Neuroglial relationship in experimental central demyelination in rabbits. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in the rabbit, initially showed inflammatory lesions, followed by demyelination. The EAE lesions also exhibited an ascendency in their appearance, i.e. they involved the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum in that order. During the inflammatory stage of EAE, the astrocytes became hypertrophied and the oligodendrocytes were seen to be degenerating. The inflammatory cells included lymphocytes, plasma cells, and gitter cells. When demyelination had set in, there appeared a paucity of oligodendrocytes and a marked astrocytosis in and around the lesions. The relationship of the oligodendrocytes with the maintenance of myelin in the central nervous system is discussed.


Significance of the pattern of motor innervation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles of cat. Simple and compound forms of motor endings, showing a particular distribution, were found in the intrinsic laryngeal muscles of the cat. The muscles carrying compound and multiple endings were stained densely black with Sudan black B; while the muscles with simple and single endings showed black and pale fibres. A probable relationship is suggested between the contraction properties and the pattern of motor innervation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles of the cat.


Anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongue of the India goat, Capra aegagrus. The anatomy and neurohistology of the tongue of the Indian goat, Capra aegagrus, have been described. The apex linguae is notched in the centre. The foramen caecum is found to be absent. The sublingua could not be traced. The filiform papillae are the most common and divided into three types: the simple, giant, and true filiform papillae. The true filiform papillae are the most developed of the three types. The foliate papillae are absent. There are 13--14 circumvallate papillae arranged in two rows in a V-shaped pattern. The fungiform papillae are large and could easily be seen with the naked eye. They are scattered over the entire dorsum, being in abundance at the tip. The tongue of the goat is richly innervated. On the dorsum, the lamina propria is innervated by thick nerve fibres. In the fungiform papillae quite a large number of nerve fibres could be seen. The circumvallate papillae are also abundantly provided with nerves. A few ganglion cells are found below the circumvallate papillae. Thick nerve fibres are seen across the numerous glands and their ducts. Muscle fibres and connective tissue are also richly innervated.


Identification of sex from tarsal bones. Bone weight as a discriminative factor for identification of sex was studied in tarsal bones (172 calcanei and 164 tali) from the Varanasi region. The DPs for the weight of these bones identified sex correctly in a good percentage of cases, especially from the male bones. The findings suggest weight of tarsal bones as a useful metrical feature for discriminating sexual dimorphism.


Evidence for normal cum accessory neurenteric canals in a human fetus. Multiple anomalies, including a vertebral cleft in the cervicothoracic region containing the posterior pharyngeal diverticulum, and duplication of the lower lumbar spine with absence of sacrum and coccyx, are described in a stillborn anencephalic female monster. It is postulated that vertebral division at two levels is evidence of two neurenteric canals, a caudal normal canal and a cranial accessory one. This supports the 'accessory neurenteric canal' theory for vertebral divisions in the cervicothoracic regions. Other associated defects, such as exomphalos, ectopia vesicae and craniorhachischisis, are correlated with the presence of a single umbilical artery.


The articular disc of the hand.

The articular disc of the hand. The carpal articular disc have been studied in serial sectioned embryonal and fetal hands. It can be concluded that the articular disc is an extensive fibrous system that comes from the ulnar edge of the distal end of the radius and reaches, bordered by the deep layer of the antebrachial fascia, the base of metacarpal V. In this course, insertions take place into the ulnar aspect of the head of the ulna, into the ulnar styloid process and into the ulnar carpals. Emphasis has been laid upon the fact that the sheath of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris tendon is part of the fibrous system of the disc. The positions of the dorsal tendons seen with respect to the fascial implicate a mutual shift during pronation and supination of the hand. The relations between the so-called ligamentum subcruentum and prestyloid recess have been established, the presence of cartilaginous primordia in the developing dis has been discussed. We come to the conclusion that the evidence for drawing a parallel between phylogenetic and human embryological phenomena is still insufficient. In this connection we have stressed the modus of development of the pisotriquetral joint space.


Histochemical investigations on the symphysis menti in the human fetus related to fetal skeletal maturation in the hand and foot. Histochemical investigations on the symphysis menti region were performed on 72 human embryos and fetuses of crown-rump lengths (CRL) ranging from 16 to 162 mm, presenting skeletal maturity indices (CNO = composite number of ossified bones in the hand and foot) ranging from 0-0 to 19-11. The symphysis menti region is described in five developmental stages according to morphology and histochemical reactions at the interzone, enchondral bone formation, and Meckel's cartilage. The stages are described according to histochemical reactions for glycosaminoglucuronoglycans, collagen, glycogen, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and non-specific AS esterase. Silver impregnation followed by X-ray and histochemical control for Ca++ deposits supplemented the study. Special attention was paid to a fusion of the bilateral Meckel's cartilages in the midline characteristic of stage II. This is a finding not previously recorded in human fetuses. It is suggested to designate this fusion 'the rostral connection'. Histochemically, the fusion appeared as ordinary cartilage matrix (chondroitin-4- and/or-6-sulphate). The absence of a rostral connection characteristic of stage III is discussed. On the basis of reactions for glycosaminoglycans and activity of hydrolytic enzymes, the symphysis is characterized as a growth zone, active in mandibular growth in width as well as in length, during the first half of the prenatal period. The material available did not justify a description of skeletal development in the symphysis menti as a function of CRL, of skeletal maturation in the hand and foot, or as a function of a combination of these parameters.


Influence of the hypophysis on mitochondrial protein synthesis. Hypophysectomy significantly decreased the capacity to synthesize protein by isolated liver and skeletal muscle mitochondria. Total hypophyseal extract, growth hormone or thyroxine administered to the whole animal in adequate doses prior to sacrifice enhanced protein synthesis to values similar or higher to those of the control, especially in the case of thyroxine.


Ionic movements in the isolated chicken retina during spreading depression. The effects of adding tetrodotoxin, zinc, tetraethylammonium and manganese ions and the effects of the changes in calcium concentration in the bathing solution were studied upon the initiation and propagation of spreading depression waves elicited in the isolated chicken retina. The spreading depression (SD) was unaffected by tetrodotoxin in the concentrations used to block action potentials on axons. Tetraethylammonium and zinc ions had only a slight effect slowing the rate of propagation, an effect which was relieved by increasing the potassium or the calcium concentration. Zero calcium gave rise to the appearance of spontaneous waves of SD and a late loss of the excitability of the preparation. Low calcium concentrations slowed, and high concentrations increased, the rate of propagation. The late and prolonged increase in light reflectance was diminished under high calcium. Manganese blocked the responses. This blocking effect was antagonized by calcium simply by elevating its concentration  above that of manganese.


Effect of beta adrenergic blockade on surviving to acute hypoxia in mice. A significant protection against the lethal effects of hypobaric and isobaric hypoxia is observed in mice treated with propranolol. Previous acclimatization to chronic hypoxia does not introduce variations on this protective effect of the beta adrenergic blocking drugs. Similar effects were found using histotoxic anoxia provoked by sodium azide administration. A significative reduction of body temperature is observed under the effects of the blockaders. These findings suggest a reduced need of oxygen in the treated animals. Neutralization of the effects of epinephrine released as a consequence of the hypoxic stress is proposed as the protection mechanism.


The effects of noise upon the electrical activity of the cat cortex. Short periods of high intensity noise (100 db) were applied to cats under barbiturate or chloralose anesthesia and to some awake animals immobilized with gallamine. In the animals under barbiturate anesthesia, the noise increased the mean frequency of the ECG spindles recorded in the suprasylvian cortex. The cortical evoked responses to somatic and visual stimulation were modified in their late components during the noise periods. These late waves became more apparent and seemed to prolong the duration of those evoked responses. The changes in the cortical evoked responses were observed not only on those of the primary somatosensory and visual areas but also in those of the suprasylvian cortex.


Histological study of the operative zone in dogs with parotid gland grafts in the sella turcica. No remnants of adenohypophyseal tissue were found in 83% of the 70 dogs studied; in 17% of the animals remnants amounting to from 1 to 3% of normal hypophyseal tissue were found. These traces showed significant histological and cytological changes, and were most frequently found located on the floor of the sella turcica at some distance from their usual site. It is doubtful whether these residua have any functional significance, since the hypophysectomized dogs with such remnants had a survival time that corresponded to that of dogs with total hypophysectomy (6 months). The microscopic structure of the fragment of transplanted parotid (salivary gland) presents rich vascularization, changes in cellular distribution and a loss of the excretory duct. A better histological aspect was observed in the transplanted cells of the dogs with longer survival time. An important correlation exists between functional behavior of the operated animals and the histological state of the transplanted parotid tissue.


Activity and learning in neonatally hormone treated rats. The degree of activity and the performance in active avoidance learning were determined in adulthood, from neonatal hormone treated and intact rats. The treated groups were androgenized females and castrated males and females. Normal males and females composed the intact groups. Activity was measured in two tests situations, i.e., open field and shuttle box. Similar results were obtained in both tests, and a positive correlation coefficient was found between them. Intact females showed more activity than males; castration and testosterone injection in females decreased their activity. On the contrary, castration in males increased it. The effects of the treatments on the performance in the active avoidance task were similar to those described for activity, with the only exception that castration in males did not produce a significant effect in this test. Nevertheless, no correlation was found between activity and avoidance learning scores. The validity of the classification of different types of behavior as sexual or non-sexual is discussed.


The scope and potential of antibiotic conversion by microorganisms. Almost 50 antibiotics have been reported to be modified microbiologically and the changes observed were grouped into 16 types of reactions. Most of the products of the reactions were antibiotically inactive, several have assumed a considerable clinical significance and others are of real or potential economic value. The catalysis in most instances has been effected by whole cells and in a few cases the respective enzymes were isolated, purified and crystallized.


Microbial degradation of steroid alkaloids. Effect of nitrogen atom in the side-chain on the microbial degradation of steroid alkaloids. The microbial dehydrogenation of steroid alkaloids follows the dehydrogenation pattern of steroids until the 3-keto-1,4-diene stage. No side-chain cleavage or degradation of the steroid nucleus is observed. Side-chain cleavage of tomatidine is achieved only by previous induction of side-chain splitting enzymes.


Biosynthesis of bacitracin on a protein thiotemplate. The dodecapeptide bacitracin A is the major constitutent of a family of antibacterial peptides produced by Bacillus licheniformis. The non-ribosomal biosynthesis of bacitracin has been studied in cell-free extracts. Bacitracin synthetase has been fractionated on Sephadex G 200 column into two fractions; both fractions were required for bacitracin biosynthesis. On the other hand, on a Sepharose affinity chromatography column, using L-leucine as ligand, three fractions were obtained; all three were required for bacitracin biosynthesis. During bacitracin synthesis, the enzyme components contain a number of thioester bound peptides. The nature of the peptides suggested that the synthesis proceeds towards the C-terminal end of the molecule. It is assumed that by sequential addition of thioester-bound amino acids, bacitracin A could be synthesized on the surface of the enzyme containing phosphopantetheine.


The biosynthesis of hydroxynalidixic acid. Analytical methods have been worked out for the study of the human metabolism of nalidixic acid. Under pathological conditions the excretion of its metabolites differed from that observed in healthy volunteers. The cause of these variations was studied on the basis of individual excretion curves. The results showed that human and microbial biotransformations were identical. The possibilites offered by the new methods in drug research are discussed.


Microbiological hydroxylation of norethisterone. Hydroxylation of norethisterone by a large number of fungi has been investigated. 1alpha-Hydroxy-, 6beta-hydroxy-, 10beta-hydroxy-, 10beta,11beta-dihydroxy-15alpha-and 15beta-hydroxy-derivatives were formed from norethisterone. The microbiological dehydrogenation of 10beta-hydroxy-norethisterone resulting in 10beta,17beta-dihydroxy-17-ethynyl-1,4-estradien-3-one was also observed. The structure of transformation products was established by chemical and spectroscopical methods.


Cleavage of cardiac steroid glucosides by pure beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus ventii. Electrophoretically pure beta-glucosidase (beta-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) A3 from Aspergillus wentii was shown to deglucosylate cardiac steroid biosides, triosides and tetraosides with a terminal beta-D-glucoside residue linked to the aglycon sugar in 1 leads to 6 or 1 leads to 4 position. In dependence on the structure and conformation of the aglycon, the deglucosylation rate may vary by six orders of magnitude.


Steroid receptors in Streptomyces hydrogenans: isolation and characterization of a high affinity receptor for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. There are different steroid binding receptors in the cytosol of Streptomyces hydrogenans. A high molecular weight component binds 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alphaH-androstan-3-one) with high affinity. Partial purification is achieved by density gradient centrifugation and filtration on Sephadex G-200. 5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone and progesterone compete for the same binding sites on the receptor. Cyproterone and testosterone are not bound. As it is easy to isolate the binding fraction, a simple assay for 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone or progesterone in biological samples is available.


Variation in the Azotobacter population from several habitats in the botanical garden in Poznań. The abundance of Azotobacter was estimated in the rhizosphere of 13 plant species from four habitats in the Botanical Garden in Poznań. The results have shown that within the particular habitats the plant exerts a pronounced influence on the abundance of Azotobacter. The morphological differences between Azotobacter populations obtained from various habitats confirm the specific effect of the plant on this bacterium.


Synthesis of auxins by fungi isolated from the roots of pine seedings (Pinus silvestris L.) and from soil. Synthesis of auxins by fungi grown with and without tryptophan has been studied. 26 out of 30 fungal strains produced detectable amounts of auxins in tryptophan contain media. 18 strains produced but very small amounts of auxins in media without this amino acid. By means of paper chromatography, chromogenic reagents and biotest three active substances could be distinguished. They were found on the chromatograms run with isopropanol, ammonia, water (10:1:1 v/v) at Rf 0.05--0.2, 0.3--0.5 and 0.8--1.0. Most strains produced active substances with Rf 0.3--0.5.


Degradation of urea by bacteria and algae in mass algal cultures. Studies were conducted to determine the role of bacteria and algae in the degradation of urea in industrial waste waters. The microflora accompanying algae in continuous cultures on waste waters from the nitrogen fertilizers industry was found to include bacteria capable of intensive degradation of urea. Urea hydrolyzing bacteria are with time eliminated from the algal culture. This elimination can be attributed to algal metabolites which inhibit the development of sensitive bacteria. The Chlorella vulgaris strain used in the treatment of wast waters from the nitrogen fertilizers industry did not hydrolyse urea.


The production of extracellular polysaccharides by a hydrocarbon assimilating yeast. Investigations were made on the extracellular polysaccharides production by a hydrocarbon assimilating yeast. The yeast Candida lipolytica was grown on two different media containing n-hexadecane as the sole carbon source. Polymeric materials precipitated from the culture medium with ethanol were determined gravimetrically at various growth periods. The hydrolysis of the precipitated material and their chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of mannose, glucose and galactose in the yeast extract-containing medium. The proportions of these sugars differed at various growth periods. The hydrolysates of the polymers of the yeast extract-free medium contained more xylose than those of the yeast extract containing medium.


Effect of the concentration of nitrogen compounds on microbial reduction of sulphates. A change of the N/S ratio in the reaction medium affects the degree of the microbial reduction of sulphates to sulphides (x'). The time interval between the initial and the log phase of the process (t0) also varies, depending on the N/S ratio. It was demonstrated that optimal reduction conditions by the studied strain of Desulfovibrio desulphuricans exist in media of N/S=0.33.


A contribution to the synovial fluid immunopathology in rheumatoid arthritis and other arthropathies. The role of the autoimmune or autoallergic process in Progressive Chronic Polyarthritis, has been the subject of a great deal of study in the last four decades. In this work, using the synovial fluid of 312 patients suffering Chronic Progressive Polyarthritis and other arthropaties, the immunopathologic aspects of these diseases are studies. The following techniques had been used: 1. Total protein determination 2. Animal immunization. 3. Gel diffusion. 4. Immunoelectrophoresis. 5. Cellogel electrophoresis. 6. Radial immunodiffusion. 7. Absorption. After a systematic discussion of each of the results obtained (comparing these findings with those of other authors) we have arrived to the following conclusions. 1. The great importance of the immunoglobulins' role in the immunization process and their relation with high total protein titres, especially in PCP. 2. The importance of the IgA role in Rheumatoid Arthritis and in Acute Lymphatic Leukemia, behaving in the former as a Rheumatoid Factor with autoantibody nature. 3. An antigenic community between plasma and synovial proteins, and protein fractions. 4. The existence o af synovial "self" protein could not be demonstrated "in vivo".


[Quantitative study of immunoglobulins A and G in the salivary secretion of asthmatic patients]. "Quantitative study of IgG and IgA in the saliva of asthmatics." In this paper the data obtained from the quantitative determination of the IgG and IgA contents of saliva in a group of 56 asthmatic patients of different ages and a group of 54 non-asthmatic healthy controls are compared and discussed. The method of Mancini has been used for measuring the contents of IgG and IgM, both in serum and saliva, the correction proposed by Hobbs has been applied to these values. The following findings are reported: 1. The IgG and IgA levels in the saliva of asthmatic patients (both children and adults) showed a trend to an increased dispersion, when compared with the values observed in the corresponding normal healthy controls. 2. In the group of asthmatic children studied, the measurement of the concentration of these immunoglobulins in saliva showed, as a whole, a significative decrease of IgA (p less than 0,001) and an increase of IgG (p less than 0,01). It is not possible, however, from this data to infer any type of correlation between the concentration of IgA or IgG in saliva and etiology or clinical picture. On the other hand, no statistical difference could be demonstrated between the concentration of these immunoglobulins in the saliva of the group of adult asthmatic patients and the corresponding healthy controls. 3. The present data does not support the existence of any correlation between the concentration of these immunoglobulins in saliva and serum in a group of asthmatic patients. It is of interest to point out, however, that the only three adult asthamtic patients with an IgA serum concentration higher than 400 mg/100 ml. show increased IgA levels in saliva. The authors are planning to proceed this study adding in furture cases the measurement of IgE and IgD with the purpose of confirming the difference found between the concentrations of IgA and IgG in the saliva of asthmatic children versus healthy controls, and of looking at the existence of other significant differences or correlations.


[Incidence and most frequent age at hospitalization in bronchial asthma]. A revision of all the clinical histories of asthmatic children discharged from our hospital in the period from January 1st until December 31st 1972, is performed. Sex, age and number of hospitalizations are taken into consideration. A total of 650 clinical histories comprised all the parameters established to alizing 1002 admissions. An incidence of 6,9% of all admissions corresponded to asthmatic children being the age group 0 - 4 the most frequently involved, with a total of 490 patients corresponding to 75% of all patients studied. The age group 0 - 4 comprised 763 of the 1002 admissions, corresponding to 76% of all admissions. A male predominance was found corresponding to 50% of all patients. The older age groups presented less incidence of admissions; this may be to a tendency towards less acute symptoms as the children grow older; the homeostatic mechanisms of the child are more mature; a small percentage refused to be hospitalized. The age groups 0 - 4, are considered of high risk, due to severity of symptoms this age group usually presents at the moment of hospitalization. During 1973, a total of 73 defunctions due to asthma bronchitis and emphysema were recorded in children less than 15 years old, out of which 85% corresponded to the age group 0 -4.


Suggested reduction of permissible exposure to plutonium and other transuranium elements. The historical development of the value of maximum permissible body burden ot 239Pu is presented and present considerations for the revision of this standard are given. Some evidence is presented that the linear hypothesis may not be sufficiently conservative at low dose rates and especially for the actinide elements. Until certain questions are answered about the particle problem, it will not be possible to set a satisfactory maximum permissible body burden for 239Pu based on lung as the critical organ, but in the meantime some studies suggest that the present maximum premissible body burden based on bone should be reduced at least by a factor of 200.


Efficiency of dust sampling inlets in calm air. Measurement of airborne dust concentrations usually involves drawing a sample of the dust-laden air into the measuring instrument through an inlet. Even if the surrounding air is calm, theoretical calculations predict that large particles may not be sampled accurately due to the combined effects of gravity and inertia on the particles near the sampling inlet. Tests were conducted to determine the conditions of particle size, inlet radius, and flow rare necessary for accurate dust sampling. A coal-dust aerosol was sampled simultaneously through inlets of different diameters at the same volume flow-rate and collected on filters. The dust was removed from the filters and the particles were counted and sized with a Coulter counter. Results showed that published criteria for inlet conditions for correct sampling are overly restrictive and that respirable-size particles are sampled correctly in the normal range or operation of most dust sampling instruments.


Immunological studies in breast cancer.

Immunological studies in breast cancer. In the present study elevated IgM serum levels have been found in patients with breast cancer who presented sinus histiocytosis and had no node metastases. IgG values were increased in Stage II. This finding further strengthens the view that immunological phenomena play a significant role in the biological behaviour of breast cancer.


Sulfuric acid effect on the deposition of radioactive aerosol in the respiratory tract of guinea pigs. The effect of inhalation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosol on respiratory deposition of radiolabeled streptococcus aerosol was investigated in guinea pigs. A 60 minute exposure to 3020 mugm/m3 H2SO4 (1.8 mum CMD) resulted in a 60% greater total respiratory deposition rate than control animals and a proximal shift in the regional pattern of deposition to the nasopharynx. Dose-response experiments revelaed that a concentration of 30 mugm/m3 H2SO4 (0.25 mum CMD) also induced a proximal shift in the regional pattern of particle deposition but in this instance the shift was to the trachea. The interrelationship between mass concentration of H2SO4 and its particle size to the interpretation of these results is discussed. A hypothesis concerning the relationship of these data to previously reported respiratory physiologic effects of H2SO4 inhalation and to a pathophysiologic mechanism which may underlie effects attributed to sulfur oxides by epidemiologic studies is described.


Asbestos emissions from baghouse controlled sources. There is virtually no information published on the absolute efficiency of baghouses in reducing the emmisions of fine particles of asbestos. This lack of information is unfortunate because serious occupational health problems may result from the common practice of recirculating air to conserve energy. Emission testing has been conducted at five asbestos processing plants where the emissions are controlled by baghouses. The results showed that the mass removal efficiency frequently exceeded 99.00%. Membrane filter samples of the effluent were examined by optical and electron microscope. It was observed that despite the high mass efficiency, the number of fibers emitted, which were greater than 1.5 mum in length, was about 10(4)-10(5) fibers/m3, while the number of fibers less than 1.5 mum was 10(7)-10(8) fibers/m3. The significance of the size of the fibers in terms of probably health impact is briefly discussed.


Evaluation of total IgE in diverse allergosis. Comparative study with other techniques. Part I. Three hundred patients whose ages ranged between 10 and 50 years were studied. They were classified, according to the number of sensitizing allergens, their sensitization frequency, the clinical syndrome diagnosed, and the therapy followed by each one of them. Intracutaneous tests with twenty-nine groups of allergens and the determination of total IgE, were carried out on each of them. A statistical evaluation was performed on the results obtained, for the purpose of proving mathematically the certainty of these values. The results obtained lead to the following conclusions: 1) The mean values of IGE found coincide with those discovered by other authors, except in the cases of parasytosis and atopic dermatitis. 2) The expression "mean value of IgE" is incorrect for comparative effects with respect to normal levels, since a great diffusion of individual values with respect to this mean value, were observed in all the circumstances studied. 3) A different reaginic response is noticed in the patients studied: from 50 to 70% presented extremely elevated values of serum IgE. Points 1) and 3) are being submitted to an exhaustive re-examination.


Effect of the 2.0 mg/m3 coal mine dust standard on underground environmental dust levels. The 1969 Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act established environmental dust standards for underground coal mines. The Act requires that the average concentration of respirable dust in the active workings of a mine be maintained at or below 3.0 mg/m3; and, that effective December 30, 1972, the 3.0 mg/m3 standard be reduced to 2.0 mg/m3. This paper discusses the current status of dust levels in our underground coal mines, the effect of the 2.0 mg/m3 standard on underground dust levels, and associates the current levels with specific operations and occupations. The comparison is made between current levels and those existing prior to December 30, 1972.


[Immunological studies on patients with mycosis fungoides]. Recently, much has been published on the immunological status of patients affected with various lymphomas. In the particular case of Mycosis fungoide, there was no general agreement on the immunological status of the corresponding patients. In fact, López Borrasca et al, found severe depression of cellular immunity in such patients. On the contrary, Blaylock and Clendenning found very little change in cellular immunity, but a very high serum-IgA. We want to offer our experience on this problem with the immunological survey of four patients with the Alibert-Bazin-form of Mycosis fungoide. The following tests were performed on each patient: a) Intracutaneous test with candidina, PPD and other bacterial antigens. b) Sensitization to a concentrate solution of dinitrochlorobencene (DNCB). c) Lymphocyte Transformation Test (LTT), with phytohemagglutinin as mitogen. d) Quantitative determination of IgG, IgM, IgA and beta1C, with the radial immunodiffusion technique (Mancini et al.). e) Agar immunoelectrophoresis. The following results were obtained: 1) The cellular immunity was markedly depressed in the four patients when any of a, b or c-test was performed. 2) All the patients showed very high levels of serum IgA, 150% higher than control. The reason for this is unknown. On the contrary, IgG in serum was less elevated and IgM and beta1C serum levels were normal. 3) No monoclonal bands were found in any case (immunoelectrophoresis). 4) No definite conclusions could be reached due to the limited number of cases, but the uniformity of results should encourage to carry this work further.


Temperature regulation training in a cooling environment. Twelve young men were given biofeedback training to enable them to increase finger temperature at will. They were dressed in warm clothing, including gloves, and placed six at a time in an environmental chamber at 7 degrees C for three hours daily for eight work days. Each was to attempt six rewarmings per session. Finger temperature was presented to the subject on a multipoint recorder. Data from 554 attempts were analyzed. A training effect was not noted, but successful rewarmings were present from the start. The 12 subjects varied considerably in ability to rewarm, from 89% to 28% successes. They were divided into the most and least consistent who, nevertheless, remained over 10 degrees C above air temperature. These performances were compared with another group wearing identical, or even much more insulative, handwear under roughly comparable conditions but without voluntary rewarming; the advantage of periodic feedback rewarming to maintain finger temperature in such conditions was obvious.


A charcoal sampling method and a gas chromatographic analytical procedure for carbon disulfide. Research is reported concerning an acceptable method for sampling and analyzing samples for carbon disulfide. Test atmospheres of carbon disulfide were generated dynamically using the syringe injection method, ant the theoretical concetnration verified by a liquid absorbent, colorimetric method. The CS2 was adsorbed on charcoal tubes, eluted with benzene, and quantitated with a gas chromatography equipped with a sulfer flame photometric detector. The results compared with the colorimetris analysis. The sensitivity of this method is 1 mug on a charcoal tube. The charcoal tubes were also tested for breakthrough volumes, holding power vs time, and the effect of air transport and temperature cycles.


Noise exposure and hearing levels of workers in the sheet metal construction trade. Hearing and noise levels were measured at a jobsite involving sheet metal construction work and at a sheet metal fabrication shop. Noise levels up to 114 dBA (slow response) were measured when various powered hand tools were used. Noise levels exceeded 85 dBA between one-fourth and one-third of the time. Impact noise levels averaged about 120-125 dB peak SPL. Audiometric examinations showed that this group of construction workers had hearing losses, with the majority of the loss occurring in the 3KH(Z) to 6 KH(Z) range. In addition the loss became more severe with increasing age. Temporary threshold shifts were observed both on the jobsite and in the shop after a single eight-hour exposure.


Absorption, distribution and excretion of terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate. Data from a radiotracer study in rabbits and rats to determine the absorption, distribution, and excretion of terephthalic acid (TA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) following oral, intratracheal, dermal and ocular administration indicate the following: (1) a rapid absorption and excretion of 14C-TA and 14C-DMT with no evidence of tissue accumulation in rats following single or repeated oral and intratracheal administration; (2) no evidence of skin irritation in rats after a single or repeated dermal application of 80 mg of 14C-TA or 14C-DMT and no significant skin absorption of 14C-TA; (3) recovery of approximately 11% of a single dose and 13% of five repeated cutaneous doses of 14C-DMT from the urine and feces of rats within 10 days after initial dosing; (4) no significant absorption of 14C-TA when applied to the conjunctival sac of one eye of eight rabbits; (5) excretion of approximately 33% of a single ocular dose (50 mg) of 14C-DMT in the urine and feces of rabbits within 10 days after instillation with no evidence of tissue accumulation or ocular damage. These results suggest that TA and DMT are rapidly absorbed and excreted and that no significant quantities of these compounds accumulate in the tissues following single or repeated oral, intratracheal, dermal, or ocular administration to laboratory animals.


[Study of taeniarhynchosis in 5 districts of the People's Republic of Bulgaria with reference to chemoprophylaxis. Report given during the IVth symposium of the GDR on "Taeniarhynchosis-Cysticercosis" on April 26th, 1974 in Schwerin]. 1968-1972 in five districts of DR Bulgaria 666 persons with Taeniarhynchus saginatus infection were registered, 64% of these tapeworm carriers lived in the country, 36% were townspeople. The incidence of infection in women  was twice as high as in man. There were differences in incidence in jobs, 21.6% in farm workers, 20.2% in industrial workers, 13.8% in workers in the tobacco industry, 14.2% in housewives, 12.1% in pulls, 9.2% in office workers and 8.1% in pensioners carried tapeworms. Only 1.4% of animal breeders were infected with T. saginatus. The incidence of infestation increased in relation to the age. - In the Kardschali district, the tobacco farmers with a disease incidence of 34.8% represented a large part of the total incidence in the country. The private keeping of animals is still widespread in the country. The disease incidence increases between the age groups 20-40 years. The reason for the above is people eating increased uncontrolled animals. Individual food preparation habits and ignorance of the source of meat also account for spread of infection of people. As a trial three prophylactic methods were tested to establish a reduction of this disease.


[Observations on the extensity and intensity of cysticercosis in cattle in the Peoples Republic of Poland. Report given during the IVth symposium of the GDR on "Taeniarhynchosis-Cysticercosis" on April 26th, 1974 in Schwerin]. The bladder worm of cattle, Cysticercus bovis is found all over the world with a tendency towards a constant increase in incidence. An account of long term investigation in cattle, older than three months, being carried out in slaughter houses in a variety of towns and districts in Poland. This gradual increase was also observed in a rise from 0.32% to 0.67% in the disease as the average within the country. According to the trend of events of the infection it was possible to distinguish five groups with a variable course of parasitosis. Details are given for the difference of occurrence. Although there is little knowledge of public health intensive measures are taken in many parts of the country  to combat this parasite and to ensure the health of the population of the country.


[Taeniarhynchosis in the GDR. Data on the incidence during 1966-1973. Report given during the IVth symposium of the GDR on "Taeniarhynchosis-Cysticercosis" on April 26th, 1974 in Schwerin]. In GDR since 1965 infection with Taeniarhynchus saginatus became a notifiable disease. The infection can be transmitted through food but also can infect people directly. The infection can only reach man through officially tested meat and processed meat. Infection of T. saginatus increased from 1966-1973 per 1000 inhabitants from 1.5 to 4.5 in some districts, Magdeburg, Gera, Suhl and Karl-Marx-Stadt, in some others even higher. The highest rate of infection was found in persons between 21 and 50 years old. The control of taeniarhynchosis is an urgent problem of public health. Firm medical measures are submitted for discussion.


[Human taeniarhynchosis in the CSSR. Report given during the IVth symposium of the GDR on "Taeniarhynchosis-Cysticercosis" on April 26th, 1974 in Schwerin]. In the CSSR Taeniarhynchosis is not a notifiable disease. The details of frequency of occurrence of this disease are mainly based on investigations by the government medical laboratories, Prague. The number of persons infected with Taeniarhynchus saginatus increased in the last six years to 1700. Therefore this represents an increase of three times with carriers of tapeworm, as much compared with the results of previous years. The reason for this is not regarded as unsatisfactory veterinary observation by the government but the increase in consumption of raw beef.


[Histology of the larval intestinal tract of the goat warble fly Przhevalskiana silenus]. The goat warble fly from Afghanistan studied in the present paper should be named Przhevalskiana silenus (Brauer) (=Crivellia silenus Brauer) according to recent studies (Wetzel 1972). In the present paper the histology of the gut of all three larval stages is described. Pharynx and oesophagus are well developed in L1. There are no important histological differences to L2 and L3. In contrast to L2 and L3 in L1 the mid gut runs down in a straight line without any looping. There is a cell clot in the first stage which is not present in the second and third one. While in L1 the lumen of the gut is filled with a fine astructural mass there are many blood cells to be found in the gut lumen of L2 beside other nutritive substances. The mid gut in this stage shows a clear histological and functional differentiation in three main sections. The cells of the first and third section secernate, while the second section does not possess secernating cells at all. In L3 there is no secretory activity in the first section of the mid gut at any time, while the cells of all the rest of the mid gut show a merocrine secretion. Neither in L2 nor in L3 any of the two types of cells differing in size in the mid gut's (ED2) epithelium ever secernates. In the mid gut of L1 unspecific esterases have been found. In L2 the same enzymes are produced in the same place. In addition proteins are produced in the salivary glands. They obviously get secernated by the second portion of the salivary glands, which are developed in this stage.


[Demonstration of isoenzymes of human serum N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidases, during pregnancy]. The N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase activity (EC 3.2.1.30) in human serum during pregnancy is increased. A polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, without sodium dodecyl sulfate-uree, of the total serum allowed after incubation with the N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (6-bromo-2-hydroxy-3-naphthoyl-O-anisidine) coupled with the diazonium salt of O-amino-azotoluene to localise two zones of enzymatic activity. An electrophoresis of the same samples in exponential gradient polyacrylamide gel, shows 6 to 8 zones of different enzymatic activities.


[Determination of the phenotypes of several erythrocytic enzymes by cellulose acetate electrophoresis]. The authors describe simple and rapid separation technics by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, phosphohexose isomerase, lactate dehydrogenase iosenzymes in the red cells. These technics are derived from those of Rattazi et al. for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and Sonneborn for 6-phosphogluconate dehycrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase and acid phosphatase.


[Automation of fluorometric enzymatic determination of free and total cholesterol. Application to the determination of the esterification rate]. A fluorimetric, authomatical method for determination of free and total cholesterol in serum is described. Cholesterol esters are splitted into free cholesterol and fatty acids by cholesterol esterase. In the presence of oxygen free cholesterol will be transformed by cholesterol oxydase in delta 4 cholestenone with formation of hydrogen peroxyde. Hydrogen peroxyde oxidizes in the presence of catalase inethanol to formaldehyde which gives with ammonium ions and acetylacetone 3-5 diacetyl 1-4 dihydrolutidine measured by fluorimetry. Withour cholesterol esterase, the reaction allows a measurement of free cholesterol in plasma. So the ratio of ester to total cholesterol is determined by the two steps. Accuracy and precision are very good. Results are well correlated with those obtained with reference methods.


[Emergency myocardial revascularization with assisted circulation for early extension of infarction]. In order to reduce the oxygen consumption of the myocardium and preserve the areas around the infarction, still alive but undergoing ischemia, 8 patients with early extension of their infarction were placed under circulatory assistance by intra-aortic counter-pulsation. In 8 patients, the pain disappeared and did not recur, permitting left ventriculography and coronary arteriogrpahy. This examination is often considered high risk, but in no patient in our series, during the acute phase of myocardial infarction, were there any complications. 6 patients underwent operation, and aortic counter-pulsation was used during the post-operative period. In all, eight coronary by-pass operations were carried out and, in one case, part of the ventricular wall was resected. All patients are still alive, none have heart failure or residual angina; the follow-up period is now 2 years for the first case.


[Prolonged anuria during bacterial endocarditis]. The authors report a case of anuria which lasted 3 months in a patient with sub-acute streptoccocal endocarditis. The investigations led to the discovery, at the level of the kidneys, of arterial aneurysms, renal infarction and diffuse endo-capillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, with deposits of complement and immunoglobulin and finally, interstitial nephritis, perhaps of metastatic origin, which was probably the lesion responsible for the renal failure. Renal function progressively improved and hemodialysis was stopped at the 6th month after correction of the mitral and aortic valve disease.


[Infectious complications of malignant lymphomas. Evaluation of 411 infections observed in 629 patients]. The main clinical and paraclinical characteristics of 411 infections which occured in 629 patients with malignant lymphoma, treated between 1960 and 1973, are reported here. The theoretical interest of such cases is emphasized, they permit one to contrast Hodgkin's disease with other forms of lymphoma in view of the very marked paraneoplastic immune deficiency in the first group. The practical, diagnostic and therpeutic problems raised are exceptionally difficult and may become even more simple with more efficacious anticancer therapy which, curing more regularly patients from their blood disease, avoids the factors which favour these infections.


[10 cases of giant lumbo-sacral neurinoma]. Among giant tumours of the cauda equina, apart from ependymomas, neurinomas merit a special place. Depending on their site, they give rise to severe lumbar pain or root pain, with, almost constantly, aggravation during the night. X ray suggests the diagnosis when one finds displacement of the bone without inflammation, a regular bony defect, well-limited and asymmetric, and when the tumour is frequently prolonges in several directions across the bony orifices, sometimes giving a very large paravertebral mass which requires a double approach during surgery. The prognosis of isolated neurinomas is excellent, with disappearance of the pain immediately after operation, regression of the neurological signs or, at any rate, stabilisation when the latter are important. As far as the problem of spinal stability is concerned, this has been solved by sufficient spontaneous bony reconstruction.


[Para- and tetraplegia caused by decompression accident (deep sea diving). Study of 9 cases with more or less severe sequelae]. The authors report 9 cases of para and tetraplegia due to decompression sickness following deep sea diving. Poor technique was the cause of 8 of these cases, but one remained totally unexplained. The sequelae were serious; 3 dorsal paraplegias, which were functionally complete, 4 incomplete tetraplegias giving rise to permanent disability. In 2 cases there remained some spasticity of the lower limbs, in some cases associated with genito-urinary disorders. The authors review recent physiopathological theories. -- Blood disturbances may be due to the presence of gas bubbles which aggress the organism and give rise to coagulation disorders. -- The formation of the bubbles may be the cause of the spinal lesions, e.g. liberation in situ, gas embolism; the bubbles may form in various parts of the circulation and may cross the pulmonary barrage. Bubbles probably form in the lung itself, in the pulmonary veins and in the aorta, including the spinal capillaries. There is some slowing of the circulation, secondary to increased pressure, and pulmonary stasis may also play a harmful role. Finally, the dorsal spinal segments, which are the most poorly vascularised, are particularly exposed. This corresponds to the clinical findings. As far as treatment is concerned, the authors emphasize that recompression with hyperbaric equipment, should be carried out as an emergency, especially in unconsciuos subjects, together with other appropriate treatment. Such facts are important now that deep sea diving is becoming more and more commonly practised.


[Myelopathy and macrocytic anemia associated with a folate deficiency. Cure by folic acid]. The authors report a case of myelopathy associated with macrotic anemia. The prior inefficacy of treatment with B1, B6 and B12 vitamins, in spite of a normal Schilling test, suggested the possibility of folate deficiency, the concentration of which was found very low in the serum (1.5 mg/ml). The addition of folic acid to the vitamins already administered without success, was followed by rapid recovery of the anemia and a frank neurological improvement maintained after 10 months follow-up. The rare similar cases observed in the world literature are analysed here. The other neurological manifestations, due to folate deficiency, the etiological circumstances and the methods of diagnosis are recalled.


[Phospho-calcium metabolism after operation for hyperthyroidism]. Study of data concerning calcium and phosphorus after removal of an adenoma in 60 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, showed that serum calcium levels always fall. Serum phosphorus usually rises, but not always. There is a fall in urinary calcium in cases which previously had increased calcium in the urine. Phosphorus in the urine falls, but in a variable manner. The authors discuss the role of bony lesions and renal failure.


[Effects of ascorbic acid deficiency on lactate dehydrogenase. Quantitative and isoenzymatic study]. Light, acute vitamin C deficiency or repletion had no uniform effect on lactiodeshydrogenase, each organ reaching specifically (skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, spleen, liver adrenals, testes). There was no correlation with the age of the animal except in the case of testicular lacticodeshydrogenase isoenzymes. Reduction of food intake caracteristic of the late state of scurvy had no effect on the distribution of isoenzymes which was also independent of quantitative variations of enzyme activity. Vitamin C repletion restored the normal distribution of isoenzymes in spleen and liver but not in skeletal muscle. In the last phase of acute vitamin C deficiency, lactiodeshydrogenase activity was generaly elevated (heart and skeletal muscle excepted). When ascorbic acid was given back lacticodeshydrogenase activity remained elevated in liver and spleen but was lowered in skeletal muscle.


[Effects of rapeseed oil on production of corticosterone by rats subjected to stresses (physical effort, cold]. Investigations were carried out on male Wistar rats from an own animal farm of the Institute of Food and Nutrition. The animals were kept on two types of diet containing 50 p. 100 of calories from rapeseed or sunflower oil. The investigations on the effect of rapeseed oil on functional changes of rat adrenals in animals exposed to graded physical exercise were performed on 40 rats aged 3.5 months at the beginning of the experiment. The animals were divided into two groups and were given during 6 weeks diets containing rapeseed or sunflower oil. Then, each group was divided into two subgroups. Administering further these diets one subgroup was left without physical exercise during 7 days, the 2nd group was exposed to graded physical exercise during 45 min. daily during 7 days. Physical exercise was graded by means of special rotating drums driven electrically and provided with running-tracks. Each rat had a daily run of 630 m., and during 7 days this distance was 4 410 m. The investigations on the effect of rapeseed oil on functional changes of rat adrenals in animals exposed to low temperature were performed on 40 rats aged 3.5 months at the beginning of experiment. After 6 weeks on diets each of the two groups was divided into two subgroups. Administering further the same diets one group was left in the laboratory and the other subgroup was placed for 2 weeks in a room at 4 degrees C. After the experiment the animals were decapitated and their adrenals and plasma were taken for corticosterone determinations by the fluorimetric method. Differences were demonstrated in the effects of rapeseed oil and sunflower oil during these stresses. During graded physical exercise the corticosterone level in the adrenals of rats kept on diet with rapeseed oil was unchanged, while it rose significantly in the group receiving sunflower oil. In the plasma the corticosterone level increased during physical exercise in both groups, but in the group receiving rapeseed oil this increase was lower. During exposure to low temperature the adrenal corticosterone level decreased in the group receiving rapeseed oil and was unchanged in the group on sunflower oil. In the plasma the corticosterone level increased on exposure to low temperature in both groups but less in the group receiving rapeseed oil as compared with the group on sunflower oil.


[Rearing of a biotype of Myzus persicae Sulzer on synthetic media. III. Respective nutritive value of L-methionine, L-cysteine and sulfates]. The respective influence of some different components of a synthetic diet on the survivial and the fecundity of one strain of Myzus persicae Slz. have been established by experiments with the deletion of some components and with variations of their concentrations. 1. L.methionin is the only essential amino-acid amd the variations of its concentrations are related with variations of the fecondity of the aphids. 2. When the amount of L. methionin is inadequate to satisfy the whole sulphur requirements, the supply of L. cystein or inorganic sulphur is beneficial. 3. The nutritional values of L. cystein and of inorganic sulphur seem to be identical. 4. The fecundity of the aphids is depending on the concentration of the everall L. aminoacides and on the amount of L. methionin in the synthetic diet without any interaction between these two factors. So, it can be assumed that the concentration of overall L.amino-acids and the concentration of L. methionin exert separate controls of the fecundity of the aphids.


[Value of alkane-produced protein and three animal meals for growth and body nitrogen of meal worms (Tenebrio molitor L.)]. Different types of chemical and biological procedures for screening protein quality of many foods are available. It is recognized however that such assays cannot be part of a routine screening technic. For good technologists and plant breeders in search of novelties, the main problems arise from the small size of samples available and the need to evaluate a large number of materials in a short period of time. The development of more accurate, economical and/or faster bioassay methods would be useful for solving some of the general and applied nutrition problems. The possibility of using larvae of the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) as a bioassay test organism for nutritional evaluation of proteins has been suggested (8) and previous investigations (9, 10, 11, 12,13, etc.) indicated that these larvae can be used in such studies because of a short, rapid growth period and a sensitivity to  slight changes in protein quality and quantity. The present investigation was designed to asses the nutritional quality of artificial diets containing various levels of BP-protein (pure n-alkanes grown yeast or yeast G) when fed to larvae of T. molitor. The results were compared with those of Difco vitamin-free casein, fish and meat meals studied in the same manner. The chemical compositions of these proteins sources was also reported. Defatted meals of the samples were used to prepare diets containing from 0,6 to 20 p. 100 of dietary protein. The basic protein free diet used contained: dextrose: 97 p. 100, McCollum's salt mixture: 2 p. 100, cholesterol: 1 p. 100 and  a solution of B-vitamins and zinc chloride: 0,1 ml/g. The dextrose portion of the diets is adjusted as the protein concentration fluctuates. Larvae of T. molitor, Gembloux strain, race F, ranging in weight from 9,60 to 12,00 mg were selected from stock cultures, rearing in the ground wheat-Brever's yeast medium. They were starved for 48 hr. and were weighed again before being placed on the test diets for 4 weeks. Groups of thirty larvae having an average initial weight of approximately 10 mg were reared individually in vials at 27 degrees C and 70 p. 100 relative humidity with 1,5 g of diet each. At the end of the experimental period,the larvae were weighed to the nearest 0,1 mg and the gains in fresh weight were recorded. Then, all the larvae from the same diet, previously killed with chloroform were used from nitrogen determinations. Data on gains in weight and body nitrogen of larvae were analyzed, using analysis of variance and NEWMAN and KEUL's multiple range test. The results suggest that the protein levels allowing maximuum growth and body nitrogen vary from 9 to 12 p. 100 and these levels were suitable for the comparisons. Based on the criterion of larval weight, the nutritional quality of the protein sources was : BP-protein greater than casein = fish meal greater than meat meal (P less than 0,01)...


[The role of spores and crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in the infection of Laspeyresia pomonella L. (Tortricidae) (author's transl)]. Susceptibility of Laspeyresia pomonella to the crystal toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis is demonstrated by forced and free ingestion of purified preparations. The effect of spores alone is weak and cannot be expressed by a relationship between dose and mortality. Crystals and spores exhibit better activity when they are associated.


[Gill repartition of two Monogenea: Diplectanum aequans (Wagener 1857), Diesing 1958 and D. laubieri Lambert and Maillard 1974 (Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea) simultaneous parasites of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (author's transl)]. The close observation of the gill habitat of two Monogeneans Diplectanum aequans (Wagener 1857) Diesing 1858 and Diplectanum laubieri Lambert and Maillard 1974 shows the microbiotopes of these two simultaneous parasites of the Sea-bass: Dicentrarchus labrax. The authors propose to study the distribution of the Monogeneans with references to three theoretic axes in the gill chambers. For the Diplectanum, the populations spread on each of these axes according to preferential gradients.


[Microphallidae Travassos, 1920 (Trematoda). XXXIII. Apropos of 11 species described or collected by P. Oschmarin in the Far East (author's transl)]. The collection of the Microphallidae collected by P. Oschmarin includes the following species: 1) Maritrema magnicirrus, M. gratiosum, Maritrema sp.; 2) Basantisia halcyonae, B. longa, B. ramai -- Belopolskiella prolecithum; 3) Microphallus oviformis; 4) Levinseniella acanthophalla, L. bucephalae tringae; 5) Spiculotrema littoralis. The writer describes and illustrates the anatomy of several of those species; consequently he proposes the following changes of systematic: 1) Maritrema gratiosum sensu Oschmarin is a new species: Maritrema (Maritrema) chiriacae; the Maritrema sp. could be M. sachalinicum Schumakowitsch; 2) The genus Belopolskiella and Basantisia are synonymous; the species prolecithum and longa are synonymous. Besides B. prolecithum and B. tamsuiensis could be synonymous but it is not proved; 3) L. acanthophalla and L. bucephalae tringae are both synonimisided with L. bucephalae Yamaguti, 1939.


[New data on Dicrocoelium hospes Looss, 1907: anatomy of the adult and life cycle. Preliminary paper (author's transl)]. The morphological and anatomical studies of Dicrocoelium hospes Looss, 1907, from Togo set off several differences with Dicrocoelium lanceolatum Rudolphi, 1819: shape and dimensions of the body, shape and disposition of the testes, shape, dimensions and location of the vitellaria, structure of the uterus coils. The first intermediate host is found, they are three species of Limicolaria, one of them being L. aurora. The cercaria is described, its chaetotaxy confirms the validity of species D. hospes. Two species of ants: Dorylus sp. and Crematogaster sp. may be the second intermediate host.


[New nematodes of the genus Trichospirura Smith and Chitwood, 1967, in Malaysia. Remarks on the evolution of the family Rhabdochonidae (author's transl)]. Description of Trichospirura willmottae n. sp. parasite of the salivary ducts of Tupaia glis and T. sp. (single virgin female) parasite of the intestine of Myotis mystacinus in Malaysia. The two species are very closely related to the type species, a parasite of the pancreatic ducts of brasilian Primates, and can be differentiated mainly by the mensurations of the posterior extremities of the bodies. While the genus Rhabdochoma, parasite of the intestine of fresh-water fishes, underwent a very similar, but more or less pronounced, morphological evolution, it became adapted to many different hosts: Sea-fishes, Saurians, Mammals and to many locations. This evolutionary line includes six genera; Trichospirura, the only parasite in Mammals, is one of the more evolved. Some remarks are made on the host-distribution of Trichospirura, on the relationships between Rabdochonidae and Cystidicolidae and on the osmo-excretory apparatus of Trichospirura. The hypertrophy of this apparatus, which could be the consequence of the passage during the course of evolution from aquatic to terrestrial life, is comparable to that of the Pneumospirurinae.


[Rat and bilharziasis in Guadeloupe. New data (author's transl)]. Examination of rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) shows that their infection by Schistosoma mansoni is not restricted to any particular habitat.


[Redescription of five species of Onchocerca (author's transl)]. Five species of Onchocerca are redescribed: O. reticulata, Diesing, 1814; O. cervicalis Railliet et Henry, 1910; O. volvulus (Leuckart, 1893); O. gutturosa Neumann, 1910; O. armillata Railliet et Henry, 1908. Despite the variability of some characters such as length of tail and spicules, arrangment of caudal papillae, these species are well characterized by a set of elements, the two most important of which are the female cuticle and the anatomy of the microfilariae.


Immune response in mice and lack of response in guinea-pigs and in rabbits to DNP on polysaccharide. The immunogenicity of three DNP-LE conjugates possessing different numbers of haptenic determinants per molecule of carrier (DNP 3-LE, DNP6-LE, DNP 13-LE) has been tested in mice. All conjugates induce only 19S anti-DNP antibodies, but the lowest conjugate is more immunogenic. Lack of response to DNP-LE is observed in guinea-pigs and in rabbits, animals in which native LE is not immunogenic. The immune response is not affected in mice tolerant to LE, when immunization is performed intravenously. These results are discussed with a view to determine the role played by a T-independent carrier in the antibody synthesis against a hapten.


[Antigenic structure of a fragment of human serum albumin]. The antigenic structure of a fragment (F1) of human serum albumin (HSA), carrying one of the antigenic sites of the whole molecule, has been studied. Previous studies have shown that this fragment is made of two peptide chains linked by a disulfide bond. One of these chains named alpha has 28 residues and one intrachain disulfide bond giving rise to a loop of 9 or 10 residues. The chain occurs under two forms: the beta chain made of 25 residues and the gamma chain which differs from the beta chain by the absence of the two last C-terminal residues (F. Bellon and C. Lapresle, Biochem. J., 1975, 147, 585-592). The alpha and beta chains both inhibit independantly at 100% the agglutination by an anti-albumin serum of red cells sensitized with F1. Chains alpha, beta and gamma displace anti-HSA antibodies fixed upon an immunoadsorbent prepared with F1. Chain alpha is more active than chain beta which in turn is more active than chain gamma. Reduction and alkylation of alpha and beta chains abolish almost completely their immunological activity. Immunoadsorbents prepared with alpha or beta chains adsorb all of the anti-F1 antibodies from an anti-HSA serum. Antibodies isolated from each chain are inhibited by both chains. Chains alpha and beta induce in rabbits the formation of antibodies reacting with F1 and HSA, alpha chain being a better immunogen than beta chain.


[A micromethod for measuring macrophage chemotactic factor(s) in the supernatants of mouse lymphocyte cultures stimulated by concanavalin A]. A micromethod is described for the measurement of the macrophage chemotactic factor (s) released by activated murine lymphocytes in culture. Lymphocytes are stimulated by various doses of concanavalin A in the wells of a tissure culture microplate. Two wells are used for thymidine incorporation measurement and three wells for the chemotactic assay. For this assay, microchambers are prepared from segments of a disposable tuberculine syringe closed on oneend by gluing a small Millipore filter. These chambers are placed in the wells of the tissue culture plate so that the filter is just in contact with the supernatant of the lymphocyte culture. They are then filled with 5.104 macrophages obtained from the peritoneum of normal mice suspended in 100 mul of medium 199 supplemented with bovine serum albumin. The macrophages migrate into the filter more deeply in experiments with stimulate lymphocytes than in experiments with non-stimulated cultures. The distance travelled by the macrophage is measured by the difference between the microscope focal adjustments for the top of the filter and the deepest migrating cells respectively.


[Concentrations of some antibiotics in the nasal fossa and in maxillary sinus]. An inquiry of the concentrations of two antibiotics (Tobramycin and Cefazolin) in the mucoses of nasal fovea and of maxillaris sinus was performed after in intramuscolar injection of the two drugs. It results that therapeutically efficacious concentrations were obtained.


[Determination of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against influenza virus A/Port Chalmers/1/73 in samples from the Roman population (1962-1974). Relation of antibody titers to those obtained against previous influenza A strains]. The h.i.a. titer has been determined against the strain of the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 influenza virus in 805 serum samples obtained in Rome from as many adults during six distinct periods between spring 1962 and summer-autumn 1974.


[Sudden death following foreign body entrapment in the esophagus]. Case report about a 53 year old man, suffering from sudden suffocation, caused by inflammatory laryngeal edema following a foreign body traping in the esophagus with consecutive abscess and phlegmona of the esophageal wall.


[Properties and isoenzymes of acid phosphatase in erythrocytes and various tissues (kidney, liver, spleen, small intestine mucosa, testis, myocardial and skeletal musculature) of cattle]. The substrate that was split most rapidly by acid phosphatase was p-nitrophenylphosphate. Two peaks of activity were obtained at pH 4.6-4.8 and 5.1-5.4. The enzyme remained stable for a long time when refrigerated. It was inhibited strongly by urea and tartrate, and slightly by fluoride and L-phenylalanine. Mercaptoethanol elicited pronounced activation of the enzyme. Four different forms of isoenzyme, giving rise to 11 phenotypes, were identified. A suitable analytical technique was electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel with phosphate-citrate buffer. Mean activity was 3.15 +/- 0.41 units per gramme of haemoglobin haemolysate. Some of the isoenzyme preparations showed considerable variation in activity. There was no change in enzyme activity after temporary hypomagnesaemia. Acid phosphatase activity was high in testis, kidney and intestinal mucosa; myocardium, liver and spleen showed moderate activity. Five isoenzymes were demonstrable in a starch column and six in PAA gel.


[In-vitro and in-vivo studies on the percutaneous absorption of systemic P 32-labelled insecticide organophosphorus compounds in cattle]. The influence of chemical composition and formulation on the absorption of radiophosphorus-labelled trichlorphon, butonate and dimethoate was investigated with isolated strips of bovine skin. Other factors studied were polarity of the solvent, concentration of pesticide, and effect of surface-active agents and dimethyl sulphoxide. Absorption experiments were also carried out on cattle and sheep, and the results were compared with those of the in vitro tests.


[Experimental infection of guinea pigs with Chlamydia. 1. Pathomorphological studies]. The changes that occurred following nasal instillation of a bovine strain of Chlamydia psittaci were characterized by hypertrophy and proliferation of epithelial cells and exudates containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes, with acute bronchopneumonia and less intense inflammatory reactions in nasal and tracheal mucosa, spleen and pulmonary lymph nodes. The intestines, liver, kidney and brain were scarcely affected. There was little prospect of complete recovery from the clinically mild, or even subclinical, pneumonia within the period of observation since the causal agent was present continuously from the 12th hour to the 91st day after infection.


[Effects of Entomoxan on various lymphatic organs of the chicken]. The effect of an organochlorine compound (Entomoxan) on the bursa of Fabricius and the thymus was followed in chicks given a ration containing 15 ppm daily for 8 weeks, starting at 3 weeks of age. Birds were killed 2,4,6 or 8 weeks after the start of treatment. Total protein, RNA, DNA, nitrogen, free amino acids and water content were determined in both lymphatic organs. Two weeks of treatment with Entomoxan produced a stress-like effect, with loss of weight of both organs and important biochemical changes. Such changes were still present after 4 weeks, although there was no longer any difference in organ weight in comparison with the controls. After six weeks of treatment the changes in the bursa were slight and there were no changes in the thymus. Some changes were still present at the 8th week, but ther was no indication of a stress effect.


[Behavior of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium and glucose concentrations in the plasma of ewes in the perinatal period]. Blood samples were taken from 40 ewes in a flock of the Merino meat breed at the spring lambing once daily from five days before lambing to 3-4 days afterwards. Blood calcium ranged from 9.4 to 10.8 mg/100 ml, phosphorus between 3.6 and 4.9 mg/100 ml and magnesium from 2.1 to 2.6 mg/100 ml. There were no statistically significant changes in mineral concentrations at the time of parturition. Plasma glucose increased as parturition approached, averaging 46 mg/100 ml five days before lambing, twice this figure at lambing, followed by a rapid fall to pre-lambing values. A comparison with similar observations in cows showed that there was no essential difference in blood glucose between the two species, but there were considerable differences in the concentrations of minerals, attributable to differences in average age of the groups of animals examined, and to the higher milk yield of cows.


[Protective effect of rhodanates in laboratory and farm animals]. Immunization with soluble or corpuscular antigens produces a rise in thiocyanate content of the blood of guinea-pigs, sheep, calves and fowls. Animal possessing a high thiocyanate concentration (2-3mg/100ml) usually have the highest antibody titres. Formation of humoral antibodies is increased by administration of thiocyanate during immunization, and there is significant correlation between thiocyanate concentration and antibody titre. In the intensive fattening of veal calves, the use of thiocyanate during the first 21 days of fattening has reduced mortality by up to 60%. Morbidity was halved during the 103 days of the fattening period. Illness was not only less common in the thiocyanate-treated group, but it was also milder. It is suggested that addition of thiocyanate to the food may also have a nutrient effect.


[Malignant neoplasms of colon and rectum in Berlin, capital of the G.D.R., 1960--1969 (author's transl)]. The situation of detection and treatment of colonic and rectal cancer in the capital of the G.D.R. Berlin is described for the period 1960--1969 and analyzed in comparison to other periods and regions. This study is based on the regional cancer registry and therefore free of the selection bias in clinical statistics. In the ten year period, 3855 new cases were registered (colon 2158, rectum 1697). The proportion of old patients is high, 66 percent were 65 years and older, 28% 75 and more years old. About 41% of patients seek medical advice within four weeks after first symptoms and about 60 percent of cancers were treated within one month after first consultation. The locaized stages I and II amounted to 46 percent of cases. There was only loose relation between duration of history and stage of disease. In nearly 39% of cases radical operation was performed and 27% were not treated by surgery. 5-year survival rates of colonic and rectal cancer in the period 1960--1964 amounted to 12% for all stages irrespeitive of method of treatment and 31% for patients after radical surgery. Survival rates depend on stage, on mode of treatment and on age. In the period from 1955 to 1973, proportion of old patients increased, distribution of stages remained nearly constant but proportion of cases radically operated on increased by 3%. Comparison of the regions of Berlin and Erfurt showed only small differences. Compared with international reports, survival rate is very low in Berlin, presumably due to complete registration of new cases and high number of very old people with colonic and rectal cancer.


[Prognosis of colonic and rectal cancer under selection free conditions (author's transl)]. Incidence of cancer of colon and rectum shows increasing tendency in G.D.R. It is necessary to orientate practical medicine in this direction respecting future needs in scientific and therapeutic view. Published results of treatment deceive in true prognosis, because they are commonly from special hospitals. Effects of selection, lack of uniform definitions and faults in statistics may lead to unfounded optimism. Reports on treatment results which are free from selection bies are rare till now. The National Cancer Registry in the Erfurt Region gave crude absolute five-year-survival rates of 10.3% in colonic cancer and 10.8% in rectal cancer for the years 1960-1966. Radical operations resulted in survival rates of 26.4% and 27.4%. The author draws conclusions concerning education of general practitioners, improvement of diagnostic facilities, and centralized organization of special medical care for cancer patients.


[Surgical treatment of lung cancer. Actual situation and perspective (author's transl)]. Resection by pneumonectomy or lobectomy is the treatment of choice in lung cancer. At the Robert-Roessle-Clinic the 5-year survival rates have been improved by this method of treatment from 21% (120 of 570 cases) in the period 1949--1961 to 34% (163 of 498 cases) in the period 1962-1968. The increased survival is due, above all, to earlier detection by annual x-ray mass screening. The same conclusions could be drawn with regard to the results of a cooperative study of 17 chest clinics in the GDR reporting about more than, 11 000 operated cases. To guarantee and to improve this high level of detection and treatment of lung cancer the reorganization of the screening procedure with regard to high risk groups in man is necessary.


[The relationship between the lymphatic vessels of the nerves of the human lower extremity and the perineural spaces]. The lymphatic vessels and perineural spaces of superficial and profound nerves of the extremity were studied on the material of 50 lower extremities of corpses of humans by the method of intratissue and direct injection. Initial lymphatic capillaries and extraorganic lymphatic vessels and their paravasal plexuses were found. It is concluded that closed lymphatic capillaries having no immediate connection with the perineural space are the roots of the lymphatic bed in the nerve.


[Morphologic and cytophotometric indices of the state of the neurons of the spinal cord and spinal cord ganglia following exposure to gravitational stress]. The work presents data on the state of the neurons of the spinal ganglia and the spinal cord of the lumbosacral part in 96 cats subjected to single stresses (10g) and repeated ones (6g). The material was stained with thionin after Nissl. RNA was detected after Einarson. Photometry of the sections was made in MUP.5. Morphological changes were shown to be more pronounced in sensory cells. The method of cytophotometry established the increase by 25% amount of RNA in their cytoplasm after single stresses. Repeated stresses resulted in depletion of RNA. The amount of RNA returned to the initial level within 2 days after single stresses and within 3 days after repeated rotations. The shifts were much less pronounced in motoneurons.


[Morphologic changes in the nervous apparatus of the pharynx, esophagus and stomach of cats following a single gravitational stress]. Under investigation were the pharynx, oesophagus and stomach of 23 cats subjected to a single maximum endurable gravitation stress. The material was treated after Bielschowski-Gross. It has been established that as early as within 48--72 hours after gravitation effects there appear changes of different elements of the nervous apparatus of the organ under study such as increased argirophilia of nervous structures and reactive changes of different sensory nerve terminations. Motor animal nerve terminations do not change. Most of myelinated afferent fibres and non myelinated vegetative fibres undergo reactive changes. Within 7 days there appear certain myelinated fibres which are in the stage of granular desintegration,


[The density of the lymphatic bed of the small intestine mucosa]. The investigation was performed on 35 corpses of men, 8 corpses of cats, 7--of pigs and 5--of horses. The following methods were used: polychrome injection of arteries, veins, lymph capillaries and vessels, macro-microdissection, staining after van Gieson and with hematoxylin-eosin, impregnation with 0,25--1% solution of silver nitrate, dehydration and clearing, calculation of thickness of loops per 1 mm2 and their depth  by means of ocular micrometer. The lymphatic bed of the serous membrane was established to be better developed in representatives of carnivora (cats) and omnivora (pigs), than in herbinorous horses. The monolauer capillary lymphatic network was revealed in horses while in carnivora (cats) and omnivora (pigs) the network of lymph capillaries and the bundle of lymphatic vessels were revealed. The lymphatic bed of the serous membrane was sufficiently developed in young animals. Local distinctions were established along the length and width of the small intestine, which might be explained by different functions of different portions of the gut.


[A morphometric analysis of the structure of the atrioventricular node of the sheep heart]. The work deals with the geometry of the structure of different sections of the atrio-venticular (A-V) node of the sheep's heart and measurement of the diameter of fibres in its three zones: atrio-nodal (A-N), the node proper (N) and transition of the node into His bundle (NH). The revealed difference in the diameter of contacting fibres of N and NH areas under worse conditions of conducting may contribute to block of excitation. The geometrical features of A-N and N areas contribute to prolonged delay of excitation and geometrical parameters of the site of contact between N and NH zones to its block.


[The anatomy and topography of the human axillary lymph nodes]. The anatomy and topography of the right and left axillary nodes were studied by the method of polychrome injections in 25 corpses of adult people dead from trauma or illnesses not related to lesions of axillary lymph nodes. Injections were made into the skin of fingers, palm and back of the hand, in the delta-shaped area, lateral surface of the chest and exterior half of the mamillary gland and also immediately into the lymph vessels of the upper extremity found with the help of interstitial injections. Detailed data on the topography of axillary lymph nodes relative to the walls, blood vessels and nerves of the axillary fossa were obtained, and the relations between the nodes were specified. From the topography of the axillary lymph nodes under study and approaching the lymph vessels as well as from literature data it is expedient to divide the axillary lymph nodes into 6 groups: lateral, medial, posterior, inferior, central and apical.


[The intratruncal structure of the connections between the sympathetic trunk and the human brachial plexus and their individual differences]. The intratrunkal structure of 219 superficial and profound connecting branches between the sympathetic trunk and humeral plexus was studied in 18 people. Staining after Weigert--Pal was used followed by calculation of the absolute number of myelinated fibres. Individual features were revealed both in the diameter and in the intratrunkal plexus structure of connections as well as in the amount of myelinated fibres in similar connecting branches in different people. Qualitative distinctions between superficial and profound connections were noted. Intratrunkal characteristics of the reflect the general form of the structure of the sympathetic trunk. They constantly contain myelinated fibres coming not only from the thoracic part of the spinal cord but also from its jugular part. Their pathway is the more complex and diversive the more distributed are ganglionic masses of the sympathetic trunk. It goes from segments C4--C5 in the scattered form of the sympathetic trunk structure and from segments C6--C7--C8 in the concentrated form.


[Nervous regulation of the proliferative activity of tissues]. The work generalizes the literature evidence on the problem of nervous regulation of the tissue proliferative activity as well as personal data demonstrating the increased rate of tissue proliferation under conditions of deep inhibition of the function of the sympathetic part of the nervous system obtained by means of immunosympathectomy. It is supposed that the regulating effect of the sympathetic part of the nervous system upon the proliferative activity of tissues is mediated by adrenaline, acting as a cofactor of chalon mechanism of the intratissue regulation of the cellular proliferation.


[The dynamics of morphofunctional changes in the microcirculation of the pelvic extremity after modeling the chief stages of its replantation]. Under study was the effect of autotransplantation in its "pure form" upon the morpho-functional reconstruction and structural mechanisms of adaptation of the blood and lymphatic links of the microcirculatory bed of extremities during early postoperation period up to 10 days. The pathophysiological state of the extremity sufficiently close to its autotransplantation was obtained by means of circular transection of soft tissues of the medial third of the femur together with the nerves and deep collecting lymphatic vessels. It was found that after modeling the main stages of replantation in the fascia and periosteum of the operated extremity there developed a spasm of the arteriolar link and dilatation of the venular and lymphatic links of the microcirculatory bed. The areas of leukocytic infiltration with the phenomena of diapedesis and microhemorrhages were revealed along the course of postcapillaries and venules in the paravasal connective tissue. The amount of functioning arteriole-venular anastomoses was increased. Against the background of pronounced oedema of soft tissues of the operated extremity the venous pressure increased and the rate of the capillary bloodflow in the skin and muscles decreased. The above changes tend to be reduced by the 10th day after modelling the main stages of replantation of the extremity.


[An electron microscopic study of the acinar cells of the submaxillary salivary glands of white rats]. Numerous rows of rough endoplasmic reticulum, large Golgi apparatus with condensation vacuoles and other ultrastructures typical for secreting cells of the exocrine type (secretory granules, smooth and covered vesicles, lysosomes, microtubules, mitochondria) were found in glandular acinar cells of the submaxillary salivary glands of albino rats. The substantial features of the given object are: firstly, low electron density of the content of the secretory granules which seems to be connected with high content of polysaccharides in the secretion and secondly, the presence of special inclusions covered with a typical three-layer membrane. The latter together with the rest of the content of the granules may come into the lumen of the central duct of the acinus and intercellular secretory capillaries.


[The ultrastructure and function of human skeletomuscular tissue]. The electron microscopic study of the intact somatic muscle of man has established that skeletal muscular fibres have a well developed lysosome apparatus. This apparatus is localized near nuclei under the sarcolemma and is represented by 3 types  of lysosomes: primary lysosomes, secondary lysosomes (phage lysosomes, digestive vacuoles) and residual bodies. These three morphological types of lysosomes reflect different stages of the functional activity of these organelles. The role of the lysosome apparatus in the process of intracellular digestion and self-renewal is shown. The presence of a peculiar "digestive center" of the muscle fibre has been established which is located in the perinuclear zone.


[Roentgenogrammetry and roentgenodensitometry in assessment of several morphologic changes]. The work deals with the significance of quantitative rentgenological methods in morphological studies. The results of these methods used for estimation of certain developmental changes in the skeleton as well as for estimation of experimental data  on the reparation of the bone tissue are analyzed. It is also shown that the quantitative rentgenological estimation of the state of soft tissues is possible. The role of rentgenogrammetry and rentgendensitometry in the intravital characteristics of the morphological changes associated with different factors is stressed.


[The structure of fibroblasts and the fibrous structures of connective tissue according to raster electron microscopic findings]. Raster electron-microscopy investigations of the structure of fibroblasts and fibrous structures of the connective tissue of the lung, lymph nodes capsules, epicardium of the heart of rats in the norm and in experimental silicosis were carried out. It is shown that collagenous fibrillas, aggregating into fibres and bundles, form multilooped supporting carcass for the man matter. In silicosis the supporting carcass is thicker, the volume of the main matter is smaller. Fibrocytes are of roupher outlines and contain no reticulum of collagenous fibrillas on their surface.


[The cytochemistry of phagocytic cells in sensitized animals]. Studies of phagocytic cells of the abdominal cavity in rats in experimental candidosis were carried out. The processes of interaction between phagocytic cells and the pathogene in intact animals and after the vaccination, were analysed. It was established that in parallel with an increase in the functional activity, phagocytes changed morphologically and cytochemically: their nucleo-cytoplasmatic ratio drastically dropped, motility increased, as well as the activity of hydrolytic enzymes. In the sensitized macrophages there appeared activity of alkaline phophotase (in intact macrophages in rats this enzyme was not revealed). Particular attention was paid to the activation of the hexose-monophosphate cycle regulating phagocytosis, and to accumulation in neutrophiles of bactericidal free aldehydes. Enzymatic characteristics and differences between peritoneal macrophages and neutrophilic leucocytes were shown.


[The cytochemistry of antibacterial cationic proteins of leukocytes during phagocytosis and inflammation]. The article deals with data on lysosomal cationic proteins. Many properties of cationic proteins of leucocytes justify the assumption about their possible genetic affinity to nuclear histones. A high antibacterial activity of cationic proteins justified a more profound investigation into their role in phagocytosis and in formation of anti-infectious resistance in inflammation foci. The question concerning cationic proteins as mediators of inflammation is discussed. The suggested methods for staining cationic proteins may be used in determination of the fate of phagocytized bacteria, in studies of cytochemistry of cationic proteins of leucocytes, in identifying viable and perished bacteria in inflammation foci in bacterial infectious processes.


[Large cell neurosecretory nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus of mice following exposure to antibodies to nerve growth factor]. Studies of morphology of the secretory hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system under conditions of inhibition of the function of the peripheral region of the sympathetic nervous system were carried out. Desympathyzation was achieved by administration to newly born animals of antibodies to the factor of growth of nerves. In addition to the survey histological methods, morphometry, autoradiography and spectrophotometric investigations were also used. The aim of the work was to establish with the help of the methods referred to above the functional state of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal secretory system (HNSS) under deep immunological desympathyzation of the organism. The data obtained confirm the existence of a functional connection between the peripheral region of the sympathetic nervous system and HNSS. A hypofunctional state of the sympathetic department caused a rise in the functional activity to HNSS--in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus there were observed enlarged neurones and their nuclei; this was accompanied by an intensification of the biosynthesis processes and secretion of neurosecretory material, neurohypophysis containing lesser amounts of neurosecret than in the norm. The rise of the functional activity of HNSS was accompanied by a higher specific hormonal effect upon the periphery (the effect of the hormone on "target"), which was confirmed by manifestations of working hypertrophy of the medullar of kidneys. The reaction of HNSS was apparently mediated through a complex of pathological changes in the organism and was directed at the maintenance of the optimal tonus of vessels and at preservation of homoestasis as a whole.


Displacement of cerebellar tissue into spinal canal. A component of the respirator brain syndrome. Displacement of cerebellulr tonsillar tissue into the subdural and subarachnoid space around the spinal cord was found at autopsy in eight patients who had had a variety of neurological diseases. The common factors were brain swelling and prolongation of survival by the respirator from 14 to 96 hours. Superimposed massive edema and intravitam autolysis caused by the artificial prolongation of life was the final outcome and is the most important factor in the pathogenesis of this condition. Unless the spinal cord has been examined, many pathological changes will not be appreciated.


Cerebral atherosclerosis. Intimal proliferation and atherosclerosis in the cerebral arteries. An ultrastructural study of the cerebral arteries obtained at autopsies on humans from infancy to old age was done. Intimal thickenings at bifurcations in infancy and childhood constantly showed various quantities of cellular debris that were seemingly dervied from the cellular constitutents of the wall, together with thickening, lamination, redundancy, and separation of basement membranes from the related cells. The extracellular lipid appeared to be derived from the transformation of cellular debris. Basement membrane changes indicated a serious disturbance in the relationship of mural cells to the connective tissues that was suggestive of interference with cohesion of the vessel wall. These morphological changes, hitherto overlooked, were more pronounced with age and in overt atherosclerosis, and were remakable similar to those induced experimentaly by hemodynamic stress.


Epithelial-nerve intermingling in benign breast lesions. Intimate intermingling of benign ductal epithelium and nerves was observed in two specimens of breast tissue with extensive adenosis and papillomatosis. The ducts were not situated within lymphatic channels. Rencent investigations have cast doubt on the very existence of "perineural-lymphatics." And while perineural and intraneural spread of malignant cells is unquestionably frequent, growth and extension seemingly occur along loose connective tissue spaces and not within preformed channels. We suggest that the designation "epithelial-nerve intermingling" appropriately describes this phenomenon, and, whereas this is most frequently found with carcinomatous cells, benign epithellum may and, occasionally does, participate. Thus, epithelial-nerve intermingling is neither necessarily indicative of malignant neoplasia nor should it be a decisive criterion in determining the extension of known malignant neoplasm, unless the epithelial cells are clearly atypical.


Lassa virus hepatitis. Observations on a fatal case from the 1972 Sierra Leone epidemic. During a recent outbreak of Lassa fever in Sierre Leone, a 20-year-old woman developed an acute febrile disease with tonsillar exudates and hemorrhagic manifestations. Lassa virus was isolated in cell cultures from pharyngeal secretions and pleural fluid and was identified by complement fixation. Typical arenavirus particles were observed in these infected cell cultures. In a liver biopsy specimen, diffuse hepatocellular damage and focal necroses were evident, with a spectrum of liver cell change, ranging from slight vacuolizaiton to frank lysis. Virus was frequently observed in nearby extracellular spaces and was clearly associated with hepatocytes rather than sinusoidal cells. The demonstration for the first time of Lassa virus particules in human tissue provides direct evidence that the virus is responsible for the observed pathologic changes.


Multiple lymphangioendothelioma of the spleen in a 13-year-old girl. A 13-year-old girl had a history of an upper-quadrant abdominal mass for about six months. On exploratory laparotomy, multiple discrete large nodules were seen in the spleen. Histologically, the spleen had the unusual appearance of lymphangioma, in that there was a tremendous proliferatiion of endothelial cells that formed either papillary projections in the lumina of the cavernous lymphatic vessels or a solid mass of cells without the lumina. The changes were suggestive of sarcomatous transformation, but the evidence was not conclusive. A term "lymphangioendothelioma" is proposed for this multinodular tumor.


Electron microscopical study of a family with myotonia congenita. Biopsy specimens of skeletal muscle from a family that had three female siblings with clinical features of recessive-type myotonia congenita were examined by light and electron microscopy. Fibers examined by the former technique appeared normal. Although some variation in size and shape of mitochondria and sarcomere fragmentation were focally observed by electron microscopy in affected members, they were also encounted in those without clinical manifestations. Importantly, no changes in sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, or transverse tubular system were encountered. Capillary basement membrane thickness was within normal limits. The evidence strongly suggests that myotonia congenita represents an entity distinct from myotonia dystrophica and that its pathogenesis may be related to a biochemical rather than ultrastructal aberration.


[Studies on climate factors influencing the effectiveness of cattle production in the Syrian Arabic Republic. I. Effect of climate factors; climatic conditions in the SAR]. No previous investigations are available on climatic influences on the performance in cattle production in the Syrian Arab Republic. The reports found in the literature on the effect of the climate, especially of temperature and atmospheric moisture, are classified into physiological compatibility ranges for cattle. This makes it possible to compare different climatic regions. In the second part of the paper the values found for temperature and moisture in an experimental cowshed in the SAR will be assessed.


Partial and complete castration of fat-tailed sheep in northern Iraq. 30 (3 X 10) male Karadi lambs aged 6 to 10 months were left uncastrated (group I), were partially castrated (group 2) and completely castrated (group 3) and kept for 14 weeks under experimental conditions. During the experimental period, the partially castrated animals surpassed the animals of groups 1 and 3 in live body weight. The total gain weight was highest in group I. There were highly significant differences between the three groups in some body dimensions investigated. The TDN units required per unit increase of live weight were 10.70 (group I), 12.35 (group 2), and 13.01 (group 3). The mortality rate was 20% in group 3, and zero per cent in the other two groups.


Toxic skin reactions caused by tributyltin oxide (tbto) in socks. During some hot summer-days in 1973 about 70 cases of acute feet dermatitis were reported among soldiers from one regiment. They had used newly laundered socks from the same batch. The socks were disinfected with a solution containing TBTO and a quarternary ammonium compound, but by mistake a roughly 7 times too high concentration of the solution had been used. Patch tests with TBTO, quarternary ammonium compound and standard substances were negative. There was no suspicion of phototoxicity in these cases, but according to the literature TBTO may be photodynamic and several case reports relate specifically to sunny summerdays. We consider our cases to be due to the primary irritant properties of TBTO. As the span between optimal concentration for disinfection and the primary irritant concentration is narrow, we consider it inappropriate to use this substance for disinfection of textiles which are to be in direct contact with the skin until it has been established whether, for example, sweat may extract TBTO from treated fibres.