Regulation of local tissue PO2 of the brain cortex at different arterial O2 pressures. Local tissue oxygen pressure (PO2) was recorded with a platinum multiwire surface electrode at adjacent sites of the cat cortex under steady-state conditions and with different arterial oxygen supply. Simultaneously PO2 in the sinus sagittalis was continuously recorded through the vascular wall in some experiments. Under normoxic and steady-state conditions local PO2 values varied between 0 Torr and almost arterial levels of 90 Torr. This was in accordance with the assumption of a diffusive transport of oxygen in tissue. With increased arterial oxygen supply local tissue PO2 reacted quite differently at adjacent sites. Linear increases in local tissue PO2 as compared to arterial PO2 as well as constant levels, very small increases and even small decreases were recorded. Constancy or small changes, respectively, of local PO2 (= local PO2 regulation) may be caused by changes in microflow, but changes in oxygen consumption cannot be excluded completely. The regulation of local PO2 could be abolished by adding CO2 to the gas mixture or by producing tissue anoxia. With severely reduced arterial oxygen supply local tissue PO2 dropped down to hypoxic or anoxic levels at all sites measured.


On the role of the interstitial volume in the response of the rat to blood volume expansion. Patterns of body fluid distribution and selected cardiovascular and renal responses were studied following vascular expansion in normal rats and in rats with altered interstitial fluid volume produced by dehydration, prehydration or hyperoncotic albumin infusion. In all four groups the patterns of the renal excretory response and the accompanying change in central venous pressure (CVP) were closely parallel and the disturbance in CVP was finally corrected in the presence of a considerable residual vascular expansion. During the diuresis and saluresis following iso-oncotic vascular expansion in prehydrated and dehydrated rats, both groups removed fluid chiefly from the interstitium; this fluid removal was attributable mainly to urinary excretion in prehydrated rats but mainly to redistribution into the cellsin dehydrated rats. In the latter series, preferential renal excretion of sodium over water was observed. Hyperoncotic vascular expansion led to a peak renal excretory response only 70% of that following iso-oncotic expansion. The excreted volume was accounted for by a similar depletion of interstitial fluid after the iso-oncotic load. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the renal response to volume expansion regulates some parameter which is more closely related to the mean central venous pressure than to the vascular volume. This regulation was associated with incomplete correction of the vascular expansion and absolute decrease in interstitial fluid volume compared to the initial size of that compartment. This provides support for a functionally important influence of the interstitial volume on venous compliance.


Differential influences of CNS and superficial body temperatures on the partition of cutaneous blood flow between capillaries and arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA's). Radioactive microsphere measurements of blood flow in the hindlimb of the conscious sheep indicate that CNS temperatures have a potent influence on blood flow through cutaneous AVA's but not capillaries, and vice versa for superficial body temperatures.


Ventilatory acclimatization and csf acid-base balance in carotid chemodenervated dogs at 3550 m. In three awake dogs in a hypobaric chamber at 140 m and at 3550 m, resting ventilation, pulmonary gas exchanges, respiratory gases and pH of the arterial blood, acid-base status in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf), and ventilatory responses to transient O2-inhalation were studied before (intact) and after chronic bilateral carotid body denervation (cbd). 1. The hypoxic chemoreflex drive of ventilation was reduced by about half in cbd dogs. 2. At low altitude, sino-carotid body denervation resulted in hypoventilation and respiratory acidosis in the arterial blood and csf. 3. At high altitude, initial hypoxic hyperventilation, and the related alkalosis in blood and csf, occurred within 30 min in intact dogs, but was not observed in cbd ones. 4. Further increase in ventilation was achieved upon 3 hrs of altitude exposure in intact animals, while a delayed hyperventilation occurred after 24 hrs in cbd ones. 5. Neither in intact nor in cbd dogs, the ventilatory changes at altitude were related to the changes in csf pH. It is concluded that the rate of ventilatory acclimatization to altitude is dependent upon the strength of the arterial chemoreceptor drive. Integrity of this chemoreflex drive of breathing is essential in determining the eupneic level of ventilation and normal acid-base status of the blood and csf at low altitude and at high altitude.


Lactate-glucose interrelations, glucose recycling and the Cori cycle in normal fed rats. 1. Turnover and oxidation rates of glucose and lactate were determined using a priming dose-continuous infusion of 14C-(u)-glucose and 14C-(U)-lactate in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated non-fasted rats. The rates of glucose-lactate interconversions were computed from the two-compartment model of Depocas and De Freitas (1970). The rate of total glucose recycling is known as the difference between the rate of true glucose turnover measured with 3H-(2)-glucose (RGT) and the rate of apparent glucose turnover measured with 14C-glucose (RG). This value was compared with the Cori cycle. 2. In normal conditions 17% of RG come from lactate, 43% are directed to lactate and 49% are oxidized. 3. 71% of the rate of lactate turnover come from glucose, 28% are directed to glucose and 51% are oxidized. 4. The rate of total glucose recycling (RGT-RG) is 3.7 mg - mn(-1) per kg0.75 and represents 60% of RG or 38% of RGT. 5. The Cori cycle is 0.8 - 1.2 mg - mn(-1) per kg0.75 and represents 8 - 20% of the rate of glucose turnover and 20 - 32% of total glucose recycling.


Na+ and Cl- transepithelial routes in rabbit gallbladder: tracer analysis of the transports. The reported experiments demonstrate that in rabbit gallbladder epithelium: a) the mucosa-cell Na+ and Cl- influxes (45 sec long) are reduced in Cl- -free and Na+ -free bathing solutions respectively; transconcentration effects are observed. b) Cell Cl- labelling through the luminal membrane, with 36Cl- (1 hr incubation), is nearly abolished if a Na+ -free bathing solution is used; but cell Na+ labelling with 22Na+ in the lumen (1 hr incubation) does not change if a Cl- -free bathing solution is employed. c) Cell Na+ and Cl- labelling through the basolateral membrane (1 hr incubation) is negligible; some Cl- labelling is obtained only when the intracellular electrical potential is artificially reduced. d) SO 2 4- is found to abolish net water transport, to cross the epithelium, but not to enter the cell. On the basis of these data a paracellular pathway for net Cl- transport is ruled out, a Na+ and Cl- cotransport through the cell luminal barrier and a Na+ active extrusion through the basolateral membrane are suggested. No definitive conclusion about Cl- extrusion is possible.


[PTZ-induced paroxysmal depolarization shift on Helix p. neurons: mechanism of plateau and pacemaker potentials (author's transl)]. The convulsant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), 1% induces paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDS) on regularly firing neurones of Helix. Synaptic or antidromic stimulation or transmembrane current produces PDSs followed by a refractory period. For 5% of PTZ-treated neurons the membrane depolarizes up to -15 mV and PDS can be obtained by injected inward current. In voltage clamp experiments the steady i equals f(V) characteristic of PTZ-treated neurons is N-shaped with a current flowing inwardly between -45 and -15 mV. The negative conductance is enhanced by warming and disappears at temperatures lower than 15 degrees C. Besides, a slow triangular function (less than or equal to 10 mV/sec) applied to the voltage clamp system indicates an important hysteresis in the i equals f(V) curves according to the direction of sweeping: depolarization or repolarization. From a hyperpolarized state (-70 mV) the stable point of the N-shaped i equals f(V) characteristic is at -15 mV bringing the membrane potential to this level. From a depolarized state congruent to 10 mV) the i equals f(V) characteristic shows no local negative slope and the stable point is at -45 mV bringing the membrane potential down to this level. PDSs correspond to the voltage transition between these two stable points. The amplitude of PDSs is directly related to the amplitude of hysteresis and their frequency to the kinetics of the i equals f(V) characteristics. The different modes of activity under PTZ are explained by the position of the i equals 0 axis in relation with the region of negative resistance. It is suggested that increase of K+ -inactivation by PTZ is the main phenomenon leading to a N-shaped characteristic.


Evidence for Na+ independent active secretion of K+ and HCO - 3 by rat salivary duct epithelium. In order to elucidate whether or not active secretion of potassium and bicarbonate by the rat submaxillary duct epithelium operates independently of sodium reabsorption, Na+ transport was blocked by amiloride, which is known to inhibit Na+ entry from lumen into cell. With 10(-4) M amiloride in HCO - 3 -Ringer at the luminal side, the transepithelial electrical potential difference approached zero, the Na+ conductance of the luminal cell membrane was drastically reduced, and the K+ conductance was significantly reduced. Net K+ secretion was reduced by 80%, whereas net HCO - 3 secretion was significantly increased. The remaining 20% of net K+ secretion proceeded at zero net Na+ transport and in the absence of significant chemical and electrical potential differences between lumen and interstitium of the duct. This active component of net K+ secretion was accompanied by an equal rate of active HCO - 3 secretion. These findings confirm the independence of this active secretion of K+ and HCO - 3 from Na+ transport. They indicate an electrically neutral secretion of K+ and HCO - 3, probably by the postulated luminal K+ -H+ -exchange mechanism. The 80% of net K+ secretion, which were abolished by amiloride together with Na+ reabsorption, seem to be functionally coupled with Na+ transport. The linkage of K+ -to- Na+ is probably mediated by a luminal carrier exchanging Na+ for K+ and H+.


Platelet adhesiveness and cancer cell stickiness: a comparative study. Comparing platelet adhesiveness and cancer cell stickiness under the conditions of the so-called Fibre test showed that: 1. Platelets aggregate in the first few seconds only, whereas Yoshida sarcoma cells accumulate continuously. 2. Platelets show a characteristic velocity profile. Platelet adhesiveness shows a maximum at a velocity of 7 cm/sec. Yoshida sarcoma cells adhere better at low flow velocity. 3. An experimentally induced electric current (streaming electric current) of ca. 40 mV augments platelet adhesiveness to twice the basal value, whereas Yoshida sarcoma cells remain uninfluenced by the current. These results suggest an interaction between platelets and vessel wall, whereas Yoshida sarcoma cells adhere passively.


Effects of antidiuretic hormone on intrarenal red cell and plasma volumes in the water diuretic rat. The intrarenal distribution of 51Cr-labelled red cells and 125I-immunoglobulin M (125I-IgM) was studied in water diuretic control rats and in water diuretic rats infused with argenine vasopressin (ADH) 1 muU per minute and gram rat. The IgM volume after 1 min equilibration time was taken to be a measure of plasma volume. Intrarenal haematocrits were calculated from the red cell and plasma volumes and were expressed as fractions of total body haematocrit. Infusion of ADH provoked a rise in urine osmolality from below 200 to values ranging from 800 to 2000 mosm per kg with only insignificant elevation of arterial blood pressure. Calculated red cell volume was significantly increased in all renal zones whereas calculated regional plasma volumes were not significantly changed by ADH. In all renal zones ADH administration thus involved significant increments in haematocrit; the relative increment was most pronounced in the inner medulla. The results give no direct evidence in favour of or against vasoconstrictive effects of ADH in the rat kidney. However, it may be argued that the haematocrit changes are compatible with increased haemodynamic resistance and reduction of blood flow in all renal zones (especially in the medulla) involving decreased linear velocities and less pronounced tendency to axial accumulation of red cells. ADH may increase haemodynamic resistance in two ways, first by acting as a vasoconstrictor and, second, by indirectly increasing blood viscosity in the medulla by increasing tissue osmolality.


Effect of osmotic pressure on spontaneous afferent discharge in the nerves of the perfused rabbit liver. Rabbit livers were perfused with Krebs solution via the portal vein and small bundles of the hepatic nerve were monitored for spontaneous afferent impulses arising in the liver. The concentration of the Krebs solution was varied by altering the amount of water in which the salts were dissolved. An alteration from 5% more concentrated to 5% more dilute and vice versa did not affect this spontantous discharge. Addition to the Krebs solution of up to 60 mM sucrose, of up to 22 mM mannitol or of 0.8 mM polyethylenglycol 6000 mol. wt. did not alter the frequency of impulses. Perfusion with bovine serum, or Krebs solution containing approx. 0.6 mM polyvinylpyrrolidone, mol. wt. 44000, or dextran mol. wt. 110000 increased the frequency of discharge in some nerve bundles. An alteration of 0.06 mM in the concentration of dextran produced a significant change of frequency. It is concluded that spontaneous discharge in some afferent hepatic nerves is influenced by colloidal osmotic pressure but not by changes of ionic osmotic pressure. The nerves affected differ from 'sodium-sensitive' nerves and from the 'osmoreceptors' of Niijima.


Catecholamine sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in different segments of the rabbit nephron. The sensitivity to catecholamines of the adenylate cyclase (AC) activity contained in single tubule samples was investigated on 10 different well defined segments, isolated by microdissection from collagenase treated rabbit kidneys. No responsiveness to isoproterenol (10(-6) M) was observed in the proximal tubule (convoluted and straight portions), the thin descending and thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle, and the first ("bright") portion of the distal convoluted tubule (DCTb); in contrast high responses (stimulation factors: 4 to 6 fold) were obtained in the second ("granular") portion of the distal convoluted tubule (DCTg), as well as in both the "granular" (CCTg) and the "light" (CCTl) portions of the cortical collecting tubule. In absolute value, however, the CCTl response was definitely lower than those measured in DCTg and CCTg, as is its control activity. In the medullary portion of the collecting tubule, the AC response to isoproterenol was rather poor both in absolute and relative terms. Dose-response curves measured on DCTg samples indicated a threshold response with an isoproterenol concentration below 10(-8) M; half maximal effect corresponded to about 3 x 10(-8) M. CCTl sensitivity to isoproterenol was of the same order of magnitude. Isoproterenol as well as norepinephrine effects in DCTg and CCTl were completely suppressed by 10(-4) M propranolol, indicating that the observed AC stimulation was mediated via receptors of the beta type. In beta blocked CCTl, 10(-6) M norepinephrine did not inhibit vasopressin-induced AC stimulation; in the presence of 10(-6) M norepinephrine, 10(-4) M phentolamine resulted in no additional AC stimulation in DCTg and CCTl; these data suggest the absence of alpha receptors inhibiting AC activity in these structures. In DCTg, AC stimulation induced either by 10(-6) M isoproterenol or by 1 U/ml PTH were observed to be additive when the two hormones were given together. The presence of catecholamine-dependent AC activity in three distal portions of the rabbit nephron is discussed in relation to its possible physiological implications.


New technique of measurement of effective capacity changes of total vascular bed. A simple device was developed which can accurately measure effective changes in total vascular capacity as viewed from the site of the heart. The device consists of a funnel and a suction bottle. It is connected via a single large-bore cannula to the right atrium of an open-chest animal without opening the closed loop of the circulation. It serves to clamp the steady-state level of mean central venous pressure precisely at any desired value and to measure the volume of any displacement of blood out of or into the total vascular bed caused by changes in total vascular capacity. The device was tested in mock and animal experiments and proved to function accurately, except during a short transient phase of less than 1 min following an intervention on the total vascular capacity. Errors in clamp pressure in the steady state, which are theoretically zero, were found to be less than 0.2 mm Hg, and were practically insignificant. Errors in the volume measurement were less than 5 ml.


On the role of serotonin in aggressive behaviour of ants Genus formica. The object of our study was the investigation of the effects of aggressiveness on brain 5-HT concentration in ants genus Formica. The brain concentrations of 5-HT in ants is relatively high. The results indicate that both isolation, interspecies aggressiveness and intraspecies aggressiveness were accompanied by the increased brain serotonin.


The role of serotoninergic neurons in rats agressive behaviour. Lesions of the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei that caused a marked decrease of the 5-HT level in the forebrain induced in groupped rats intraspecies aggressiveness but failed to increase mouse-killing behaviour. In rats isolated for 3 weeks lesions of the raphe nuclei did not change behaviour of "killers" and natural "non-killers". The role of 5-HT in mechanism of the aggressive behaviour is discussed.


The influence of phentolamine on the central activity of 5-hydroxytryptamine in rat. PHENT (20 and 100 mug ivc) affects the central action of 5-HT (0-1, 25 and 250 mug) in rats which shows itself in potentiation of 5-HT-induced inhibition of spontaneous locomotor and exploratory activities and in the prolongation of hexobarbital sleeping time. In case of postamphetamine hyperactivity and body temperature, 5-HT acts antagonistically to a lower PHENT dose and synergistically to a higher dose of this compound. No affect of 5-HT on a slight antistereotypy action of PHENT has been stated. Neither compound affects electrical seizures.


[Isolation and morphological and biochemical characterization of mitochondria of yeast Torulopsis candida grown on glucose and hexadecane]. A method for isolating intact mitochondria from Torulopsis candida grown on glucose and hexadecane was developed. The isolated mitochondria were capable of oxidizing substrates of the di- and tricarboxylic acid cycle and of showing Chance respiration control. The morphological examination of the fractions showed that the major portion of mitochondria from yeast grown on glucose were in the condensed form whereas mitochondria from yeast grown on hexadecane were in the orthodoxal form.


[Cysteine effects on yeast growth].

[Cysteine effects on yeast growth]. The effect of cysteine on yeasts with different requirements for exogenous pantothenic acid was studied during their cultivation in the synthetic nutrient medium. Cysteine added at a concentration of 4X10(-4) M and 6X10(-4) M inhibited the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the Krasnodarsk race and Candida utilis BKM y-74 to a great extent and that of Saccharomycodes ludwigii BKM y-1176 to a lesser extent. The inhibitory effect of cystein was reversed by pantothenic acid, beta-alanine, aspartate and aspartic acid. It is assumed that cysteine inhibits metabolic utilization of pantothenic acid.


[Study of the relationship between the free water fraction in dried Candida utilis and the phosphorus content of cells]. The relationship between the free water fraction and the phosphate content in lyophilized yeast cells of Candida utilis was studied. The yeast were cultivated continuously and periodically, their growth rate being limited by phosphates. The decrease in the phosphate pool from 2% to 0.56% was followed by an increase in the fraction of free water by 6.3 times.


[Cultivation of the yeast Trichosporon cutaneum K-1 on milk serum]. Yeast Trichosporon cutaneoum K-1 were cultivated on milk serum supplemented with nitrogen and phosphorus sources. The culture showed a high biosynthetic capacity. The specific growth rate (mu) of yeast on milk serum was 0.40-0.45 hr-1. During lactose assimilation in the synthetic medium mu was 0.43 hr-1 and the economic coefficent of the biomass yield was 54%. It was shown that assimilation first involved lactose and then organic acids. The composition of the resulting biomass was identified.


Decreased citrate synthesis: possible indication of early degenerative changes in testes of vitamin E-deficient rats. We have shown that intravenously administered glucose disappears from the blood of E-deficient rats at different rates compared to that of the control rats and that this difference could possibly be explained by membrane permeability changes in E-deficiency. We have also shown that the ability of E-deficient rat testis tissue to synthesize citrate is decreased, and that this decrease is probably an early manifestation of testicular degeneration.


Further studies on cold insoluble circulating immune complexes in rabbits immunized with bovine albumin. Cold insoluble circulating immune complexes of BSA and anti-BSA antibody are formed in vivo while immune catabolism of antigen is occurring. The effects of temperature, rate of precipitation and redissolvability of the cold insoluble antigen were studied in this model. Circulating BSA is soluble at 37 degrees, but may precipitate when the temperature is reduced. The solubility of antigen decreases at 24 degrees and below. Complete precipitation occurs in 5-7 days. The antigen in the cryoprecipitate is difficult to redissolve unless low pH citrate or glycine buffers are used.


Changes in the blood and iron metabolism in rats with alcoholic fatty livers. The changes in the haematological parameters and iron metabolism in rats with fatty livers after they had been fed with 20% alcohol and normal standard diet for a period of 12 months were studied. The haematocrit, haemoglobulin concentration and erythrocyte count were within the normal range. The erythropoietic rate was elevated, probably as the result of the shortened life-span of the erythrocytes. The rate of iron absorption in the alcoholic rat did not vary. The iron stores in the spleen and small intestine were, however, markedly increased. The ferrokinetic study shows that the alcoholic rat had a lower plasma iron turnover rate. In view of the elevated erythropoiesis the implication of this finding is difficult to interpret when the efflux of plasma iron to the unspecific soft tissues is not available.


[Use of malt extract as a nitrogen source for continuous cultivation of Candida utilis]. The effect of an aqueous extract from malt sprouts on the growth and development of fodder yeast was investigated during their continuous cultivation. The extract can be used as a nitrogen source during continuous cultivation of fodder yeast. It is supposed that the extract contains compounds capable to inhibit yeast growth. The extract should be added to the nutrient medium in the amount of 4 g/l of dry weight.


[Zinc consumption from the nutrient medium of Trichosporon capitatum and Aspergillus niger]. The sorption capacity of the cultures Trichosporon capitatum and Aspergillus niger towards zinc dissolved in the culture liquid was studied by radio active labelling. The curves of sorption kinetics and the so-called sorption quasi-isotherms showing the dependence of zinc sorption by the microbial biomass upon zinc concentration in the liquid medium were derived. For the Aspergillus niger culture at zinc concentrations of 0.5 to 52 mug/ml the sorption quasi-isotherm was linear. The zinc extraction by microorganisms was related not only to the physico-chemical sorption but also to the zinc accumulation in the cell biopolymers. The paper presents calculations of the microbiological purification of sewage waters from zinc by means of the Aspergillus niger culture.


The effects of indomethacin on the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia in the premature and mature newborn goat. The effects of indomethacin on the pulmonary circulation and the response of the circulation to hypoxia were investigated in premature and mature newborns using an isolated perfusion technique on otherwise intact left lungs in situ. There was an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and augmentation of the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance during hypoxia following indomethacin. These effects were greater in the premature than in the mature newborn. Indomethacin effectively removes a dilator influence on the pulmonary circulation. The results are consistent with the concept that prostaglandins are important in regulating pulmonary vascular resistance.


[Optimization of the nutrient medium for the biosynthesis of phytotoxic metabolites of Myrothecium verrucaria VKMF-183]. By means of mathematical planning of the experiment optimal concentrations of components of the nutrient medium were found for the biosynthesis of phytotoxic metabolites by the soil fungus Myrothecium verrucaria VKMF-183. The composition of the optimized medium were: glucose--8%, KH2PO4--0.05%, asparagine--0.35%, ammonium tartrate--0.07%, MgSO4--0.03%, solution of trace elements--0.1%. The accumulation of phytotoxic metabolites in the above medium was 2.4 times higher than in the initial medium.


Simple method for producing an alcohol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Rats received intragastric intubations of ethanol at 8 hr intervals for 1, 7, 15 or 30 days. The dosage for each animal was one which produced observable signs of intoxication 1 hr after the intubation. All of the rats in the experimental groups developed a tolerance to ethanol as indicated by the increasing dose required to induce intoxication, but the degree of tolerance was related to the duration of the ethanol administration. During the withdrawal period the incidence of hyperreactivity, convulsive symptoms, and the susceptibility to audiogenic seizures was determined for all 4 groups. Although every experimental animal displayed withdrawal symptoms, the incidence of these symptoms was found to be an increasing, negatively accelerated function of the duration of ethanol exposure. For situations where voluntary consumption of alcohol is not necessary this method is a simple, controlled, reliable, way of inducing ethanol tolerance and physical dependence in rats.


Apomorphine-induced aggression: an evaluation of possible sensitizing factors in the rat. The effects of prior experience with fighting and prior experience with both apomorphine and fighting were evaluated as possible sensitizing factors in rat intraspecific aggression induced by apomorphine. Results revealed that prior experience with the drug alone, or with fighting alone, had no effect on apomorphine-induced aggression. However, animals that had previously fought under the influence of apomorphine showed even higher levels of aggression suggesting that repeated experience with both the drug and fighting induces a type of sensitization.


Changes in brain monoamine metabolism and carbon dioxide induced amnesia in the rat. The effect of treatment with carbon dioxide (CO2) on the performance of rats 24 hr after receiving a foot shock in a passive avoidance task was studied. Foot shock induced avoidance. Carbon dioxide produced retrograde amnesia for the foot shock induced avoidance response. Changes in brain monoamine metabolism were studied in groups of rats which had been treated with CO2, foot shock or foot shock +CO2. The rats were killed 24 hr after treatment. Changes mainly occurred in the brain stem and hippocampus. In the rats which had received foot shock alone, brain stem and hippocampal serotonin concentration were raised. This rise was not observed when the foot shock was followed by CO2 treatment. Furthermore, it was found that there was an increased release of noradrenaline in those rats subjected to foot shock alone but a decreased release of this amine in the group which received foot shock followed by CO2. It is suggested that the amnesic effect of CO2 parallels changes in brain serotonin and noradrenaline metabolism.


Pattern of sucking in the infant rat during spontaneous milk ejection. Two methods are described for measuring the sucking of rat pups on the nipples of the mother. The first uses pressure recording of the cannulated teatduct; the second uses direct observation of sucking behavior. Using these methods, the sucking behavior of the pups during sequences of milk ejections was investigated. Pressure recordings of the sucking of individual pups on the nipple showed that between milk ejections the pups sucked intermittently in bursts. During milk ejection itself there was a longer period of vigorous and continuous sucking. Behavioral observations on the level of sucking in whole litters of pups showed that the background bursts of sucking from the litter as a whole were randomly distributed in relation to the inferred time of oxytocin release. These results indicate that once the pups are sucking on the nipples, variations in the sucking behavior of the litter have no role in the timing of milk ejections in the mother.


Time-dependent aspects of CO2 induced amnesia and hippocampal monoamine metabolism in rats. The time course of amnesia for a one-trial passive avoidance response after treatment with carbon dioxide (CO2) was studied. Amnesia developed gradually over the first 4 hr following the amnesic treatment. Once established, amnesia remained during a 4 week test period. Previously, we reported that acquisition of the passive avoidance response was attended with a rise in the hippocampal concentration of serotonin 24 hr later and that this rise was not observed when acquisition was followed by amnesic treatment. In the present study, it was found that a rise in hippocampal serotonin parallelled the transient retention of the avoidance response 2 hr after amnesic treatment. However, 2 weeks after acquisition and amnesic treatment no changes in hippocampal monomine metabolism could be detected. Hippocampal noradrenaline did not correlate with avoidance and amnesia.


Mescaline treated rats attack immobile targets. Rats were exposed to a series of targets in a shock induced aggression situation. Control rats fought most with moving targets, such as another normal rat, and did not attack immobile targets, such as a dead rat or a rat model. Rats treated with 15 mg mescaline/kg showed a similar pattern of target control though they bit frequently while controls did not bite. Rats treated with 50 mg/kg delivered vigorous biting attacks to a variety of targets but fought most with the immobile dead rat. They failed to attack only the rat model. Much of the data were consistent with the hypothesis that mescaline releases aggressive behavior from inhibitory control, leading to longer and more vigorous attacks on a wider variety of targets. This hypothesis, however, failed to explain why stationary targets were more effective for animals treated with 50 mg mescaline/kg while only moving targets were effective for controls.


Septal hyperreactivity: a comparison of lesions within and adjacent to the septum. Following large septal lesions, male hooded rats were tested for reactivity 2, 7, and 14 days postoperatively. The results showed that lesions which destroyed the septal nuclei bilaterally caused a significant increase in reactivity above that of an operated control group. A similar increase in reactivity was produced by lesions which damaged the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as well as the septum. A significantly greater level of reactivity was produced when the lesion destroyed the septum and in addition the area ventral to the anterior septum, including parts of the diagonal band of Broca and the accumbens nucleus. A second experiment examined the effectiveness of more restricted lesions ventral to the septum on reactivity. Ventral lesions which destroyed primarily the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis caused a small but significant increase in reactivity. With lesions ventral to the anterior septum the increase in reactivity was significantly larger. The increase in reactivity produced by the anterior-ventral lesions was also larger than that produced by lesions of the septum but it was not as great as that produced by combined lesions of the septum and the anterior-ventral area. These results suggest that several areas contribute to the hyperreactivity that is usually attributed to septal lesions.


Conditioned avoidance behavior in pretrained rats intermittently treated with addictive drugs. Rats pretrained in a conditioned avoidance (CAR) paradigm were put on eight potentially addictive drugs in drinking water at two dose levels each. Fluid intake and body weight, monitored during the drugged (addiction) and nondrugged (withdrawal) states, showed drug/dose-dependent fluctuations in most groups. Extinction and relearning trials were spread over both drug and nondrug phases. CAR-performance generally deteriorated in the early drug phase but improved to near normalcy during the late drug and withdrawal phases in all groups except for alcohol and barbiturate-treated one. Excluding amphetamine, low-dose morphine and phenobarbital groups, substantial extinction of CAR occurred during the drug phase only; these three groups, as well as the high-dose alcohol, barbiturates and medazepam ones, showed extinction during the nondrug phase also. The rate and extent of a second-order relearning neither differed significantly between the groups nor was truly contingent upon prior extinction. These results are discussed in the light of state-dependent learning, comparing them with those from another series of rats primarily trained under the influence of these addictive drugs.


Hippocampal monoamine metabolism and the CO2 induced retrograde amnesia gradient in rats. It was found that in rats a gradient of retrograde amnesia for a passive avoidance response could be established when carbon dioxide (CO2) was used as the amnesic agent. The extent of passive avoidance increased as the period between application of a mild foot shock and CO2 treatment was increased. The amnesia gradient was found to cover a period of at least 60 min. Changes in hippocampal serotonin metabolism parallelled the amnesia gradient. Thus, the concent increased. The changes in hippocampal noradrenaline and dopamine did not correlate with the amnesia gradient.