[In-vitro studies on the kinetics of bone-marrow erythropoesis during the first trimester of life (Trimenonreduction)]. This study tries to give further insight into the mechanism and location of the physiological reduction of the bone marrow erythropoiesis during the first trimester (Trimenonreduction). Methods utilized included red blood values, bone marrow morphology, 3H-Thymidine Autoradiography, Feulgen-cytophotometry and 3H-, 14C-Thymidine double labelling techniques of bone marrow erythroblasts of healthy children of different age groups. Besides already known techniques we used especially a modification of the double labelling techniques, developed in our laboratories. We draw the following conclusions from our results: 1. Newborns have a higher rate of bone marrow erythropoiesis in comparison with normal controls of other ages. The reduction of the bone marrow erythropoiesis starts already in the first 2 days of life. 2. The reduction of the bone marrow erythropoiesis in the investigated infants in the second week of life was about to one fifth of values which proved to be normal for healthy older children. 3. This reduction is caused partially by prolongation of proliferation and maturation phases of erythroblasts, partially by a decrease of new erythroblast-formation from the stem cell pool. Medium values of DNA-synthesistime of infants with the highest reduction is double compared with values of healthy controls in vitro. 4. The decrease of cell proliferation and maturation during the reduction of the bone-marrow erythropoiesis includes all precursors and all phases of the cell cycle equally. In the first few days of life however it seems that the decrease of DNA synthesizing erythroblasts surpasses the reduction of maturing cells. 5. An ineffectiveness of erythropoiesis could not be found responsible for the reduction. 6. The reduction in erythropoiesis is seen in those steps in which other autors found stimulations by erythropoietin. Therefore this study supports the thesis, that the trimenonreduction is caused by a lack of erythropoietin stimulation. 7. The sequence of the trimenon reduction in humans is different from results found in animals.


Contingency awareness in premature infants. Infants of low birthweight were placed in an artificial contingency situation in which leg movement produced movement of an overhead mobile. When compared with 5 non-contingent controls, these 5 infants showed an increase in frequency of kicks and in the amount of time spent focusing on the mobile.


Arousal and activity level of rats with lesions in the dorsal hippocampus. The effect on gross locomotor activity of irrelevant stimuli, prior exposure to these stimuli and two dosages of amphetamine were assessed on rats with lesions in the dorsal hippocampus. These animals were significantly more active post-operatively than sham-lesioned subjects. Prior exposure to the irrelevant stimuli increased post-operative differentiation between stimuli, whereas the introduction of amphetamine had the reverse effect. Changes in locomotor activity occurred at lower dosages of amphetamine than in previous studies, suggesting that the irrelevant stimuli have an arousal effect which acts additively with amphetamine and hippocampal impairment.


Field dependence in relation to alcohol consumption: a co-twin control study. 20 male, alcohol-discordant twin pairs, aged 45 to 65 yr. were compared for field-dependent cognitive style and general intelligence by means of one-sample t and multivariate Td2-tests. The high alcohol group was more field-dependent (p less than .01) than the low alcohol group, mainly because of poorer scores on the Embedded-figures Test. When general intelligence was controlled for, the amount of embedded-figures variance accounted for by consumption of alcohol dropped considerably.


Inter-group aggression in mice: a new method for testing the effects of centrally active drugs. A new method is described with which the effects of drugs on aggressive behaviour can be compared with their effects on general activity. Two groups of 3 male mice are housed in either half of a macrolon living cage which is divided down the middle by a non-transparent barrier. After 21 days the cage is placed on an activity meter and the dividing wall is removed. The ensuing fighting is scored by an observer and at the same time activity is measured using the activity meter. It was shown that aggression occurred mainly between groups with the dominant members doing most of the fighting. It appeared further that the two parameters measured--aggression and motor activity--respond differentially to the effects of standard psychotropic drugs. By this means it was possible to distinguish between the effects of chlorpromazine, pentobarbitone, chlordiazepoxide and d-amphetamine. In addition it was possible to confirm that an experimental compound, YG 19-256, which in other tests has been shown to inhibit aggressive behaviour without causing general sedation, also has selective anti-aggressive effects in this test. From these results it seems that the intergroup aggression test could well be useful in identifying different classes of psychotropic agents.


The effect of long-term penfluridol treatment on the sensitivity of the dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens and in the corpus striatum. The effect of local application of dopamine to the nucleus accumbens or corpus striatum on locomotor activity was studied in rats 4 days after withdrawal from a 6 weeks term of penfluridol medication. The bilateral application of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens of penfluridol-treated rats produced a very marked increase in coordinated locomotor activity which was 3-5 times higher than that of rats not treated with penfluridol. This effect of dopamine in both penfluridol-treated and control rats was antagonized by intraperitoneally administered haloperidol. The bilateral application of dopamine into the corpus striatum of penfluridol-treated animals produced a marked stereotyped behavioural syndrome in all rats studied, whereas no signs of stereotyped behaviour were observed in any of the rats not treated with penfluridol. The results indicate that long-term treatment of rats with the dopamine receptor blocking agent penfluridol produces an increase in the sensitivity of the dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens and corpus striatum and that the nucleus accumbens may play a role in locomotor activity.


Weight loss and shock-elicited aggression as indices of morphine abstinence in rats. Weight loss and shock-elicited aggression have been compared as quantitative indices of morphine abstinence in rats. A range of doses of morphine was administered to rats by i.p. injection twice daily for 12-15 days. After injections were stopped, morphine-abstinent rats lost weight precipitously, and showed an increased frequency of fighting in response to aversive stimulation (foot-shock). Recovery of weight appeared complete after 15-20 days but a significant increase in aggression was found at 18 days post-withdrawal; this virtually disappeared after 52 days. Both the amount of weight lost and the frequency of fighting increased as a function of the previous maintenance dose of morphine; the effective dose range appeared similar for these two indices. Weight loss was much less variable than fighting, had the advantage of rapid, objective measurement, and appeared to be the more reliable index of abstinence.


Inhibition of circling behavior by neuroleptic drugs in mice with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the striatum. The development of circling behavior to apomorphine, amphetamine and L-Dopa in mice with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum has been studied, and the effect of a range of neuroleptic and sedative drugs on this circling behaviour has been investigated. Circling induced by all the stimulant drugs was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by haloperidol, pimozide, chlorpromazine, metoclopramide and clozapine (in descending rank order of potency), but not by phenoxybenzamine, diazepam, promethazine and pentobarbitone sodium. This relatively simple animal model appears useful for screening neuroleptic drugs which may block striatal dopamine receptors, thereby predicting their potency to cause unwanted extrapyramidal effects but not their antipsychotic efficacy.


[Saving exposure in child-radiology with a new set for children (author's transl)]. Possibilities of saving exposure in child-radiology are discussed: a) strict image intensifier technique. b) low dosage in screening c) low dosage films d) favorable geometric conditions in the set. The most important characteristics of a new radiology set for children are described and some results shown.


Anterior urethropexy according to Lapides in stress urinary incontinence. A follow-up study. Thirty-five women with a mean age of 53 years were investigated for an average of 3 1/2 years after anterior urethropexy according to Lapides (1961). The material was divided into two groups: 23 patients with a history of pure stress urinary incontinence and 12 patients with a mixed stress and urgency incontinence. In the former group, the cure rate was nearly 100%; one patient had a remaining nonembarrassing slight stress incontinence, which could not be classified as pathologic. Another patient had a recurrence 2 years postoperatively at which time she fractured her pelvis in an accident. In the latter group, only 4 patients were cured while another 3 patients improved considerably. The operative procedure did not cause residual urine, since the urethra cannot be compressed as in other retropubic operations. The risk of recurrence is minimized, since continence is not dependent upon non-relaxation of other structures, but upon scar-fixation between the urethra and the periosteum of the pubic bone.


The flower children of Sudbury. The story of a street clinic for hippies. In the summer of 1973 an effort was made to provide medical and social services to the hippie or counter culture population of Sudbury. Sudbury is a city of 50,000 people located in Northern Ontario, Canada. Beginning in early 1973 a sizeable hippie group had developed. Because of the numerous medical and social problems exhibited by these people and their expressed unwillingness to seek help from the normal hospital and social agencies a free or street clinic was developed. The clinic was unusual in that it was free, there was no paid staff, it was informal, it was an evening clinic, and medical records were not kept. This article is a detailed description of the clinic, why and how it was organized, the medical and social problems we encountered, the work we were involved in and what we experienced and learned.


[The spine and horseback riding].

[The spine and horseback riding]. 115 horseback riders have undergone clinical and radiologic examinations of the spine. A minimum of 10 years' riding was required. Depending on intensity of training and number of riding hours, the subjects were divided into three groups: roughriders, sport riders and hobby riders. It was striking that of the bare half of cases (51) suffering from lower back, only 8 (about 15%) had had medical treatment and actually been disabled. Moreover, 47% of the riders with lower back pain were painfree in the saddle, i.e. when riding. No causal connection was found between riding and a higher incidence of osteochondrosis in some parts of the vertebral column. In roughriders and partly in sports riders an increased stress on the spine due to prolonged intensive training cannot be ruled out if the higher incidence of pathologic X-ray findings and low back pain in this group is taken into consideration. On the other hand, other factors such as deficiencies and hard work in the past may, especially in roughriders with a rural background, also be responsible. A higher incidence of spondylolisthesis than in the normal population was not found. It is important that riders should possess a strong back and gluteal muscular system in order to avoid early painful spinal decompensation, especially in cases with degenerative alteration and static form anomalies of the spinal column.


[HL-A B27 associated rheumatic disease]. Report on a HL-A B27 positive female patient with the typical cardiac lesion occasionally found inankylosing spondylitis, peripheral arthritis, and acute anterior uveitis but without clinical or radiological evidence of spine or sacroiliac joint involvement. The concept of "HL-A B27 associated disease", including ankylosing spondylitis as well as Reiter's disease or other forms of seronegative rheumatic diseases, is suggested.


[Significance of radiologic examinations for the determination of the extent of malignant testicular tumors]. Interpreting 61 cases with malignant tumors of the testicle, the authors comment techniques of diagnostic radiology as well as their reliability. The fundamental importance of a lymphographic examination of both inferior extremities for judgement on the state of aortic lymph nodes is accentuated. In case of need, the examination has to be supplemented by intravenous urography and, more rarely, by cavography. In accordance with the author's observations, the mediastinal lymph nodes may function as a source of lymphogenic pulmonary metastastes; a careful radiological examination of this region, therefore, is not to be neglected. The principles of radiotherapeutic treatment, for elective or curative purposes, based on the results of complex radiological examination, are discussed.


Optimization irradiation conditions for determination of LD50 in pigs. Radiation LD50/30 values were determined in 36 twelve-week-old pigs (with a mean body weigth of 21 kg) exposed to whole-body X-ray irradiation on a revolvable table rotated at a rate of 2.5 rpm using the following conditions: 180 kV, 15 mA, focal distance 79 cm, HVT 0.9 mm Cu, dose rate 2.42 X 10(-3) to 2.68 X 10(-3) C kg-1 min-1 (9.4 to 10.4 R/min) depending upon the animal size. The coefficient of mean irradiation uniformity was 1.4. Under these conditions the LD50/30 for pigs was found to be 5.89 X 10(-2) C kg-1 min-1 (228.3 R) with the biological range of effectiveness being 5.22 X 10(-2) to 6.90 X 10-(2) C kg-1 (202.4 to 267.6 R). Furthermore experiments on 77 pigs showed that LD50 determined in this study had actually the median lethal effect.


Calcification of Schistosoma haematobium eggs: relation of radiologically demonstrable calcification to eggs in tissues and passage of eggs in urine. The extent of calcification of the bladder in schistosome infected patients is roughly correlated with the number of calcified schistosome eggs present in the bladder. The focal concentration of eggs in the bladder appears to be one major variable, and we estimate that as few as 100,000 eggs per cm2 might be detected in a clinical radiograph. The excretion of calcified eggs in the urine was related to the activity of the schistosome infection and was unaffected by the presence or extent of bladder calcification.


[Activity of aspartate carbamoyltransferase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in loach embryos after incubation of zygotes in solutions of bioorganic compounds]. In embryos of loach (Misgurnus fossilis) obtained from zygotes, which were incubated for 30 min in the D,L-aspartate solution the alanine aminotransferase activity is 2-4 times as high as in the control embryos. The most essential influence of this amino acid is found in the gastrula -- from 12 till 18 h after fertilization. The aspartate aminotransferase activity under these conditions does not undergo the essential changes. D,L-alanine and adenine do not affect the activity of the both enzymes during primary stages of development, but adenine as well as cytidine reduce the action of aspartate carbamoyltransferase of embryos 3, 6 and 3 h after the beginning of fertilizatio, respectively. The decrease in the aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity is revealed in the unfertilized eggs after 2 h of incubation in the solutions of estrone and thyroxine. Cytidine alone under these conditions has no definite influence, but removes the inhibitory effect of estrone. The regularities were established in changes of the activity of above mentioned enzymes of embryos under physiological conditions of development.


[Study of phospholipids during embryogenesis of Misgurnus fossilis]. The contents of total lipids and phospholipids were determined in the unfertilized loach eggs and embryos at different stages of development. It is established that after fertilization during the first 48 h of development it remains practically at the same level and the percentage of phospholipids in it for the first 2h after fertilization increases significantly, being relatively constant at the next stages of development. A thin-layer chromatography of phospholipids showed that the ratio of different fractions changed qualitavely and these changes are especially well developed at the stage of organogenesis.


[Studies on the retention of R. burneti in Rh. bursa and H. detritum ticks]. The role played by ixodes ticks in the epizootiology and epidemiology of Q fever was studied by following up the transphasal and transovarial passing of Rickettsia burnetii in ticks of the Rhipicephalus bursa and Hyalomma detritum species. Use was made of the 269th passage of the rickettsial strain BP, isolated in this country from sheep. The infection was followed up from larva Ist generation to larva IInd generation of the two ticks. In 10 out of the eleven samples of ticks studied there were rickettsiae in all developmental stages of the ticks, and this pointed to the phase transmission of strain BP via the metamorphosis. Of all 16 samples of eggs and second generation larvae of infected ticks, three egg samples were positive of both species of ticks, and one samples of larvae was positive of H. detritum ticks. Results showed that the infection may be passed transovarially, however, in a comparatively low per cent.


[Complex-forming factors in the dilution of bull sperm for deep freezing]. Micro- and ultramicroelectrophoresis on Cellogel were employed to study the formation of complexes of bull's semen and the constituents of Nagaze-Niva's extender in all possible combinations. It was found that a new glycoprotein complex is formed in mixing the semen with yolk. This complex was found to bind 82 +/- 1.5 per cent of all proteins in the sample. The addition of lactose to the yolk-diluted semen was shown to lead to the dispersion of this complex into 4--5 subunits. The cation fraction of the semen plasma and glycerin were established to take no part in the complex formation. Discussed are the problems associated with the dispersion effect of lactose and the higher (twice to three times) survival rate of semen trated with extenders containing saccharides.


[Participation of Mycoplasmas in oncogenesis (author's transl)]. The conclusions drawn from the presented data are in agreement with previously issued opinions of the author. Mycoplasmas are, synergistically with other factors, esseential and obligatory for oncogenesis. Distince biotypes of Mycoplasmas from different types of tumors could not be isolated. Mycoplasmas possess the ability to induce various tumors, without regard to their origin, either from tumors and fetuses. It is concludet that Mycoplasmas are infectious agents specific for tumor induction in general, but not for a distinct type. The conviction, presented already in 1948, tthat no malignant tumor occurs without the presence of Mycoplasmas, but in contrast, that numerous infections by Mycoplasmas do not provoke the manifestation of malignent tumors, is maintained.


[Results following surgery of fibrous subvalvular aortic stenosis in childhood and adolescence]. From 1963 up to the end of June 1974 32 patients were operated on for fibrous subvalvular aortic stenosis in Leipzig (age at operation 6-17 years). 18 patients had concomitant cardiovascular malformations, 4 patients died. The results are discussed in detail. Contrary to other publications the authors adopt the attitude that the operation in subvalvular stenosis is to be recommended even with gradients as low as 50 mm Hg, particularly when haemodynamically significant concomitant malformations are present. Therefore, the measuring of the left ventricular pressure and the localisation of the stenosis by intracardiac diagnostics should be performed not too late. It may be possible that the measuring of the left ventricular pressure must be repeated some years later. Also for the exact evaluation of the post-operative results recatheterisations are necessary.


[The Km of malate dehydrogenase from pig heart with oxaloacetate as substrate (author's transl)]. Km is necessary to calculate the conditions for indicator reactions in coupled enzymic assays. When malate dehydrogenase is used as an indicator enzyme for the assay of aspartate aminotransferase activity, its Km in relation to oxaloacetate is needed. Km (oxaloacetate) of commercially available mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from pig heart was determined as Km equals 1.65 x 10(-5) mol/1 using the measurement conditions for aspartate aminotransferase according to the preliminary recommendations of the IFCC.


[Concentration of antibody to arboviruses in mouse immune ascitic fluid]. A method for increasing titers of antibody in mouse immune ascitic fluids by twostep concentration of defibrinized ascitic fluids by means of the cryomethod and lyophilization has been developed. Antibody titers increased 8-32-fold.


[Biological properties of tick-borne encephalitis virus variants isolated by transfection]. Variants of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBA) isolated by inoculation of pig embryo kidney cell cultures (SPEV) with infectious DNA from chronically infected HEp-2-Soph cells produced cytopathic effect in SPEV cell cultures. In suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally they induced inapparent infection. Titers of TBE virus variants in SPEV cell cultures treated with DEAE-dextran increased considerably. As a result of filtration a variant was obtained replicating in SPEV cell cultures without any CPE. The cytopathic effect developed only when SPEV cells were treated with DEAE dextran. This variant is assumed to consist of two subpopulations 1 of which produces the cytopathic effect in DEAE-dextran-untreated SPEV cells while the other needs DEAE-dextran treatment of cells for its CPE manifestation.


[Tubal fertility].

[Tubal fertility]. Animal experiments with 110 female guinea pigs proved an external ovum passage in 14 per cent of cases. These results ask for the conversative character of operations on the adnexes in sexually mature females. Literature reports on several cases of external ovum passage postoperatively. We presume, however, that the phenomenon of external ovum passage also results with an anatomically and physiologically normal sexual system more often than books in out discipline normally report. The basis of this study, which has the aim to prove in an experimental investigation with guinea pigs the phenomenon of external ovum passage, represented the delivery of a patient in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Göttingen, in whom precended operations of contralateral tube and ovary exstirpation.


[Supravesical urinary diversion as based on gynecological indications]. Different methods of urinary derivation are described, which are performed in gynecologic patients. Operative technics, their advantages and disadvantages and plans for selection of derivative methods are discussed.


Taxonomical, cultural and metabolic characteristics of halophilic leptospirae. Four strains of leptospirae were isolated from the sea and studied from a serological and metabolic point of view. These strains did not differ from saprophytic leptospirae except for their Na+ dependence.


[Demonstration of specific antibodies in sera of patients with infections caused by aeromonas hydrophila (author's transl)]. According to the formation of specific antibodies against Aeromonas hydrophilia in patients with infections caused by this microorganism the sera of two patients of different clinical picture were investigated. Among the antibodies there could be demonstrated the antihaemolysins against the haemolysin of the monolgous strain, agglutinins against the O-antigen and praecipitins against soluble antigens. The special problems of the technics are described. The results are discussed and interpreted.


[Effects of some chemopreparations on the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis]. The authors present the results of in vitro determination of the sensitivity of the causative agent of glanders and melioidosis to 8 preparations-5-nitrofuran derivatives, and also to negram and PASK. The most active against M. mallei and Ps. pseudomallei were furazonal and furacrillin; negram was less active. No naturally resistanct strains to furacrylin and furazonal were revealed among the M. mallei and Ps. pseudomallei strains studied.


[Pathomorphologic changes in the brains of rabbits with experimental phenylketonuria]. From rabbits with a clinico-biochemical model of phenylketonuria 2 offsprings were received. The pathomorphological changes in the nervous system, of the experimental animals were expressed to different degrees. The most crude changes were found in young animals. Such changes were due to a durative hyperphenilalanine intoxication which exerted a pernicious influence on the developing brain.


The long-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase activity in the heart of rat fed on rape-seed oil. 1. Fat feeding (soybean oil or erucic acid-rich rape-seed oil) enhance after 2 to 7 days the palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity in the heart of weanling rats in a degree dependent on the content of fat in the diet. 2. The rise in enzyme activity between the 7th and 14th day of feeding, observed only in rats fed on rape-seed oil, coincides with the decrease in lipid infiltration in the heart. 3. The obtained results suggest that palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase may control in the heart the amount of acyl-CoA thioesters in the cell, thus decreasing the lipidosis induced by eurcic acid.


[Hexokinases and glycolysis in embryonic and denervated rat liver]. Certain similarity in the isoenzymic composition of hexokinase (HK) and the rate of glycolysis in embryonic and denervated liver of rats has been revealed. These tissues exhibit high activity of HK-II and especially HK-III, which has the highest affinity to glucose. Depending on the isoenzymic composition of HK, the rate of glycolysis in embryonic and denervated liver is rather intensive even at low external concentrations of glucose and is not significantly affected by the increase in the level of the latter. It is suggested that the observed similarity results from a reduced activity of the sympathetic nervous system. This conclusion is confirmed by low catecholamine content in the tissues studied.


[The effect of inhibition of protein synthesis on some biochemical and functional activities of the brain in chick embryos]. By means of radioautographic and biochemical methods, it has been shown that cycloheximide administration to the brain in a dose of 76 mug significantly decreases protein synthesis within 30 min, the decrease being maximal after 2 hours. RNA synthesis in neuronal cytoplasm is blocked within 4 hours. Changes in biopotentials of the forebrain and midbrain structures were observed already 15-20 minutes after cycloheximide treatment. Application of cycloheximide (12.5-25 mug) to the area of vascular brannching of the foetal membranes of a 17-day embryo inhibits motor activity within 20 min.; in 28-day embryos, this effect is observed at a dose of 75 mug. Therefore, inhibition of protein synthesis in the brain results in sharp changes of the electrical activity of the brain and inhibits motor activity of the chick embryo.


Enzyme-histochemical studies of "retrograde" reaction in motor neurones of immature rats. Changes in immature rats in motor neurones after axotomy were studied by enzyme-histochemical methods. Increased activity of dehydrogenases in these neurones demonstrates enhanced metabolism and there was also increase of acid phosphatases. Decreased activity of acetylcholinesterase and indoxylacetate esterase in the neurones and their processes seems to indicate impaired neuronal function to transmit impulses. "Retrograde" reaction in the immature and the grown up animal is in general of the same kind but takes place quicker in the immature rat. However, in new-born and very young animals, it is difficult to recognize alterations in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Therefore, nervous tissue of new-born animals seems not to respond as it does some days later in ontogenesis.


[Behaviour therapy of phobic symptoms].

[Behaviour therapy of phobic symptoms]. The paper reviews current criteria for behaviour therapy of phobic symptoms, emphasizing the need of a clinical approach, the clinical diagnosis and a thorough comprehensive study of the patient's situation, prior to any therapeutic action. General therapeutic principles are examined, in four groups: a) Direct symptom treatment. Phobic patients are generally impervious to implosive techniques and other direct approaches to the symptom. b) Treatment of personality characteristics. When the symptom is completely organized and structured in an adult, this approach is of little use; but when the symptom is only starting, specially in children, it is possible to lessen neuro-vegetative reactivity or neuroticity by means of drugs, or to re-direc behaviour by means of assertive techniques. c) Modification of environment. At early stages of symptom development, it is possible to extinguish it by means of the removal of stimuli from the environment having a reinforcing effect. d) Action on psychopathological mechanisms. This is the most effective principle to be applied, through different techniques, among which the following: a) Reciprocal inhibition; b) Desensitization; c) Association of phobic stimulus with reduction of anxiety; d) Extinction. Several specific techniques are discussed, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive clinical approach, and stressing its role in the selection of the particular techniques to be used in a given case.


[The building up the loss of the object in psychoanalitic theory]. Within the general framework of Jacques Lacan's Psychoanalytical views and using a Semiotic approach, it is contended that the signification "objet-that-is-lost' (disapeared for ever), is not an empirical, first-hand, immediate reproduction of perceptual data. Far from it, it is the result of a complex process, leading to the building up of the concept. The contention is based upon the following hypothesis: A. the "object-representation-mnemic trace", in its diadic (interchangeable) value, belongs to the imaginary-specular register, where he object missing can only be registered as absence, and neve as a loss or as an impossiblity of reappearance...


Extroversion of cerebral hemispheres in a full term human foetus. Extroversion of the cerebral hemispheres and a posterior intestinal fistula are described in a male foetus with single umbilical artery and craniorhachischisis. The paper has distinction of describing for the first time the cerebral extroversion in a full term human foetus. At this stage of development, the everted cerebral hemispheres, after having proliferated exuberantly to a considerable size present a disorganised appearance which would vary in every case of this type. However, the lateral ventricles are still visible, structures comparable to thalami and choroid plexus can be made out and the vascular masses with large blood clots seen in anencephaly are minimal. That the posterior intestinal fistula represents persistence of an accessory neurenteric canal is discussed. The neural and neurenteric defects in the specimen described here are possibly due to abnormal arterial pattern in the caudal half of the body, imposed by single umbilical artery.


Density of goblet cells in the developing nose. On ten foetuses, ranging in age from the 13th to the 30th menstrual week, the entire nasal mucosa was removed, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the density of goblet cells in the various parts of the nose was determined quantitatively. For each locality there was a characteristic density curve, consisting of an increase, a peak, and a decrease. The following factors, influencing changes in density, are discussed: (1) Spread of goblet cells causing the density to increase first in the anterior part of the nose, where goblet cells appear first. (2) Growth of the mucosa whose area increases constantly and regularly. (3) Intensity of goblet-cell newformation which is high during the first weeks, but is then followed by a period of decrease. (4) Lifetime of the goblet cells which is presumably longer in the respiratory tract than in the intestinal epithelium.


Screening for neonatal hearing disorders in the Province of Central Finland. Screening for congenital hearing disorders in newborn infants has been carried out in the Province of Central Finland since 1967. In 1967-1971, a total of 23 children (12 boys and 11 girls) were found to have congenital hearind disorders. From this it can be calculated that 90 infants are born each year with congenital hearing disorders in Finland. Our sample did not include slight or moderate hearing disorders (under 45 dB). 11 children under the age of 18 months were provided with a hearing aid. In spite of the screening, 12 cases (mean age 2 years) were not diagnosed until they came to the phoniatric clinic because of delayed speech development. These children were presumably also congenitally deaf. Most of the children in the delayed group reacted favourably to the auropalpebral reflex test on the obstetrical ward; their speech development was better and they also profited more from having a hearing aid than those children whose hearing defect had been discovered earlier. Screening for hearing disorders should be made nation-wide in order to avoid the harmful effects of the delay of rehabilitation on the child's development. The possibility of a hearing disorder should be kept in mind in those cases where there is a delay in speech development and also in those cases where the child has some other severe congenital defect which demands the attention of the nursing staff.


Insulin effect upon the "in vitro" glucose uptake by the white rat thymus during the age - and hydrocortisone - induced thymus involution. Insulin at a physiological concentration (10(-3) IU/ml incubation medium) did not modify the glucose uptake by the thymuses of young rats, but increased significantly the glucose uptake by the involuted thymuses of older animals. Insulin at the same concentration enhanced the glucose uptake of the thymuses which underwent an accidental hydrocortisone-induced involution. Parallely, the effect of insulin on insulin dependent peripheral tissues (diaphragm and epididymal fat pad) was followed. In the presence of cystine (4.13 mumole/ml) in the incubation medium increased the glucose consumption by the thymus of young rats. This fact is discussed on the basis of the  -S-S bond-protecting effect of cystine against the distroying effect of free -SH groups released from the thymus into the incubation medium.


Growth and ultrastructural studies on the mitochondrial mutant of Coprinus lagopus. The cytoplasmic acu-10 mutant of Corprinus lagopus has a respiratory deficiency due to an altered cytochrome component and is slower growing than wild type. When growth of wild type and acu-10 monokaryons and dikaryons were compared on solid medium and in liquid culture the mutation was found to restrict growth of the dikaryon more severely than that of the monokaryon. Ultrastructural studies revealed that faster growth of the acu-10 monokaryon occurred at the expense of maintaining the cytoplasmic cell contents and with little increase in the numbers of mitochondria. Cells of the acu-10 dikaryon were comparatively unvacuolated and contained greatly increased numbers of mitochondria. Mitochondria in cells of the mutant had a typical orthodox conformation with clear matrix and well defined cristae. In contrast, mitochondria in wild type cells had a more compact and elongated shape with dense matrix and less obvious cristae. The observed difference in mitochondrial ultrastructure is interpreted as one of conformation rather than structure and is attributed to impaired ability of mutant mitochondria to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. In an old cell of the mutant the mitochondria showed signs of recovering the wild type conformation.


[Digestive intolerance to cow's milk proteins in infants. Clinical study of 42 cases]. The criteria chosen for the diagnosis of gastro-intestinal intolerance to cow milk proteins were the following: occurrence of shock or anaphylaxis, reccurrence of gastro-intestinal symptoms as a consequence of repeated trials of reintroduction of cow milk proteins into the diet. Under these conditions the transient forms, including the secondary forms, of intolerance to cow milk, were eliminated. This diagnostic attitude may explain the early appearance of gastro-intestinal disturbances, the higher frequency in infancy than in childhood of the severe forms, characterized by shock, subacute malabsorption, exsudative enteropathy, bloody diarrhea, the authors are describing in their study report.


[Digestive intolerance to cow's milk proteins in infants. Biological and histological study]. Biological and histological studies were performed in 42 cases of gastro-intestinal intolerance to cow's milk proteins. Hypoproteinemia was present in 2/3 of the cases, anemia in 3/4. Malabsorption syndrome (steatorrhea, xylose) was overt in less than 1 patient out of 2. Serum level of vitamin A was more frequently depressed than that of vitamin E and folinic acid. Intestinal biopsy, performed in 32 children, showed consistent abnormalities, a partial atrophy of the villi being most often seen (26 cases). Eosinophilia was present in 50% of the cases. A titer of anti-milk agglutinins of 1/64 or above was always found if the test was performed repeatedly when the diet of the children contained milk. Lymphocyte proliferation in culture, induced by milk proteins, was positive in 70% of the cases. None the less, no biological or histological findings were found to be specific for gastro-intestinal intolerance to milk proteins.


[Assessment of the hereditary and environmental influence on the growth of hand bones in twin children]. Forty pairs of twins from 6 to 15 years of age were subjected to two rentgenographies of the right hand. The degree of similarity between the twins of one pair was studied by the value of the absolute and relative increase of sizes of the hand phalanges. Zygotes, sex and age of children were taken into account. The effect of hereditary factors on the growth of hand phalanges in boys is pronounced better than in girls. In the formers the degree of similarity between the twins of one pair is lower than in the latters. In 12-15 years of age such similarity is higher than in 8-11 years old twins.


[Treatment of malignant fractures of the femur with total hip-femur-knee joint alloplastics (author's transl)]. This is to report as an example of 2 such cases, the indications and operative procedures of total hip-femur-knee joint alloplastics for malignant fractures of the femur. This is an alternative to the exarticulation of the femur in the case of impossibility to fix the osteosynthesis material on the remaining femur. The higher radicality of this method in comparison to the common femur-saving way might lead to a wider usage.


The separation of bovine brain beta-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidases. Abnormal gel-filtration behaviour of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase C. Bovine brain tissue was extracted and the 50 000g supernatant was separated by electrophoresis, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and Bio-Gel P-200. The electrophoretic separation showed that the beta-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidases (hexosaminidases) of bovine brain tissue were composed of four different fractions. Two fractions (A and B) exerted both glucosaminidase and galactosaminidase activity, a third fraction (C) showed only glucosaminidase activity, whereas a fourth form (D) with specificity towards the galactosaminide moiety was found to be present. DEAE-Sephadex chromatography at pH 7.0 showed that the B form was eluted with the void volume, whereas the A and D forms could be eluted in one peak by raising that salt concentration. The C form could not be detected in the eluate. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 showed that the B, A and D forms had almost equal molecular weights. In this case also the C form could not be detected in the column eluates. Gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-200 revealed that the C form was eluted with the void volume.


Purification and properties of oestrogen-induced uterine peroxidase. 1. An enzyme that can be induced in rat uteri by oestrogens and that catalyses the oxidation of guaiacol and the metabolism and binding of [4-14C]oestradiol to protein in the presence of H2O2 was partially purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and polyacrylamide-gel chromatography. 2. The molecular weight of this uterine peroxidase was estimated to be about 40 000 and thus shown to differ from that of eosinophil peroxidase. 3. Cycloheximide, which blocks the increase in peroxidase activity brought about by oestrogen, was used to determine the half-life (about 4h) of the induced uterine enzyme.


Fractionation of chick oviduct chromatin. Nuclease-resistant deoxyribonucleic acid. Chromatin isolated from several chick tissues was treated with micrococcal nuclease. A limited degree of tissue specificity of chromatin DNA resistance to nuclease digestion was observed. No difference in the extent of nuclease resistance of chromatin DNA was detected during oestrogen-induced oviduct differentiation. This suggested that the amount of non-histone chromosomal protein does not play an important role in the sensitivity of chromatin DNA to nuclease digestion. Studies of nuclease resistance of chromatin DNA after dissociation and reconstitution of chromatin proteins and ethanol extraction of chromatin indicate that the histones protect the DNA from nuclease attack. Slow thermal denaturation of nuclease-resistant DNA suggests that the protected DNA sequences may be (A+T)-rich, and the (G+C)-rich satellites present in total chick DNA are sensitive to nuclease.


Physical studies on phosphonium phosphatidylcholine. A unique [31P]phosphorus nuclear-magnetic-resonance probe for model and biological membranes. 1. Distearoyl phosphatidylcholine and the phosphonium analogue, in which the nitrogen atom is replaced by phosphorus, show similar gel-liquid crystalline transition temperatures as detected by differential scanning calorimetry. 2. The temperature-dependence of the 31P n.m.r. (nuclear-magnetic-resonance) linewidths of the phosphate resonances of sonicated vesicles of distearoyl phosphatidylcholine and the phosphonium analogue are similar. Below the phase-transition temperature the linewidths decrease as the temperature is raised. Above the phase-transition temperature the phosphate resonances are relatively temperature-independent. The phosphonium 31P n.m.r. signal exhibits the same pattern of temperature-dependence. 3. The 31P n.m.r. phosphonium resonance is sensitive to the paramagnetic shift reagent, K3Fe(CN)6. Use of K3Fe(CN)6, together with Nd(NO3)3, enabled the determination of the trans-bilayer distribution of egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine and its phosphonium analogue in co-sonicated vesicles. Both are distributed comparably across the bilayer of the vesicles. 4. The phosphonium 31P n.m.r. signal is much sharper than the corresponding phosphate resonance in both sonicated and unsonicated dispersions of the phosphatidylcholine analogue. 5. The properties of the phosphonium analogue of phosphatidylcholine are discussed in terms of its suitability as a probe of membrane structure.


Human infestation by Ophionyssus natricis snake mite. A family presented with a papular vesiculo-bullous eruption of the skin, found to be caused by the snake mite, Ophionyssus natricis (Cervais, 1844). A pet python was the primary host. Treatment of the animal and its environment led to clearance of the human skin lesions.


Opsoclonus. Pattern of regression in a child with neuroblastoma. A child with opsoclonus associated with occult neuroblastoma is presented, in whom regression of the eye movement disorder through phases of flutter and dysmetria was observed. It is speculated that these ocular motor abnormalities represent a continuum of cerebellar dysfunction. A peculiar dysmetric head movemment not related to saccadic palsy is documented.


Evolution of the retinal black sunburst in sickling haemoglobinopathies. In a prospective study of 38 patients, who were initially selected as being at an early stage of sickling retinopathy, three developed circular black chorio-retinal scars (black sunbursts) during a period of 6 to 24 months. These lesions appear to be the sequelae of intraretinal and subretinal haemorrhage. They occur in the fundus periphery and do not interfere with vision.


X-autosome translocation with a 47,XXXY qs,t(9p-;Xq+) karyotype. A male with a karyotype 47,XXXY qs,t(9p-;Xq+) was ascertained utilizing ASG-banding. The karyotype was repeated because the original diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) was inconsistent with many of the stigmata present. It is suggested that many karyotypes completed prior to the advent of banding techniques will be repeated in an attempt to provide more accurate diagnosis, describe more aberrations, and possibly establish new syndromes.


Study of a family with a new progeroid syndrome. From a family of 14 sibs, we described 2 males and 2 females with a new progeroid syndrome. The clinical characteristics of this syndrome are as follows: complete arrest of somatic growth by age 11; initiation of somatic changes at age 6 or 7 years; partial alopecia in the males, without greying of the hair; skeletal changes of skull and facies giving a bird-like appearance; micrognathia; total or partial absence of both clavicles; bell-shaped thorax with severe acroosteolysis; and coxa valga. In one case there was presence of soft tissue calcifications. Marked hypoplasia of the subcutaneous tissue and mottled hyperpigmentation of the skin, with sclerodermoid changes of hands and feet, and dystrophic nails were prominent features. Two of the patients (Cases 1 and 3) had a borderline glucose tolerance test. Case 2 showed a diabetic curve and Case 4 was not investigated. We believe that these cases have enough clinical and radiographic findings to be considered a new progeroid syndrome, autosomal recessive, and different from the classically described Werner and Hutchinson-Gilford syndromes.


Acrocephalosyndactyly and partial trisomy 6. A partial trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 6 was found in an infant with acrocephalosyndactyly (not Apert acrocephalosyndactyly). The mother had a balanced translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes 6 and 10. Other reports of similar aberrations are reviewed.


Acrocephalopolysyndactyly, type Noack, in a large kindred. ACS was highly variable in this family. At least one affected member could have passed as uninvolved. Others could have been assigned to ACS types III, IV or V. The current classification is probably sound, but great caution is needed to assign individual cases of ACS to any group other than ACS types I or II or the Carpenter syndrome. The great variability of ACS has obvious implications for genetic counseling.


[The recovery process in the fetal rabbit myocardium following mechanical trauma]. Healing processes of the myocardium after an injury during the intrauterine period were studied. After the mechanical trauma of the heart the rabbit fetus is kept in the maternal organism and is born in due course. It was found that the healing of the injured part of the cardiac muscle occurred shortly and was due to the high proliferative activity of the cells. Morphological structure of the tissue appearing at the site of injury is very similar to that of the muscle tissue. However, further studies are necessary for final decision.


[Changes in systemic hemodynamics following administration of synthetic angiotensin II to dogs of different ages]. Experiments were conducted on dogs aged 18-22 days, 2-3 month-old and adult dogs. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate and total peripheral resistance during the infusion of synthetic angiotensin-II-amide in a dose of 2 mug/kg per minute were studied. An increase of arterial pressure in adult dogs during the action of angiotensin-II was connected with the elevation of the total peripheral resistance. An increase of the total peripheral resistance and also of the cardiac output was seen in the puppies. The differences in the degree of increase of the arterial blood pressure in adult dogs and puppies were not marked.


[ATP concentration in thrombocytes at different stages of ontogenesis]. Intraplatelet ATP levels were measured in rabbits of different ages by the firefly technique. Adult and 7-8 day rabbits platelets proved to contain 8.9 +/- 0.9 muM ATP/10(11) cells and 5.8 +/- 0.7 muM ATP/10(11) cells, respectively. The decreased ATP level in the 7-day rabbits' platelets was not related to the platelet isolation procedure.


[The relationship between the fate of the agent of toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, in macrophages cultivated in vitro and the virulence of the parasites]. Comparative light microscopic and electron microscopic studies of development of a highly-virulent RH strain and a less virulent Lagrave strain of Toxoplasma cultivated in macrophages in vitro were made. Contrary to active multiplication of the highly virulent strain most of toxoplasmas of a less virulent strain disintegrated the first hours, degenerating completely in 24-48 hours after the penetration into the macrophages. Submicroscopic study showed no marked cytological changes of macrophages infected with a less virulent strain in comparison with the marked changes of the nuclei in macrophages infected with the RH strain. Disintegration of parasites within the phagosome was accompanied by a gradual transformation of an originally double (or triple) vacuolar membrane to a single membrane and by the disappearance of an additional layer of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum elements surrounding the vacuolar membrane. It is likely that the capacity of toxoplasma to develop in macrophages in vitro could become an additional marker to its virulence for albino mice.


Extension contracture of the wrist caused by fibrosis of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle. A patient with bilateral extrinsic contracture of the wrists is described. The management of this deformity is presented in detail.


Sterol and fatty acid composition of polyene macrolide antibiotic resistant Torulopsis glabrata. Successive reculturing of Torulopsis glabrata on media containing increasing concentration of the polyene macrolide antibiotics nystalin or lucensomycin resulted in the segregation of cultures resistant to these antibiotics. Isolates resistant to lucensomycin showed good resistance to nystatin, and vice versa. Analysis of the sterols and fatty acids of sensitive and polyene resistant T. glabrata revealed that compositional changes occurred in both classes of lipids upon acquistion of resistance. The sterol composition of nystatin and lucensomycin resistant cultures possessed reduced amounts of, or no ergosterol (the major sterol of the sensitive parent culture), and increased amounts of sterols which were biogenetically more primitive than ergosterol. Resistant cultures in which ergosterol was absent possessed a fatty acid composition that did not differ significantly from the parent sensitive culture grown under identical conditions. Resistant cultures containing significantly reduced amounts of ergosterol were found to possess altered fatty acid compositions. Generally it was observed that these latter cultures possessed fatty acids containing shorter and more saturated chains. These results are considered to indicate that alteration in both lipid and sterol composition is involved in determination of culture resistance to polyene macrolides.


Differentition of mutants of Cephalosporium acremonium in complex medium: the formation of unicellular arthrospores and their germination. Differentiation of swollen hyphal fragments to unicellular arthrospores accompanied the synthesis of cephalosporin C by a series of Cephalosporium acremonium mutants during propagation in a complex medium. The complex medium supported significantly higher synthesis than the defined medium used in previous studies of differentiation in C. acremonium. The mutants differed in their ability to form unicellular arthrospores and to synthesize cephalosporin C, but a one-to-one correspondence between the two properties was not observed. An inverse relation was observed between the growth rates of the mutants and their ability to synthesize cephalosporin C: each mutant produced more antibiotic but grew more slowly than its parent strain. Germination of the unicellular arthrospores occurred in complex medium but differed significantly from the germination of conidia in seed medium. The unicellular arthrospores were examined by electron microscopy and compared with swollen hyphal fragments and slender hyphal filaments. The unicellular arthrospores had a thicker cell wall, rougher cell surface, and had one or more small identations in their surface. The internal structure of the unicellular arthrospore resembled those of the swollen hyphal fragment and slender hyphal filament. Filaments had lower concentrations of lipid-containing vacuoles which were prevalent in both the swollen hyphal fragments and the unicellular arthrospores.


Cell wall composition and incorporation of radio-labelled compounds by Veillonella alcalescens. The cell wall of Veillonella alcalescens was shown to have a typically Gram-negative appearance and composition. The wall contains 24% lipid, 0.8% phosphorus, and 6.8% hexosamine. It is estimated to contain about 5% murein, unlike the 24% reported by other for Veillonella parvula. The amounts of 19 amino acids, including diaminopimelic acid, were determined. Though Veillonella sp. cannot metabolize sugars for energy, V. alcalescens incorporates ribose and fructose by separate, specific mechanisms and uses most of the incorporated sugar in nucleic acid synthesis. Large excesses of either sugar in the medium do not repress gluconeogenesis from the pyruvate level. We have been unable to detect phosphoglyceromutase (EC 2.7.5.3) by several assay methods but have no indication of a gluconeogenic pathway other than reverse glycolysis.


Sinus arrest following diuretic therapy in a patient with myxedema and hypertension. A 65-year-old female patient suffering from hypertension and myxedema due to chronic thyroiditis developed anginal attacks under trichlormethiazide therapy. The ECG revealed a SA block with reciprocal beats and aberrant ventricular conduction in a form of bigeminy. Upon substitution of desiccated thyroid for the antihypertensive drug, the anginal attacks subsided, the conduction disturbances disappeared and the blood pressure returned to normal without hypotensive treatment. This observation suggests that replacement therapy should precede diuretics in hypertensive patients with myxedema.


A quantitative study of the second meiotic metaphase in male mice (Mus musculus). Over 11,000 second meiotic metaphase spreads stained for the pericentromeric region have been studied quantitatively in male mice of 14 strains. The sex-chromosome constitution of a cell could be judged objectively if X and Y chromosomes and ploidy were all scored. A bias arose if only Y chromosomes and ploidy were scored but could be corrected statistically. There was no sign of other forms of bias. The original contiguity of X and Y second metaphases in vivo was very occasionally evident in the preparations. Most of the subhaploid aneuploid counts were assumed to be artifactual. The incidence of truly aneuploid second metaphases in 13 strains was estimated as 0.38+/-0.12%. The estimated average rate per chromosome was 0.019+/-0.006%, with a comparable order of magnitude for the sex chromosomes alone. Simultaneous aneuploidy of two or more chromosomes of the haploid set was estimated to be very rare. Of the spreads from 13 strains, 9.6% were polyploid (2N, 3N, 4N) and showed most of the possible combinations of sex chromosomes. Nearly all the polyploid spreads were considered to arise by artifactual cell fusion at the time of second metaphase during the preparative technique, especially of the X and Y daughter-cell products of the first meiotic division. Other modes of origin (true polyploidy, accidental superposition of cells during preparation) were unlikely. The data could be accommodated by a statistical model with only four parameters. It allowed for artifactual fusion mainly between daughter cells but also between non-daughter cells, bias in one scoring method, and bias in the numbers of cells with given ploidy successfully mounted. Current techniques of chromosome preparation were thought to be wholly unsuitable for the recognition of true polyploidy. The artifactual origin of polyploid spreads was borne out by an absence of polyploid spermatozoa in 14 strains. There appeared to be a virtually constant transmission rate of paternal X and Y chromosomes from early meiosis to late blastocyst. The estimated rate of 49.05+/-0.67% with a Y chromosome also estimated the primary sex ratio. There was evidence of polymorphism in autosomal pericentromeric staining in 3 strains. No measure of the numbers of autosomes or sex chromosomes varied significantly between duplicate preparations or between duplicate males of a strain.


[Problems of peripheral nerve surgery in amputation stump pain and phantom limbs]. Follow-up examination of 17 patients with severe and lasting stump and phantom limb pain which could not be improved by analgetics and who then underwent surgical procedures at the neuroma. The results were discouraging. Only 2 patients showed a lasting improvement. Resection of the neuroma and injection of alcohol into the neuroma seem to be successful only if the preoperative history of pain is very short or if there is an isolated injury of a peripheral nerve and a subsequent single neuroma.


[Portal shunt operations. A critical observation on the selection of shunt methods]. In prehepatic block the method of operation is dependent on the anatomical and pathological condition of the blood vessels in the portal system. The choice of the shunt method has significant importance for the further progress of the disease and the social reintegration of the liver cirrhotic patients. Here, special attention should be given to possible postoperative hepatoportal encephalopathies. Portal hypertension is completely averted by direct portacaval anastomosis. It has a low risk but a relatively high incidence of postoperative encephalopathy. The lateral splenorenal shunt has a higher rate of recurrent bleeding but lower lethality, a higher long term survivalrate and a smaller number of encephalopathies. The coronariocaval anastomosis showed specially good results. This method is however only practicable in cases with extremely dilated coronaric ventricular veins. In the prevention of postoperative encephalopathies the central splenorenal anastomosis by Warren, Zeppa and Fomon has proved most effective. Modifications in method, especially the approach through the bursa omentalis and omission of the ligatur of the coronaric vein permits a significant decrease in the inherent surgical lethality. The pressure adapted arterialisation of the portal stump in portacaval shunt with iliacoportal bypass with saphenous vein interposition, as evolved by Matzander, seems to cause a significant decrease in the rate of postoperative encephalopathies after portacaval anastomosis. The prevention of postoperative encephalopathy is still the main problem of the technically perfected shunt operations. Solving this problem requires further investigation and research.


[Biochemical changes in the myometrium of pregnant cats]. The author carried out on 35 cats a study on the protein content, potasium and sodium. aldolase, GOT, GPT and LDH of the uterine muscle. The animals were divided into three groups: first-15 nonpregnant cats, second-10 pregnant cats at the first half of pregnancy and third-10 pregnant cats at the second half of pregnancy. He used a piece of uterine muscle from which proteins were extracted by solutions of potasium iodide with various strength. The total protein was determined by the method of Loury, but the sarcoplasmic proteins were examined electrophoretically. Electrolytes were estimated by flame photometer. The enzyme activity was examined by the reagents of "Boehringer". There was an increase of the amount of myosin and of the enzyme active sarcoplasmic protein  fraction in the myometrium of pregnant animals. Potasium was increased in the uterine muscle during pregnancy, but sodium decreased. Enxyme activity of ALD, GOT and GPT was the highest in animals from the second group, but that of LDH-in the third group.


Heterotransplantation of cultured human cancer cells and human cancer tissues into nude mice. Twenty-seven out of 31 cultured human cancer cell lines transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice produced solid tumors. Direct transplantation of surgical materials proved less successful. In 35 attempts, only 1 of 6 gastric cancers, 2 of 3 liposarcomas, and 1 of 3 osteosarcomas were accepted. No positive tumor formation was noted after the inoculation of 3 nasopharyngeal carcinomas or 1 breast cancer. None of lymphomatous neoplasms and leukemias produced any tumor in 12 and 3 attempts, respectively. The histological and cytological characteristics of the tumors developed were studied with light and electron microscopes, in relation to the features in vitro and those of the parent tumors. Histological similarity of the tumors that developed in nude mice to their parent tumors were noteworthy. Serial transplantation was performed successfully in 9 cell lines and 2 tissues. Preservation of tissue construction ability and other differentiation abilities of in vitro cultured human cancer cells were ascertained in varying degrees.


Action of 5-fluorocyclocytidine on cultured L-5178Y cells. Effect of substitution of 5-position of cyclocytidine with fluorine on its antitumor activity in cultured cells was examined. 5-Fluorocyclocytidine was active against cultured L-5178Y cells similar to cyclocytidine. IC50 of the compound was 0.054 mug/ml. This compound inhibited thymidine incorporation into acid-soluble fraction of the cells. Cell growth inhibition by 5-fluorocyclocytidine was reversed by deoxycytidine but not by thymidine and deoxyuridine. On the other hand, cell growth inhibition by 5-fluorouracil was reversed by thymidine and deoxyuridine. As a result, site of action of 5-fluorocyclocytidine was considered to be similar to that of cyclocytidine and not to 5-fluorouracil.


Differentiation of cultured Friend leukemia cells induced by short-chain fatty acids. Short-chain fatty acids as sodium salts (pH 7.0) induced hemoglobin synthesis in cultured Friend leukemia cells (T-3-Cl-1) in concentrations of 0.5 mM butyrate, 6mM isobutyrate, 2mM propionate, and 30mM acetate. Relative number of cells decreased by the addition of these fatty acids. Addition of 0.5mM butyrate to culture medium resulted in the highest hemoglobin synthesis as found by the extracted hemoglobin content by spectrophotometry. The activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase increased on day 4 by the addition of any of these fatty acids into the medium. Hemoglobin synthesis was initiated on day 3 of culture by the addition of either butyrate or isobutyrate, and on day 4 by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide. Hemoglobin accumulation reached the maximum on day 5 of culture in all cases when the fatty acid was added. Reasonably similar values were obtained for hemoglobin synthesis determined by either benzidine staining or hemoglobin quantitation. Formate, succinate, and citrate were ineffective for the induction.


[Development of a rat subline with symptoms of hereditary galactosemia and study of its biochemical characteristics]. It was established earlier that the maintenance of rats on a galactose-rich diet induced in rat liver a sequental induction of enzymes, converting galactose to glucose (galactokinase, galactoso-1-phosphaturidytransferase and uridyndiphosphogalactose-4-epimerase); this was followed by the repression of these enzymes. Against the background of the enzyme repression, the continuation of galactose treatment leads to the development of galactosemia symptoms; cataracts, liver lesions growth retardation. Animals with the increased susceptibility to galactose were found in population of Wistar rats; in these animals rapidly developing enzyme induction is followed by sharp repression of enzymes of the galactose metabolism and in them cataracts appear 17-19 days after the start of feeding a galactose-rich diet. A part of the population is resistant to the galactosemic effect of galactose and in these animals cataracts develope only 40-44 days after the beginning of the galactose feeding. By inbreeding of individuals extremely susceptible to galactose and those resistant to it, new substrains of rats were obtained. It is found that in the rats of the galactose-susceptible substrain a number of galactosemic features develope spontaneously and that these features are inheritable. Thus, 85% of the animals of the age of 2.5-6 months have cataract, lens opacities and other lens impairments. In the galactose-resistant substrain no cataracts or lens opacities develope and only slight changes of the lens are observed in 15% of the animals. In the susceptible substrain other features characteristic of galactosemia occur: an increase in the size of thymus, spleen and liver. It is established that in 3.5-5 month old rats of the galactose-susceptible substrain the galactoso-1 phosphaturidyltransferase activity in blood hemolysates is 15 times lower than in rats of galactose-resistant substrain, and in liver the activity of this enzyme is 1.4 times lower. The activity of liver galactokinase and uridyldiphosphogalactose-4-epimerase is slightly higher in rats of galactose-susceptible substrain than in galactose-resistant 1.


[Eremothecium ashbyii mutants resistant to 2,6-diaminopurine]. 3 groups of Eremothecium ashbyii mutants resistant to 5-10(-3) M 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) ahve been obtained. The mutants of the 1st group (Dap-r) are selected from the initial susceptible strain by the ability to grow in the presence of 5-10(-3) M DAP. The mutants of the 2nd group (Azg-Dap-r) are selected in the selective background of two analogues of 5-10(-3) M DAP and 10(-4) M 8-azaguanine (AG). The mutants of the 3rd group (Azg-r - DAP-r) are isolated from the mutant Azg-r 34 resistant to 10(-4) M AG. The results of studying cross-resistance of mutants to DAP, AG and 8-azaadenine (AA) show that Dap-r and Azg-Dap-r mutants in contrast to Azg-r - Dap-r, have common phenotypic properties and can grow only on the analogues of adenine. DAP, but not AA, eliminates the inhibitory effect of AG on the growth of these mutants. This effect is probably due to deaminating DAP to guanine. Mutants Azg-r - Dap-r retain the initial resistance to 10(-4) M AG, but are susceptible to higher concentrations of AG and in this case DAP does not eliminate the inhibitory effect of AG. In all mutants obtained the effectiveness of the incorporation of 14C-adenine (but not 14C-guanine) is sharply reduced, thus indicating the absence of adenosine-monophosphate pyrophosphorylase activity. The mutants do not excrete purine-like compounds into the medium. In the course of the continuous growth of mutants in the presence of DAP but not of guanine the red intracellular pigment is formed which seems to be a complex of riboflavin with DAP. A disturbance in the synthesis of adenosine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase does not influence practically the level of the synthesis of riboflavin in E. ashbyii.


[Genetic polymorphism of transferrins in yaks and local cattle in Gornyĭ Altaĭ]. The object of this investigation was the genetic polymorphism of transferrins in Altaian and Mongolian yaks and in the aboriginal cattle of high-mountain regions of the Altai Territory. Both in the cattle and in yaks the usual 4-allele system of the transferin locus with a peculiar frequency and distribution of genotypes was found. A high frequency of occurrence of transferrin types D1 and D2 under the conditions of a severe pressure of natural selection suggests the existence of a correlation between the TF-genotypes and the adaptive capacities of the given cattle species.


[Eremothecium ashbyii mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine. II. Mutants with different degrees of resistance to 8-azaguanine]. Guanine, unlike adenine and hypoxanthine, can not eliminate the inhibitory effect of adenine analogues on the growth and flavinogenesis of Eremothecium ashbyii. Guanine does not restore riboflavin synthesis inhibited with 5-10(-3) M 8-azaguanine. Low adenine concentrations (10(-4)-3-10(-4) M), which do not influence the inhibitory effect of 5.-10(-3) M 8-azaguanine, restore the riboflavin synthesis in combination with guanine. On the basis of the data obtained as well as the data of biochemical analysis it is concluded that the riboflavin producer studied lacks guanosinemonophosphate reductase. The mutants resistant to various concentrations of 8-azaguanine have been obtained. In all mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine the efficiency of the incorporation of 14C-guanine and 14C-adenine into mycelium is decreased as compared with the susceptible strain. The mutant Azg-R 10 resistant to high (3-10(-3) M) concentrations of 8-azaguanine, 8-azaadenine and 2,6-diaminopurine secretes inosine-like compounds when grown in a synthetic medium. The stepwise increase of the mutant resistance to 8-azaguanine from 10(-4) M TO 3-10(-3) M did not result in further enhancement of riboflavin synthesis.


[Comparative study of a group of mutant strains of Trichoderma viride, producer of cellulolytic enzymes]. In the course of selection of Trichoderma viride, the producer of cellulolytic enzymes, the group of mutant strains characterized by a higher level of productivity are isolate. It is shown that the isolated mutants possess a number of common but differing them from original strains characters. These include: the small size of colonies ("dwarfs"), a lower capacity to carry out some biochemical reactions, and increased development rate and a higher resistance to lethal effect of nitrosoguanidine and nitrosoethyl urea. The data obtained indicate that in the series of populations of successively isolated mutants observed the stabilization of variability of the levels of C1 enzyme synthesis takes place. It is also shown that, unlike original cultures, the populations of mutant strains are characterized by a higher variability of Cx enzyme activity levels as compared with C1.


[Effect of maternal genetic heterozygosity]. The obstetrics histories of all the pregnances were studied, including the deliveries and abortions, the perinatal mortality of fetuses and the frequency of congenital malformations among newborns in 239 repeatedly pregnant women heterozygous for the gene of phenylketonuria (PKU), 40 women with the latent form of diabetes mellitus (LDM) and 96 women heterozygous for Dushenne's myopathy (MD). It was established that the frequency of women suffering from spontaneous abortions (SA) was increased as well as the SA frequency among all the pregnancies with natural results in heterozygotes for the PKU gene; it was also established that the frequency of stillborns and of the early mortality of newborns was considerably higher among women with LDM. In both these groups the frequency of congenital malformations among the newborns was also relatively high. In women heterozygous for the PKU gene the pathogenic effect was realized only during the first three months of pregnancy, while in women with LDM it was realized through all the period of pregnancy. The heterozygosity of women for MD proved not to be pathogenic for the progeny. Possible mechanisms realizing the effect of heterozygosity of women for the abovementioned recessive genes during pregnancy are discussed.


[Therapy of ulnar collateral-ligament injury at the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb]. We have compared the result of operative treatment with the results of conservative treatment of rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb. We recommend immediate repair. 24 patients were examined: The 11 conservatively treated patients showed an unsatisfactory result as compared with the 13 operated patients, who demonstrated a successful repair with a stable joint and normal painless function.


[Effects of 1, 4-bis-(3-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxy benzoyl oxy)-propyl) perhydro-1, 4-diazepine (dilazep) on the isolated smooth muscles]. The effects of a new coronary vasodilator (dilazep) on isolated intestine, taenia coli, trachea, vas deferens, uter, aorta and coronary arteries were investigated in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs. Dilazep showed relaxant effects on isolated smooth muscle in a concentration of 10(-5) 3 X 10(-4) M and non-competitive inhibition on contraction induced by agonists (pD'2: 4.405.05). In guinea pig taenia coli, dilazep had a relaxant effect on K-contracture. The effect was qualitatively similar to that of papaverine. In guinea pig taenia coli, dilazep showed a Ca++ antagonistic effect in a concentration as high as 3 X 10(-6)M. The potency was stronger than dipyridamole, NaNO2 and aminophylline and equalled that of papaverine and hexobendine. In guinea pig taenia coli, dilazip potentiated relaxant effects induced by adenosine and adenine nucleotides in a concentration as high as 10(-8)M. The potency was stronger than that of dipyridamole. From these results, it is suggested that the potentiating effect of both adenosine and adenine nucleotides and Ca++ antagonistic effect of dilazep may play an important role in producing the coronary vasodilating effect.


[Effects of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives on the central nervous system. (5) Changes in the volume of spontaneous movement in mice with intracerebral administration of tyramine]. Influence of tyramine (Ty) on behavioural changes in mice was studied and the following results obtained: 1) 30 min after Ty (160 mug, i.c.), brain noradrenaline and serotonin levels decreased while dopamine levels increased. 2) When Ty was injected i.c. into isocarboxazide (Iso) pretreated mice, spontaneous motor activity (SMA) measured by photo-cell counters method increased markedly but SMA by wheel cage method decreased. 3) When Ty was injected i.c. into Iso and p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) (400 mg/kg, i.p., daily X 2) pretended mice, SMA measured by photo-cell counters method increased. While, SMA increased from 30 to 90 min after Ty, SMA measured by wheel cage method decreased till 30 min after Ty. 4) When Ty was injected i.c. into Iso and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MPT) (125 mg/kg, i.p., daily X 2), SMA measured by photo-cell counters method decreased markedly when compared with Iso+saline treated group. When SMA was measured by wheel cage method, a difference between alpha-MPT+Iso-Ty treated group and Iso-saline group was not obtained. 5) When Ty was injected i.c. into p-CPA+alpha-MPT+Iso pretreated mice, SMA measured by photo-cell counters method did not show any increase compared with control group. 6) SMA produced by Iso-Ty in mice pretreated with haloperidol was significantly inhibited. A 50% dose of inhibition was seen with 0.3 mg/kg. From our results, it appears that an increase of SMA induced by Iso+Ty as revealed by the photo-cell counters method may be related to brain catecholamines and serotonin while a decrease of SMA in wheel cage method may be related to brain serotonin.


[Behavior pharmacology of maprotiline, a new antidepressant]. The effect of maprotiline (N-methyl-9, 10-ethanoanthracene-9 (10H)-propylamine) on animal behavior was investigated in mice and rats and compared with those of amitriptyline and imipramine. Maprotiline inhibited reserpine hypothermia in mice and tetrabenazine ptosis in rats, while it potentiated the effects of methamphetamine, L-DOPA and apomorphine in mice, in a similar manner to that of amitriptyline and imipramine. Maprotiline was more potent than anitriptyline and imipramine in antagonizing haloperidol-induced catalepsy as well as in suppressing muricide induced by either olfactory bulbectomy or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. Maprotiline potentiated anesthesia induced by thiopental or ether in mice to a lesser degree than did amitriptyline, and failed to counteract the lethal effect of physostigmine or oxotremorine tremor in mice, indicating that this drug has no central anti-cholinergic effect. Maprotiline markedly inhibited hyperemotionality of the rat with either septal lesions or olfactory bulb ablations, suggesting that it does have a tranquilizing effect. Inhibition of conditioned avoidance response of the rat in the shuttle box and reduction of methamphetamine group toxicity with maprotiline were similar to those with amitriptyline. Maprotiline exaggerated pentetrazol convulsion, decreased muscle tone and impaired coordinated motor activity in mice to a much lesser degree than amitriptyline and imipramine. LD50 of maprotiline was approximately twice that of imipramine and three times that of amitriptyline. These results indicate that maprotiline is a new type of antidepressant, has a low toxicity and shares both potent antidepressant and some tranquilizing effect, without possessing central anticholinergic action.


[Effects of hyper-and hypothyroidism on central nervous system with special reference to its effects on rectal temperature and brain norepinephrine levels in rats]. Infleunce of hyper-and hypothyroidism on amphetamine activity was observed by measuring the effects on hyperthermia and brain amphetamine and norepinephrine levels. Hyperthyroidism was obtained in rats injected with tri-iodothyronine 0.2 mg/kg i.p. every day for 5 days. Controls were treated with the vehicle 1.0 ml/kg i.p. for the same period. On the 6th day, d-amphetamine (10 mg/kg i.p.) was administered to the two groups of animals and the body temperature and brain amphetamine and norepinephrine contents were measured at 0 min, 15 min, 30 min and 60 min. Hyperthyroid rats showed a more marked hyperthermia than did the control animals. On the other hand "amphetamine-induced release of norepinephrine" of hyperthyroid rats was not so marked as in the control rats, however amphetamine levels did not differ in the two groups. Hypothyroidism was evident in the thyroidectomized rats. Controls for this group underwent a sham-operation. All animals were injected with amphetamine 21 days later. Amphetamine did not cause a hyperthermia in thyroidectomized rats. On the other hand, amphetamine levels were considerably higher than in the control rats, but the degree of norepinephrine release was comparable in the two groups.


[Effects of 1-ethyl-4-(2-morpholinoethyl)-3, 3-diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinone hydrochloride hydrate (doxapram) on the transmural stimulation and reactiontonicotine of the isolated guinea pig heart atrium]. It has been reported that doxapram exhibits a remarkable stimulating effect on respiration in humans and various experimental animals. The present experiment was an attempt to investigate whether or not doxapram inhibits an atrial arrest induced by transmural stimulation and exogenously applied nicotine. Doxapram and dimorpholamine used as comparative agents showed transient and slightly positive responses followed by a negative one in the atrium preparation. Transmural stimulation under a condition of 30 V intensity with 0.3 msec duration at a frequency of 10 Hz for 2 sec caused an atrial arrest for about 3 sec followed by negative chronotropic and inotropic responses, and a positive one. All responses caused by transmural stimulation were hardly affected by pretreatment with doxapram at a concentration of 10(-5) g/ml or less, while dimorpholamine at a high concentration (10(-5)g/ml) showed an inhibition of atrial arrest and following negative responses. Negative chronotropic and inotropic responses caused by an application of nicotine were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with doxapram or dimorpholamine. Both doxapram and dimorpholamine at higher concentrations also inhibited the positive responses of the atrium caused by nicotine. Neither doxapram nor dimorpholamine affected the ACh-induced responses. NA-induced responses were uneffected by pretreatment with doxapram, while the responses were slightly potentiated by dimorpholamine. The action mechanisms of doxapram and dimorpholamine are discussed.


[Anti-edematous action of 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-3-N, N-dimethylcarbamoyl-5-methoxypyrazole (PZ-177)]. From the screening of a number of new pyrazole derivatives, the title compound, PZ-177, was selected as the most significant derivative for analgestic and anti-edematous actions, in this paper, we report the anti-edematous activity of PZ-177 as assessed by detailed analysis. PZ-177 showed a markedly inhibitory effect against rat paw edema induced by various phlogists (carragenin, dextran, egg albumin, serotonin, formalin and bradykinin). It also inhibited edema induced by anti-rat rabbit serum. The activity of PZ-177 was more potent than that of mepirizole and the same as that of phenylbutazone. Though this agent has a central depressive effect, it is considered that the action has actually little influence on anti-edematous effect, as carrageenin-induced edema was inhibited in spinal rats. On the other hand, the anti-edematous effect of PZ-177 was reduced significantly in adrenalectomized rats. It is therefore suggested that the potent anti-edematous action of PZ-177 is exerted partially by a direct action at the inflamed site and mediated partially by stimulation of the hypophysis-adrenal system.


[Mortality of premature infants].

[Mortality of premature infants]. Mortality of 908 immature births (newborn infants under 2501 g; stillbirths with crown-heel-lengths 35 cm plus) were studied and compared with a random selection of newborn infants with birth weights of at least 2500 g. Total mortality was 27,75%; 8,7% being stillbirths and 21,2% postnatal deaths; perinatal mortality was 26,98%. In mature groups a perinatal mortality of 0,64% was recorded. 90% of immature infants died within the first 3 days. In 30% of these cases cause of death was unknown, 30% died from immaturity, approx. 16% from apnoe and approx. 6% from cerebral haemorrhage.


[Organic changes and pain after laparoscopic tubal sterilization]. In 100 women who underwent laparoscopic sterilization approximately one year before a follow-up check including gynecological examination, a structurized interview and a "Maudsley Personality Inventory" (MPI) test were performed. 6% complained about algopareunia before the operation which did not disappear afterwards. In 8 patients algopareunia started after the operation, only 2 of them presenting pelvic adhesions at control, whereas 6 patients suffered from psychogenic algopareunia. Neurotic tendency was evidently elevated in all those patients complaining about pelvic pain before and after operation. 6 patients had pelvipathia nervosa, 14 showed organic alterations, but these were not necessarily the reason for the complaints. Laparoscopy revealed pathologic processes e.g. adhesions, pelvic varicosis or adnexitis in 27%, but not more than 11% of these patients with obvious pathology had subjective complaints. These findings underline the fact that pathologic alterations will not necessarily explain pelvic pains and that in most cases psychosomatic factors must be taken into consideration.


[On the intracerebral hematoma --clinical analysis of 105 operated cases-- (author's transl)]. The hematomas occupied between the inner surface of skull and brain surface are well known and the majority of these intracranial hematomas are elicited by head injury. On the other hand, the intracerebral hematomas formed in the brain tissue are produced by the various causative diseases and the majority of these cause are cerebrovascular disease. The causative diseases of intracerebral hematomas were cerebrovascular diseases like hypertension, intracranial aneurysm and cerebral arteriovenous malformation in 65.7% and head injury in 32.4%. The cause of two cases were bleeding from asymptomatic brain tumors and formation of intracerebral hematoma produced initial clinical symptom of these cases. Age distribution of intracerebral hematoma has peculiarity in each causative disease. Hypertensive intracerebral hematomas occurred in patients over 30 years old and intracerebral hematoma due to bleeding from cerebral arteriovenous malformation was not observed in patient over 50 years old. The frequency of consciousness change as initial symptom of traumatic intracerebral hematome, hypertensive intracerebral hematome, intracerebral hematoma caused by bleeding from cerebral arteriovenous malformation and bleeding from intracranial aneurysm and spontane intracerebral hematome are 79.4%, 57.1%, 57.1%, 40.0% and 25.0% respectively. Headache as initial symptom are conspicuous in patients of intracerebral hematoma caused by bleeding from intracranial aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation, and each frequency were 86.7% and 71.4%. The frequency of motor disturbance as initial symptom was highest in patients of hypertensive intracerebral hematoma and its frequency was 50.0%. Clinical symptoms observed at admission were as follows: Consciousness change in patients of hypertensive intracerebral hematoma and traumatic intracerebral hematoma were 100% but in patients of cerebral arteriovenous malformation and intracranial aneurysm were 64.3% and 60.0%. Consciousness change in patients of spontane intracerebral hematoma were only 50.0%. Motor disturbance as clinical symptom were 85.0% in hypertensive intracerebral hematoma and this frequency was highest in all causative diseases. The frequency of coincidence between the side of dilated pupil under anisocoria and the side of hematoma was less than 50.0% in average and this frequency was marked lower by compared with the frequency in patients of hematome formed between the skull and brain surface.


[The difference in cholesterol metabolism by tocopheryl linolate and a mixture of tocopherol and linoleic acid with special reference to biosynthesis, absorption and excretion (author's transl)]. Animal experiments using mice were conducted to determine the difference of cholesterol metabolism, if any, between a group of mice administered with dl-alpha-tocopheryl linolate (EL) and another group administered with a mixture of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (E), and ethyllinolate (L) (E+L) that were combined in such a way as to have the same composition as EL. The following results were obtained. 1. While no difference in cholesterol biosynthesis was seen in, in vitro liver homogenate to which agent were added, in liver from animals orally administered with agents in vivo, a decrease in biosynthesis of liver cholesterol in the EL group compared against the E+L group was seen, where-as opposite results were obtained when the agents were injected. 2. Absorption of cholesterol was studied. Cholesterol-4-14C was intubated into the stomach of mice fed with the agents. From the cholesterol radioactivity appearing in blood, it was seen that the inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the small intestine was higher in the EL group than in the E+L group. At the same time the excretion of the sterol-14C coming from the intubated cholesterol-14C into the feces was considerably higher in the EL group as compared with the E+L group. However, when a mixture of the agents and cholesterol-4-14C was intubated into the stomach of normally fed mice, no differences in absorption was seen and results opposite to the above were seen in the excretion of sterol-14C into the feces. 3. Following cholesterol-4-14C injection, when the mice were fed on agent added feed, the EL group showed an increased excretion of sterol-14C and sterol into feces as compared with the E+L group. 4. Regarding the disappearance of injected cholesterol-4-14C from the tissue, no difference was seen between the EL group and the E+L group, when the agents were injected or fed. 5. With regard to in vivo biosynthesis of fatty acid in the group administered orally with the agents, liver fatty acid biosynthesis showed to decrease in the EL group compared with the E+L group, while opposite results were seen in the injected groups. Based on the above, when viewed from cholesterol metabolism, oral administration of agents in the EL group showed a superior effect as a cholesterol-lowering agents compared against the E+L group and the writer is of the opinion that this may well be used for clinical purposes.


[Two cases of the traumatic rupture of the diaphragm (author's transl)]. Recently, the cases of traumatic rupture of the diaphragm increased due to traffic accidents increasing. We experienced two cases of this type of trauma in short breathing after traffic accidents. The chest roentgenograms on admission revealed multiple fractured ribs, homogenous density in the left thorax and mediastinal shift to the right side with the elevation of the left diaphragm, and the stomach were demonstrated in the left thoracic cavity by the method of nasogastric tube barium study. The transthoracic operation were performed following 7 hours after an accident on the first case. The omentum, splenic flexura of colon, stomach, small bowel, and spleen were herniated to the left thoracic cavity and the spleen was ruptured. The spleen was resected in the same field and the diaphragm rupture was closed with 8 figure stitch sutures. On the second case, also, the transthoracic operation were performed seven days after admission because of misdiagnosis for left hemothorax. Herniated stomach, colon, small bowel, omentum, and spleen were repositioned and diaphragm rupture was closed with 8 figure stitch sutures. Covalescence were smooth and the patients were discharged from the hospital on the 28th post operative days.


[Effect of intermittent noise on the function of concentration maintenance (TAF) and the brain waves (author's transl)]. The effect of three different kinds of noise, having equal physical energy but different psychological load, was examined by the TAF-test and the brain waves. Thirty nine healthy male subjects aging from 19 to 34 were exposed to white noise of 80 dB (C) under the following three conditions: (1) continuous noise for ten minutes, (2) regular intermittent noise, consisted of one-minute noise and one-minute rest, for 19 minutes, and (3) irregular intermittent noise, consisted of one-minute noise and irregular rest period, for 19 minutes. In each condition, the duration of noise-exposure totals ten minutes. Before, during and after the noise-exposure, the TAF-test was given to the 23 subjects out of 39, and the brain waves were recorded from the rest 16 subjects. The changes of TAF-L and alpha wave appearance were compared. The results obtained were as follows. 1. All three kinds of noise-exposure caused significant lowering of the function of concentration maintenance, especially in the latter half period of the noise administration. 2 Lowering of the function of concentration maintenance due to the irregular intermittent noise-exposure was greater than that due to the regular intermittent noise-exposure. 3. As to the continuous noise-exposure, appearance of the alpha wave decreased significantly in the 9th to 10th minute of noise administration and in the 1st min. after the exposure, while it increased in the 18th to 22nd min. after the exposure. 4. Exposure to the regular intermittent noise resulted in a significant decrease of the alpha wave appearance at the latter half of the noise administration, which continued after the exposure. 5. Exposure to the irregular intermittent noise caused a significant decrease of the alpha wave appearance after the middle period of noise administration. 6. Comparing the regular intermittent noise and irregular one, the latter brought about stronger alpha-blocking during the noise administration, but earlier restoration after the exposure. These results indicate that the influences of noise as a stressor differ not only by the amount of its physical energy but also by the condition of its generation, and that the differences of on-off effect on the brain activities based on regular or irregular intermittent noise were grasped by the changes of the function of concentration maintenance and the alpha wave appearance.


[The distribution of the aldolase isoenzymes in various human tissues and the anomaly in cancerous tissues -especially in gastric cancer- (author's transl)]. Three aldolase isoenzymes; aldolase A, B and C were found in various human tissues including gastric mucosa, by means of substrate specificities (the fuctose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase/fructose-1-phosphate aldolase activity ratio) and electrophoresis. The basic pattern of aldolase isoenzyme in man consisted of nine active bands, which were designated as I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX band from anode side respectively. The I band corresponded to aldolase C, V to aldolase A and IX to aldolase B. The II, III and IV band are hybrid molecules composed of subunit of aldolase A and C, and the VI, VII and VIII of subunit of aldolase A and B. The V band was present in all tissues, while IX was detected in the liver, kidney and stomach. The I, II, III and IV band were found in all tissues except for muscle. These findings were extremely different from those in other species. In normal gastric mucosa, active bands were composed of I, II, III, IV, V, VIII and IX band, while in gastric cancerous tissue, I, II, III, VIII and IX band were absent or markedly decreased in activity. In contrast, the V band increased. In fetal gastric mucosa, they showed the same pattern as cancerous. In extract of cancerous tissues, the FDP/F1P activity ratio was 20.5+/-2.2, as compared with 7.2+/-0.1 in normal gastric mucosa. In serum of patients with gastric cancer, the FDP/F1P activity ratio was 9.7+/-1.2, while it was 2.9+/-0.4 in normal human serum. These results suggest that the elevation in serum of the FDP/F1P ratio in gastric cancer is due to increase in muscle type isoenzyme (aldolase A) which is derived from cancerous tissue. Furthermore, the analysis of serum aldolase isoenzyme will save for cancer diagnosis.


Effect of ozone exposure on lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase activity in rat serum. Studies are reported here of relationships of ozone exposure and lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity in rat serum. Exposure to low concentrations of ozone (1.1+/-0.27 ppm) for 24 hrs, significantly elevated LCAT activity, while the concentration of free cholesterol in rat serum was little changed during the exposure. In contrast, LCAT activity was decreased by exposure to high concentrations of ozone (2.0-2.5 ppm) for 24 hrs.


[A study on a possible association between chromosome loss and impairment of mental functioning in the aged (author's transl)]. Chromosome examinations in 40 (16 males and 24 females) aged subjects were compared with those of 30 (15 males and 15 females) young subjects. For the aged, all available data gathered from detailed medical examinations and laboratory findings were reviewed to exclude persons who were classified as with cerebral arteriosclerosis. The diagnosis of organic brain syndrome was based on psychiatric evaluation and the score on the Graham-Kendall Memory-For-Designs test was obtained. These two assesssments have been used as the basis for the comparison between mental functioning and chromosomal changes (aneuploidy). The percentage of peripheral leukocytes which showed loss of one or more chromosomes (hypodiploid cells) was not substantially larger among the aged than among the young men; yet aged men showed a significant loss of G-group chromosomes (including the Y chromosome). By contrast, a significantly higher proportion of hypodiploid cells was for the elderly women when compared with young women. Most of the missing chromosomes belonged to the C-group chromosomes (including the X chromosomes). Further, an excess of hypodiploid cells among the aged females who had organic brain syndrome was confirmed. A similar association was demonstrated between hypodiploidy and the score on the Memory-For-Designs test. For the aged males, however, there was no remarkable relationship between frequency of hypodiploid cells and either diagnosis of organic brain syndrome or Graham-Kendall score. Thus, the data provide confirmation for an association between mental status and chromosome loss at least with aged females. Possible explanations were made on the above discrepancy appeared between sexes as well as on biological and genetic factors between mental functioning and chromosomal changes in the process of aging.


Strength and aging: an exploratory study. Strength measurements were administered to 52 men ranging in age from 42 to 83 years, who were then randomly assigned within their respective age group to either the Isometric-training Group (ITG) or to the Control-exercise Group (CEG). At the conclusion of a six-week training program all initial measurements were again administered. No significant differences were found in (1) strength trainability by age group, and (2) in strength trainability by muscle group when the upper-extremity-strength ratios were compared with the lower-extremity-strength ratios. When the initial and final strength scores of the ITG were subjected to a t test for correlated samples, the findings included: (1) the four age groups of the ITG experienced statistically significant gains in strength for six of the eight strength measurements, and (2) as age increased, strength trainability appeared to decrease.