Variations of salivary amylase as a test of internal irradiation in man. The hypothesis of the parotid gland radiosensitivity has suggested to the authors to follow up the effect of therapeutic internal irradiation on the serum, urine and salivary alpha-amylase activity in man. The assay and visualization of alpha-amylase isoenzymes on agar gel zymograms by using the "Phadebas amylase test" tablets has demonstrated in some cases increases of salivary alpha-amylase activity expressed by the ratio of the optical density after internal irradiation to that before administration of radioisotopes.


Electrophoretic investigation of L-asparaginase influence on blood and spleen blood globulins. Experimental study. In view of detecting the influence of L-asparaginase on blood and spleen blood globulins, 42 rabbits were daily injected for three weeks with different doses of this drug. Electrophoretic analysis of blood and spleen blood samples from these animals showed no relationship between the doses used and the changes of circulating blood globulins indicating the well known immunodepressing effects of the drug. However, in the spleen blood from the inoculated rabbits (as compared with a control group) a small excess of gamma globulins which appeared especially after 1-2 weeks of daily injections with 2,000 or 10,000 I.U.L-asparaginase/kg b.w. was interpreted as due to the antigenic action of the enzymatic product administered.


HbS in nine Romanian families.

HbS in nine Romanian families. Thirty-two cases of HbS hemoglobinosis diagnosed in nine families of Romania are reported. Of these 26 were HbS trait carriers and 6 were double heterozygous presenting an association of HbS and beta-thalassemia. In the latter, one of the patients was carrier of HbS and the other had minor thalassemia with increased values of HbA2. It is stressed that the patients had a rather mild clinical form of hemolytic anemia, in spite of the very high concentration of HbS in the erythrocytes.


Hemoglobin O Arabia. Considerations on the first nine cases discovered in Romania. The results obtained by investigations in three Romanian families with HbO Arabia are reported. The presence of this type of hemoglobin was ascertained by clinical, hematological and biochemical examinations. The classification was made on the basis of the structural analysis (fingerprinting and aminoacid analysis). Of the nine cases reported, seven were heterozygotic forms showing no hematological alterations or clinical signs of disease. Two cases were doubly heterozygotic, HbO Arabia associated to beta-thalassemia, showing also alterations of the hematological pattern and clinical signs of hemolytic anemia.


Antimyocardial antibodies in heart diseases. II. Immunofluorescent patterns in rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Antibodies against rat myocardium were studied by means of histoimmunfluorescence (indirect technique) in 32 rheumatic fever patients. Antibodies were found in 54% of the cases without carditis or active rheumatic valvulitis and in 83% of those with carditis. The fluorescent patterns observed were : sarcolemmal, sarcoplasmic (intermyofibrillar) and smooth muscle of vessels. The sarcolemmal pattern was more frequently observed in rheumatic carditis while the intermyofibrillar one was more common in rheumatic fever without evidence of carditis as well as rheumatic valvulitis. The serum factors involved in the sarcolemmal fluorescence were inhibitied by the insoluble saline myocardium extract.


Coronary heart disease and risk factors in some special type collectivities. Transversal epidemiologic investigations carried out in different populations from several regions of Romania : Gurghiu Valley (lumberjacks from a mountain region), Danube Delta and Razelm lagoon complex (fishermen), and Bucharest have shown that, in spite of the high caloric value of food and even of a high intake of saturated fats, mean serum cholesterol is lower in the rural areas than in Bucharest, probably owing to the strenuous physical work. However, except myocardial infarction, more frequent in the urban than in the rural regions, the other forms of coronary heart disease have a relatively higher frequency in villages, particularly atrial fibrillation and ECG signs of ischemia. These findings might be explained by a greater prevalence of hypertension in these populations. It is concluded that the risk factors, which act synergically, depend on the complex structure of the "ecologic niche".


T3 release from thyroid slices as an assay for thyroid stimulators. A new in vitro bioassay for thyroid stimulators is described. The method is based on radioimmunological measurement of triiodothyronine (T3) release from thyroid slices. Small thyroid slices were cut from several porcine thyroids. The slices were pooled in incubation vessels. The stimulating effect of human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), bovine TSH, and serum from a patient with Grave's disease was investigated. After 3 hr the T3 concentration was significantly higher in the vessels containing the thyroid stimulators than in the control vessels. For maximal sensitivity 16 hr of incubation was used in the assay. Bovine TSH, human TSH, and serum from a patient with Grave's disease gave linear dose response curves in a log-log system. For bovine TSH the curve was linear from 5 to 125 muU/ml incubation medium. The dilution curves for bovine TSH and serum from a patient with Grave's disease were parallel. The dilution curve for human TSH was considerably steeper. In 5 assays the lambda values for the bovine TSH curves were 0.10-0.16 (mean, 0.12). In 3 assays the lambda values for the human TSH curves were 0.05-0.07.


The normal electron histochemistry and the effect of hemorrhagic shock on the pulmonary surfactant system. An electron histochemical study was carried out on eight baboons to localize the phospholipid constituent of pulmonary surfactant in the normal state and after hemorrhagic shock. In the normal state, phospholipid was seen as a continuous layer lining the alveolar spaces. Phospholipid also was seen in the inclusion bodies of the granular pneumocytes, suggesting these cells as the site of production of surfactant. After hemorrhagic shock, the previously continuous phospholipid layer lining the alveolar spaces became totally fragmented. In addition, increased numbers of phospholipid particles were seen within the pulmonary interstitium. The results of this study suggest that the pulmonary surfactant system may be impaired after hemorrhagic shock.


The effect of oxisuran on human immunological responsiveness. Immunological function was evaluated in 9 patients who received oxisuran at a dose range of 5-90 mg/kg, for periods of 5-40 weeks. Bone marrow cytotoxicity and lymphopenia did not occur. Established humoral immunological reactions were unaffected by oxisuran. Only 6 of 19 previously positive skin tests reverted to negative. Primary cellular immune reactivity was markedly suppressed. Allogenic skin graft survival was prolonged to a mean of 30.7 days and only 2 of 9 patients were successfully sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene and Keyhole limpet hemocyanin, respectively. Both IgG and IgM responses to primary typhoid immunization were inhibited. In vitro peripheral blood lymphocyte activity in phytohemagglutinin and mixed lymphocyte culture tests remained normal. These data suggest that oxisuran interferes with the afferent limb of the immune system and may thereby be clinically useful in human transplantation.


Tumours of the thymus.

Tumours of the thymus. A series of 22 consecutive cases of thymic tumour was collected and the tumours were reclassified according to a modified classification scheme. Two-thirds of them were benign lympho-epitheliomas, though in one case pleural implants were noted. One-third of the tumours were clearly malignant (carcinomas, lymphomas and seminomas). In one of the seminomas and in a case of Hodgkin's disease of the thymus no signs of recurrence or metastases have been observed in 10 and 8 years respectively. The sex distribution was fairly equal except that all three seminomas were detected in young men. The malignant tumours usually gave rise to symptoms, while the benign ones did not. Four of the lympho-epitheliomas were associated with myasthenia gravis. No other associated syndrome was observed. The possibility that lympho-epitheliomas may be malignant is discussed.


[Endolumbar administration of hydrocortisone in the complex treatment of patients with generalized breast cancer]. An efficacy of the method of hormonal therapy--endolumbar hydrocortisone injection in patients with advanced breast cancer has been studied. A remission was gained in 28 of 41 patients. The method proved to be mostly effective in metastases in bones. Changes in the level of estrogens, 17-KS and 17-OCS excretion with the urine during the treatment indicate an endocrinous mechanism of this therapeutic effect. An efficacy of the method in extensive dissemination of the process, its relative simplicity and availability along with the absence of serious complications enabled the authors to hope that the suggested method may be widely used in practice.


[Changes in the parameter of asymmetry of EEG wave fronts in patients with cerebral circulatory disorders treated with instenon]. The distribution of the parameter of asymmetry of the wave fronts in EEG on the convexital surface of the cortex during instenon administration is significantly changed in time and becomes normal after 3 hours of observation. This may point to an improvement of the functional state of the brain under the influence of the drug. The most distinct positive dynamics in such conditions were marked in patients with general brain symptoms and transient disorders in the vertebro-basillar system. A transition of desynchronized EEG to hypersynchronized with a subsequent normalization of the structure is apparently conditioned by the central influence of the preparation on the synchronizing areas of the brain reticular formation.


Production of rat homocytotropic antibodies using low dose, long term oral exposure to penicillin G. Sera from 15 patients with immediate hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin G gave positive responses in the rat mast cell test (RMCT) indicating the presence of IgE-type antibodies in the sera. Five sera were from patients who had had reactions to penicillin 15 to 22 years previously without known re-exposure to this antigen. To explore the possibility that non-therapeutic exposure to penicillin may have produced continued sensitization in these patients, an animal model system was developed to explore the efficacy of low dose, long term oral exposure to penicillin G in rats for producing homocytotropic antibodies in these animals. It was found that when rats were given penicillin G in their drinking water at concentrations of 0.1 to 1 U/ml over a period of 1 to 3 months they produced serum IgE and IgGa antibodies. In addition, IgE antibodies were actively bound to the peritoneal mast cells of these animals. The presence of circulating or cell bound antibodies was detected using the rat mast cell test. It was also shown that rats given penicillin G orally for 1 month were more prone to antibody production after a single intramuscular injection of penicillin G compared to a control group receiving only the intramuscular injection of this antigen. The results of this study are discussed in terms of possible non-therapeutic sensitization towards penicillin G in the human population.


Immunological studies on bronchial secretion. I. Antigenic relationship between bronchial secretion and serum: bronchial secretion constituents detected in human sera. Rabbit anti-human bronchial secretion serum yielded, by double gel-diffusion, 5 precipitation bands with the homologous antigen. This anti-bronchial secretion serum reacting with 150 human sera (86 from patients with asthma, 17 from patients with tuberculosis, 25 from patients with other diseases and 22 normal sera) showed 1 to 3 precipitation bands in 136 sera, 4 precipitation bands in 13 sera and 5 precipitation lines in 1 serum. Precipitation bands with identity reactions were obtained when the anti-sputum sera reacted simultaneously with human sera and bronchial secretion. Identity reactions were also obtained when the anti-bronchial secretion serum absorbed with normal human sera reacted with bronchial secretion and human sera from six patients and one normal individual. The number of precipitation bands in some sera was not the same after 1 or 2 years. Based on these immunological data, the physiological concept of expectoration, according to which part of the bronchial secretion may be absorbed, was discussed.


The pseudo-exfoliation syndrome. A scanning electron microscopic study. I. The anterior lens surface. The distribution and the surface of pseudo-exfoliation (PE) material on the anterior lens surface has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. The lenses were fixed in glutaraldehyde and OsO4, and dried by the critical point method. The PE granules of ther peripheral band may rest upon a basal lamella, which may terminate in a sharp edge bordering the intermediate zone. The basal lamella may continue peripherally beyond the granular peripheral band, towards the lens equator, where the basal lamella may cover the zonular attachment zone. The central disc is considered to be analogous to this lamella. In high magnification it is found that the surface of the granular and the lamellar PE material is formed by an irregular meshwork of tortuous fibrils, which may be coiled as spirals. The diameter of the fibrils is between 500 and 1000 A, and their length may be up to 5 mum. The possibility that these fibrils are a condensation product of mucopolysaccharides is discussed.


The pseudo-exfoliation syndrome. A scanning electron microscopic study. II. The posterior chamber region. The distribution of pseudo-exfoliation (PE) material as well as the finer details of its surface has been studied by scanning electron microscopy on the surfaces facing the posterior chamber. The specimens were fixed in glutaraldehyde and OSO4 and dried by the critical point method, after careful dissection of the anterior hyaloid surface. Granules and plaques of PE material were found to attach to the iris, to the ridges of the ciliary processes, to the zonules, and along radial stripes on the anterior hyaloid surface, one for each zonule touching this surface. It seems as if the PE material is located mainly on sites on contact between two surfaces. In high mangnification it is found that the surface of the PE material is formed by an irregular meshwork of fibrils, the diameter of which is about 550-700 A. The fibrils are characteristically coiled, partly into regular spirals. The hypothesis is put forward that these fibrils are formed by a condensation of mucopolysaccharides forming the ground substance of the PE material.


Double point test with the Goldmann perimeter. A simple accessory to the Goldmann perimeter, permitting simultaneous projection of two targets, is described. The method can be used as a colour saturation test but also for the study of inattention hemianopia. Two cases illustrate its clinical application.


Contact probe for corneal temperature measurements. A thermistor probe for corneal temperature measurements is presented. The temperature-sensing cartridge is similar in shape to an electronic tonometer, and the procedure of corneal temperature registration is performed just as easily and in a similar manner as for tonography.


Corneal temperature in normal subjects and arterial occlusive disease. A direct, thermo-electrical method of corneal temperature recording is presented. The corneal temperature averaged 33.7 degrees C in normal subjects, with no side difference and no difference between the sexes. The various parameters which may influence the corneal temperature are discussed. The technique was applied to groups of patients suffering from either polymyalgia rheumatica, central retinal artery embolism or temporal arteritis. In the latter group of patients a marked drop in corneal temperature was demonstrated in the affected, or most affected, eye. Corneal temperature measurements are therefore presented as an easy and effective diagnostic approach in temporal arteritis.


Acute transient ophthalmomalacia in giant-cell arteritis. Report of a case. Transient bilateral corneal oedema due to ocular hypotension is reported in giant-cell arteritis. The greatly impaired visual acuity gradually returned to normal on steroid medication. A visual field defect remained in the left eye. The diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis was confirmed by arterial biopsy. The disease involved the pericranial arteries as well as the ophthalmic artery on both sides, probably also the long ciliary arteries, which might explain the ophthalmomalacia. Apparently, only six cases are on record.


Study of relatives of persons with fibrillopathia epitheliocapsularis (pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule). The frequency of fibrillopathy (pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule) among relatives of persons with fibrillopathy was investigated. Among 203 relatives over the age of 40 years, belonging to 25 families, fibrillopathy was found in 19, or in almost 10%. The frequency was independent of whether the proband had capsular glaucoma or normal intraocular pressure. Capsular glaucoma occurred in five of the 19 relatives. The results suggest that fibrillopathy may occur as a dominant hereditary trait, but it may also be found sporadically.


Orbital tumours in infancy. An analysis of Danish cases from 1943-1962. A Danish nation-wide 20-year series of orbital tumours in infancy is reported, making up a total of 80 histopathologically verified cases. Secondary tumours were not included except for a few cases where the initial manifestation of the disease was an orbital mass, suggesting a primary tumour of the orbit. A scant half of the series were benign choristomas. Otherwise there was a considerable share of more serious diseases, often threatening vision and/or life; thus ten embryonal sarcomas and nine optic nerve gliomas were found. The malignancies made up a total of 17 cases. Because of the many medical specialities necessary for prompt diagnosis and efficient therapy, a centralization of the more serious orbital cases is feld mandatory. Considering the rather low overall frequency of orbital tumours, a centralization will not constitute a load numerically; an estimate for Denmark (population 5 million) is about five infantile cases a year.


Scleral preplaques and plaques in Eskimos. The incidence in West Greenland Eskimos compared with that in Copenhagen Caucasians. Examination of the eyes of 519 Eskimos in West Greenland revealed preplaques (grey, ill-defined, translucent bands on the sclera anterior to the insertion site of the horizontal recti) in 4% and scleral plaques (well-defined, greyish translucency of the sclera) in 2%. The incidence was found to rise with increasing age. Preplaques are more rarely present in Eskimos than in Copenhagen Caucasians, where the incidence of plaques is the same. The cause of this ethnic difference is discussed.


Paralimbal scleromalacia. So-called spontaneous scleral intercalary perforation. A case of unilateral paralimbal scleromalacia (so-called spontaneous scleral intercalary perforation) is presented. The otherwise  healthy patient was folowed over a period of more than 10 years. Two years before the condition was diagnosed, the patient had an attack of scleritis in the same eye. The disease was complicated by keratitis and resulted in an eye with light perception only. Scleral tissue from the defect was examined histologically.


Treatment of traumatic hyphaema.

Treatment of traumatic hyphaema. A series of 131 successive hospitalized cases of traumatic hyphaema after blunt injury of the eye were treated with complete bed-rest for 6 days and double eye-patching but without any topical medication. Seven patients (5.3%) had a secondary bleeding. The visual acuities of 115 patients were tested, and 105 regained their normal vision, i.e. 1.0 or over. These results are no better than those reported in series treated with moderate bed-rest for 3-4 days combined with topical administration of corticosteroids and mydriatics. The results indicate that our present treatment may be unnecessarily severe.


Stochastic model of contractions at a point in the duodenum. Contractions at one point in the human duodenum were studied as a time series. Manometric records were made over long time periods from the duodenum in fed human subjects. A 5-s grid was superimposed on the time axis of the records. Each 5-s interval was treated as a slow-wave cycle within which either a contraction or a no-contraction could occur. The resulting series of alternating runs of contractions and no-contractions was tested for the existence of trends. Trends were found indicating possible temporal dependence. A Markov-type model was used to try to generate data similar to the real data. Success was achieved by a model that assumed a probability of contraction dependent on the three previous slow-wave cycles. The frequency distributions obtained from the real and generated data were compared using Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests and found to be statistically similar. The correlations in time found for the contractions might be due to a time dependency in the controls for contraction over four successive slow-wave periods, 20 s in humans.


[Effect of the diuretic diacarb on the antitumor activity of the antibiotics rubomycin and olivomycin]. Combined use of rubomycin and olivomycin with diacarb in treatment of rats with Pliss lymphosarcoma increased the antiblastomic activity of the antibiotics. The antitumor effect of rubomycin and olivomycin was increased by diacarb in the same degree as that of dipin, a synthetic cytostatic.


Blunt thoracic trauma in multiple injury. In a series of 102 patients with multiple injury including a blunt lesion of the chest treated in 1970 through 1973 the mortality rate could be reduced to 17 per cent. This compares favourably with a mortality of about 34 per cent in a similar group of patients treated in the same hospital during 1965 through 1969. The improvement is partly due to increasing experience of the surgical and anaesthesiological teams and especially to a better appreciation of the importance of ventilatory pulmonary insufficiency and acute respiratory distress syndrome which are frequent in these patients. Early respiratory assistance is indicated in all cases with an instability of the chest wall. The imminence of a respiratory distress syndrome may announce itself by the classical symptoms of an increased breathing rate with hypocarbia before hypoxia becomes manifest. In the majority of patients with a thoracic lesion however the syndrome starts with a combination of increasing dyspnoea and normo- or even hypercarbia. This should be recognized and promptly treated by artificial respiration before acidosis and hypoxia with cardiac arrest can occur.


The odors of the human vagina.

The odors of the human vagina. Gas-chromatography analysis of 90 samples of vaginal secretions from 10 women revealed that at any given sample time the perceptible vaginal odor of each individual women was composed of numerous separate odorous effluents. Almost 2,1000 odoriferous effluents were observed. This corresponded to 16% of all recorded peaks on the 90 gas-chromatograms. The odorous effluents were assigned 34 characteristic odors in three hedonic categories (neutral, pleasant and unpleasant). This information supports the contention that the olfactory signature of an individual is complex, highly individual and composed of many "mini odors".


[Practical and theoretical viewpoints in computer-analysis of data from colposcopy,, cytology and histopathology (author's transl)]. In collaboration with the IBM (Basel) a computer program was developed for the analysis of data from cytology, colposcopy and histopathology. Due to the general way of formulation the program-system is applicabel for every kind of problem in natural sciences as well as economics. It is written in FORTRAN. Until now 15 parametric and non-parametric statistical tests are available for the analysis of descriptive or analytical statistical questions. The amount of data to be analyzed is nearly unlimited. Several plot-routines incorporated in the program serve for graphical presentation of distributions of different variables, of scatter-diagrams and computed functions. The internal control of the statistical monitor including the report card-system and the syntax of the input orders (with generation of error messages) are shortly explained. In a sample of 251 random selected patients showing pathological signes of the portio uteri from the department of gynecology of the university Basel the way of working of some subroutines is demonstrated and some general principles of data-acquisition and data-management in medicine are outlined.


[Nucleic acid and electrolyte contents in human endometrium during menstrual cycle (author's transl)]. An analysis of RNA-, DNA-, Magnesium and Calcium tissue contents was performed to have a base for functional studies of biochemical steroid hormone effects on nucleic acid metabolism in human endometrium. DNA and RNA showed a cyclic, paralleled course with a first peak in the preovulatory phase and a second increase in the late secretory phase. In contrast to the Calcium tissue concentration, which showed a continuous decrease from the proliferative to the secretory phase, an increase of Magnesium concentration in the preovulatory phase was found.


Creatinine, urea and uric acid in amniotic fluid, maternal and umbilical cord blood at delivery. Amniotic fluid, maternal vein serum and umbilical cord serum were obtained almost simultaneously from 31 women after an uneventful course of pregnancy. Specimens of amniotic fluid contaminated by blood or meconium were excluded. Creatinine, urea and uric acid were measured by autoanalyser techniques. The concentrations of creatinine, urea and uric acid in amniotic fluid were significantly higher when compared with the levels in maternal vein serum or umbilical cord serum. Between maternal and umbilical cord serum there were only small or no differences. The linear correlations of creatinine, urea and uric acid between maternal and umbilical cord serum were greater than those between amniotic fluid and maternal serum of amniotic fluid and cord serum. It is suggested that the high levels of creatinine, urea and uric acid in amniotic fluid are primarily determined by fetal urine.


Cancer of the breast, diabetes and pathological glucose tolerance. In a prospective study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, covering the period from January 1st 1971 til December 31st 1973 the incidence of pathological glucose tolerance was examined in 837 women with breast cancer, benign tumours and conditions requiring excision or air cystography and/or mammography because of suspicion of tumour. The glucose tolerance was tested in all patients by oral ingestion with 100 g glucose of i.v. by means of intravenous injection of 0.33 g glucose/kg body weight. The results in 327 women with breast cancer were compared with those in 510 women with benign breast affections. Using matched pairs, the evaluation was done with an electronic data processing system. Diabetogenic factors like age and body weight were thus allowed for. In the total collective 22.3% out of 327 women with breast cancer were manifestly and 6.7% subclinically diabetic. Our findings allow the following conclusions. 1. Manifest diabetes mellitus is found twice as frequently in women with breast cancer compared to women with benign breast affections. 2. In the collective of pairs matched according to age, height and weight (n = 217) 21% of the women with breast cancer have a pathological glucose tolerance, compared with 10% of the women with benign breast affections. 3. Only 25 out of 73 manifestly diabetic women with breast cancer were aware of their metabolic disorder before admission to hospital, whereas 75% of the diabetic women with benign histological findings did know of it.


Successful treatment of mastodynia with the prolactin inhibitor bromocryptine (CB 154). Mastodynia has previously been treated with gestagens or gestagen-based ovulation inhibitors with only marginal success. No other satisfactory therapy was available and in the search for a better treatment, the effectiveness of long term administration of the prolactin inhibitor bromocryptine (CB 154) to 15 patients was evaluated. Five of the subjects exhibited mammary secretion as well as mastodynia which, accorind to palpatorial, cytological and X-ray criteria, was not caused by intraductal pathology. After two to four weeks treatment with 5 mg CB 154 per day ten patients recovered fully, three showed some improvement and two were totally resistant to the treatment. Plasma prolactin levels during the follicular stage measured prior to treatment were in the normal range. All the patients continued to ovulate during the course of treatment despite the irrefutable fact that prolactin release from the pituitary was inhibited. Since there was a similar inhibition of prolactin secretion in the two patients who were resistant to treatment, it would seem that prolactin though probably very important, cannot be the only decisive factor in the hormonal control of mystodynia. Further observations showed that the premenstrual syndrome can also be successfully treated with CB 154. Upon withdrawal of treatment the possibility or relapse must be considered.


Comparison of testosterone decanoate, drostanolone and testololactone in disseminated breast cancer--a randomized clinical study. It can be said that a single hormone therapy with testosterone decanoate, drostanolone, and testosterone gave similar rates of objective responses in metastatic breast cancer. The presented randomized study has been done to prove whether an additional chemotherapy to hormone applications would further improve therapeutic results. During an observation period of 10 to 16 weeks testosterone decanoate and testolactone in combination with cyclophosphamide have more benefitial effects on the patients than drostanolone plus cyclophosphamide. The combination therapy augmented the rate of objective responses from 22-25 percent to 46-55 percent.


[Atypical cysts in the area of the macula sacculi of the guinea pig (author's transl)]. In some guinea pigs cysts in the area of the macula sacculi and along the saccular nerves can be observed. They are built up by a surrounding layer of connective tissue, by a basilar membrane, cylindric epithelia, and by a central space with gelatinous contents. The cylindric epithelia are very similar to the supporting cells in the marginal area of the macula sacculi. A temporary secretory activity of these cylindric epithelia of the cysts is discussed.


[Kinetics of resorption in the cochlear perilymph after charging with radionuclides (author's transl)]. The perilymphatic space of the guinea pig's cochlea is filled within 1 to 3 min with an isotonic Ringer solution labelled with a radionuclide. The cochlea is neatly sealed immediately afterwards, thus causing only a minimal disturbance in the inner ear. The animal's cochlea is brought into the strict focus of a small detector as quickly as possible, the decay of activity is continuously controlled for 2 to 10 hrs. The radionuclides used are Cl36, Na22, and Tc99m. The decay of activity of the cochlea is strongly believed to accord to a simple exponential law; half lives range from about one to about three hours. Cl36 and Tc99m were used for the first time in studying cochlear kinetics.


[Experiences with oto-rhinogenous brain abscesses (author's transl)]. The results and conclusions of 43 surgical interventions performed on account of oto-rhinogenous brain abscess are reported. In these patients the infection of brain substance occurred in two ways: 1 by contact propagation and 2. per venous reflux, associated with thrombosinusitis. In the 1. the brain abscess was accompanied by purulent meningitis and the majority of the patients died during the postoperative period. In the 2, the patients operated on account of cerebral abscess developed per venous reflux, improved and became health. In order to get more exact localisation of the abscess there are different radiological auxiliary methods available: in supratentorial abscesses exact informations can be obtained by carotid angiography, while in the cases of infratentorial abscesses the pneumography is helpful, notwithstanding the latter is not fully harmless. As the ideal operative solution the total exstirpation of the abscess with undamaged capsule can be proposed.


[Echography of the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)]. Echography, combined with routine X-rays of the paranasal sinuses, has been used in more than 300 patients. The diagnosis was controlled by clinical examination, endoscopy and operation. The combination of the two techniques reduces the diagnostic error in paranasal sinus disease to 5%.


Effects of highly dosed ultrasound on the growing rabbit's larynx. Scanning electron microscopic and reflecting ligth microscopic findings. The morphologically recognizable effects of highly dosed ultrasound application on the growing rabbit's larynx (5 Watt/cm2 for 10 min) were studied by means of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and reflecting light microscopic (RLM) methods. It could be shown that the area of cartilaginous necrosis corresponded exactly to the location of ultrasound application and was sharply limited by the normal cartilage. After a survival period of six weeks, areas of chondroneogenesis became visible on the endolaryngeal perichondrium. After a survival period of twelve weeks, an outer zone of cartilaginous necrosis was still to be seen. Connective tissue directly affected by ultrasound and the endolaryngeal muscles did not show any retarded damage. The results of our experiments permit to state that highly dose ultrasound application on the cartilaginous framework leads to a growth retardation with a subsequent alteration in form and shape.


[Data processing in electronystagmography (author's transl)]. As a method for objective registration of nystagmic responses electronystagmography gives a lot of information about the state of the vestibulo-oculomotor system. Concerning accuracy, reproducibilityand objectivity the commonly used methods for diagnostic interpretation of this material are not quite satisfying. By means of a data acquistion system it is possible to utilize the advantages of the techniques of data processing. In common with fundamental considerations regarding to the choice of the parameters to evaluate the essential parts of the computer-program (calibrations, elimination of interferences, analysis of the fast and slow nystagmic components) are described and examples for the results are shown.


[Connective tissue-silicone foils-tympanoplastics in cases of adhesive processes of the middle ear (author's transl)]. In 1970-1974, tympamoplastics of type I-III were done in 95 patients with adhesive processes of the middle ear (epithelized tympanon, scarred adhesions of the chain, sclerosis of the tympanon etc.) following chronic inflammation or cholesteatoma. In order to avoid renewal of adhesions, to make possible the growth of mucosa and to obtain pneumatisation of the middle ear, 1 to 3 pieces of silicone foil were inserted to each patient into  the middle ear. In 21 patients the silicone foil was removed. Technique of insertion and problems of removal of the foil as well as audiollogical postoperative results are demonstrated and discussed.


[The autoradiographic definition of the proliferation of lymphoblasts in tonsils of children (author's transl)]. The H3-thymidin incorporation index of lymphoblasts in tonsils of 61 children, aged 3-14 years, has been measured posttonsillectomy. The lowest index was found in focal tonsillitis with a maximum in simple hyperplasia. The definition of H3-thymidin incorporation is a good index for cellular immunological activity in tonsils just prior to tonsillectomy.


Alkaline phosphatase activity in the inner ear blood vessels of some mammals. The distribuation pattern of alkaline phosphatase in small blood vessels was studied histochemically in the stria vascularis and spiral ligament of various mammals. No or extremely weak activity of the enzyme was demonstrated in the walls of the blood vessels in bat and rabbit, while moderate to intense activity was found in guinea pig, cat, squirrel monkey and man. There was a species difference in the phosphate metabolism in the walls of the inner ear blood vessels.


[Sialoadenosis produced by drug-treatment of hypertonicity. I. Experimental studies on the effects of guanethidine (Ismelin) on the parotid glands of the rat (author's transl)]. 48 rats were treated with the antihypertensive drug, guanethidine; its effects on the parotid glands (alpha-amylase content, protein concentration, and isamylase distribution patterns) were investigated. The treatment significantly increased the amylase activity in the gland extracts as well as the concentration of isoamylases and their specific enzyme activities. Moreover, we found a redistribution of activity between the 4 isoamylases of the parotid glands. The observed changes are the manifestations of a proteodyschylia concomitant with a peripheral neurogenic sialoadenosis. The described alterations are fully reversible within two weeks after discontinuation of the guanethidine application.


[On the secretion pressure of the human parotid gland (author's transl)]. The secretion pressure as well as the speed of resorption for saliva and water in the parotid gland is studied by electromanometry in 40 male and 14 female healthy persons on stop-flow conditions in rest and after gustatory stimulation with lemon juice. The course of intraglandular pressure after stoppage and retrograde instillation of pure water is demonstrated by typical diagrams. The essentials are discussed. The mutual relations of the measured parameters and those existing with the age are examined by means of simple correlation and linear regression analysis. Results of this analysis show that the pressure of resting secretion diminishes due to increasing age. With increasing secretory activity of the parotid gland the speed of intraglandular resorption increases, too. Pure water with be resorpted more quickly than saliva. Sex differences are not existing.


Role of Passavant's ridge in cleft palate speech. In order to reevaluate the role of Passavant's ridge, 10 adult cleft palate patients with a marked ridge were examined by a radiographic and cineradiographic method. Following results were obtained: 1. Height of the ridge varies with the vowels. 2. Height of the ridge in consonant syllable phonation is not related to velopharyngeal closure required for each consonat but to the succeeding vowels. 3. Tongue position for vowel phonation has a great effect on the appearance of the ridge. In conclusion, formation of Passavant's ridge is not associated with the degree of velopharyngeal closure necessary for the specific speech sound, but it closely related to the tongue position for vowel production. Thus the significance of Passavant's ridge in cleft palate speech remains quite doubtful.


Persistent cutaneous fistula in the neck. A cutaneous fistula may develop from an infected tooth. The lesion usually arises without dental symptoms and for this reason is often incorrectly diagnosed. For correct diagnosis intraoral radiographs and essential. Elimination of the infectious process and curettage of the periapical lesion are indicated. Usually no further treatment is warranted.


Localization of anti-HPL in fetal, placental, and maternal renal tissues. Anti-human placental lactogen (HPL) was given to pregnant rats. An analysis of various tissues including lung, muscle, placenta, kidney and fetal localizes the heterologous antibody at the placenta. It is presumed that whatever destructive effect it has takes place there.


Quantitative analysis of micrographs by computer graphics. A computer-aided graphical analysis system is presented which can be used to quantify several types of information from micrographs of cross-sectioned peripheral nerves. A simple input consisting of eight points, corresponding to two diameters of each axon and two for each axon plus myelin, is used to compute statistical and numerical estimates of these diameters, the myelin thickness being expressed as a function of axon diameter, and both the spatial position and distribution of nerve fibres within the bundle. The computer programs presented and summarized here describe the procedure for digitizing the input data and the subsequent computations for editing and analysis. The general applicability of this approach for automated analyses of other anatomical areas is also presented.


The ultrastructural localization of calcium in the avian shell gland. Fluctuating concentrations of calcium in the blood supplying the avian shell gland are not reflected at tissue level. Analyses of oviducal mucosa throughout the laying cycle show that the concentration of calcium remains relatively unaltered even at peak activity thereby implying a rapid transfer process. These experiments describe the use of potassium pyroantimonate as a localizing agent. The precipitate produced by injecting the latter via the aorta was identified as calcium pyroantimonate by electron diffraction and the efficiency of the precipitant estimated by neutron activation analysis of eggshells present in the shell gland at the time of operation. Results indicate that calcium is transferred across the surface epithelial cells of the shell gland (tubular and pouch regions). Its localization in the former is taken as an indication of the involvement of this region in the production of the mammillary mantle.


[Effects of hypothalamic microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on estral cycle and morphology of the genital tract in the female rat (author's transl)]. To determine whether central catecholaminergic pathways are involved in the neural contral of gonadotrophin secretion, they were interrupted at the hypothalamic level by microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The effects on ovulation, estral cycle and ovarian and uterine histology were studied. Microinjections of 50 mug of 6-OHDA hydrobromyde were made bilaterally into the anterolateral hypothalamus in a group of rats. Another group was injected with 25 mug of 6-OHDA, while a control group recieved an equivalent volume (5 mul) of saline with ascorbic acid. Animals injected with 50 mug of 6-OHDA showed blockade of ovulation, vaginal cytology characteristics of persistent estrous, polyfollicular ovaries and enlarged uteri with hypertrophic endometrial glands. In the group injected with 25 mug, similiar effects were demonstrated, but the number of affected animals was smaller than that in the 50 mug group. Control animals dit not show modifications, either in estral cycle or in ovarian and uterine histology. These results suggest that 6-OHDA injected into the anterolateral hypothalmus interferes with catecholaminergic pathways that participate in the neural control of ovulation.


Unilateral "Page kidney" hypertension in man. Studies of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system before and after nephrectomy. Hypertension developed in a 17-year-old boy one year after a flank injury. Intravenous pyelography showed a slightly smaller kidney on the injured side. Renal arteriography demonstrated unilateral decreased vascular filling. Renal vein ratios suggested an ischemic kidney, as did split-function studies. Nephrectomy cured the hypertension. Detailed studies before and after nephrectomy suggested that hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may participate in the pathophysiology of this unusual cause of hypertension in man.


Screening for bone metastases. Are only scans necessary? The results of total skeletal scintigraphy with technetium 99m-labeled diphosphonate in 200 patients with biopsy-proven primary cancer demonstrated abnormalities in 114; 57 had normal roentgenograms. In 32 of the 57 patients, the abnormalities were ascribed to malignant lesions. This is a false-negative rate of 17% for the roentgenographic examinations. Only three patients had abnormal roentgenograms but normal scans, a yield of 1.6% false-negative scans. In a comparison of scan and roentgenographic findings with the skeleton divided into 12 regions, 119 of 160 abnormalities seen on scans but not on roentgenograms were attributed to tumor. Only five of 17 regions that were abnormal on roentgenogram but not on scans were unexplained false-negative findings. Thus, on a regional basis, the yields of false-negative roentgenograms and scans were 9.1% and 0.4%, respectively.


Paracervical block with low doses of chloroprocaine. Fetal and maternal effects. Results of 261 paracervical blocks done with a dose of 12 ml of 1% chloroprocaine hydrochloride solution containing 1:200,000 epinephrine were recorded. The blocks were followed by abnormal heart rate patterns for 3 to 15 minutes in six of 104 (5.8%) of the fetuses. Excellent pain relief was obtained with 142 of 172 blocks or 83%. One fetus died owing to multiple congenital anomalies. Paracervical blocks performed as described are completely safe for the mother and do not affect Apgar scores. Potential fetal risks are acceptable when considered in light of the ease of administration and the amount of pain relief obtained.


Superior vena cava syndrome. Clinical management. Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is an acute or subacute oncologic emergency with typical clinical features. The syndrome is almost invariably secondary to a malignant process. The treatment of choice is irradiation, but in resistant cases or in those instances in which radiation tolerance is achieved, either surgery or chemotherapy, or both, may play a crucial role. The major pitfalls in management relate to attempts to establish the site of obstruction and to obtain specific tissue diagnosis.


Limb malformations following maternal use of haloperidol. A second case of severe limb malformations was observed following maternal use of haloperidol early in the first trimester of pregnancy. Haloperidol is teratogenic in mice, and may be teratogenic in humans.


Colchicine for periodic peritonitis.

Colchicine for periodic peritonitis. After 25 years of unsuccessful therapeutic trials, colchicine suppressed episodes of periodic peritonitis (recurrent polyserositis, familial Mediterranean fever) in most reported cases after 1972 and in 12 of 14 patients in this study. Dosage of 0.65 mg daily was continuous, but intermittent therapy timed in accordance with predicted episodes is under trial. Suppression of episodes by the drug serves as the only diagnostic test available.


[Lymphoblastif lymphoma (contribution to its prognosis)]. The authors report a case of lymphoblastic lymphoma in a woman of 41 years, with characteristic skin lesions, long evolution and relative benignity (good general condition, lymph nodes, liver and spleen not palpable, and the bone marrow study was normal). We wish to underline the existence of a Monoclonal Disglobulinemia (Paraproteins in the zone of Inmunoglobulin M); this observation was made in some cases of leukemia. This laboratory data would be of a prognostic value, indicating a rapid malign evolution, in contrast with other clinical and laboratory manifestations.


Five complementation groups in xeroderma pigmentosum. A collaborative study was undertaken to determine the relationship between the three DNA repair complementation groups in xeroderma pigmentosum found at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, and the four groups found at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda. The results of this study reveal that there are five currently known complementation groups in xeroderma pigmentosum.


HL-A antigens in Japanese Patients with Graves' disease. A group of Japanese were investigated for evidence of an association between Graves' disease and HL-A. Forty-four patients with the disease and 83 normal, unrelated random Japanese and Japanese-American controls were selected for study. The frequency of the W5 antigen among patients (57%) was significantly (P less than .0001) greater than among controls (20%). Of the 34 patients with abnormally elevated serum levels of anti-(thyroid) microsomal (anti-M) auto-antibodies, 56% had the W5 antigen. In contrast, of 48 control individuals tested for anti-M, only seven were seropositive and none (0%) of the seven had the W5 antigen. As expected the HL-A8 antigen was absent from this non-Caucasian population. These data demonstrate that the W5 antigen in Japanese, analogous to the HL-A8 antigen in Caucasians, is associated with Graves' disease but not with anti-M seropositivity in controls. The occurrence of different HL-A antigens in association with the same disease in different ethnic groups requires that the use of a major histocompatibility system antigen as a disease susceptibility marker must be confirmed for each ethnic group under study.


[Effect of B1, B2 and B6 vitamins on gastro-pancreatic enzymes (author's transl)]. Based in a former work the authors made an "in vitro" verification about the action of pure and isolated B1, B2 and B6 on the digestive enzymes. After many experiments they came to the following conclusions: 1. Pure and isolated vitamins B1, B2 and B6 have no effect on the clotting of milk. 2. Vitamins B1 and B2 delay the action of the digestive enzymes on the clotting of milk. 3. Vitamin B6 can be considered an activator, diminishing the time enzymes takes to produce clotting of milk. Afterwards they make commentaries and relate the analogy of the results with those of other authors when studying the action of pure and isolated vitamins in other biological branches and in animals.


[Experimental study of selective mesentericography in acute intestinal obstruction]. Experimentally on 76 animals (dogs) the authors have studied some diagnostic opportunities of angiography in various forms of acute intestinal obstruction: strangulation, obturation and paralytic (in peritonitis) types. Angiographic symptoms of an organic origin proved to be mainly typical for strangulation obstruction. Symptoms of a functional character reflecting disorders in mesenteric hemocirculation were found to be equally pronounced in all kinds of intestinal obstruction, these consisted in a retarded linear rate of arterial and venous blood flow, in particular.


The amenorrhoea-galactorrhea syndrome: present diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. Recent progress in the field of radioimmunology, especially as regards prolactin (PRL) assay, as well as the use of new drugs have opened new perspectives for a better understanding of the "amenorrhoea-galactorrhea syndrome" both from the diagnostic and therapeutic points of view. This syndrome which formerly was considered infrequent, is now observed more and more often, perhaps as a result of the more widespread use of drugs such as phenothiazines, reserpine derivatives, alpha-methyldopa and tricyclic antidepressants, as well as owing to the large-scale use of estrogens and above all of estrogen-progestogen contraceptives. The problems of etiopathogenesis and management of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome are complicated by the fact that a variety of factors are responsible, as is shown also by the classical nosographic classification with the Forbes-Albright syndrome in the presence of a pituitary tumour, the Chiari-Frommel syndrome of amenorrhea-galactorrhea following pregnancy, and the Argonz-del Castillo-Ahumada syndrome in the absence of lither pregnancy or tumor.


[Food habits and serum lipids in adolescents]. Serum lipids of a representative sample of eighth grade Basle school children were found practically all within normal range and hardly affected by the frequency of regular meals, milk and fat. The prospective significance of eating habits seems more important than the immediate effect on blood lipid levels.


Evaluation of the ligation of the hepatic artery and regional arterial chemotherapy in the treatment of primary and secondary cancer of the liver. Ligation of the hepatic artery was carried out in 23 patients with primary and secondary cancer of the liver. The survival time correlated well with the amount of tumor tissue in the liver. Ligation of the hepatic artery prolonged the survival time of the operated patients when compared with the untreated group, and, in addition, yielded good palliation. In appropriate cases, the most promising result in the treatment of hepatic malignancies was achieved by liver resection two to four months after the initial ligation of the hepatic artery, whereas from our experiences the final value of regional arterial chemotherapy is still unsettled. Very promising results were achieved by ligation in the treatment of liver metastases from lymphosarcoma of the stomach, which responded especially well to this kind of therapy.


[Food habits, triceps skinfold thickness and body mass in adolescents]. Frequency of regular meals, milk and fat consumption were found negatively correlated with triceps skinfold and body mass index in a representative sample of eight grade Basle School Children confirming an interaction of eating habits and anthropometric measurements.


[Retroperitoneal fibrosis with cholestatic onset 4 years before malignant lymphoma]. A 9 year old boy presented an "idiopathic" retroperitoneal fibrosis. Fibrosis extended to the liver, compressing the major biliary tree, the portal vein, the urinary tract and the inferior vena cava. The process led two successive bilio-digestive shunts and was controlled after one year corticosteroid treatment. A malignant lymphoma was responsible for the death which occurred 4 years after the initial symptoms of retroperitoneal fibrosis.


[Cytogenetic studies of preinvasive lesions and invasive carcinomas of the cervix uteri. I. Numerical chromosome abnormalities (author's transl)]. Analysis of chromosome numbers of 9 dysplasias, 25 carcinomas in situ, 4 carcinomas in situ with microinvasion and 16 invasive squamous carcinomas (at least clinical stage I b) of the cervix uteri showed that the numerical deviations of the chromosome number cannot be differentiated in principle between the carcinoma in situ, carcinoma in situ with microinvasion and invasive squamous carcinoma groups. The only remarkable finding is that cells in the triploid region appear somewhat more frequently in the invasive squamous carcinoma group. The dysplasia group has in general less numerical chromosome deviations than the other three groups. Chromosome gains seldom occur in this group, chromosome losses appear to be a more frequent event.


[Cytogenetic studies of preinvasive lesions and invasive carcinomas of the cervix uteri. II. Structural chromosome abnormalities. Karyotype deviations (author's transl)]. An analysis of karyotypes was possible in 17 preinvasive lesions (3 dysplasias, 14 carcinomas in situ) and 15 invasive lesions of the cervix uteri (3 carcinomas in situ with microinvasion, 12 invasive squamos carcinomas - at least clinical stage I b). With regard to the structural chromosome abnormalities or karyotype deviations in this study the preinvasive lesions analysed could not be differentiated in principle as a group from the invasive lesions. The question of whether the dysplasia group would be different on further investigation with more cases and could be differentiated like the numerical deviations cannot yet be answered, because of the small numbers, only preinvasive lesions and invasive lesions could be studied comparatively as groups.


[Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis]. Report of a case of disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis which is characterized by the occurrence of multiple benign leiomyomas of multicentric origin below the peritoneum. Usually they appear in the course of pregnancy and are prone to regress after delivery. Therefore a hormonal induction appears probably. In regard of the favourable prognosis this lesion must not be mistaken for a metastasizing leiomyosarcoma in order to avoid inadequate serious therapeutic measures.


Attitudes of men toward contraception.

Attitudes of men toward contraception. This report describes a pilot study conducted to determine the attitudes of men toward contraception. A questionnaire elicited responses from 436 males regarding: Personal data; contraceptive responsibility; contraceptive knowledge; use of contraception and preference for future methods. Results include attitudes toward contraceptive responsibility, assistance to pregnant partners and knowledge regarding eight common contraceptives. Usage of contraceptives in general and condoms and withdrawal specifically is reported. Preference for eight common contraceptive methods is also presented, along with data on delay of intercourse due to lack of contraceptives, partners' requests for male use of condoms/withdrawal and attitudes toward dissemination of contraceptive material to the public. Also reported are attitudes toward development of new contraceptives, use of male sterility shots or pills and the prices that men would pay for newly developed male contraceptives. The most preferred male contraceptive for future development is reported. It was concluded that the survey form and methodology were valid; that men desired to participate in family regulation; that the majority of men placed a low economic value on male contraceptives and finally that the overwhelming majority of men wanted contraceptive information to be widely disseminated in the public.


Cytogenetic studies of preinvasive lesions and invasive carcinomas' of the cervix uteri. III. Survey and interpretation of the results reported in the literature. Summary. Cytogenetic studies were performed of 54 preinvasive carcinomas and invasive squamous cervix carcinomas altogether. The chromosome number could be determined in 9 dysplasias, 25 carcinomas in situ, 4 carcinomas in situ with micro-invasion and 16 invasive squamous carcinomas (at least clinical stage Ib). It was shown that carcinomas in situ, carcinomas in situ with microinvasion and invasive squamous carcinomas could not be differentiated from each other in principle as groups with regard to numerical chromosome deviations...


[Dermoid cysts of the greater omentum (author's transl)]. The occurrence of dermoid cysts of a complex type in the greater omentum has been discussed. In report of a case the matrix of tumor originates from the supernumerary ovary of otherwise normal adnexa, and becomes implanted in the greater omentum by autoamputation as a result of peduncle torsion. This is an observation which contributes to the explanation of the histogenesis of teratomic cysts in the greater omentum.


Dieldrin and DDT in the tissues of mice fed aldrin and DDT for seven generations. Seven-Generation Study (P-F6): The concentration and total retention of dieldrin or p,p'-DDT and metabolites were determined in the total carcass of Swiss-Webster mice fed dietary supplements of aldrin 5 or 10 ppm, or DDT 100 ppm, to age 260 days. All groups showed a significant increase in total body retention (and concentration) of dieldrin or total DDT in the total carcass of the F1, F2, and F3 generations. Generally, these increases were related directly to increases in total body lipids, when compared with the P generations. The control (pesticide-free) diet was fed to all F4 generation experimental mice from weaning to age 260. The pesticides absorbed by these animals while in utero and via lactation were found, at the time of sacrifice, to have been excreted completely. When the experimental diets were resumed with the weanlings of the F2 generations, a repetition of the general findings in the P and F1 generations was noted-demonstrating that pesticide retention and total body lipids are closely interrelated, and that a high body lipid content favors a high retention rate of these fat-soluble pesticides. These results support our earlier studies in rats (Deichmann et al., 1972) and investigations with cirrhotic human livers with severe fatty infiltration (Oloffs et al., 1974). Conception became more delayed with each succeeding generation, requiring some degree of "selective" breeding of the F4, F5, and F6 generations.


The comparative ophthalmic toxicology of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and dibenz(b.f)-1:4-oxazepine(CR). Rabbit eyes were contaminated with 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and dibenz(b.f)-1:4-oxazepine (CR) in solution (1 to 10% in polyethylene glycol 300), as a solid (0.1 to 5 mg), and as aerosols (15 min exposure to 360 to 719 mg/m3). In solution, CN caused marked and persistent inflammatory effects, the severity and duration being related to the concentration used. Corneal damage was marked and persistent with 5 and 10% solutions; the lowest concentration causing just detectable keratitis in a small proportion of animals was 2%. Solid CN was even more damaging to the eye than similar amounts in solution. In marked contrast, CR in solution caused mild to moderate inflammatory effects, usually of only a few days duration, even at the higher concentrations. With 1 and 2%, these effects were just detectable to mild, lasting for 24 hrs or less. 10% CR caused just detectable keratitis of usually only a few days duration; the lowest concentration causing just detectable keratitis in a small proportion  of treated animals was 5%. Solid CR merely caused minor irritation of the conjunctivae and eyelids for about 1 hr. Aerosols of CN and CR did not damage the eye, but irritation of the lids and conjunctivae was more marked and persistent with CN. Solutions of CN and CR caused concentration-related increases in corneal thickness and intraocular tension, being more marked and sustained with CN.


Studies on the toxicology of hexachlorobenzene. I. Pharmacokinetics. In female rats dosed orally with 14C-hexachlorobenzene the extent of intestinal absorption of carbon-14 has been found to be dependent on the form of application. When the substance was given as a solution in oil about 80% of the dose administered was absorbed, but when given as an aqueous suspension only 6%. In animals treated with 14C-hexachlorobenzene dissolved in oil, all tissues contained radioactivity. Highest levels were found in adipose tissue, lowest in blood and muscle. Peak values of radioactivity were reached between 2 to 5 days after application. Elimination was studied after intraperitoneal application of 4 mg/kg14C-hexachlorobenzene dissolved in oil. Two weeks after administration, 34% of the radioactivity administered was recovered in the feces and 5% in urine. About 80% of carbon-14 excreted in feces and about 4% in urine was contained in the unchanged drug. This indicates that biodegradation of hexachlorobenzene in the rat is not insignificant. No radioactivity was detected in the expired air.


Influence of chelation therapy on acute lead intoxication in rats. The intraperitoneal administration of Pb acetate (5 x 20 mg Pb/kg per day) evokes a moderate and transient hypochromic anemia, a long-lasting enhanced urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid whereas the urinary excretion of alkaline phosphatase is not affected and that of lactic dehydrogenase only marginally. It is concluded that neither the hematologic response nor the slight nephrotoxicity are responsible for the lethal action of Pb. Chelate treatment started 3 days after the last Pb dose and was continued over 7 weeks. The daily intraperitoneal dose was 25, 50, and 100 mumol/kg, respectively. The efficacy in promoting the urinary excretion of Pb decreased in the following order: Ca diethylenetriaminepentaacetate greater than 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate greater than Zn diethylenetriaminepentaacetate greater than D-penicillamine. This effect was mainly due to the mobilization of skeletal Pb. The chelating agents also lowered the excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid but failed to exert a beneficial influence on the anemia and the lethal action of Pb. These negative results raise questions about the usefulness of chelation therapy in cases of acute Pb poisoning.


Biliary excretion of 64Cu, 65Zn and 203Hg in the rat with liver injury induced by CCl4. In rats the effect of a chronic administration of CCl4 on the excretion and disstribution of 64Cu, 65Zn, and 203Hg was investigated. The bilary excretion of these metals was studied with particular attention. It was found that total excretion of 64Cu, 65Zn, or 203Hg from the organism did not change significantly in comparison with the control groupp, but the ratio of individual excretion pathways did change. The course of excretion curves regarding the bile in exposed animals is prolonged. The histologic examination of the livers revealed a large interindividual variability in the response of the liver tissue to the same CCl4 exposure. Differences in distribution in the kidneys and livers in exposed and control animals was also found.


[Quantitative determination of lead in blood, urine and bone by anodic stripping voltammetry (author's transl)]. The determination of lead in blood, urine and bone (0.5 to 1.0 g blood, 5 to 10 ml urine, approx. 200 mg bone ash) by anodic stripping voltammetry is described. Blood samples are decomposed with nitric acid/perchloric acid, urine samples with nitric acid/perchloric acid/sulfuric acid. Bones are dry-ashed at 450 to 500 degrees C previously. The interference of iron in the analysis of blood samples is removed by adding citrate and adjusting the pH to approx. 3.5.


Salicylate removal by charcoal haemoperfusion in experimental intoxication in dogs:an assessment of efficacy and safety. The removal of salicylate by extracorporeal circulation of blood through a column of encapsulated activated charcoal (haemoperfusion) has been studied experimentally in intoxicated dogs (greyhounds). The average time taken to reduce the whole blood salicylate level to one-half of the initial equilibrium level in 30 kg dogs was 2 hrs. A half-life of 3 hrs is predicted for salicylate removal by haemoperfusion in a 70 kg man and this rate of removal is shown to be comparable to that reported for haemodialysis. No unacceptable adverse physiological, biochemical, or haematological effects were found to result from haemoperfusion. The possible use of this technique in the management of severe salicylate poisoning in man is discussed. Haemoperfusion is foreseen as providing a method of rapid removal of salicylate in circumstances where forced diuresis is contra-indicated or inadequate and haemodialysis is not readily available.


Relationship between activation of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by heating and blood lead level. Both blood lead and erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity were determined for workers with and without an occupational lead exposure. In workers occupationally exposed to lead, it was demonstrated that the erythrocyte ALA-D is markedly activated by heating the hemolysate at 60 degrees C for 5 min and there is a good positive correlation between the ratio of heated to nonheated ALA-D activity and the blood lead level (r=0.799). In addition, by heating the hemolsyate, the ALA-D activity of the lead-exposed workers appears to be returned into the normal range regardless of the extent of lead absorption. However, in normal workers without the occupational lead exposure, no significant correlation was found between the ratio of heated to nonheated ALA-D activity and the blood head level, although the normal ALA-D also can be slightly activated by heating the hemolysate at 60 degrees C for 5 min.


[Metabolism of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole in rats]. 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole[5-(14)C] was administered orally to rats as a single dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Excretion in urine and feces was followed during a period of 3 days. Within the first 24 hrs the main part of the radioactivity was found in the urine as unchanged amitrole. 3-Amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolyl-(5)-mercapturic acid were isolated from urine and identified by comparison with synthetic compounds. The total amount of these metabolites in the urine was about 6% of the dose. The metabolic pathways of amitrole and the possible relations between biotransformation and toxicity are discussed.


Motor nerve conduction velocity after carbon monoxide or m-dinitrobenzene poisoning following elimination of the poisons. 24 hrs after acute carbon monoxide or m-dinitrobenzene poisoning (about 60% CO-Hb or Met-Hb) the sciatic motor conduction velocity of rats is significantly reduced by 33% and 16% respectively. Whereas 48 hrs after methemoglobinemia the nerve conduction is normal, a retardation is detectable even 4 weeks following carboxyhemoglobinemia. Also, 4 weeks after single carbon monoxide intoxication producing a mean CO-Hb content of 19%, the motor conduction velocity is significantly decreased. This effect may be useful for detection of carbon monoxide intoxication after elimination of the poison. The results show that there are carbon monoxide effects independent of blockade of hemoglobin.


Lack of the correlation between biochemical effects on rats and blood carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in various conditions of single acute exposure to carbon monoxide. The relationship between conditions of exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) and biochemical effects was investigated in experiments on rats. The magnitude and the time of biochemical disturbances in the tissues resulting from two different exposures consisting of 1 Vol.-% CO for 4 min and 0.4 Vol.-% CO for 40 min respectively were compared. In both cases, at the end of exposure the same level of blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) (about 50%) was reached. The biochemical determinations in the blood (pH, glucose, lactate, pyruvate) and brain tissue (lactate, pyruvate) were carried out immediately after termination of the exposure and after the time periods of restitution. CO exposure resulted in a decreased blood pH, increased level of blood glucose, as well as that of lactate and pyruvate both in blood and brain tissue. These changes were much more pronounced following the "longer-lesser" exposure than after the "shorter-intense" one, although blood concentrations of COHb was the same. The observed phenomenon puts some light on the frequently encountered lack of the correlation between COHb level in blood and severity of CO intoxication in clinical practice.


Ferrihemoglobin and kidney lesions in rats produced by 4-aminophenol or 4-dimethylaminophenol. 4-Dimethylaminophenol hydrochloride (DMAP), 20mg/kg i.v., was found to oxidize in rats as much as 50% of the hemoglobin to ferrihemoglobin but did not cause kidney lesions. 4-Aminophenol hydrochloride, 400 mg/kg i.v., oxidized only 25% of the hemoglobin and produced large tubular necroses. In highly toxic doses only, e.g., twice the LD50, DMAP also produced tubular necroses.


[The significance of platelet adhesiveness and aggregation and free fatty acids by functional disorders of the internal ear (author's transl)]. The significance of platelet adhesiveness and aggregation in the early phase of thrombosis as well as in the development of degenerative vascular wall processes has today become an established fact. In this connection the plasmalipids are of special interest, of which the free fatty acids (FFA) represent a sensitive indicator both for the adrenergic reactivity of the organism and the process of stress-conditioned circulatory reactions. In the present study 65 clinical cases with functional disorders of the internal ear were examined regarding to the platelet adhesiveness and FFA, differtiating only between sudden loss of hearing (n=28) and functional disorders of different symptomatology (n=37). Our preliminary statistics showed in 64% of the patients with a sudden loss of hearing mainly an average, and in 84% of the 37 examined functional disorders of different symptomatology a slight to a high increase in the adhesiveness. The FFA-concentrations increased in approximately 90% of the 23 examined cases with functional disorders of the internal ear. It is remarkable, that the measured adhesiveness and serum-FFA-concentrations are comparable to the high values obtained from atheromatous vascular processes, venous thrombosis, cardial and cerebral infarctions, intermittent cerebrovascular insufficiency as well as from transient impaired vision caused by microembolism. Even if the high percentage in the FFA-increase, under strictest observance of the patient's resting position at the time of the blood withdrawal, is presumably much below the measured value, it still indicates an increased tonus of the sympathetic nervous system in the majority of the examined patients. The clinical satisfactory results obtained after timely applications of numerous agents inhibiting aggregation and adhesiveness, as well as reducing the lipids, also indicate a process of stress-conditioned circulatory reactions and the existence of atheromatous respectively thrombo-embolic vascular processes in a number of acute or intermittent functional disorders of the internal ear.


Subtotal pharyngolaryngectomy conservation surgery for carcinoma of sinus pyriformis extending toward the larynx. In newly developed surgery for pyriform sinus tumor extending toward the larynx, the supraglottic portion of the larynx and the vertical half of the larynx on the tumor side are included in the area of resection. The arytenoid and cricoid cartilages on the tumor side and the vertical half of the hypopharyngeal wall are resected. Three out of seven patients remain cured at the end of 5 years and this ratio is the same as that for total pharyngolaryngectomy for pyriform sinus tumor. The resulting voice is somewhat hoarse, however, verbal communication is not remarkably affected. It is concluded that in surgical repair for pyriform sinus tumor extending toward the larynx, subtotal pharyngolaryngectomy is the procedure of choice to preserve the laryngeal function and anticipate reasonable prospects for a cure.


Some thoughts on the perception of ultrasonics by man. After a short specification of the ultrasonic transmitter device by which the test frequencies of 20,40,60 and 100 kHz could be emitted by means of a transmitter fixed to the forehead of the subject with constant pressure, the mean perception threshold for ultrasonics is described, which had been recorded by using the wide-band noise of the audiometer MA 30. Both curves do not differ considerably so that ultrasonic investigations can be carried out in the presence of working noise without producing wrong measurement results. A comparison of perception between ultrasonic frequencies and audio frequencies in the hearing range showed that ultrasonics produce, independent of the stimulation frequency, the same sensory impression as a sound at a frequency of about 12 or 13 kHz. Applying this method to hard of hearing subjects with noise induced hearing damages and deaf subjects had the following results: 1. Subjects with noise induced hearing damages very early have a raised perception threshold for ultrasonics. There was no correlation between the extent of the auditory threshold (the shift of the threshold) and the perception threshold of ultrasonics. 2. Deaf people almost without exception are not able to perceive ultrasonics. 3. With hard of hearing of the inner ear of different genesis ultrasonic perception is varying. There was no particular raise of the ultrasonic perception threshold with hereditary hard of hearing of the inner ear. 4. On the basis of the results the question is discussed in which section of the auditory system ultrasonic perception occurs. In the opinion of the authors the origin of perception might be in the organ of Corti itself. An unambiguous proof, however, could not be found so far. At present the procedure of investigation does not yet allow an application in practical diagnostics of ear specialists.


[Indication and prognosis of the transethmoidal decompression of the optical nerve in posttraumatic amaurosis (author's transl)]. In 8 patients with unilateral posttraumatic amaurosis a transethmoidal decompression of the optical nerve was performed. In 4 patients the vision returned completely after operation, 1 patient showed only a partial improvement and in 3 cases the amaurosis remained unchanged. These results agree with those reported by Japanese authors (Sugita et al., 1965; Fukado, 1968) and suggest, that opposite to the neurosurgical transfrontal-intradural resection of the roof of the optical canal the rhinosurgical transethmoidal decompression of the optical nerve may improve the prognosis of the posttraumatic amaurosis, espcially, if the decompression can be done as soon after trauma as possible. Further advantages of this surgical method are the smaller risk, the shorter operation time and the preservation of olfaction. It is emphasized that the rhinologist cannot indicate the decompression of the optical nerve without consulting the ophthalmologist and the neurologist. Contraindications are lesions of the bulbus oculi and the fundus, lesions of the chiasma opticum and a posttraumatic amaurosis caused by a sinus-cavernosus-fistula. Regarding the experiences gained by rhinosurgeons so far the early transethmoidal decompression seems to be indicated, if a unilateral impairment of vision exists right after the trauma or develops within the next 24-48 hrs and if there is no damage to the bulbus and the fundus.


Goblet cells in the developing rhinopharynx and pharynx. In 60 foetuses and prematures, ranging in age from the 10th to the 30th menstrual week, the entire mucous membrane from the rhinopharynx and pharynx was removed and stained in toto with PAS-alcian blue, PAS, and osmium whole-mount methods. The development, spread, and density of goblet cells as well as the differentiation of the epithelium were studied. Goblet-cell development started in the 12th week, 3-4 weeks later than the development of ciliated cells, below the tubal orifice. Thereupon, goblet cells gradually spread behind the tubal orifice, towards the roof and further on to the nose. Thus, by the 17th week goblet cells and ciliated cells are present throughout the rhinopharynx and in the upper half of the pharynx. In the lower half of the rhinopharynx and upper part of the pharynx as well as in the posterior wall, the density is fairly low during the first weeks, and later it becomes even lower. In these sites the epithelium differentiation into startified squamous and transitional epithelium. In the roof of the rhinopharynx and in the fossa of Rosenmüller the density increases steadily, and in these sites respiratory tract epithelium is present. Transformation of the epithelium, which originally contains ciliated cells and goblet cells, into startified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium is instituted at an early stage of development and continues throughout, but possibly it is promoted postnatally by mechanical contact between the walls.


The narrow vestibular aquaeduct. An unspecific radiological sign? Tomography of the vestibular aquaeduct was carried out in patients with Ménière's disease, patients with chronic otitis and in patients without ear disorders. Visualization of the vestibular aquaeduct was evaluated blindly. The descending part of the aquaeduct was clearly visible in 95% of patients without ear disease. In the other groups, including contralateral non-affected ears in Ménière patients, the aquaeduct was clearly visible in only about 50%. The incidence of narrow or invisible aquaeducts in ducts in Ménière patients and in patients with chronic otitis was essentially the same. This radiologic finding seems to be an unspecific sign, present possibly in a variety of ear disorders.


[Relation of the external carotid artery to the parotid gland (author's transl)]. The relation of the external carotid artery to the parotid gland is differently described by various authors. Publications on topographical anatomy predominantly state that the artery takes its course "through the gland". In contrast to this, however, oto-rhinolaryngological publications tend to emphasize a rather loose spatial relation of the artery to the medial surface of the gland as being typical although, in general, little attention is being paid from the operative and technical point of view to the position of the artery in relation to the gland. Our own anatomical dissections in dead bodies have shown that in a number of instances the artery and its branches are extensively surrounded by glandular tissue. With approximately equal frequency, however, the artery was found to lie in a more or less superficial groove on the medial surface of the gland.


Response of the human nasal mucous membrane to anti-human IgE serum. The response of the nasal mucous membrane to anti-human IgE serum was examined. The application of anti-IgE sera to the nasal mucous membrane induced a nasal allergy-like symptom as well as nasal eosinophilia. This symptom was observed in the majority of nasal allergy cases and in some vasomotor rhinitis cases, while not in non-allergic normal persons. The nasal eosinophilia, however, increased not only in allergic patients, but in non-allergic persons in whom no nasal symptoms were induced. Such a nasal reaction was not induced with anti-IgA sera or anti-IgG sera. The character of the reaction was presumed to be specific to anti-IgE and was predominantly a reversed type anaphylaxis in the nasal mucous membrane. The sensitivity of the nasal mucous membrane to anti-IgE decreased in the course of the hyposensitization with house dust. The cause of this phenomenon was obscure.


ERA-stimulation with free-programable frequency and intensity sequence--a method to reduce the examination time. A new method for ERA-stimulation with free-programable sequence of intensity and frequency will described. We developed to realize this method a Free-Programable ERA-Stimulator, FPERAS/74. The expectation has been confirmed that this way of stimulation which includes a regular change of frequency and intensity of the auditory stimuli decreases effective the development of habituation in its amount and velocity. In our experiment (K- and P-experiment) it will be clarified the efficiency of this method both with regard to the time-saving during the recordings of the AEP and its quality comparee with the conventionally determined AEP. It can be stated a triple shortening of the examination time with a simultaneous improvement of the quality and the reproductibility of the AEP.


[Influence of repetition rate and pause upon the cortical potential evoked by various acoustic stimulation in man (author's transl)]. In agreement with earlier experiments an increase of amplitude of the medium components (80-250 ms: Non-Pon) with decreasing repetition rate or increasing interval between the stimuli (sinusoidal tones, white noise, craftsman noise) is observed. There is no influence of the variable intervals upon the off-effect, if sinusoidal tones and white noise are used. A small increase of the amplitude difference Noff-Poff results if bursts of craftsman noise are used for stimulation. The amplitude of a peak in the range 300-400 ms which can be regarded approximatively as the peak of the long lasting dc-component, related to the positive peak (Pon) around 200 ms shows also an increasing tendency if the interval between stimuli is enlarged. Pon itself is augmented if related to the preceding section before stimulus on-set. Therefore the increase of the slow component expresses only an increase of the positive component Pon or is based upon a dc-shift which is added to the preceding section as well as to the range of the dc-component beginning around 300 ms after stimulus on-set. Using only sinusoidal tones a reduction takes place of the amplitude of the potential evoked by a tone of constant duration if the silent pauses are smaller than 2500 ms. If the pause preceding a tone of constant duration is reduced down to 300 ms the decrease of the amplitude is around 50-60%. The amplitude of the off-effect however is not affected. Only if related on the positive component Pon the slow component shows a small decrease. If related on the preceding section there is no change caused by different pauses preceding a tone of constant duration. Both, the latency of on- and off-components is also not influenced by the variable pause. Only the peak of the slow component shows a shift in the way that there is a maximum if the duration of the pause corresponds to half of the interval. In this case there is also a clear maximum of the amplitude of the potential evoked by the tone of variable duration. The results throw some light upon the different origin of the components of the evoked response and the overlapping of dc-shifts.


[Whistler for two voices (sound of whistle produced by man) (author's transl)]. "Double tone whistling" is the rare ability to produce two different tones of whistle with the mouth at the same time and with volitional intervalls between two tones: melodies being whistled this way sound therefore as two voices. With two persons who have this ability we could tape several melodies, analyse them and conclude from this the origin of the two single tones. Beside that we also could analyse a case of "tripletone" melodies and compare it with the results of our sonogramms. The recordings were analysed with the AF-spectrum-analyser Songraph 6061 B. From the interpretation of the patterns follows: In nearly all cases there is a "switching over" between two tones (see Figs. 1, 4, 5). The intervall between the two tones is not fixed but harmonic. Listening to this gives the impression of tremolo. One of our persons could even continue whistling are tone after the change over to the other tone for a short time (about 50 msec). You get the impression of "switching over" even when only listening to the recording of the double-tone whistling of person 2. As mentioned above, we were able to analyse the "melodies for three voices" as indicated by Scheminzky (1957). "Double tone whistling" and independent humming at a lower frequency form this three voices of the "three voice melody". In opposition to Scheminzky's conjecture, a changing over and not a continuous side by side of the two single tones is the basis of this "doubletone whistling". The results of our analysis are: Person 1 seems to be able to form two resonant rooms in the mouth cavity with the tongue  with two resonance frequencies. Person 2 could indicate two kinds of whistle at two voices: a) The tongue is being moved forth and back in the rhythm of the switching over. b) The tongue is being fixed and the cheeks change the shape of the mouth-cavity in the rhythm of the change over.


Cell renewal in the eustachian tube epithelium of guinea pigs. The turnover time of the epithelial cells of a normal eustachian tube was estimated in guinea pigs by means of lightmicroscopic autoradiography with thymidine-H3. The cell migration from the basal layer to the tubal lumen was chased by sacrificing the animals at different intervals after tnymidine-H administration. This study revealed that the generative cells were the basal cells in the tubal epithelium and that the different types of maturative cells in the epithelium have a different life span. The turnover time of non-ciliated secretory cells was about 145 hrs (about 6 days), while that of ciliated cells and goblet cells more than 6 days.


Changes in compensatory eye movements after unilateral labyrinthectomy in the rabbit. Compensatory (slow phase) eye movements elicited by sinusoidal oscillation on a torsion swing were measured in rabbits, 6 months after destruction of the left labyrinth. A range of combinations of stimulus frequencies (0.048-1.8 Hz) and amplitudes (1-25 degrees) were used. Gain (amplitude of cumulative slow phase eye movement/amplitude of swing), phase (eye position vs. swing position - 180 degrees) and directional asymmetry were calculated from averaged records. With eyes covered, gain was much less than half of normal and phase lead was increased by at least 20 degrees. Spontaneous drift was minimal or absent; a slight asymmetry of reactions (preponderance of smooth movements to the intact side) was found. In the presence of vision, reactions were slightly improved, but only for low stimulus velocities. It is concluded that although the acute effects of unilateral labyrinthectomy in rabbits subside and a static equilibrium is achieved, dynamic performance of vestibular reactions remains much below normal.


[Concentration of RNA, DNA and protein in the human tonsil as a parameter for the discrimination of their function (author's transl)]. We have studied at 200 tonsils the tissue concentration and the organ content of RNA, DNA and protein. The results are used for the objective discrimination of different clinical states. It could be shown that the time of the maximal physiological activity reaches to the age of 20 years. Our results may be used as directions for the indication of the tonsilectomy.


Non-surgical recording of auditory pathway function in cats. The techniques are described for serial, non-surgical recording of the cochlear microphonic (CM), the electrocochleogram (ECoG) and the averaged electroencephalic response (AER) in cats. The early post-natal period has been systematically studied in a breeding strain of hereditarily deaf white cats, and illustrative examples are presented from animals with histologically normal chochleae, and also from ears with confirmed chochleosaccular degeneration. Transitory potentials have been recorded with the CM and ECoG procedures from some of the latter.


Sialoadenosis produced by drug-treatment of hypertonicity. II. Experimental studies on the effects of guanethidine (Ismelin) on the submaxillary glands of the rat. 48 rats were treated with guanethidine (Ismelin) in order to study the side-effects on the submaxillary glands following application of a routinely used antihypertensive substance. In contrast to guanethidine-treated parotid glands, no retention of alpha-amylase was observed. The amylolytic activities of the glands are decreased both after treatment for 24 hrs and when a 3 week treatment had been followed by a 2 week recuperation period. This decrease of total amylase content runs parallel with alterations in the alpha-isoamylase patterns of the submaxillary glands. Furthermore, gland growth is inhibited by the guanethidine-mediated "pharmacological sympathectomy". We interpret these proteodyschylic changes of the submaxillary glands as a pharmacologically induced peripheral neurogenic sialoadenosis.


[Epithelial surface of trachea in adult male albino rats (author's transl)]. The epithelial surface of trachea in adult male albino rats is studied by reflection scanning electron microscopy (REM). Surface morphology of the tracheal epithelium shows extensive individual and regional variability. Identical surface morphology may result by different causal factors. Regional morphology is presented by a mapping of the epithelial surface. Special attention is given to the structure of the cilia. Furthermore the morphology and distribution of possible receptor cell terminals is shown. The validity of reflection scanning electron microscopic studies for identifying the patho-histogenetic action of air pollutants is discussed.


[Limit of measurement of middle ear impedance (author's transl)]. The air volume enclosed in the acoustic duct is considered to be one of the causes of the bad reproductibility and the great scattering of measurement results of middle ear impedance. Therefore this volume was measured with ten subjects (20 ears) and the measured values of impedance were corrected. A procedure for determining the volume between the occlusion of the external canal and the ear-drum is described. The difficulties of carrying out this procedure are pointed out. Because of the volume determination for series examinations the measurement of the value of the impedance change as a criterion for individual resistance to noise of persons exposed to pulse noise involves great efforts and is therefore considered to be an inappropriate method as long as the indicated difficulties with measuring techniques continue to exist.


Lymphoreticular tissue lesions in mice after immunization with typhoid fever vaccine and immunosuppression with azathioprine. C57BL and Balb/c mice were immunized, were immunized and then administered immunosuppressives, were immunized with concurrent immunosuppression, and were immunized after prior administration of immunosuppressive agents. Typhoid fever vaccine used clinically was used for immunization. Immunosuppression was accomplished with azathioprine (Imuran). Control groups received azathioprine or no treatment. The experiment lasted 5 months. In mice immunized with typhoid fever vaccine and subsequent azathioprine administration, malignant lymphomas of a lymphoblastic type appeared in 20% of C57BL mice and in 70% of Balb/c mice. In mice receiving antigenic vaccine together with azathioprine, malignant lymphomas appeared in only 5 to 10% of cases. However, mice that first received azatioprine and were later immunized, died after the second administration of typhoid fever vaccine and showed pictures that brought to mind blastic transformation of lymphocytes in vitro. This proliferation was primarily found in subcortical areas of lymph nodes. Analysis of presented results indicates that chronic immunization of animals with typhoid fever vaccine may serve as experimental model of malignant lymphoma morphologically similar to that appearing in human pathology.


Effect of hydroxystilbamidine on the kinetoplast of Trypanosoma gambiense in mice. Hydroxystilbamidine (OHSA), an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, was shown to induce the dyskinetoplastic forms (akinetoplastic forms, AK forms) of Trypanosoma gambiense. The mode of appearance of the AK forms after injection of various doses of OHSA into infected mice was examined. The results suggested that production of the AK form is due to the selective inhibition of kinetoplast duplication of the drug without any effect on nuclear and cytoplasmic multiplication. When the parasites were treated with moderate doses of OHSA, segmenting forms without stainable kinetoplasts, were occasionally seen but attempts to establish a clone of akinetoplastic parasite were unsuccessful. Electron microscopy of parasites obtained after OHSA treatment showed not only irregular division of the kinetoplast but also the disorganization of kinetonucleus with disappearance of its envelope. Therefore, it was concluded that the AK forms were also produced by OHSA through disappearance of the kinetoplast.


Sequence studies on the constant region of the Fd sections of rabbit immunoglobulin G of different allotype. The amino acid sequence has been completed for the constant region of the Fd fragments of heavy chains from rabbit IgG (immunoglobulin G) of allotype Aa1 and Aa3. The amino acid sequence given by Fruchter et al. [(1970) Biochem. J. 116, 249-259] for the constant region of the Fd fragment from Aa1 IgG was extended and in in part corrected to give a continuous sequence of 140 residues. No allotype-related sequence variation was found in the constant section of the Fd fragment. This evidence confirms the view that the differences in sequence between the variable regions of Aa1 and Aa3 IgG [Mole et al., (1971) Biochem. J. 124, 301-318] are responsible for the allotypic specificities.


Characterization of pulmonary surfactant from ox, rabbit, rat and sheep. 1. Pulmonary surfactants from ox, rabbit, rat and sheep were isolated and analysed. 2. All preparations had a high anenoic phosphatidylcholine content and would produce stable surface tensions of 0.01 Nm-1 or less. 3. Protein content was 8-18% of the dry weights. A number of proteins were observed; their overall composition were high in hydrophobic amino acid residues. 4. Lipid content varied from 79% (ox) to 90% (rabbit) with phosphatidylcholine representing from 58% (sheep) to 83% (rabbit) of the total lipid. The surfactant preparations were rather similar in lipid composition except that sheep surfactant contained about 10% lysophosphatidylcholine. 5. Hexadecanoic acid was the principal fatty acid. It was particularly high in phosphatidylcholine. 6. Phosphatidylglycerol was a minor constituent of all surfactants but phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine was not detected.


Relation between structure and muscarinic activity III. Synthesis and cholinergic activity of some-onium compounds related to 2-methyl-4-trimethylammoniomethyl-1,3-dioxolane iodide. The synthesis of the sulfonium, phosphonium and arsonium analogs of the dioxolane of Fourneau is described. The muscarinic activities of these compounds were compared with regard to the role of cationic head in the interaction with the muscarinic receptor.


[Diuretics on the basis of N-substituted 2,4-diamino-s-triazines by cyclisation of biguanides (author's transl)]. The structural class of 2,4-diamino-s-triazines (5) functioning as diuretics has become accessible by a novel preparatory procedure. The new synthesis is based on the aminomethinylating principle of s-triazine (1), under the action of which biguanides (2) are cyclized to 5 passing through the intermediary states 3 and 4.


[On the crystallisation of amphetaminil base into its hydrochloride salt (author's transl)]. In an aqueous medium in the presence of hydrochloric acid, amphetaminil (AN 1¿R) directly crystallises into the needle forming hydrochloride. The hydrochloride and base of the substance AN 1 have the same degree of insolubility in water. Such a reaction is relatively seldom observed in organic substances. Correspondingly, there is no similarity between the physical and chemical reactions of AN 1 and other well-known substances. In order to attain suitable judgement on the pharmaceutical/dynamic effect of AN 1, the clinical results known to date should not be disregarded.


[MASCA-model of biochemical-pharmacological drug research. Part 6: Structure-activity relationship and bio-oscillations (author's transl)]. The coupling of oscillations and structure-activity relationships is important for the interpretation of the effect of physiological and pharmacological substances.


[Are there pseudophototropic reactions in biology?  Part 2: Pseudophototropy and the course of cancer (author's transl)]. The phenomenon of pseudophototropy is compared with well-known theories of the origin and treatment of cancer, by means of practical medical experiments. The reaction cycles or life processes of both systems are comparable, in spite of considerable differences between them, and suggest, at least as a hypothesis, that there is a general mechanism for the formation of double-bond sequences liable to reaction.