Effect of various states of hydration on plasma ADH and renin in man. To investigate the interaction between antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and renin-angiotensin system, plasma ADH and plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined in normal subjects (n = 10) under various hydrated states. Four experimental conditions, i.e., water loading, infusion of hypertonic saline, acute dehydration induced by furosemide and postural changes, were chosen. 1. Upright posture decreased plasma volume by 9.5 +/- 0.9% without significant changes in plasma osmolality. PRA increased from 5.2 +/- 0.7 to 8.3 +/- 0.8 ng/ml. However, plasma ADH did not change significantly (1.9 +/- 0.3 to 1.8 +/- 0.2 muU/ml). 2. When furosemide was administered intravenously under this condition, both plasma ADH and PRA increased to 3.1 +/- 0.5 muU/ml and 15.5 +/- 1.6 ng/ml with 11.2 +/- 1.1% decrease in plasma volume. Plasma osmolality did not change significantly. 3.Water load resulted in a decrease in plasma osmolality from 282.6 +/- 0.9 to 278.6 +/- 1.2 mOsm/kg without significant change in plasma volume. Significant decrease in plasma ADH level from 2.6 "/- 0.4 to 0.6 "/- 0.1 muU/ml was found, but PRA (7.8 +/- 1.1 ng/ml) did not change (6.3 +/- 1.0 ng/ml). 4. Hypertonic saline infusion brought about an increase in plasma osmolality to 290.1 +/- 0.8 mOsm/kg with simultaneous increase in plasma volume by 6.7 +/- 1.3%. Plasma ADH level also increased to 2.4 +/- 0.3 muU/ml, while PRA decreased to 4.2 +/- 0.3 mg/nl. Accordingly, significant correlation between changes in PRA and plasma ADH level, was not observed. We suggest that plasma osmolality is the dominant variable in regulating plasma ADH level, but in the presence of a sufficient degree of hypovolemia, the osmotic domination was overcome. On the other hand, PRA was strongly influenced by changes in effective blood volume other than changes in plasma osmolality.


Studies on human sexual development. III. Fetal pituitary and serum, and amniotic fluid concentrations of LH, CG, and FSH. Fetal sera (9-20 weeks fetal age, n = 80) and pituitary glands (9.5-20 weeks, n = 36) obtained from hysterotomy specimens, and amniotic fluids (amniocentesis; 8-40 weeks, n = 123) were assayed for FSH, LH (betaLH assay) and CG (betaCG assay). Results are expressed as mass of pure hormone. Prior to 12 weeks fetal age, pituitary, serum and amniotic fluid concentrations of LH and FSH were low or unmeasurable. In contrast, levels of CG in serum and in amniotic fluid were clearly measurable prior to 12 weeks. There was a definite CG peak at 11-14 weeks with levels up to 550 ng/ml in serum and 7400 ng/ml in amniotic fluid. Although LH levels began to rise at 12 weeks, when CG levels started to decline, serum levels of LH from 14-20 weeks in males (2-13 ng/ml) were still lower than the majority of CG levels at this time (6-115 ng/ml). These observations suggest that CG is the primary stimulus to the fetal Leydig cell which results in testosterone secretion (peak 11-17 weeks) and masculine differentiation of the genital tract. Significantly lower concentrations of both FSH and LH were observed in pituitary, serum and amniotic fluid between 12-20 weeks fetal age in males compared to females. This may be a result of feedback inhibition by the higher  concentrations of testosterone in males at this time. Amniotic fluid FSH and LH concentrations correlated with their respective serum and pituitary values (P less than 0.01) indicating that amniotic fluid may provide a convenient index of fetal serum concentrations.


The effects of adrenal corticosteroids on regional adipocyte size in man. In order to determine the effects of adrenal corticosteroids on regional adipose tissue cellularity groups of age-matched women subjected to long-term treatment with adrenal corticosteroids due to bronchial asthma or rheumatoids due to bronchial asthma or rheumatoid arthritis were compared with control of women. A small group of women suffering from Cushing's syndrome was also examined. Body composition, adipose cellularity in four major subcutaneous regions and metabolic variables were determined. The Cushing's syndrome patients weighed more than the other groups and seemed to have more fat cells while the patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed decreases in body cell mass, body fat and average fat cell size. These differences necessitated a body fat matching between patients and controls before analysis of regional depot fat differences. Body fat, average fat cell size and total fat cell number were similar in patients and controls. The Cushing's syndrome group was too small to allow this matching. All three groups exposed to increased levels of adrenal corticosteroids showed smaller fat cells in the gluteal region in comparison with controls, but no differences in fat cell size in the femoral, epigastrial or hypogastrial regions. This change also corresponded to a diminution of the thickness of subcutaneous plus skin layer in the gluteal region, measured with an ultrasonic technique. All the groups of patients had elevated fasting plasma insulin. The possibility was considered that the observed regional redistribution of fat is characteristic for adrenal corticosteroids.


Total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in normal and complicated pregnancy. Serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4 and FT4) and total and free triiodothyronine (T3 and FT3) were measured in normal pregnant women, in patients with toxemia of pregnancy, and in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). In normal pregnancy, FT4 and FT3 levels remained normal while T4 and T3 levels were elevated. In patients with pre-eclampsia, the mean serum T3 concentration was significantly lower than that of normal pregnancy and the serum FT3 concentrations in three out of nine patients were below the normal pregnancy range. The mean serum T4 and FT4 concentrations in patients with pre-eclampsia were, however, significantly higher than those in normal pregnant women. In patients with GTD without signs of hyperthyroidism, the mean serum total and free T4 concentrations were 43 and 92% higher than those in normal pregnancy (P less than 0.02), and many patients had levels above the range of values observed in normal pregnant women. The mean serum total and free T3 concentrations in GTD patients without signs of hyperthyroidism were not different from those of normal pregnancy (P less than 0.05). In the single GTD patient with hyperthyroid crisis, the s. erum FT4 concentration was within the range seen in GTD patients without signs of hyperthyroidism. Her serum FT3 concentration was, however, much higher than the ranges in normal pregnancy or in GTD patients without clinical hyperthyroidism. Higher than normal FT4 levels were found in patients with and without elevated hCG levels.


The QRS complex during myocardial ischemia. An experimental analysis in the porcine heart. Although ST segment deflections have been widely utilized as a means of assessing the degree of underlying ischemic injury, the relationship of QRS complex alterations to the ischemic process is poorly understood. In this study we made a beat-to-beat analysis of the QRS complex in terms of ventricular activation time (CT) and R wave voltage (V) in the acutely ischemic porcine myocardium and analyzed the relationship of these responses to changes in the area of ischemic involvement, altered myocardial energy demands, and plasma [K+]0 levels. With the onset of ischemia the QRS complex underwent a specific and reproducible biphasic sequence with an initial decrease in CT and V indicating a transient increase in the conduction velocity of the ischemic tissue. Subsequently both CT and V returned briefly to control and then increased dramatically, now indicating a marked decrease in conduction velocity. The time when CT first began to increase (Tc) was shortened by enlarging the area of ischemia or after an inotropic intervention and was lengthened by decreasing the area of ischemia or with administration of propranolol. Moreover Tc was found to be inversely proportional to plasma [K+]0 in the range 3.4-8.8 mM, above which the initial decrease in CT and V was no longer present. We conclude that this biphasic sequence of QRS alterations in early myocardial ischemia is attributable to a progressive leakage of potassium out of the ischemic cells which in turn alters both the time-course and transmural pathway of the activation process through the ischemic tissue. These changes are related to both inotropic state and the area of ischemic involvement.


Heart muscle performance after experimental viral myocarditis. As part of an inquiry into possible antecedents of idiopathic cardiomyopathy, acute experimental coxsackie virus myocarditis was studied for late structural and functional sequelae. Myocarditis was induced in 12- and 22-day-old hamsters by inoculation with coxsackie virus B3. Early viremia occurred, followed by virus replication in heart muscle. Maximum peak developed tension (Tpd) of isometrically contracting isolated heart muscle was depressed 17 and 43% in the animals inoculated at 12 days, and studied 18 and 90 days later, respectively, as compared to their uninoculated controls. In both infected groups, less muscle stretch was required to reach the length at which Tpd was produced. Animals studied 180 days after inoculation did not differ from controls. The muscles from animals inoculated at 22 days of age and studied 18 days later showed a 15% depression of Tpd compared to their controls. Glycerinated muscles from this infected group developed 50% less tension than their controls. The muscles of hamsters inoculated with virus at 22 days and studied 90 and 180 days later showed no change in Tpd. The data suggest that contractility and compliance of heart muscle are decreased 18 days after inoculation, but recover by 90 days if the animals are inoculated at age 22 days. However, if the animals are inoculated at a younger age (12 days), depression of myocardial performance persists for at least an additional 90 days. It is concluded that the inflammatory stage of experimental acute coxsackie virus B3 myocarditis in the Syrian golden hamster may be followed by residual alterations in contractile proteins and myocardial function.


Morphology and metabolism of an aortic intima-media preparation in which an intact endothelium is preserved. An in vitro preparation of rabbit aortic "intima-media" previously shown to exhibit stable rates of respiration and glucose metabolism and the high rate of aerobic glycolysis considered characteristic of the metabolism of this tissue was subjected to electron microscopic examination. In samples examined immediately after the aortae were dissected free of adipose tissue and adventitia, under conditions similar to those now in common use, marked and widespread alterations in endothelial cell structure were present, including loss of cell integrity. The vascular smooth muscle cells retained a normal electron microscopic (EM) appearance. During subsequent incubation with 5 mM glucose in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB), pH 7.4, under the conditions usually employed in studies of this preparation, large zones of the luminal surface were rapidly denuded of endothelium, and the remaining endothelial cells exhibited a wide range of ultrastructural alterations. The smooth muscle cells, however, continued to maintain a normal EM appearance. A method was developed to prepare segments of rabbit aortic intima-media which retained an intact layer of endothelium resembling that observed in tissue fixed in situ. During a 1-h incubation with 5 mM glucose in KRB, pH 7.4, gas phase 5% CO2/95% O2, containing 6% bovine serum albumin, the intact aortic intima-media preparation retains an essentially unmodified EM appearance and exhibits linear rates of respiration. Under these conditions the intact aortic intima-media preparation exhibits significantly higher rates of O2 uptake and glucose uptake than those observed in our previous preparation or in other reported aortic intima-media preparations. The intact aortic intima-media does not exhibit the high rate of aerobic glycolysis during in vitro incubation that has been considered characteristic of the metabolism of rabbit, rat, and swine aortic intima-media. In addition, the magnitude of the Pasteur effect was far greater than that observed in other aortic intima-media preparations. The data suggest that component cells of the aortic intima-media may derive a major fraction of their energy requirements from respiration; they raise further questions concerning the significance of the high rate of aerobic glycolysis observed when aortic intima-media preparations are incubated in vitro, and they suggest that documentation of the EM appearance of the endothelium in such preparations is desirable.


Diaphragmatic blood flow and energy expenditure in the dog. Effects of inspiratory airflow resistance and hypercapnia. To investigate the mechanisms which enable the diaphragm to preserve ventilation when the work of breathing is elevated, we measured diaphragmatic blood flow (Q di) and oxygen consumption (VO2 di) in lightly anesthetized dogs. The animals were studied when they breathed quietly, when they inhaled 5% CO2 in 21% or 14% O2, or when they inhaled these gas mixtures through moderate to severe inspiratory resistances. Q di was determined from the integrated diaphragmatic arteriovenous difference of krypton-85, by the Kety-Schmidt technique. VO2 di was calculated as the product of Q di and the diaphragmatic arteriovenous oxygen difference ([A-V]O2 di). Alteration in these parameters consequent to augmentation of ventilatory effort were compared with concomitant alterations in diaphragmatic electrical activity (EMG di) and an inspiratory pleural pressure-time index (PPTI). Addition of inspiratory resistances combined with inhalation of CO2 usually increased Q di and consistently increased VO2 di, EMG di, and PPTI, the maximum increases being approximately 400-1,600% above control levels. In individual animals, as inspiratory resistance was increased, VO2 di, EMG di, and PPTI rose in direct proportion to each other. In the group as a whole, during resistance breathing the oxygen requirements of the diaphragm were met by a combination of increased [A-V]O2 di and Q di. Unlike other skeletal muscles, oxygen extraction tended to plateau at peak loads, whereas blood flow continued to rise as PPTI and VO2 di increased. We conclude that augmentation of perfusion permits the diaphragm to sustain high levels of contractile effort when the work of breathing is increased.


Erythroid colony growth in congenital hypoplastic anemia. Four children with congenital hypoplastic anemia (Diamond-Blackfan syndrome) and 30 control children with normal erythropoiesis were studied by a cell culture method in which human marrow, grown in a plasma clot, responds to added erythropoietin (EPO) with the appearance of discrete colonies of nucleated erythroid cells. The colonies arise from EPO-responsive stem cells and are not related to the number of morphologically identifiable marrow erythroids plated. Results of studies on control marrow indicated that without EPO there was little or no colony formation. Increasing EPO doses or nucleated marrow cells per culture resulted in a linear increase in colony numbers. The optimal EPO concentration of 2.5 U/ml yielded a mean of 158 +/- 79 colonies/1 x 10(5) nucleated cells on day 7 of incubation. Even in the absence of recognizable erythroids, marrows of all four patients with anemia grew erythroid colonies. Two patients on no therapy had decreased colony numbers. The other two, on prednisone, had normal numbers. Sera from patients did not inhibit colony formation from either autologous or control marrow. In contrast, serum from an adult with acquired pure red cell aplasia produced striking inhibition of colony growth. It appears that the red cell failure in this disorder is not due to an absence of erythroid stem cells, and a serum inhibitor to erythropoiesis as seen in the acquired disease is unlikely.


Parathyroid hormone secretion in vivo. Demonstration of a calcium-independent nonsuppressible component of secretion. The response of normal bovine parathyroid glands to hypercalcemia was assessed in vivo by radioimmunoassay of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentrations in parathyroid effluent blood obtained by surgical cannulation of both anesthetized and nonanesthetized calves. Hypercalcemia was induced for periods of 0.3-35 h by intravenous infusion of a solution of calcium chloride. Assessment of immunoreactivity in effluent and peripheral blood included measurements of selected samples by use of a radioimmunoassay specific for a site residing in the biologically active portion of the hormone molecule. In all instances, the concentration of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in hypercalcemic venous effluent from a superior parathyroid gland exceeded that of the peripheral blood. Failure of hypercalcemia to suppress completely secretion by normal parathyroids indicates that a portion of parathyroid hormone secretion occurs independent of blood calcium concentration. Consequently, continued parathyroid hormone secretion despite hypercalcemia can no longer be regarded as a unique feature of parathyroid neoplasia.


Influence of uremia and hemodialysis on the turnover and metabolic effects of glucagon. To evaluate the mechanism and role of hyperglucagonemia in the carbohydrate intolerance of uremia, 19 patients with chronic renal failure (12 of whom had undergone chronic hemodialysis for at least 11 mo) and 35 healthy control subjects were studied. Plasma glucagon, glucose, and insulin were measured in the basal state, after glucose ingestion (100 g), after intravenous alanine (0.15 g/kg), and during a 3-h continuous infusion of glucagon (3 ng/kg per min) which in normal subjects, raised plasma glucagon levels into the upper physiological range. Basal concentrations of plasma glucagon, the increment in glucagon after infusion of alanine, and post-glucose glucagon levels were three- to fourfold greater in uremic patients than in controls. The plasma glucagon increments after the infusion of exogenous glucagon were also two- to threefold greater in the uremics. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of glucagon in uremics was reduced by 58% as compared to controls. In contrast, the basal systemic delivery rate (BSDR) of glucagon in uremics was not significantly different from controls. Comparison of dialyzed and undialyzed uremics showed no differences with respect to plasma concentrations, MCR, or BSDR of glucagon. However, during the infusion of glucagon, the increments in plasma glucose in undialyzed uremics were three- to fourfold greater than in dialyzed uremics or controls. When the glucagon infusion rate was increased in controls to 6 ng/kg per min to produce increments in plasma glucagon comparable to uremics, the glycemic response remained approximately twofold greater in the undialyzed uremics. The plasma glucose response to glucagon in the uremics showed a direct linear correlation with oral glucose tolerance which was also improved with dialysis. The glucagon infusion resulted in 24% reduction in plasma alanine in uremics but had no effect on alanine levels in controls. It is concluded that (a) hyperglucagonemia in uremia is primarily a result of decreased catabolism rather than hypersecretion of this hormone; (b) sensitivity to the hyperglycemic effect of physiological increments in glucagon is increased in undialyzed uremic patients; and (c) dialysis normalizes the glycemic response to glucagon, possibly accounting thereby for improved glucose tolerance despite persistent hyperglucagonemia. These findings thus provide evidence of decreased hormonal catabolism contributing to a hyperglucagonemic state, and of altered tissue sensitivity contributing to the pathophysiological action of this hormone.


Vitamin E. An inhibitor of the platelet release reaction. Formation of lipid peroxides rises sharply when platelets undergo the release reaction. In this study the in vitro effect of vitamin E on platelet aggregation was investigated. alpha-Tocopherol, an anitoxidant of known inhibitory action on lipid peroxidation, was added to platelet suspensions in concentrations up to 1.5 mM. A dose-dependent reduction in platelet aggregation was observed, with complete inhibition of the secondary wave of aggregation at greater than or equal to 0.9 mM alpha-tocopherol. The inhibitory effect of alpha-tocopherol on the platelet release reaction was further documented by the decrease in aggregation-induced release of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine from prelabeled platelets and by the reduction of N-acetylglucosaminidase activity released into the medium. The sharp rise in lipid peroxides normally associated with platelet aggregation was markedly reduced by alpha-tocopherol and also by acetylsalicylic acid, a known inhibitor of the platelet release reaction. In vivo studies examined the effect of oral vitamin E administration (1,200-2,400 IU daily) on plasma and platelet levels of alpha-tocopherol. Up to 1,800 IU daily, increasing dosages of vitamin E resulted in increasing concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in plasma and platelets, but intake of vitamin E in excess of this dosage failed to show any further increase in plasma or platelet levels.


Hemoglobin McKees Rocks (alpha2beta2145Tyr leads to Term). A human "nonsense" mutation leading to a shortened beta-chain. The first example of the premature termination of a polypeptide chain in man appears to be Hb McKees Rocks, beta145 Tyr leads to Term, discovered in polycythemic members of a Caucasian family. Point mutation has apparently occurred at the codon for Tyr beta145 from UAU to a "nonsense" codon, UAA or UAG, resulting in a shortened polypeptide chain with Lys 144 as its carboxyl-terminal amino acid. Evidence for this structural conclusion is the absence of tryptic peptide betaT-15 from "fingerprints" of the abnormal beta-chain, the finding of C-terminal Lys, and the similarity between the functional properties of this variant hemoglobin and those of des Tyr (145)-His(146)beta hemoglobin resulting from carboxypeptidase-A digestion of normal human hemoglobin. Hb McKees Rocks has markedly abnormal properties: its oxygen affinity is the highest of the human variants described to date; its Bohr effect is reduced; it is devoid of subunit cooperativity; and it is unaffected by 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid. These properties are probably the consequences of decreased stability of the T quaternary conformation and are partially restored in the presence of the strong allosteric effector inositol hexaphosphate.


Studies on the structural abnormality of fibrinogen Paris I. The structural properties of an inherited fibrinogen abnormality designated fibrinogen Paris I were investigated. Dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of unreduced samples revealed no discernible differences in molecular weight from normal; this implied that in fibrinogen Paris I, the normal fibrinogen architecture of six covalently linked chains per molecule is preserved. Examination of dithiothreitol reduced samples before and after treatment with Reptilase or thrombin revealed that the Aalpha- and Bbeta-chains could release the A and B peptides, respectively. A mutant chain (mol wt 52,500, termed gammaParis I) which replaces a large proportion of gamma-chains (mol wt 49,400) was shown, like normal gamma-chains, to lack thrombin- and Reptilase-sensitive sites. The gamma-chains and alpha-chains of Paris I fibrin underwent Factor XIIIa-catalyzed cross-linking slowly; this behavior was not attributable to an intrinsic abnormality of these chains themselves but rather to the inhibitory effect of the mutant gammaParis I chains on this process. Results of DEAE-cellulose gradient elution chromatography of Paris I fibrinogen preparations revealed the presence of small amounts of normal fibrinogen molecules and also indicated that the gammaParis I chains possessed structural overlap with gamma-chains. Unlike gamma-chains however, the gammaParis I chains did not incorporate dansylcadaverine in the prescence of Factor XIIIa, nor, as previously reported, did they undergo cross-linking. The observations indicate that the amine acceptor site found in the COOH-terminal region of the gamma-chain is either not present on the gammaParis I chain or is unavailable for cross-linking. Further support for localization of the abnormality in the COOH-terminal region of the molecule was obtained from the observation that during plasmic hydrolysis of Paris I fibrinogen, at least one unique form of core Fragment D (DParis I) was evolved, whereas Fragment E did not differ from normal.


A role for alpha-adrenergic receptors in abnormal insulin secretion in diabetes mellitus. To determine whether endogenous alpha-adrenergic activity contributes to abnormal insulin secretion in nonketotic, hyperglycemic, diabetic patients, alpha-adrenergic blockade was produced in normal and diabetic subjects. The diabetics had a significantly (P less than 0.01) greater increase in circulating insulin 1 h after an intravenous phentolamine infusion than did the normal subjects. During the phentolamine infusion, there was also a significant augmentation of acute insulin responses to intravenous glucose (20 g) pulses in normal subjects (P less than 0.05) and diabetics (P less than 0.02); this augmentation was fivefold greater in the diabetics. Simultaneous treatment with the beta-adrenergic blocking agent, propranolol, did not alter these findings. Thus a role for exaggerated endogenous alpha-adrenergic activity in abnormal insulin secretion of the diabetic subjects is suggested. To determine whether this alpha-adrenergic activity might be related to elevated circulating catecholamines, total plasma-catecholamine levels were compared in normal and nonketotic diabetic subjects given intravenous glucose pulses. These levels were significantly greater (P less than 0.02) in the diabetic compared to the normal group before the glucose pulse, and increased significantly in both groups (P less than 0.02 and less than 0.001, respectively) after the pulse. These data suggest that excessive catecholamine secretion may lead to an abnormal degree of endogenous alpha-adrenergic activity, which contributes to defective insulin secretion in diabetic subjects.


Function and structure in the diphenylamine-exposed kidney. Standard micropuncture and microdissection techniques were used to examine the function and structure of nephrons in rats whose kidneys were made cystic by dietary exposure to diphenylamine. Heterogeneity characterized the lesion, with dilation and frank cyst formation occurring in 5-30% of nephrons. Elevated intraluminal hydrostatic pressures, occurring in the absence of increased glomerular filtration or decreased net water reabsorption, were recorded in dilated, but not in nondilated nephrons. Structural studies demonstrated communication of dilated nephrons with cysts, concretions of debris within tubular lumens, evidence of extrinsic pressure by cysts on adjacent tubules, and apparent luminal narrowing of some proximal tubules. These observations were used to explain prolonged loop of Henle transit times and occasional failure to detect [3H]inulin excretion after microperfusion into dilated tubules. It was concluded that the elevated hydrostatic pressures in the dilated nephrons of diphenylamine-exposed kidneys were the consequence of variably severe and frequently incomplete tubular occlusion. These findings support the hypothesis that cyst formation is a consequence of partial obstruction and elevated intratubular pressure in this model and perhaps in other susceptible mammalian kidneys.


The biosynthesis of guanidinosuccinic acid by perfused rat liver. The metabolic pathway for the synthesis of guanidinosuccinic acid was studied in the rat. Labeled guanidinosuccinic acid was isolated from the urine of animals given L-[guanidino-14C]arginine intraperitoneally but did not appear in the urine after administration of D,L-[guanidino-14C]canavanine. Radioactive arginine and nonradioactive aspartic acid and arginine were infused in the isolated, perfused rat liver. After 20 min, small amounts of both labeled and unlabeled guanidinosuccinic acid and large amounts of urea were detected in radiochromatograms of the perfusate. These results support the theory that guanidinosuccinic acid is formed in the liver from transamidination of arginine to aspartic acid.


A trial use of some of Reitan's neuropsychological tests to assess mild organic complications in psychiatric patients. Several testing procedures borrowed from Reitan's extensive investigations of impairment in brain function were employed in the present study (Tactual Performance Test, Trail Making Test, Seashore Rhythm Test, Speech Sounds Perception Test, Finger Oscillation Test). These tests were administer to three groups of Ss matched for age, education, and sex distribution. All Ss were 40 years of age or older. The groups were: hospitalized psychiatric patients suspected by their psychiatrists of some degree of organic impairment; hospitalized psychiatric patients not suspected of any organic impairment; and nonhospitalized, apparently normally functioning control Ss. Four months after the beginning of the study, the psychiatrists reevaluated and reclassified the patient Ss and formed new groups of those suspected and not suspected of organic impairment. A comparison of group means that used the original S groups showed that three of nine test scores were nondiscriminating, while the remaining six discriminated the control Ss from the patients, but not the two patient groups from each other. A similar comparison that used the revised patient groups formed from the psychiatrists' re-evaluations after an additional 4 months of observation yielded four test scores that discriminated successfully between the two patient groups: Tactual Performance Test, total time; Trail Making Test, Part A and Part B; and Finger Oscillation Test, right hand. These four test scores predicted the later classification of the patients more accurately than did the psychiatrists' own original evaluations, which would be in keeping with the general function of diagnostic testing, i.e., to provide initial information about patients beyond that which can be obtained from initial psychiatric examination.


Verbal and performance IQ for discrimination among psychiatric diagnostic groups. WAIS Verbal and Performance IQ scores were obtained from medical records of 500 psychiatric inpatients recently admitted to a large university hospital. With a subsample of the original 500 patients for whom there was diagnostic agreement between two independent clinicians, a multivariate analysis of variance was carried out to determine the extent to which the Verbal and Performance scores discriminated among eight diagnostic categories into which patients were classified. In the multivariate ANOVA, statistical techniques were employed to control for concomitant background variation that otherwise might have been confounded with true diagnostic group differences in Verbal and Performance IQ. Although mentally retarded and organic brain syndrome patients could be distinguished significantly from other diagnostic groups on the basis of their lower total IQ scores, the data did not support the persistent clinical belief that functional psychiatric disorders differed in the WAIS measurement space.


The WISC as a diagnostic tool.

The WISC as a diagnostic tool. Wechsler's hypotheses for the adolescent sociopath were applied to the WISC under controlled conditions. Groups were separated according to race and sex, while IQ, socioeconomic class, and geographic location were held constant. The criterion for selection of Ss was appearance before a juvenile court. The efficiency of each of Wechsler's signs was determined. Post hoc analysis provided specific signs for each combination of race and sex in the 80-89 IQ range. The need for cross-validation of these signs was stressed. Other methodological issues that may contribute to inconclusive findings with traditional assessment procedures were discussed throughout the study. These included: (1) the need for control of the relevant variables; (2) the problem of poorly defined criteria; (3) the need for analysis of the individual as well as the group data; (4) the importance of a holistic approach; (5) the problem with matching; and (6) the problem of not having an expected distribution with which to compare the frequency of "hits" for Wechsler's indices.


Maternal and child pathology in an urban ghetto. A group of 80 black, urban ghetto mothers, 40 which a behaviorally disturbed child and 40 with no identified disturbed child, was evaluated by the MMPI. The literature reports a relationship between maternal pathology and child disturbance for middle- and working-class families. The present study, however, showed no such relationship between these two variables in ghetto families.


Psychotherapy sabotage revisited: the better half of individual psychotherapy. This study examined the amount of actual client self-disclosure emitted and the pattern of its occurrence within and across individual therapy sessions. An earlier finding showed that many clients avoided self-disclosure until the session's closing minutes early in therapy. These data revealed that in the middle stages of short-term therapy for a university population (N = 26) clients continue to engage in the highest proportion of self-disclosure during the latter half of the therapy hour. The position that there are ways in which psychotherapy sabotage can be reduced was discussed.


The relationship between life change and relative autonomic balance. The frequency of life changes, as measured by questionnaires, is reported to increase prior to illness onset. Each event presumably adds to the accumulating amount of adaptive stress that confronts the individual. Total frequencies, or weighted scores, are considered important etiological factors in the illness. A more direct measure of stress is the A test of relative autonomic balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. To assess the relationship between these two measures 76 undergraduates were given both a life change questionnaire and the A test. Significant negative correlations were expected because both low A and high life change scores supposedly measure adaptive stress. No significant correlations were obtained; female Ss (N = 41) reported significantly more life changes than did male Ss (N = 26). The etiological value of life changes is scrutinized, and it is hypothesized that these questionnaires may be effective to identify stress only in populations that already have existent active or latent disease processes.


Supervisors' perceptions of the relationship between therapist self-disclosure and clinical effectiveness. The findings suggest that the clinical supervisors surveyed associate therapist effectiveness (i.e., competence and sophistication) with capacity for self-revelation in the presence of clients. Trainee maturity as therapist was not correlated highly with self-disclosure, a finding that may indicate that self-disclosure is (a) more independent of the training process than competence and sophistication, and (b) that self-disclosure, as manifested in the clinical context, may be more of a trait than a state-like personality characteristic.


Relationship between distortions in self-perception of depression and psychopathology. The present study investigated the relationship between distortions in self-perceived depression and generalized psychopathology. Alcoholic inpatients were asked to choose the more depressed patient in each pair of a paired-comparison rating task. Patients also were administered the Beck Depression Inventory as an objective measure of depression and the MMPI as a measure of overall psychopathology. Individuals who had a marked discrepancy between their self-perceived and objectively measured level of depression had significant elevations (T-score greater than 70) on 5 of the 10 MMPI clinical scales. The High Distortion group, whose mean MMPI profile was categorized as psychiatric, appeared to be more depressed, anxious, socially immature and alienated and to have increased difficulties in thinking and communication than Ss in the Low Distortion group. These findings substantiate the hypothesis that an individual's inability to perceive accurately the level of his depression is related to a greater degree of overall psychopathology.


Attitudes toward mental illness and role conceptions of psychiatric patients and staff. The patients and staff of a psychiatric hospital were asked about their attitudes toward mental illness and how they conceive the roles of various patient and staff groups in the therapeutic community. The focus was on the bipolar dimension of "Custodial" vs. "Accountability" orientation. A Custodial orientation discourages autonomy, promotes submission, and emphasizes the satisfaction of the physical needs of the patients. On the other hand, an orientation of Accountability emphasizes the "healthy" aspects of the patients and encourages autonomy and the sharing of power. These orientations were tapped by the use of a close-structured questionnaire. The results revealed that attitudes toward mental illness and role conceptions were highly related. Patients and nursing staff showed a greater custodial orientation than did other members of the staff.


Racial similarity and adult modeling of uncooperative behavior. To test the hypothesis that modeling is enhanced when Ss and models are of the same race, black and white attendants at a southern mental hospital were exposed to either a black or white model who refused to volunteer for a series of future studies. Although the white model more effectively induced refusal behavior by both races of Ss, no interaction effect was found between race of model and race of S, which refutes the hypothesis.


Schizophrenic vs. brain-damaged performance on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. The HIT standard scoring variables failed to differentiate between the brain-damaged and schizophrenic Ss, as perhaps would be expected from past studies of the Rorschach on the subject. This failure to discriminate may reflect the behavioral similarities encountered in these two complex syndromes, and it should be borne in mind that both groups consisted of chronic individuals with lowered productivity levels. As neither schizophrenia nor organicity are unitary syndromes, it is possible that future studies that compare the inkblot performance of different types of brain-damaged vs. schizophrenic Ss may be more productive in obtaining differences between the syndromes.


Attitudes of psychologists toward drug abusers. This survey of 827 psychologists' and trainees' attitudes toward drug abusers includes definitions of drug abuse, causes, recommended treat, treatment environments, and personal commitment to treating abusers. The use of prison and courts is contrasted with hospitals, and a subgroup's attitudes are contrasted with previously surveyed attitudes toward alcoholics. Recommended financial benefits and knowledge of laboratory tests to detect drug abuse also are assessed. Differences among three groups of psychologists and their respective response biases are discussed. Various elements of the profession have potential contributions to make to this serious social problem.


Perception of self and significant others by alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Ratings of self and 15 significant others on four personality factors by 47 alcoholic and 90 nonalcoholic males were analyzed by means of step-wise regression analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance. Alcoholics rated themselves less positively on extraversion and self-assertiveness (lower mean on extraversion and higher on self-assertiveness) and also judged intimate others (father, mother, and spouse) less positively on unhappiness, extraversion, and productive persistence (higher mean on unhappiness and lower means on extraversion and productive persistence). There were no significant differences between the two groups in judging persons as a whole or in the degree of differentiation that was exhibited in rating all 16 persons including self.


A short adjective check list for the evaluation of anxiety and depression. From a list of 54 adjectives administered to 230 detoxified, chronic alcoholics, reliable (internally consistent) scales for Anxiety and Depression states were formed. Factor analysis yielded an additional five scales that correlated in varying degrees with the clinical scales. Women alcoholics were both more depressed and more anxious than male alcoholics. Alcoholics assigned to inpatient treatment were no more depressed or anxious than those seen on a day-clinic basis.


EPPS scores of male alcoholics: a review and cross-validation. Mean EPPS scores for 20 male alcoholics at an outpatient clinic were found to be significantly higher than scores of Edwards' General Adult Sample of men on Heterosexuality, but significantly lower on Deference, Order, Affiliation, and Endurance. These differences are consistent with most prior research, but inconsistent with the earliest published study. Further research with the EPPS on alcoholic populations is encouraged.


Emotions and attitudes related to being overweight. A questionnaire was constructed to examine the relationship between eating habits and emotional attitudes toward food. This was administered to 60 individuals who varied widely in body weight relative to the statistically determined optimum for their age and sex. Correlations between item scores and weight discrepancy values from optimum revealed a number of significant correlations. The more the degree of overweight, the greater the tendency to have problems in three areas: depression, anxiety and impulsivity. In addition, the number of overweight relatives in one's immediate family also is related to an individual's degree of overweight. Some implications for the therapy of obesity were suggested.


Dimensions of temperament: an analysis.

Dimensions of temperament: an analysis. The TDOT recast into a single stimulus format was administered to 150 college Ss. A factor analysis of the items followed by an analysis of item clusters that define each factor indicated the presence of 14 dimensions. Of the 10 bipolar scales of the TDOT, 3 were confirmed as independent dimensions, and 5 were confirmed in part or split into unipolar factors.


Malingering as role taking.

Malingering as role taking. This study investigated the relationship among psychopathology, intelligence and the simulation of psychopathological roles. The 132 Ss were 48 inpatients, 48 outpatients, and 36 nonprofessional employees. Each S simulated the MMPI profile of an anxiety neurotic, psychopathic deviate, or paranoid schizophrenic. Their simulation target was dissimilar to their diagnosis and/or Personality Screening Inventory profile. The findings were: (1) the hypothesized negative relationship between psychopathology and psychopathological role-taking was not supported broadly, but was supported more with males, blacks, neurotics, and simulators of the psychopathic deviate personality; and (2) the hypothesized positive relationship between intelligence and the simulation of psychopathological roles was supported in a small but definite relationship, with greater support among the Caucasians, males, neurotics, simulators of the 2-7 and 6-8 profile patterns, and when the simulation measure emphasized scatter and elevation similarities.


Semantic differential ratings of concepts and suicide intent. Ninety-four Ss (28 attempters, 32 threateners and 34 psychiatric controls) rated 10 concepts twice 1 month apart. Extreme rating scores and factor (attitude) scores were derived from the ratings. Suicidal Ss made no more use of extreme ratings than did control Ss. Highly suicidal Ss did not differ from less suicidal Ss in extremeness of ratings. Suicidal Ss did report less favorable attitudes to the concepts life and myself and more favorable attitudes toward suicide. Highly suicidal Ss could be differentiated from less suicidal Ss on these concepts. Contrary to the theory of Neuringer and Lettieri, it was suggested that suicidal Ss do not show a general difference in cognitive style from other psychiatric patients. Concept rated and direction of rating are crucial. Significant changes in ratings occurred over time in conjunction with hopelessness, depression and self-rated suicide intent. It was suggested that these changes indicate that the ratings are a function of a state, rather than a stable trait.


The "sick but slick" syndrome as a personality component of parents of battered children. Thirteen parents convicted in court of battering their children and 13 matched controls were administered a battery of personality tests, with significant differences obtained on 5 of 21 study variables. Battering parents appeared healthier on those instruments based on content validity, where the social desirability of the items is more obvious. They appeared more disturbed (i.e., psychopathic) on items based on concurrent or statistical validity. It was concluded that battering parents were psychopathically disturbed, but whenever possible presented a distorted picture of themselves as healthy and unlikely to abuse their children. This tendency has been labeled the "sick but slick syndrome."


A personality needs profile of some outstanding female athletes. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) was administered to 24 outstanding U.S. female athletes who were competitors in the 1972 Olympic Games. The resulting EPPS group profile strongly points to the essential normality of these competitors. Within the framework of a well-balanced needs profile, the two highest group needs scores were in the realm of achievement and autonomy. Thus, these prominent athletes demonstrated the kind of personality profile anticipated from a group of women with seemingly high needs for achievement and self-accomplishment. The EPPS, therefore, appears to be a promising personality measure to assess achievement motivation.


MMPI profile predictors for successful and expired open heart surgery patients. A total of 31 patients (17 females, 14 males) who were scheduled for open heart surgery were administered an MMPI within 1 week prior to surgery. Of the 31 patients, 20 (13 females, 7 males) survived and 11 (4 females and 7 males) did not survive the operation. MMPI scale T-score comparisons were made within sex between survivors and nonsurvivors. Surviving and expired males did not differ on any MMPI scales, while expired females had much higher average scale 1 and 3 elevations than did their surviving counterparts (p less than .05). Subsequent comparisons of expired and surviving female patients with 1-3 profiles revealed that females with 1-3 profiles who expired had a higher average L scale T-score and a lower average scale 6 T-score (p less than .05). Cutting scores established to divide 1-3 female profiles into success and expired groups yielded two results: (1) an L scale T-score of 50 or above identified 100% of the expired females while it generated 40% false positives and no false negatives; and (2) a scale 6 T-score of 57 and below identified 100% of the expired females while it generated no false negatives and no false positives. These results are consistent with previous research and may be used to predict mortality for prospective female open heart surgery patients with implications for psychotherapeutic assistance prior to surgery to increase prospects for success.


MMPI/Midi-Mult correspondence with parents of emotionally disturbed children. The findings of the present study are consistent with those of previous studies with the Mini-Mult short form. The correspondence is too low and variable to allow the short forms to be used in place of the MMPI with parents of emotionally disturbed children.


Effects of residential evaluation and rehabilitation placement on children's state-trait anxiety. The recently developed State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children was used to explore the stress experienced by youngsters who were placed from home into a state residential setting for diagnostic evaluation or involvement in a rehabilitation program. Twenty-four youngsters, who ranged from 12 to 16 years, responded to the measure on admission day and 21 to 25 days postarrival. The proposition that trait anxiety would remain relatively stable across time (t = .64, p greater than .50) and the prediction that geographic isolation and new social controls initially would be experienced as ego-threatening (t = 3.24, p less than .01) clearly were supported. The results are viewed as support for the predictive validity and normative stabilility of the children's state-trait anxiety measure.


Personal concerns and manifest anxiety in black students. The areas and magnitude of personal problems and their relationships with manifest anxiety were investigated in 154 male and 202 female black undergraduate students in a predominantly black state university in the South. Both males and females were highly concerned over problems in college work, finance, living conditions, and employment, social and recreational activities, and curriculum and teaching procedure. A significant sex difference at the .05 level was evidenced by the Mann-Whitney U test. Significant positive correlations were found between the number of problems and anxiety scores in 9 areas for males and in all 11 areas for females. Two problem areas that did not correlate significantly with anxiety scores for males were social and recreational activities and home and family.


Reliability of the Maxi-Mult and scale equivalence with the MMPI. Forty chronic male alcoholic inpatients completed the MMPI and separately administered Maxi-Mult in a counterbalanced presentation order after a 3-day interval. Neither the intracorrelations among the Maxi-Mult scales nor the intercorrelation coefficients between the short and standard scales were affected by presentation order. High intercorrelations of the standard MMPI scales with the Maxi-Mult scales were found for both the separately administered and the embedded forms; coefficients tended to be higher for the embedded Maxi-Mult. Both the test-retest reliability of the Maxi-Mult and the stability of the short vs. standard-scale correlation coefficients were adequate. The economical length and the response mode of the Maxi-Mult suit it for use as a research instrument to assess group performance. A hostility scale also tested during this study was found to have a high test-retest reliability coefficient.


Maslow's need hierarchy and Cattell's 16PF. Canonical correlation analysis was used to investigate the overall relationship between the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF) and the Work Motivation Inventory (WMI). The results indicated that the two instruments shared two independent components which accounted for 30% of their total variance. The results provide some support for the validity of both devices and provide a link between the factorially constructed 16PF and Maslow's personality theory.


Sexual responsivity and ego defenses.

Sexual responsivity and ego defenses. High- and low-sexual responders to a double-entendre word association test were found to differ in defensive preference on the Defense Mechanisms Inventory. Low responders preferred avoidant defenses (reversal and principalization), and high responders preferred approach defenses (turning against object and projection). Results also suggested a consistency of defensive orientation over different situations.


Jejunoileal bypass procedures in morbid obesity: preoperative psychological findings. Seventy patients who averaged 155% overweight and requested jejunoileal bypass surgery as a treatment intervention for morbid obesity were studied preoperatively for prominent psychological characteristics. By use of standard personality tests and a structured psychiatric interview, it was found that 89% were judged to be psychologically favorable risks for the operation. Most frequently the diagnostic opinion was of a mild personality disorder.


The MFD and brain pathology.

The MFD and brain pathology. This study was a repetition of Black's work with the MFD on a population that differed from Black's in that they were predominantly non-trauma cases, the majority of whom were not neurophysiologically normal when tested with the MFD. Despite the different nature of the present sample, Black's findings were replicated, and Black's cautions with regard to the use of the MFD as a neuropsychological instrument were extended.


A comparison of WISC and WISC-R scoring criteria for comprehension, similarities, and vocabulary responses. Ten graduate students scored items from the comprehension, similarities, and vocabulary subtests. Five used the WISC manual anf five used the WISC-R manual. Higher percentages of interscorer agreement were obtained from the WISC-R group on all three subtests. An analysis of two-point discrepancies among scorers further supported the superiority of the WISC-R scoring standards over those the WISC.


The assessment of self-care capacity in geriatric psychiatric patients by objective and subjective methods. A simple performance test was developed and used to evaluate a sample of psychiatric geriatric patients on their capacity for self-care. Evaluations were made by asking the patient to demonstrate certain essential activities of daily living. The objective test, compared with patients' subjective reports, was found to be a more valid measuring instrument of functional impairment and more useful as a diagnostic and prognostic tool Test scores correlated with independent clinical assessments of mental status and physical conditions, as well as with short-term outcome of hospitalization. The scale is easy and quick to administer and has many applications for the treatment and management planning of patients.


Effects of hyperthermia therapy on the liver. II. Morphological observations. Liver biopsy specimens obtained from three patients during treatment of advanced malignant disease by exogenous hyperthermia were studied by light and electron microscopy. In two patients the parenchymal cells showed either slight swelling or nuclear alterations by light microscopy and, at the fine structural level, large numbers of autophagic vacuoles, dilatation of Golgi elements and endoplasmic reticulum, and large cytoplasmic vacuoles. Similar changes, but in much more severe form together with parenchymal cell necrosis and cholestasis, were seen in the liver of case 3, who developed jaundice 24 hours after hyperthermia. The findings are discussed in relation to earlier accounts of liver changes following hyperthermia, and the functional implications are considered.


Congenital hepatic fibrosis.

Congenital hepatic fibrosis. During 10 years four patients with congenital hepatic fibrosis were seen in a general hospital in London; three presented in adult life. It is suggested that the condition may account for a larger proportion of patients with chronic liver disease than has been thought to be the case.


A cause of erroneous diagnosis of pigmented villonodular synovitis. An unusual type of benign vascular hamartoma, which shows a curious papillary organization of thrombus and abundant haemosiderin deposition, is liable to be misdiagnosed histologically as pigmented villonodular synovitis. Nine examples of this type of lesion are briefly presented and the differential diagnosis is discussed.


Carboxyhaemoglobin dissociation in the cadaver following attempted resuscitation. A series of 300 cases of fatal carbon-monoxide poisoning showed wide variations in carboxyhaemoglobin saturation. Levels below 50% in 24 subjects under the age of 70 were probably falsely low following attempted resuscitation on the way to hospital. Artificial respiration, especially with oxygen-rich gas, causes dissociation of carboxyhaemoglobin in the lungs of the cadaver while movement of blood into and out of the lungs, with mixing, lowers the saturation levels in the neighbouring large veins. In four cases subclavian blood showed saturation levels much lower than blood from sites further from the lungs. Blood should be taken from the femoral vein to get true readings.


Serum antibodies and jejunal histology in giardiasis associated with malabsorption. An immunofluorescent test, using Giardia lamblia cysts as antigen, gave positive results in 32/36 cases of giardiasis with malabsorption, 0/2 cases of giardiasis without malabsorption, and 0/17 control patients without giardiasis or malabsorption. The test was positive in 10/34 patients with malabsorption in whom G. lamblia could not be detected by stool examination or biopsy; some of these cases were presumed to be cryptic giardiasis. There was a crude correlation between antibody titre and the severity of the histological lesion in the jejunum. The finding of a reliable source of antigen remains a problem.


Plasma biotin levels in children with burns and scalds. The plasma concentrations of biotin were measured for up to 49 days after injury in nine children with burns and scalds which involved from 12% to 50% of the surface area of the body. Biotin levels below the minimum of the control range were observed in eight of the nine injured children at some stage during the episode.


Drinking by rats after lateral hypothalamic lesions: a new look at the lateral hypothalamic syndrome. Rats that have recovered from aphagia and adipsia following lateral hypothalamic lesions are believed to be incapable of experiencing thirst and to drink water simply to facilitate the consumption of dry food. However, the present results indicate that these animals will drink in response to dehydration of the intracellular or intravascular fluid compartments and to hyperangiotensinemia, if testing continues beyond a few hours. Comparable effects also were obtained in rats with mesencephalic brain damage, which appeared to destroy portions of the substantia nigra and the ascending nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. These findings, when placed in the context of a recent neurochemical model for recovery of function, provide the basis for a new interpretation of the lateral hypothalamic syndrome.


Central noradrenergic neurons: differential effects on body weight of electrolytic and 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in rats. The ventral noradrenergic bundle (VB) of the rate brain has been proposed as the substrate for the hyperphagia and obesity produced by ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. To determine the relationship between body weight and damage to the VB, the effects of bilateral electrolytic and 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the VB were compared. When rats were fed only a standard laboratory diet, no significant differences were found between groups. When a high-fat diet supplement was introduced, the group with electrolytic lesions became significantly heavier than the control group; however, the 6-OHDA group did not differ from the controls. Norepinephrine depletion was significantly greater following the 6-OHDA than the electrolytic lesions. Both lesions reduced telencephalic dopamine and serotonin only slightly. A second study in which both types of lesions were placed at a rostral ventromedial hypothalamic site yielded the same pattern of results. Diet-dependent increases in body weight were attributed to the destruction of a non-noradrenergic system, which was spared by the relatively selective 6-OHDA lesion but damaged by the nonselective electrolytic lesion.


Similarity of approach and pecking preferences for spectral stimuli in domestic chicks: absence of a mirror-image relation. The results of Schaefer and Hess showing that White Rock chicks described mirror-image response functions to spectral stimuli in approach and pecking behavior could not be replicated using Cornish-Cross chicks under more controlled conditions. Our results showed similar blue-orange bimodal functions for both behavioral responses, resembling the approach data of Schaefer and Hess and the earlier pecking data of Hess and others, but not the pecking data reported by Schaefer and Hess.


Experiments on neophobia in wild and laboratory rats: a reevaluation. Two experiments using food-container avoidance as an index of neophobia are reported for two strains of laboratory and one strain of wild rats. In Experiment 1 rats were fed from a single familiar container until their consumption had stabilized. Upon replacing the familiar container with a novel container, the latency of all three strains to begin feeding increased. In Experiment 2 rats were offered a choice between a familiar and a novel container containing identical food. Though there was considerable individual variation among the three strains, the wild strain was more reluctant to eat from the novel container than a hooded laboratory strain, which, in turn, was nore reluctant than an albino laboratory strain. Nonetheless, all three strains showed an initial avoidance of the novel container. It was concluded that both wild and laboratory strains are neophobic and that strain differences are ones of degree, not of kind.


Functional differentiation within the neostriatum of the rat using electrical (blocking) stimulation during discrimination learning. Sixteen rats, eight with bipolar electrodes implanted bilaterally in the anterodorsal head of the caudate-putamen and eight with similar electrodes in the posteroventral caudate-putamen, learned a spatial and a form  discrimination task and their reversals while receiving "continuous" stimulation. Rats receiving stimulation to the anterodorsal caudate-putamen were imparied on spatial reversal learning compared with the posteroventral group. On form discrimination reversal the posteroventral group were impaired compared with the anterodorsal group. This dissociation is related to the particular cortical neostriatal  projection system for the region stimulated and demonstrates a behavioral differentiation in rat neostriatum comparable with that observed in the monkey.


Changes in cochlear microphonic sensitivity after priming C57BL/6j mice at various ages for audiogenic seizures. Groups of mice were briefly exposed to a one-octave band of noise at 14, 18, 28, 38, or 58 days of age. Five days later the groups were divided, and some mice were behaviorally tested for audiogenic seizures by reexposing them to the same sound. The round window cochlear microphonic potential was measured in the remaining animals and compared with that observed in unprimed control subjects. Seizure behavior occurred in all animals primed on Day 18 but rarely for subjects in the other age groups. Cochlear microphonic threshold curves in mice primed on Day 18 showed a 30-dB loss in sensitivity, while all other primed groups showed little change. These data were discussed in terms of the "disuse-supersensitivity" hypothesis previously proposed to account for the physiological effects of priming in mice.


Effect of temperature-season on bovine adrenal cortical function, blood cell profile, and milk production. Data collected monthly for one calendar year from Holstein cows lactating under Louisiana ambient climatic conditions comprised a total of 264 cow-months. The year was divided into seasons of cool, intermediate, and hot temperatures. The hot season elicited depressions in circulating corticoids and percent hematocrit. Leukocytosis was a response to increasing ambient temperature primarily accounted for by an increase in circulating neutrophils. Progression from intermediate to hot season gave evidence of eosinophila, and in addition, a relative eosinopenia may have been induced by increased adrenal cortex activity. Milk production was depressed during the hot temperature-season and showed no significant relationship with corticoids of plasma. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were indicative of heat stress in the hot temperature-season and gave significant negative correlations with circulating corticoid concentration.


Effects of a corticosteroid and diuretic agent on udder edema and milk yield in dairy cows. Treatment of edematous condition of udder with a combination of a diuretic and a corticosteroid administered for three successive days following parturition did not reduce the number of days required to reach peak production. Treatment had no effect on milk production, either adverse or beneficial. Data were from 73 Holstein cows and heifers.


Incidence of clinical mastitis in a herd of Jersey cattle. Incidence of clinical mastitis in 1278 lactations of 390 Jersey cows was studied for effects of lactation number, quarter of udder, month of calving, sire, and milk yield. Results for quarter did not conflict with the usual finding that incidence is higher in rear quarters. A mastitis index based on stage of lactation at which infection occurred had less variation, greater variation among sires, and a continuous distribution, in contrast to the traits porportion infected and number of cases. Mastitis increased with advancing lactation number subsequent to second lactations. Fall calvers may have less mastitis since they would be dry or in late lactation during summer. Incidence of mastitis increased at a decreasing rate as total milk yield in the lactation affected increased.


Determination of alpha-lactalbumin in human milk. Alpha-lactalbumin is a major protein in human milk and of considerable nutritional importance to the infant. However, there are discrepancies in the literature on content of this protein in human milk, which indicate a need for a method that would permit estimation from a large number of samples. The technique of immunodiffusion was adopted for human alpha-lactalbumin. Purification of alpha-lactalbumin for production of antigen is described as is the statistical evaluation of the method. The alpha-lactalbumin contents of pooled human milk samples as well as of the milk from one mother during 2 mo of lactation were analyzed. The alpha-lactal-bumin content of human milk showed considerable variation. This variation and its relation to factors such as length of lactation, and nutritional status of the mother should be studied further.


Two rapid and improved techniques for chromatographic fractionation of casein. The major components of casein, alphas-, beta-, kappa-, and gamma-caseins, were chromatographically fractionated on diethylaminoethyl ion-exchange cellulose in stepwise elution with pH 8, .03 M glycine, or pH 7, .005 M phosphate buffers in the presence of 3.3 M urea and .1% 2-mercaptoethanol. Fractionation was at room temperature (around 25 C) in 4 to 4.5 h. The components showed a reasonable purity electrophoretically. These techniques can be used for quantitative estimation of casein composition.


Activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissues from steers. Mean lipoprotein lipase activities (mueq fatty acids released/h per g tissue) and lipid content(%) in adipose tissue of steers from brisket, perirectal, subcutaneous abdominal, and mesenteric areas were 32, 32, 30, 50, and 73, 77, 64, and 85. The enzyme activity was higher in mesenteric tissue than in the other sites which did not differ from each other. Mesenteric adipose tissue had higher and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue had lower lipid content than did brisket and perirectal adipose tissue. Lipid content and enzyme activity were correlated .38.


Response of crickets to amount of forage in the diet. Three replicated tests were to define the conditions needed to use house crickets (Acheta domesticus) to evaluate forages. Crickets were placed on various proportion of forage-to-concentrate mixtures to determine the relative proportions best suited for cricket survival, growth, and maturity. The concentrate portion alone was adequate to support nominal cricket performance. Forages used were timothy, alfalfa, and alfalfatimothy (1:1). Forages replaced from 0 to 100%, in increments of 10% of the concentrate portion. A diet of 40% concentrate and 60% roughage was suitable for evaluating growth and survival effects. The 28-day tests were not long enough to evaluate fully the effects of diet on maturity.


Rumen microbial growth rates and yields: effect of amino acids and protein. Effects of amino acids upon microbial growth, optimum ratio of nonprotein to amino acid nitrogen for microbial growth, and incorporation of amino acids into microbial cells were determined with washed cell suspension in vitro as were rumen microbial cells. Rumen microbial dry matter, nitrogen, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and substrate disappearance was greatest when a mixture of 18 amino acids was substituted for urea. Substitutions of mixtures of 10 essential amino acids, 8 nonessential amino acids, and sulfur containing amino acids and glutamate also stimulated microbial growth. Acid hydrolyzed casein markedly improved microbial growth. Branched amino acid addition did not affect growth. The optimum ratio of nonprotein to amino acid nitrogen for microbial growth was 75% urea nitrogen and 25% amino acid nitrogen. With this amount of amino acids, an average of 53% of added amino acid was incorporated into microbial cells, 14% was fermented to carbon dioxide and volatile fatty acids, and 33% remained in the supernatant. Both 100% urea and 100% amino acid in growth media were unfavorable for maximal microbial growth. With all carbohydrate substrates, 100% urea nitrogen supported the growth of 9 mg bacterial dry matter per 100 mg of substrate. Substitutions of amino acids for urea increased yields to over 20 mg/100 mg. Microbial growth yields in incubations under carbon dioxide were less than when flasks were flushed with nitrogen. However, yield of bacterial dry matter per unit of substrate was less under nitrogen than under carbon dioxide.


Relationship between ruminal ammonia and nonprotein nitrogen utilization by ruminants. III. Influence of intraruminal urea infusion on ruminal ammonia concentration. In three trials, we studied the effect of incremental amounts of intraruminally infused urea on mean ruminal ammonia concentration of steer fed at 2-h intervals. Basal rations contained these percentages of crude protein and total digestible nutrients (dry matter basis); Trial I, 11.1 and 81; Trial II, 6.0 and 54; Trial III, 6.5 and 58. Mean ruminal ammonia concentration reached 5 mg ammonia nitrogen/100 ml rumen fluid at crude protein equivalents of 12.0, 9.3, and 9.4% in I, II, and III. Once ruminal ammonia began to accumulate, there was a linear relationship between intake of urea and mean concentration of amino acids of plasma, serving as an indirect measure of amino acid absorption from the intestine, was not increased by increased intake of urea in III. Results of this experiment support the concept from in vitro data that microbial protein synthesis is unaffected by ruminal ammonia concentration in excess of 5 mg ammonia nitrogen/100 ml rumen fluid.


Changes in plasma triglyceride fatty acids during lactation. Total blood plasma lipid and plasma triglyceride fatty acids were analyzed at an average of 33, 89, and 139 days of lactation (ranges 20 to 57, 52 to 129, and 122 to 157 days for periods I, II, and III) for 35 Holstein cows in their second or later lactation. Average milk production in the test periods was 35.7, 30.3, and 25.5 kg/day. Lipid analysis was part of a study comparing methionine hydroxy analog or sulfur for lactating cows with effects of treatment and time separated statistically. Cows fed methionine analog had a lower percent palmitate in the triglyceride fatty acid, but there was no other treatment effect. There were significant changes with time in percent total lipid and triglyceride fatty acid. Total lipid averaged 424, 526, and 529 mg/dl. Average percents of measured triglyceride fatty acid and differences with stage of lactation were: myristic, 2.96; palmitic, 27.52, I greater than II or III; palmitoleic, 2.83, I greater than II or III; stearic, 38.58 I greater than II greater than III, oleic, 20.75, I greater than II or III; and linoleic, 4.59.


Calcium redistribution into subcutaneous fat at parturition in the dairy cow. Blood samples and subcutaneous fat biopsies from six dairy cows at -14, 0, 14, and 28 days of parturition were analyzed to test the hypothesis that movement of calcium into subcutaneous fat contributes to hypocalcemia of parturient paresis. Plasma and subcutaneous fat calcium decreased while plasma free fatty acids increased at parturition. No trends were significant in magnesium or total lipid content of subcutaneous fat. Calcium content of subcutaneous fat was related positively to calcium concentration in plasma.


Characterization of major milk proteins from BALB/c and C3H mice. Milk proteins from BALB/c and C3H mice were characterized with respect to their electrophoretic migration in polyacrylamide gels under alkaline and acid conditions. The major casein and whey proteins from each strain migrated similarly under the conditions employed. Phosphoproteins were identified by staining with "Stains-all" and by changes in electrophoretic mobility and staining induced by prior treatment with phosphatase. Sialic acid-rich glycoproteins were identified by staining with periodic acid-Schiff and with "Stains-all" by prior treatment with neuraminidase to identify sialic acid as the acidic portion of the molecule. The two major whey proteins were characterized further by their migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. One protein had the same mobility as mouse serum albumin. The other protein migrated with a mobility similar to that of bovine alpha-lactalbumin. The identity of the former protein was confirmed by its reaction with goat anti-mouse serum albumin in an immunodiffusion procedure, and the latter protein by its B protein activity in the lactose synthetase assay.


Response to labeled precursor amino acids, varying cell density, and graded amino acid complement for protein synthesis in mammary cell culture. Effect of labeled precursor amino acids, varying cell densities, graded quantities of amino acid complement, and incubation environment on milk protein synthesis were studied with cultures of mammary cells isolated from Sprague Dawley rats. The essential amino acid complement of Eagle's minimal essential medium was used as base. Protein synthesis, measured by incorporation of labeled lysine, leucine, and phenylalanine, was affected by source of label for the "beta-lactoglobulin fraction" and beta-casein but not alpha-lactalbumin. Cell numbers between 6 X 106 and 6 X 107 per 5 ml of culture medium did not significantly alter rates of synthesis. Increasing amounts of amino acid concentration from one to three-fold increased synthesis of "beta-lactoglobulin fraction" and alpha-lactalbumin regardless of cell population. Response to addition of essential amino acid for "beta-lactoglobulin fraction" synthesis was linear over one to five-fold with 30.9 mug/flask per fold addition (linear regression coefficient; squared correlation = .91). Results were similar for beta-casein synthesis; 25.9 mug/flask and squared correlation = .91. No culturing effects between carbon dioxide and conventional incubators were significant.


Lactoferrin concentration during involution of the bovine mammary gland. Electroimmunodiffusion assay was used to quantitate changes in lactoferrin concentration in mammary secretions during involution of the bovine mammary gland. Concentration of lactoferrin began to increase 2 to 4 days after cessation of regular milking and continued to increase linearly at a rate of 1.15 mg/ml per day as a result of increased net synthesis of lactoferrin during the first 14 to 21 days of involution. Maximum lactoferrin concentration (approximately 20 mg/ml) was attained after 3 to 4 wk of involution. These changes represent a 100-fold increase in lactoferrin concentration over that in normal milk. Maximum lactoferrin concentration was variable between cows. In some cows, the concentration of lactoferrin plateaued at less than 10 mg/ml after 10 days of involution. In others, much higher lactoferrin concentrations of 75 to 100 mg/ml were measured. Lactoferrin concentration decreased markedly prior to parturition and onset of lactation. The increase in lactoferrin concentration during mammary gland involution appeared to be related closely to the process of involution.


Corticoid binding in mammary tissue slices from lactating cows. Mammary tissue slices (from lactating Holstein cows) incubated at 37 C with various concentrations of either hydrogen-3 cortisol or hydrogen-3 dexamethasone bound both hormones with high affinity [dissociation constants (Kd) approximately equal to 10-10M]. There were approximately 2900 and 3800 total high affinity binding sites per mammary cell for cortisol and dexamethasone, respectively. In addition, a major nonspecific component bound cortisol and dexamethasone and was unsaturable. Unlabeled cortisol and dexamethasone reduced binding of hydrogen-3 cortisol and dexamethasone whereas unlabeled 17beta-estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone were without effect. Incubation of tissue slices at 4 C reduced the total number of high affinity binding sites for cortisol by about 56% compared with similar measurements at 37 C. However, dissociation constants for the high affinity components were similar at both temperatures (Kd approximately equal to 10-10M). Macromolecules which specifically bound cortisol in the 700 X g supernatant and precipitate tissue fractions were isolated by gel filtration chromatography. Enzyme digestion experiments and treatment with p-chloromercuribenzoate indicated that the macromolecules binding cortisol were proteins. Thin-layer chromatography of bound hydrogen-3 cortisol in the 700 X g supernatant indicated that the majority of bound radioactivity was authentic cortisol. We conclude that fresh mammary tissue from lactating cows possesses protein which specifically binds corticoids with high affinity.


Initiation of parturition in dairy cows with dexamethasone. II. Response to dexamethasone in combination with estradiol benzoate. Parturition was initiated in 26 Holstein cows given dexamethasone (4.4 mg/100 kg body weight) in combination with 25 mg estradiol benzoate intramuscularly at day 273 of gestation. Parturition occurred at 40.8 +/- 9.6 h after injection. Twenty-six control cows had an average gestation length of 281.5 days. Calving difficulty was not different although birth weight of calves was 2.5 kg less for induced cows compared with control cows. Severity of udder edema did not differ between groups. Average daily milk production for the first 9 wk of lactation was lower (24.2 versus 27.7 kg) from induced than control groups. Incidence of retained placental membranes was 50 and 4% for induced and control cows. Serum estrogens were lower (290 versus 601 pg/ml) in induced than in control cows 2 days prior to parturition. Groups did not differ inserum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, days to first heat, days to first breeding, days to conception, or in fat, protein, and total solids content of colostrum. Casein in colostrum of induced cows was lower. Results of California Mastitis Tests at 15 and 30 days postpartum were similar.


Plasma growth hormone and insulin during early lactation in cows fed silage based diets. Peripheral plasma insulin, growth hormone, and blood glucose were determined in 24 dairy cows during early lactation. Blood samples were obtained at 4-day intervals during the first 56 days of experimental lactations 1 and 3 of a 3-lactation experiment. The cows were divided equally among three groups and fed one of the following forage rations for three consecutive lactations: corn silage (18.2 kg/day) plus alfalfa-timothy hay ad libitum; corn silage (18.2 kg/day) plus alfalfa-timothy silage ad libitum; or corn silage ad libitum. These diets were continued throughout the intervening dry periods except in the latter group where corn silage intake was limited if individual animals exhibited excessive body weight gain. Four animals in each group received prepartum supplemental concentrates. The remaining four animals received no prepartum concentrate supplementation. Following parturition, concentrates were fed in increasing amounts to a maximum of 14.6 kg/day during the first 56 days of lactation. Plasma insulin, growth hormone, and blood glucose were not affected by forage diet or prepartum supplemental concentrate feeding. Plasma insulin and blood glucose increased and plasma growth hormone decreased with time after parturition. These changes were correlated with nutrient intake which increased during the experiment. Changes in plasma insulin and growth hormone are related to metabolic adjustments during early lactation.


Relationship of insulin concentration to blood metabolites in the dairy cow. Jugular blood samples were taken at regular intervals from 31 ketosis-prone cows from 2 wk prepartum to 7 wk postpartum. Eleven cows exhibited elevated blood ketones and depressed blood glucose indicative of subclinical ketosis. There were no significant differences between means of normal and subclinically-ketotic cows in serum insulin or blood metabolites prior to calving. However, in early lactation, those cows which developed ketosis showed depressed serum insulin, blood glucose, and plasma triglycerides with elevated ketones, acetate in blood, and free fatty acids and cholesterol in plasma. Milk production was also lower in ketotic cows. Correlations within cow between serum insulin and glucose, total ketones, acetate of blood and free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol in plasma were .014,--.307, .080,--.421, .413, and -.002 for normal cows and .348, -.425, -.324, -.317, .298, and -.131 for subclinically-ketotic cows. It is suggested that low insulin during ketosis is a reflection of depressed blood glucose and, consequently, adipose lipolysis and hepatic ketogenesis are accentuated while acetate utilization and hepatic triglyceride release are depressed.


Blood and liver metabolites in fed and fasted diabetic goats. Two trials were to study alloxan diabetes in goats. The data were grouped: 1) normal fed goats (10); 2) 48-h fasted goats (5); 3) fed goats sampled 96 h after alloxan treatment (5); and 4) goats treated with alloxan following a 48-h fast and sampled 96 h after alloxan treatment with continued fasting (3). Groups 1 and 4 exhibited the following means: serum insulin 43.9, 16.4, 9.4, and 6.7 muU/ml; blood glucose 55.0, 47.3, 219.6, and 485.6 mg/100 ml; blood ketones 4.3, 2.6, 36.6, and 28.6 mg/100 ml; blood acetate 4.7, 4.0, 42.7, and 4.9 mg/100 ml; plasma-free fatty acids 1.8, 10.0, 14.4, and 40.5 mg/100 ml; and plasma triglyceride 13.3, 7.0, 47.6, and 12.2 mg/100 ml. Liver samples from five fed goats before and 12 days after alloxan treatment exhibited the following means: phospholipid 27.5 and 26.1 mg/g; triglyceride 21.2 and 98.9 mg/g; and percent lipid 7.2 and 14.4. The diabetes was accompanied by fatty liver development and probably reduction in utilization of acetate and triglyceride in the fed animals.


Effects of fermentation time on in vivo/in vitro relationships. The effects of six fermentation times, 24 through 84 h at 12 h intervals, were studied on in vivo/in vitro relationships and repeatability and variability of in vitro technique. Three stages of maturity each of bermudagrass, bahiagrass, rye-grass, sorghum-sudan, alfalfa, and orchardgrass were used. For one fermentation time for all types of forages, a 48-h fermentation demonstrated the smallest variation among runs and the least run X forage interaction. However, the optimum fermentation for perennials as a group was 60 h; and for annuals, legumes, and temperate grasses it was 36 h. Further studies in vitro compared a 48-h fermentation for all types of forage with 36 h for annuals and 60 h for perennials. Forty-eight forages, including 20 annuals and 28 perennials, were digested in vitro during three runs. With the 48-h fermentation, forages accounted for 86.43% of the total variation, runs 6.80%, and run X forage interaction 6.44%. Variation due to runs was reduced to .33%, and run X forage interaction to .90%, for a combined 36- and 60-h fermentation for annuals and perennials, respectively. Variation due to forage was increased to 98.53%.


Cations (magnesium, potassium, sodium), creatinine, bilirubin, and osmolality of bovine fetal fluids. Magnesium, potassium, sodium, creatinine and bilirubin concentrations, and osmolality in bovine fetal fluids have been investigated to seek a possible application to the determination of gestation age. Potassium ion concentration during pregnancy decreased in amniotic fluid. Sodium ion concentration and osmolality increased in allantoic fluid during the same period. Creatinine concentration rose throughout pregnancy in both amniotic and allantoic fluids. However, none of these indicators provided a reliable correlation with fetal age as determined by measurements of head circumference.


Effect of fluorescent light on amino acid composition of serum proteins from homogenized milk. The serum proteins isolated from homegenized milk by centrifugation and exposed to 2152lx of fluorescent light for 72 h were fractionated into the major protein components by gel filtration chromatography. Amino acid composition of the major serum proteins, beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin which accounted for 80% of the total serum protein, did not change substantially following light exposure. Changes in amino acid composition associated with fluorescent light exposure occurred primarily in the high molecular weight fraction of serum proteins. This fraction amounts to at most 10% of the serum proteins.


Single-column chromatographic analysis of labeled glutamine and other amino acids in whole blood. A method is presented for single-column analysis of the concentrations and specific activities of the free amino acids in both whole blood and plasma. Interference from glutathione in whole blood was eliminated by the use of sodium sulfite although losses of about one-half of the cystine and methionine occurred. Seventy-five percent +/- 1 of the glutamine was recovered consistently in both whole blood and plasma so that corrections for this loss readily could be made. Elimination of the baseline shift due to ammonia was accomplished by passing the buffers through ion-exchange columns before entering the sample loops. There were several significant differences between amino acid concentrations and specific activities in whole blood and in plasma, indicating that care should be taken in interpreting data on metabolism of amino acids.


Oxytetracycline in bovine plasma, milk, and urine after intrauterine administration. Six healthy lactating cows with normal but varying stages of estrous cycles were treated with chelated or nonchelated oxytetracycline by intrauterine infusion, 4 mg/kg body weight. The chelated drug was a mixture of special metal halides and oxytetracycline while the nonchelated form was a commercial oxytetracycline solution suitable for intramuscular or intravenous administration. Oxytetracycline concentrations in plasma, milk, and urine were determined at timed intervals following treatment. Both forms of the drug appeared in the plasma, but the chelated form was a small amount. The nonchelated oxytetracycline also appeared in the milk. However, no oxytetracycline was in milk of cows treated with chelated oxytetracycline. Both forms of the drug were excreted in the urine. Milk should be withheld from market 24 and 0 h after administration of nonchelated and chelated forms.


Effect of horn flies on vanilmandelic acid excretion of dairy cattle. This study measured a physiological effect of known horn fly (Haematoba irritans L.) population densities on dairy cattle. Urinary excretion of the catecholamine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy mandelic acid, was an indicator of physiological response to the parasites. Six lactating Holstein cows were acclimated to the test room prior to a 3-wk control at 21 C. Animals were then exposed to approximately 500 horn flies per cow per day for 4 wk. On days 1 and 21 of exposure, two urine samples were obtained from each cow. Mean urinary values for cows were 13.3 +/- 3.1 mug/100 ml in the control period and 18.9 +/- 3.4 mug/100 ml during fly exposure. We believe that increased vanilmandelic acid reflects an increase in standing time and nervous activity associated with the physical disturbance due to the biting of the flies.


Insect growth regulators and in vitro volatile fatty acid production. Three insect growth regulators were tested for their effects on in vitro volatile fatty acid production. Each material was tested at 100 and 200 ppm of feed in a triplicated trial. At the concentrations used, there was a trend toward lowered acetate:propionate ratios with inconsistent effects on total volatile fatty acid production for all materials. Of the individual acids, only the relative production of valeric was affected significantly.


Effect of dietary potassium percent for lactating dairy cows. Three groups of Holstein cows (four cows per group) past the peak of lactation were fed dietary potassium as percent of dry matter as follows: .45% for 20 days to all groups; .45, .55, and .66% to the respective groups for 12 wk; and .66% to all groups for 19 days. Dietary potassium had no significant effect on milk fat and solids-not-fat contents of milk, milk production, or milk and blood serum cations (potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium). However, body weights were affected. Symptoms common in potassium deficiency were not apparent. Average daily milk production, feed intake, and body weight gains for the 12 wk in kilograms were: 21.9, 15.8, and 15.7; 23.4, 16.4, and 54.5; and 22.8, 19.9, and 92.9 for the .45, .55, and .66% rations. When .66% potassium was fed to groups previously fed .45 and .55% potassium, feed intake increased by 3.6 kg and 1.3 kg but increased only .2 kg in the group previously fed .66%.


Health and performance of calves with forestomach-bypass fed milk replacer. Ten male Holstein calves were placed in groups of two calves each on similarity of age. On calf in each group was subjected to forestomach-bypass surgery at about 1 mo of age. Fortified commercial milk replacer with added minerals and vitamins was fed as the sole diet. The calves were housed indoors on slatted platforms. Weight gain was determined biweekly. Feed intake was determined daily. Necropsies were performed upon termination of the study. Recurrent ruminal bloat, fever, and anorexia of varying degrees and combinations occurred in four of the calves with forestomach bypass. Two of these calves showed slow weight gain. One of the four calves died following acute bloat while the other three calves were sacrificed following repeated episodes of bloat. The time of termination varied between 3 and 10 mo. One calf with forestomach bypass and all control calves appeared healthy throughout the experiment. Necropsies indicated that the ruminal bloat, seen in most of the forestomach-bypass calves, could be attributed to the back-flow of ingesta via the omasal-abomasal orifice. This ingesta appeared to produce gas which became trapped in the bypassed rumen.


Hypersensitivity to procarbazine associated with angioedema, urticaria, and low serum complement activity. Hypersensitivity to procarbazine associated with urticaria, angioedema, and painful joint swelling was found in a 20-year-old student being treated for Hodgkin's disease. A marked fall in complement component activity occurred simultaneously with the development of symtoms. It is suggested that generation of products of complement component activation could be important in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity to some drugs.


In vitro cross-allergenicity of major aeroallergenic pollens by the radioallergosorbent technique. Cross-reactivity between major classes of aeroallergenic pollens has been estimated by comparing the inhibitory effects of selected allergens upon the reaginic activity of other native and non-native varieties, as measured by the radioallergosorbent technique (RAST). Common allergenic determinants were demonstrated in indigenous and nonindigenous ragween species. Although patterns of inhibitory capacity were less uniform among grass pollens, endemic species tended to have more common allergenic properties than nonendemic species. Tree pollens exhibited the greatest degree of heterogeneity, confirming the previous view that these pollens tend to be less cross-reactive. Concomitant skin test threshold studies utilizing the same groups of pollens were in general agreement with in vitro results. Because, threshold skin testing was affected by a number of uncontrollable variables, however, the current modification of RAST in estimating cross-allergenicity was more accurate and reliable than data based upon cutaneous tests. It was concluded that reagin neutralization by the RAST method is the best currently available method of assessing cross-allergenic properties of pollens.


An improved technique for nasal inhalation challenge tests. An improved technique for nasal inhalation challenge tests is described. It includes an improved delivery system utilizing a Maxi-Myst air compressor delivering a flow of room air controlled by an in-line, electroncially timed solenoid which precisely controls the duration of compressor activity. A No. 251 DeVilbiss atomizer will deliver 0.1 + 0.01 gm/spray when the flow rate is 11.5 L/min, the duration of atomizer activity is approximately 0.1 sec, and the amount of liquid in the atomizer insert is kept between 0.75 and 2.0 ml. Nasal aerosol challenge of 0.1 ml of isotonic phosphate-buffered saline per nostril produced less variability in nasal airway resistance (NAR) response than 0.2 ml, and the smaller volume proved satisfactory for 6 consecutive saline challenges at 15-min intervals. A new face mask, which did not impinge on the bridge of the nose or paranasal structures, yielded lower baseline values of nasal airway resistance and much less variability in these measurements. Techniques employed in objectively quantitating nasal responses to various exogenous substances are briefly but critically reviewed.


Inhibition by prednisone of late cutaneous allergic responses induced by antiserum to human IgE. Dual cutaneous allergic responses can be induced in human subjects by the intracutaneous injection of antiserum to human IgE (AHIGE). Adrenocortical steroid fails to inhibit the AHIGE-induced early wheal-and-flare response but does inhibit the late allergic response. This pattern of inhibition by adrenocortical steroid resembles that known to pertain to allergen-induced dual cutaneous allergic responses.


Modifications of the Wright Dust Feed Mechanism permitting stable dispersion of native ragweed pollen. Conventional methods have not provided aerosols of suitable constancy. The Wright Dust Feed Mechanism was adapted to provide tractable pollen dispersion.


IgE levels in sera of cancer patients.

IgE levels in sera of cancer patients. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) was measured in the sera of 18 healthy adult volunteer donors, 67 adults with various types of solid neoplasms, and 17 adults with clinical allergy by means of a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. There was no siginificant difference in the geometric mean serum IgE level between all cancer subjects and the healthy control subjects except that cancer and noncancer patients who had definite clinical allergies showed an increased mean IgE level. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the mean IgE level of any of the six cancer subgroups studied when compared to the control mean. Thus, there was no evidence reflected in serum levels that IgE plays a role in the immunopathology of the cancer population tested.


Serum prostaglandin levels in asthmatic patients. Levels of serum prostaglandins E and F were measured by radioimmunoassay in 40 asthmatic patients and healthy subjects. Levels of both prostaglandins--E and F--were significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in normal control subjects. The prostaglandin F/prostaglandin E ratio was significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in normal control subjects.


Dietary-atherosclerosis study on deceased persons. Relation of selected dietary components to raised coronary lesions. Dietary histories for 253 deceased New Orleans men were obtained retrospectively by interviewing respondents who had shared the household with these men for an average of eighteen years. Each respondent answered a detailed questionnaire designed to elicit the usual twenty-eight-day pattern of food intake of the subject during the terminal year of his life. This information was then used to calculate the average daily intake of selected dietary components. The cases included in the dietary studies were a sub-sample of cases in the International Atherosclerosis Project and were also studied for cigarette smoking habits. Analyses were performed to determine possible associations of nutrient intakes during the terminal year of life with the extent of raised lesion involvement in the three main coronary arteries measured at autopsy. These analyses indicated that higher intakes of protein of vegetal origin, total carbohydrate, starch, and crude fiber are associated with less atherosclerotic lesion involvement. For other components (total calories, total protein, animal protein, total fat, animal or vegetal fat, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, total sugars, and cholesterol), there were no indications that the daily consumption was related to atherosclerotic lesions found at autopsy. When the diet-lesion relationships were examined on the basis of nutrient-to-calorie ratios, starch and vegetal protein were associated with less atherosclerotic lesion involvement in the coronaries, while animal protein and fat, regardless of source, were associated with greater atherosclerotic lesion involvement. These results suggest that, in general, the consumption of more foods of vegetal origin may be related to a lesser degree of atherosclerotic involvement.