Determinants of the formation and activity of factor V-phospholipid complexes. II. Molecular properties of the complexes. The stability, buoyancy, and intrinsic activity for factor V-phospholipid complexes were investigated. The decay of factor V activity in the absence of phospholipid followed first order kinetics; however, in the presence of several phospholipids a biphasic decay curve was observed. The addition of phosphatidylethanolamine to factor V produced only a small loss of activity in the first 2 minutes but decreased the subsequent rate of inactivation fourfold. A PE-factor V complex with a low bouyant density was separated from uncomplexed factor V by sucrose density ultracentrifugation. The association constant for this complex was 5 X 10(6) M-1 with approximately 2 moles of factor V bound per mole of lipid micelle. The isolated complex was capable of increasing prothrombin conversion 10-fold without additional phospholipid. A still lighter complex increased the rate of prothrombin conversion 18-fold. Phosphatidyl serine produced a concentration-dependent loss of up to 95% of the factor V activity in the first 2 minutes. After ultracentrifugation on a sucrose density gradient, a PS-factor V complex of increased density was detected. This complex failed to accelerate prothrombin conversion in the intrinsic two-stage assay. Except at very high concentrations, phosphatidylcholine did not alter the kinetics of inactivation of factor V. A factor V-phosphatidylcholine complex could not be detected after ultracentrifugation. When added to factor V, cardiolipin (200 mug/ml), produced a rapid 50% decline in activity with a subsequent three-fold increase in the rate of inactivation. No activity was recovered after ultracentrifugation of factor V in the presence of cardiolipin. Saturated phosphatidylethanolamine produced a concentration dependent initial loss of activity, but only a minimal increase in the subsequent rate of inactivation. At 200 mug/ml almost no light complex was detected after ultracentrifugation, but at 800 mug/ml a light complex was observed. This behavior corresponds to the ability of saturated phosphatidylethanolamine to accelerate prothrombin conversion only at very high concentrations. Thus, phospholipids combine with factor V to form complexes which differ in their ability to accelerate prothrombin conversion. The most active species are stable lipoprotein complexes of lower buoyant density than factor V.


Fluid mechanical stress and the platelet. Platelet thrombi in suspensions stirred in an aggregometer or subjected to shear flow in a Couette viscometer or circular tube can only form as a result of collisions between the cells. In whole blood, the presence of the red cells results in pronounced lateral displacements of the paths of the platelets through the vessel, which in turn increases the frequency of collisions between platelets and also makes possible platelet-wall interactions. In addition, blood cells in a suspension undergoing shear flow are subjected to fluid stresses which can result in their deformation. Such stresses may locally attain high values in the arterial circulation at bifurcations, sharp bends and stenoses where the flow is disturbed. Since platelet thrombi have been found downstream of sites of such geometry, the effects of high and variable shear stress on the platelet release reaction and aggregation were investigated. Washed platelets containing C14-serotonin in Tyrodes-albumin solution were subjected to oscillatory flow at 37 degrees C and provided the time average wall velocity gradient was above 2,000 sec-1, the thrombin-induced release of serotonin was appreciably greater than in the corresponding controls incubated at rest. No measurable serotonin was released as a result of flow alone. This synergistic effect of oscillatory shear flow was also noted in the presence of inhibitors of the release reaction.


Energy production and utilization by human platelets in the presence of some guanidines and phenols (uremic toxins) that inhibit aggregation. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP can be inhibited by plasma from uremic patients or by toxins isolated from their plasma, e.g. guanidinosuccinic acid, methylguanidine, phenol and hydroxyphenylacetic acids. Since these chemical substances can interfere with energy metabolism in tissues other than platelets and since ATP production is needed for ADP-induced aggregation, alterations in platelet energy metabolism could underlie excessive bleeding in uremic patients. Platelets incubated with idioacetate and deprived of anaerobic glycolysis produced the same quantity of ATP through respiration in the presence of all the uremic toxins studied as in their absence. Similarly, platelets incubated with cyanide and deprived of the oxidative pathway utilized anaerobic glycolysis to produce normal quantities of ATP in the presence of all the uremic toxins. The utilization of ATP, as indicated by active transmembrane potassium transport, was also unaffected by the above listed guanidines and phenols. It is concluded that the in vitro inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation by the guanidines and phenols studied is not due to inhibition of production or utilization of ATP.


Effects of vancomycin on platelets, plasma proteins and hepatitis B surface antigen. The antibiotic vancomycin shares many similarities with ristocetin, an agent noted for its effects on platelets and plasma fibrinogen. Vancomycin did not aggregate platelets as ristocetin, but platelets were incorporated into precipitates induced by vancomycin. Fibrinogen and factor VIII were precipitated from plasma at low concentrations of vancomycin. The precipitated fibrinogen remained clottable. Hepatitis B surface antigen was selectively precipitated from serum and could be recovered from the precipitate. Rabbits receiving bolus intravenous injections of high doses of vancomycin developed hypofibrinogenemia and thrombocytopenia within minutes and often went on to die. Studies with 125I-vancomycin revealed little stable binding of the antibiotic to platelets or fibrinogen. A relationship is suggested between the potent protein precipitating effects and phlebitis at the infusion site commonly associated with vancomycin therapy.


Circulating plasma volume and renal function. The relationships of circulating plasma volume (PV) to effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were investigated in reference to their interrelated changes induced by upright posture in normal subjects and patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. The following relation was obtained: (percentage change in GFR) = k(percentage change in PV). The values of k were 3.4 for the normal and 3.1 for the patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the two. On account of the above relation the recumbent level of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)r was derived from the recumbent level of circulating plasma volume (PV)r as follows: (GFR)r = Kp [(PV)r]k, where Kp is a constant. On the other hand, the decreases (percentage) in effective renal plasma flow were biphasically related to those in PV. Mean arterial pressure rose in upright posture in many cases, but its changes (percentage) showed no correlation with the changes (percentage) in GFR. These results suggest that in a small decrease in PV, GFR does not decrease with the fall in mean arterial pressure, but with the power function of PV. The possible mechanisms of these changes in renal function are examined with special reference to the structure of renal arterial system.


Lympho-reticuloendothelial activity of early gastric carcinoma. The lympho-reticuloendothelial activities of 54 cases of early gastric carcinoma were studied. Morphological blastoid transformation of lymphocyte by the addition of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was disturbed in half of the patients. The DNA synthesizing activity of lymphocyte was not stimulated by PHA-P in the cases of advanced carcinoma but it was stimulated in the cases of early carcinoma. The tuberculin reaction was negative in 30% of the cases of early carcinoma. The reticuloendothelial system (RES) activity studied through the congo red method revealed that 86% of the cases of early carcinoma had disturbed RES function.


Combined cancer chemotherapy with cyclophoshamide and an inducer of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P-450) in tumor-bearing rats. The fifty percent alive period in Yoshida sarcoma-bearing and AH66F-bearing rats was prolonged by an administration in a single dose of 100 mg cyclophosphamide/kg body weight in a group pretreated with phenobarbital as compared with that pretreated with saline. However, there was little difference in fifty percent alive period between AH109A (insensitive to cyclophosphamide)-bearing rats and controls even when they were pretreated with phenobarbital. In chemotherapy with anti-cancer drugs, inductive or inhibitory effects of the drugs on microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes should be taken into consideration.


Renal effects of prostaglandin E1 in hypertensive patients. The effects of prostaglandin E1 on fluid and sodium excretion, creatinine clearance and renin release were examined in 26 hypertensive patients including 9 cases of essential hypertension, 10 of renovascular hypertension and 7 of primary aldosteronism. When prostaglandin was infused intravenously in a total dose of 120 mug in 60 min, urine volume was increased in 70% of cases, and sodium excretion in 61%, but little changes were observed in creatinine clearance. The most prominent diuresis and natriuresis were obtained in primary aldosteronism (mean increase was 319% in urinary volume, and 222% in sodium output). The average increases in urinary volume were 61% in patients with essential hypertension and 97% in renovascular hypertension. And urinary output of sodium was increased by 63% in the former and 56% in the latter. The remarkable renal effects of prostaglandin E1 in primary aldosteronism were completely abolished after the administration of spironolactone. Significant elevation of plasma renin activity resulted from prostaglandin E1 infusion in essential hypertension, while no constant effect was obtained in renovascular hypertension and primary aldosteronism. The present experiments indicate that prostaglandin E1 has different effects on the kidney according to the types of hypertension and the effects correlate closely with patient's status of extracellular fluid volume or sodium balance.


Urinary kallikrein excretion and sodium metabolism in hypertensive patients. Urinary kallikrein excretion was measured in 21 healthy subjects and 44 patients with various types of hypertension. The kallikrein activity was determined by the method of esterolytic assay. The excretion rates in normal subjects were 112.9 +/- 11.1 (S.E.) EU/day. The kallikrein excretion was decreased in patients with essential hypertension, the mean estimated values were 75.2 +/- 10.0 EU/day. In this disease, however, an enhancement of urinary kallikrein was observed after sodium depletion. An obvious increase in kallikrein excretion was found in the primary aldosteronism. In primary aldosteronism and renovascular hypertension, one of the secondary aldosteronisms, there was a good correlation between the urinary kallikrein output and the urinary sodium excretion. The present data indicate that the renal kallikrein-kinin system, one of the renal antihypertensive factors, is suppressed in essential hypertension and is under the influence of mineralocorticoid levels.


A new operative fiberpyeloscope.

A new operative fiberpyeloscope. Operative pyeloscopes developed up to now have been of limited effectivness because of an inadequate visual field and difficulties in handling procedure. The author has made up a flexible fiber pyeloscope with which it is possible to extract renal pelvic and caliceal stones easily. This pyeloscope has the following specifications: effective length, 630 mm; diameter, 8.5 mm; field of vision, 60 degrees. In addition, the tip of the scope can be deflected 90 degrees up or down from the basic position with a hand manipulated angle deflector knob on the scope grip. This allows the inside of the renal pelvis to be observed clearly from every direction. Through the channel of the scope, specially designed stone grasping forceps can be inserted into the renal pelvis, and it is possible to grasp renal pelvic stones under direct observation. The fiberpyeloscope has been used in 2 cases of renal pelvic stones, in which the pelvis was exposed by subcostal flank incision. The stones were successfully extracted with the scope which was introduced through a small incision on the renal pelvis.


Further studies on cross-immunity among syngeneic tumors in mice. In the present studies employing 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas of C3H/He mice, cross-immunity among syngeneic tumors was markedly demonstrated by immunization with living tumor cells after repeated inoculation of gamma-irradiated (13, 000 rads 60Co) tumor cells. Cross-immunity was also markedly shown in the challenge of the other MCA-induced tumor, which was induced in the same mouse in which the immunizing MCA-induced tumor originated, by repeated immunization with gamma-irradiated tumor cells only. On the contrary, cross-immunity was not observed between tumors induced on different mice by repeated immunization with gamma-irradiated tumor cells only. As the result of the immunization with gamma-irradiated tumor cells only, common antigenicity among syngeneic tumors seems to be hardly demonstrated, and antigenic indiviDuality among animals, in which MCA-induced sarcomas originated, seems to be remarkably demonstrated.


Mercury in red blood cells in relation to organic mercury in hair. To check the usefulness of the hair mercury value for evaluation of intake of mercury, total mercury in red cells and organic mercury in hair were measured and compared on islanders whose fish consumption varied to a considerable extent. On both the male and female, correlations of these two mercury levels were significant. The slopes of regression lines did not differ between the male and the female, but the level of hair organic mercury was higher in the male than in the female. Age-differences were observed in the red cell-to-hair relationship of mercury, i.e. the age-group aged 50 and over had much milder slopes than the group aged 20-49 in both the male and the female. The importance of age-matching was mentioned.


Metabolic heterogeneity of lecithins in intestine. The incorporation of [2-3H]glycerol and lysolecithin labeled with [2-3H]glycerol into lecithin and its subspecies was investigated in epithelial and muscular layers of rat small intestine. The labeled compounds were administered in two wways: the intraduodenal injection and the injection into femoral vein. The incorporation of glycerol into lecithin was distinctly higher in epithelial layer than in muscular layer in both administration routes, but the incorporation of lysolecithin into lecithin showed no marked differences between both layers. Among lecithin species, dienoic and monoenoic species were highly labeled with the injection of labeled glycerol, and dienoic as well as tetraenoic specied were markedly labeled with the injecttion of labeled lysolecithin. Anyhow, no marked differences were found on the incorporation pattern of any labeled compounds into lecithin between both layers and between both administration routes.


Diminished immune response in pregnant mice. As pregnancy proceeded, humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells gradually decreased in a pregnant mouse. At the later stage of pregnancy, it showed significantly diminished immune response but it recovered immediately after delivery. The possibility was excluded by the hormone treatment that progesterone played in suppression of immune response in a pregnant mouse.


Defective DNA repair replication in xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts and DNA repair of somatic cell hybrids after UV irradiation. Primary fibroblast cultures were obtained from 9 patients with xeroderma pigmentosum of various clinical types. Repair replication of the UV-damaged DNA in fibroblasts was studied by means of 3H-thymidine labeling and radioautography. A DNA repair replication was found to be decreased in all xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts as compared with the control cells obtained from normal donors. The repair activities in cells from patients ranged from nearly 0% in two infant cases and one case of De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome to approximately 100% in adult moderate case. There was, however, no correlation between the level of repair replication and the severity of clinical symptoms. Since two cases which showed a lack of repair DNA replication were infant, it is assumed that these cases may develop De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome in future. On xeroderma pigmentosum cells, a genetic analysis was performed with cell fusion methods using irradiated HVJ virus in order to determine the type of the complementation group. XP-1, XP-4 and XP-9 may be classified into the group D; XP-2, XP-7 and XP-8 into the group A; and XP-5 into the group E.


Inhibition of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by carnosine. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was partially purified from bovine adrenal medulla and the effect of carnosine on the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was investigated. Carnosine significantly inhibited the enzyme activity at the concentrations higher than 0.5 mM. According to the Lineweaver-Burk plots, the inhibition observed appeared to be a non-competitive type with the substrate, tyramine.


Significance of gastric analysis with particular reference to the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Various criteria in gastric analysis currently used for the diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome were assessed in cases of endoscopically normal gastric mucosa, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. New criteria consisting of BSV greater than 350 ml/hr, BAO greater than 25 mEq/hr, MAO greater than 60 mEq/hr, and BAO/MAO greater than 0.7 were proposed to differentiate the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and peptic ulcer.


Effects of eye movements upon excitability of the superior colliculus in cats. Influences of saccadic eye movements upon excitability of cat superior colliculus (SC) were examined in chronic cats carrying implanted electrodes and in encephale isole cats. Excitability of SC was assessed by recording orthodromic responses of SC (SC ortho-response) to electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. The SC ortho-response consisted of four components; i.e. presynaptic T1 and postsynaptic C1, C2 and C3. Eye movements suppressed the first two components (T1 and C1) and enhanced the latter two (C2 and C3). Retinal impulses caused by movements of images were found responsible for suppression of T1 and C1: 1) This was seen when cats moved eyes seeing external objects in light. In dark, neither T1 nor C1 received any influence from eye movements. 2) By moving visual stimuli rapidly before eyes of paralysed cats the same suppression of T1 and C1 was obtained. Suppression of C1 was deemed as a postsynaptic sign of SC for saccadic suppression. In contrast to suppression of T1 and C1, enhancement of C2 and C3 was dependent upon a central factor: 1) Enhancement of C2 and C3 followed eye movements, independent of the ambient illumination. 2) Saccade-like movements of a slit of light in front of immobilized eyes never induced enhancement of C2 and C3. 3) PRF stimulation, effective to cause saccade-like eye movements, always elicited enhancement of C2 and C3, independent of the ambient condition and even after eyes had been immobilized. This phenomenon was interpreted as indicating that corollary discharges are sent to SC.


Electromyographic study of bronchial smooth muslce in bronchial asthma. We succeeded in recording action potentials from the bronchial smooth muscles in 10 healthy males and 20 cases of bronchial asthma by means of the new electrode described by us in the preceding paper (Akasaka et al. 1975). From these electromyographic studies, we presented the direct evidence of spasm of the bronchial smooth muscles as one of the etiological factors responsible for the airway narrowing in asthmatic attack.


Inhibitory effects of synthetic rat C-peptide 1 on insulin secretion in the isolated perfused rat pancreas. The effects of synthetic rat C-peptide 1 on insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas was studied. The perfusion technique was according to the procedure described by Grodsky et al (1963) with a few modifications. After about 20 min of stabilization, the pancreas was perfused for 40 min with synthetic rat C-peptide 1 (100 ng/ml), during which (at 20 min) glucose concentration was switched from 2.7 to 16.6 mM. Insulin response to glucose (16.6 mM) was significantly decreased by the addition of the rat C-peptide 1 in advance when compared with those not pretreated with the C-peptide. In other experiments, the pancreas was exposed to glucose infusion (16.6 mM) for 60 min. 20 min after the start of glucose infusion, the C-peptide (100 ng/ml) was interposed for 20 min. The insulin secretion was reduced by the addition of the C-peptide. It is postulated that the C-peptide may have a role in the regulatory mechanism of the insulin secretion.


Inhibitor of PHA-induced lymphocyte blastformation generated from maternal lymphocytes during early pregnancy. The supernatant of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocyte culture derived from pregnant women in the first two trimesters inhibited DNA synthesis of normal human lymphocytes after PHA induction. This soluble factor was heat-labile and the same factor could not be found in the supernatant generated from lymphocytes of pregnant women in 3rd trimester as well as from those of the non-pregnant. In contrast, the heatstable factor in the supernatant generated from lymphocytes of non-pregnant women in all trimesters contained an stimulating factor on the DNA synthesis of normal human lymphocytes after PHA induction. An endogenous alternation in lymphocyte competence or an alternation in subpopulation of lymphocytes was suggested at the early stage of pregnancy.


Micro-determination of bromine in biological samples using proton-induced x-ray emission spectroscopy. The plasma level of bromine was measured by a proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy. Since bromine is the most difficult halogen to be determined and appears only in trace quantities, powerful techniques are required. The excellent reproducibility was obtained on 19 measurements on a sample of a single individual; the coefficient of variation was 6.3%. The average and standard deviation of plasma bromine levels on 47 young women were 0.50 and 0.10 mg/100 ml, respectively. Results by other methods in the literature were briefly reviewed.


The relation of warmth and pain thresholds to skin pigmentation. Thermal sensitivity increases with skin pigmentation. Absolute thresholds for warmth and pricking pain decreased as skin color increased for 13 Caucasian, 3 Mexican, and 4 Negro subjects. These data replicate and extend a previous psychophysical study of pain sensitivity and are compared with spectrophotometric data from excised skin. The results are considered to be potentially significant for the existence of a dermal light sense.


Ferric ions located in hippocampal subfields of the mouse: effects on behavior. Using stereotaxic techniques mice were chronically implanted with either stainless steel or platinum-iridium wire probes aimed at the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Following a recovery period these mice were trained in a single-trial inhibitor avoidance task. Significant performance deficits were found in those animals subsequently shown to have ferric ions (Fe+3) bilaterally located in the dentate gyrus. The presence of Fe+3 in other hippocampal subfields did not result in behavioral deficits. We hypothesize that the Fe+3 are of vascular origin. Two hypotheses are suggested to account for the observed correlation between the presence of Fe+3 bilaterally in the dentate gyrus and the observed behavioral deficit.


Acute and subchronic influences of tetrahydrocannabinols on water and food intake, body weight, and temperature in rats. Experiment 1. The acute effects of delta9-THC (1.25, 2.50, 5.00, and 10.00 mg/kg) and delta8-THC (1.25, 2.50, 5.00, and 10.00 mg/kg) was an approximately equipotent, dose related depression of water intake in water-deprived rats. Animals given hashish, inhaled as smoke, showed a depression of water consumption comparable to rats given the highest dose of either of the synthetic THCs. Water intake after chevril smoke was similar to that seen after vehicle injections. Experiment 2. A dose related depression of water-and-food intake, and reduction of body weight with a gradual recovery was found in rats, maintained on a Limited Time of drinking schedule (LT, 2 hr) and subchronically (21 days) treated with delta9-THC (1.25, 2.50, or 5.00 mg/kg). From the 22nd day all animals were given the vehicle only for 10 days. There were no indications of withdrawal effects due to the drug termination. Reinstating the drug after the 10 day drug free period suggested an increased sensitivity to THC as compared to the 21st injection. Experiment 3. In non-deprived rats delta9-THC caused similar effect as in Exp. 2, although to less extent. From both experiments it is concluded that there is an inhibition or even loss of body weight and that food intake seems more severely depressed than water intake. The temperature recordings suggest that the predominant consequence of lower, behaviorally, effective doses of THC on rectal temperature of rats is hyperthermia rather than hypothermia. Initially this effect was most pronounced for the lowest dose (1.25 mg/kg) but with repeated injections the two higher doses (2.50 and 5.00 mg/kg) showed hyperthermia to the same extent as the lowest dose. Hypothermia was seen after a high dose of delta8-THC (20.00 mg/kg) but after 3 daily injections this effect was gone.


Structural information theory based on electronic configurations. The topic of this paper is how different forms of acoustical information may be measured. The specific problem addressed is how information is transferred from a three-dimensional source of longitudinal waves to a one-dimensional vibrating membrane. In previous papers1,12, the author has demonstrated through the derivation of different forms on informational 'quanta' that the modulating envelopes for the wave packets representing these quanta are functional solutions to the Weber equation (the Helmholtz equation in parabolic cylinder coordinates). The geometrical structure described by the Weber equation suggests a resonance effect existing between an 'angular momentum' involving an 'azimuthal quantum number' and one involving a 'magnetic quantum number' in analogy with structural chemistry formulations12. In the present paper, the geometrical formulation is carried further. A sound source is commonly spherical, therefore solutions are found for the wave equation in spherical coordinates, giving a precise meaning to the 'azimuthal' and 'magnetic quantum number' analogy. These informational wave packets are then translated into a one-dimensional representation because of the nature of the receiver (the tympanic membrane). The difference between descriptions of electromagnetic and acoustical forms of energy is presented as consisting in the number of variables remaining constant in the acoustical formulation (as compared with the electromagnetic) but not in the basic geometrical formulations, which are primary.


Pressure dependence of the carotid sinus elastic modulus in the dog. The effect of the mean intrasinusal pressure upon the dynamic elastic modulus of the carotid sinus was examined in seven dogs. In all dogs the carotid sinus elastic modulus was a direct function of the mean intrasinusal pressure, measured at the lingual artery. The carotid sinus thus appears to become progressively stiffer with increasing pressure with a consequent reduction in oscillatory strain. This reduction of oscillatory stimulation of the carotid sinus mechanoreceptors acts so as to limit the maximum gain of the carotid sinus reflex to the region of the closed loop operating pressure.


Development of the interhemispheric response in rats. In acute experiments on curarized rats, an interhemispheric response was observed for the first time at the age of 5 days. A stimulus of threshold intensity evoked both components of the response in the youngest animals, but only the negative phase of the evoked potential from the 9th day of age, with the initial positive phase appearing only after stimuli of high intensity. Upon using stimuli of double the value of threshold intensity, the responses had the same shape, i.e. positive-negative throughout the whole development. Marked changes in the latency of both components of the response were found during development. Up to 14 days latencies decreased rapidly; this was followed by a phase of relative stability and then, after the 19th day, by further, less pronounced decrease. An after-discharge, a late component of the response in adult animals, appeared for the first time in a mature form at 18 days. An after-discharge of a different shape was seen in young rats aged 7-14 days and none at all was observed in 5-day-old animals.


Stimulatory effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and oxazepam on the drug-metabolizing enzymes in microsomes. 5 days' exposure of rats to daily doses of 400 mg/kg body wt. of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and oxazepam stimulated the microsomal metabolism in the liver, as evidenced by acceleration of both p-hydroxylation of aniline and hydroxylation of benzene. The effect was accompanied by an increased concentration of liver microsomal protein and by the development of tolerance to the drugs. Similar effects were found after exposure of rats to lower doses of the drugs. The metabolism of aniline in vivo in rats treated with chlordiazepoxide was accelerated; this was correlated with development of tolerance to these drugs. It is suggested that both the stimulation of microsomal metabolism and the development of tolerance are associated with the induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.


Dietary fat alteration of plasma cholinesterase response to malathion. This study revealed the influence of organophosphate pesticides on cholinesterase levels of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subjects were fed fat-free, normal-fat, and high-fat test diets. Sub-acute doses of malathion were given subcutaneously and cholinesterase levels were determined. Malathion was chosen because it is the least toxic of the organophosphate cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Stastical analysis of the data showed that malathion does inhibit blood cholinesterase to the greatest degree in normal-fat diet animals, with the least effect on high-fat groups and fat-free subjects fall in between the two groups.


Teratogenicity studies on halogenated benzenes (pentachloro-, pentachloronitro- and hexabromo-) in rats. The fungicide, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), and fire retardants, pentachloro- (QCB) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) were administered orally to rats at 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg on day 6-15 of gestation. The highest doses were associated with loss of maternal body weight gain but the loss was not statistically significant. At term, all dams were killed and foetuses removed to determine effects on prenatal survival and morphological development. All doses of QCB increased the foetal incidence of extra ribs in a dose-related manner while the 200 mg/kg dose also reduced the mean foetal weight and increased the incidence of sternal defects. PCNB and HBB had no effect at all doses.


Mutagenicity tests with cadmium in the mouse. The testicle is known to be the critical organ in acute exposure of experimental mammals to cadmium. Such treatment results in temporary sterility and, very often, in the appearance of testicular interstitial cell tumors. The present experiments were performed to determine whether such deleterious effects on the male reproductive organs involved any genetic hazards for the surviving germ cells. The administration of 1.75 mg/kg cadmium chloride to male mice did not increase the dominant lethals during the first three weeks after treatment and failed to induce translocation in the F1 male off-spring. No chromosome rearrangement was observed in the treated males after i.p. injection of 0.5, 1.75 or 3.0 mg/kg cadmium chloride.


Effects of tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents on cell multiplication in vitro. Ascites sarcoma BP8 cells, cultured in suspension in vitro were used as a general toxicity test system for tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents. Some 250 compounds, representative of these materials, were examined by exposing cells to different concentrations of these constituents and measuring the inhibition of culture growth, which was related to corresponding effects encountered for positive standards. When employing the present cell toxicity test system possible effects of factors such as penetration, distribution and microsomal metabolism of the compounds studied, are not taken into account. The most active constituents were found to be unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, phenols and indoles. The good correlation obsered between functional groups and toxicity permits, within the range of functionalities studied, prediction of the toxicity for a compound of known structure.


Influence of dosage regimen on responses of the arcuate nucleus to subcutaneous injection of a protein hydrolysate. The effect of administration of a glutamate-containing protein hydrolysate on the arcuate nucleus of 10-day-old mice was studied by two methods. Arcuate nucleus damage resulted when administration was by a single large subcutaneous dose (100 ml/kg). When the same total dose was administered subcutaneously in five small doses (20 ml/kg) over a period of 8 h, the damage to the arcuate nucleus did not occur. The latter method of administration was to simulate a clinical infusion. The results demonstrate that there is no hazard to the arcuate nucleus w-en glutamate-containing protein hydrolysates are administered by infusion.


The effects of prostaglandin E2 on pregnancy and embryonic development in mice. The prostaglandins comprise an important and unique group of naturally occurring biological regulators. These substances are currently being widely used for the induction of labor and termination of pregnancy. The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on pregnancy and embryonic development were investigated in Swiss-Webster mice. PGE2 induced a high incidence of abnormal offspring in mice when administered subcutaneously on either day 9, 12 or 15 of gestation. In addition, fetal growth was significantly affected following treatment with the prostaglandin on either the 12th or 15th day of gestation.


The blood-brain barrier and ventricular system of Myxine glutinosa. Comparison of the rate and extent of penetration of test compounds from plasma into brain and muscle of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa, indicates that the blood-brain barrier is poorly developed or absent in this species. We examined a series of hagfish brains in the light and electron microscope in order to relate the structure of the brain to the physiology of the blood-brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid. The ventricular system consists of an ependymal cell-lined central canal extending from the spinal cord to the midbrain and two or more ependymal cell-lined cavities located more rostrally. A preoptic and an infundibular recess were present in the diencephalons of all brains and were isolated from each other and from the primary ventricular system. Since a typical choroid plexus could not be identified, this suggests that cerebrospinal fluid must be formed entirely by brain in this species. Cerebral capillaries differ significantly from those of other vertebrates in possessing large numbers of cytoplasmic vesicles and in the relative rarity of tight junctions between endothelial cells. These capillaries do not, therefore, appear to be morphologically specialized for barrier functions.


Preparation of coenocytes for freeze-etching. Successful freeze-etching of a coenocyte has been accomplished with glutaraldehyde stabilization followed by infiltration with cryoprotectant. Hyphae of the coenocytic water mold Achlya were stabilized with 5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer. Gradual infiltration by dropwise addition of the cryoprotectant (25% glycerol, 10% ethylene glycol, distilled water, v/v) is accomplished over a period of 8-10 hr on a shaker. Subsequent freeze-etching is carried out by standard procedures.


Transcallosal effects of a cortical epileptiform focus. Unit activity in anesthetized cats was studied in cortical regions contralateral to the site of an acute epileptiform focus. Orthodromic effects of transcallosal discharge varied in extracellular records; however, in intracellular records, most cells displayed an EPSP-IPSP sequence. In a small proportion of cells, antidromic activation was also observed. The significance of this 'backfiring' phenomenon, and some factors possibly involved in generation of 'backfiring' activity, are discussed.


Effects of insulin injection on responses of olfactory bulb and amygdala single units to odors. The effect of insulin injection on transmission of neural activity within the olfactory system of the anesthetized male rat was investigated at the single unit level. It was found that insulin changed the response to odors of approximately 27% of olfactory bulb units and 21% of amygdala units tested. Many of the changes were in the direction of an increase in response magnitude, but there were some reversals in response direction and other complex changes. There was no evidence of a selective facilitation of responses to food odor as compared to non-food odors. Control observations of the response of thalamic somatosensory units to tactual stimulation showed no effects of insulin. These results suggest that hypothalamic hunger mechanisms may normally interact with olfactory mechanisms to augment and otherwise change the response of some olfactory system units to various odors.


The amplitude and period of circannual cycles of body weight in golden-mantled ground squirrels with medial hypothalamic lesions. Golden-mantled ground squirrels, Citellus lateralis, were kept for several years in conditions of constant temperature and photoperiod. Control animals showed the expected circannual cycles of body weight, becoming fat in the autumn and thin in the spring. Animals with lesions in the ventromedial region of the hypothalamus also had circannual cycles of weight but in most animals the amplitude was increased. At one time of year the lesioned ground squirrels were grossly obese while often at other times their weight was close to that of control animals or their own preoperative weights. There were unusually early peaks in weight after the lesion in some animals and it is probable that a phase shift occurred. Observations on hibernation, food intake, transient weight gains and delayed weight gains following the lesions are also reported. Evidently during the winter phase of the annual cycle in these ground squirrels there exist mechanisms that lead not only to a loss of weight gained naturally before the time for hibernation but also to a temporary attenuation of additional obesity produced by ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.


[Results of primary and combined radiotherapy of mouth carcinomas (tongue, tonsil, maxilla, mandible, palate, floor of the mouth cheek mucosa)]. Responses to highvoltage radiotherapy of 320 patients with carcinomas of the oral cavity are discussed. Five year survival rate according to the stage of the, disease were the following ones: in carcinoma of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and floor of the mouth 20-60%, buccal mucosa, upper and lower jaw 30-50%, base of the tongue 26% and tonsil 30-100%. After simultaneous irradiation of the efferent lymphatics in parimary N0 patients, whose primary tumor subsequently was under control, a significantly lower frequency of metastases to the lymph nodes was found than without coirradiation of the lymph flow. Clinically verifiable metastases of the lymph nodes are also controllable to a high percentage by radiotherapy alone: Only in a little more than five per cent of the primary N1-3 patients with the parimary tumor being under control, additional metastases of the lymph nodes developed later on. The complication rate was 6.8 per cent. Most frequently, osteonecrosis was involved, indeed occurring chiefly in cases, where a primary skeletal manifestation of the tumor already was existing.


[Lymphogranulomatosis of the lung].

[Lymphogranulomatosis of the lung]. Two collectives of patients with pulmonary involvement in the course of lymphogranulomatosis, one consisting of 48 out of 120 and the other of 13 out of 90 patients, were followed separately because of the different therapeutic conditions. Statistical parameters, such as the frequency of pulmonary implication, age of incidence of the disease, sex proportion, responses to therapy, and number of survivals were studied and compared mutually. Additionally, a differentiation of the morphological manifestations and the anatomic localization was radiographically performed. The problem of clinical staging is discussed.


The measurement of the surface dose and the calibration of soft x-ray dosimeters. A method is presented for calibrating the commerical soft X-ray dosimeters against a device which measures back-scatter contribution in addition to the ionization produced by direct radiation. The calibration of these dosimeters directly in terms of surface dose in Rad offers greater convenience for routine use relieving the physicists of some routine calculations. The details of construction of the surface chamber and the results of calibration of a soft X-ray chamber, also designed in this laboratory, are presented.


Depth-dose measurements of d-T neutrons for radiotherapy applications. In connection with clinical applications of fast neutrons, depth-dose measurements have been carried out for collimated 15 MeV neutron beams at various source-to-skin distances, using different phantoms of the upper part of the human body. The distribution of fast, thermal and intermediate neutron dose or kerma and gamma dose over the phantoms was determined with tissue-equivalent ionization chambers, gold foils with and without cadmium covers and a shielded Geiger-Müller counter, respectively. In order to determine the tumour dose and the exit dose for the irradiation of patients with pulmonary metastases, depth-dose measurements have been performed for an inhomogeneous phantom containing lung-equivalent material. The measurements indicate a considerable difference in depth dose with respect to the dose distribution in a homogeneous phantom. Measurements with sulphur activation detectors to monitor the exit dose are discussed and compared with the results obtained in the actual patient irradiations.


[The late bladder reaction following radiotherapy of a cervix carcinoma]. This study presents the cystotonometric checks of trends in 102 patients with irradiated carcinoma of the cervix up to the time of the so-called five year survival recovery. As compared with a standard control group concerning the function of the urinary bladder a distinct tendency to  hypertonia is realized and attributed as inevitable to radiotherapy. The moderate load being present before the onset of irradiation is mentioned, resulting from diagnostic operations and from the primary disease. Based on these observations, functional findings which allow objectivation appear to be indicated, the aim being to recognize, as early as possible, the increase of vesical reactions with regard to gynecologic radiotherapy and later follow-up care.


[Effect of dexamethasone on the formation of intestinal adhesions following postoperative radiotherapy]. In order to study the effect of postoperative irradiation on intestinal adhesions and fibrosis and also determine the effects of DM on these processes, experiments were carried out on 76 rabbits and the following results were obtained: 1. When irradiation alone was conducted without any operative procedure, neither thickening of the intestinal canal and serosa nor adhesions occurred immediately after irradiation. 2. One week after postoperative irradiation, no effect of irradiation was noted on the intestine or the surgically induced adhesion. Several months later, however, collagenization of the site of the adhesion was seen. At this time, inflammation still persisted, so that further intensification of the adhesions remains a possibility. 3. DM definitely prevented intestinal adhesions secondary to surgery due to operation. It is also evident that this substance inhibits intestinal adhesions and collagenization induced by combined surgery and irradiation.


[Consequences of a delayed start of therapy in primary irradiated gynecologic malignomas on five-year healing and mortality. A clinical epidemiological study]. The cases of 627 women with gynaecological malignomas, who were primarily irradiated in 1967 to 1969, were interpreted, questioning the temporary difference between clinical and histological diagnosis and beginning of treatment with regard to five-years' healing-results and mortality. The study has demonstrated, that - a delay of only four weeks considered - the part of living patients waas 11,28% of the total number of living patients, the part of dead patients however was 21,62% of the total number of dead patients. We emphasize therefore the urgency of an immediate beginning of therapy following a reliable diagnosis.


[Objectivization of the effectiveness of cobalt-60 teletherapy in female tumor patients]. In a further series of experiments, the same effect was found with cobalt-60-treatment as with X-ray-irradiation: the data determined by means of iodin-bromine-consumption in the methanolic serum-extract showed the same changes under equal exterior conditions at three different points of time. Corresponding to a diminished average dose of the cobalt-60-teletherapy, the humorally realized shock-reaction was reduced.


[Excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid during combined radiotherapy of patients with cervix carcinoma. 2. Medical check-ups for lead in the Vienna area among various occupational and personal groups]. A report is given of an increase in urinary delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) excretion in patients with cervical carcinoma treated by extracorporeal radiotherapy as well as with radium and telecobalt. It was found, that 16 out of 17 patients showed an increase of 125% (on average) in the elimination of ALA on the seventh day after irradiation. A return to noraml ALA-values was found in nine patients 42 days after radiotherapy whilst in six patients a further increase in ALA elimination occurred in comparison with the values recorded on the seventh post-irradiation day. The possible causes of the lead elimination, indicated by the ALA test, as well as the possibility of lead as an aetiological factor in tumour genesis are discussed.


[Principles of optimization of irradiation planning]. Theoretical studies, data from radiation biology, and clinical experiences reveal that the tissue capability of recovery is susceptibly dependent on "communication phenomena" in the cellular association. Little is known so far of the interrelations. Most simple suppositions, however, lead already to plain criteria of optimation for the spatial dose distribution and to practical conclusions with regard to dosage and fractionation.


Effect of radiophsophorus on hematology of mice during postnatal development. Swiss albino mice at different stages of their postnatal development (one day, one week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks age groups) were injected intraperitoneally with radioactive phosphorus (P-32) at the dose of 1.0 muCi/g body weight and studied for their hematological response at weekly intervals up to six weeks of age when they attain sexual maturity. In all the treated groups in both males and females, the radiation injury was evident after injection of radioactive phosphorus. Animals showed reduction in blood cell number and fall in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after injection. Reparation was also evident in the animals after some lapse of time following P-32 administration. Morphological changes in different white blood cells were not observed. No radiation sickness symptoms were observed in any of the treated groups during the study. There was no radiation mortality. The radiation damage to blood forming organs was moderate. It was observed that the females showed a greater hematological damage than the males.


Radioprotection of whole-body gamma irradiation induced alterations in lipid metabolism of liver and plasma by AET (S-2, aminoethyl isothiuronium Br. H. Br.) and serotonin in rats. Radioprotective effect of AET, serotonin and their mixture has been studied on liver and plasma lipid metabolism 24 hrs and 48 hrs after irradiation in fasted male rats. AET and serotonin both gave significant radioprotection to certain liver and plasma lipid components, but the mixture of the two afforded a better protection. The non-radioprotection of plasma NEFA, phospholipids and phosphatidyl choline levels by serotonin observed in irradiated rats was because serotonin itself raised the levels of these lipids in control rats. Serotonin alone or in mixture effectively protected the radiation-induced increased incorporation of NaH2(32)PO4 into liver phospholipids. Mixture of AET and serotonin failed to protect the increased incorporation of aceae-1-14-C into liver total fatty acids and cholesterol, but it prevented this increased incorporation into liver triglycerides and phospholipids.


Testosterone production by XYY subjects. A study of plasma concentration (P1T, ng/ml), metabolic clearance rate (MCRT, L/day) and blood production rate (PBT, mg/day) was done on seven XYY subjects of various ages and four pair-matched control XY subjects by a radioinfusion technique of 1,2-3H-testosterone. Although MCRT showed no significant difference between the groups, P1T and PBT were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in XYY subjects. Therefore, increased aggressive behavior of the XYY subjects can not be attributed  to increased levels or production rates of testosterone.


Progesterone in the uterus. IV. Dependence of the in vitro progesterone metabolism in the rat uterus on the progesterone concentration. After incubation of uterine segments of normal rats with various 3H-progesterone concentrations in nutrient medium, different patterns of radioactive steroids were obtained in uterine tissue. Using hormone concentrations  of less than 5 X 10(-7)M progesterone metabolites could not be detected in the tissue. A series of metabolites appeared with progesterone concentrations of 10(-6)M and higher. Six radiometabolites were identified and two were characterized.


A method for separating estrogens and phytoestrogens on Sephadex LH-20 columns. A procedure for separating estrogens from phytoestrogens in animal fluids is presented. The use of Sephadex LH-20 in absolute methanol permits a simple separation and allows the measurement of phytoestrogen levels in plasma and urine by the competitive binding assay. This method facilitates a more accurate measure of the hormonal balance in animals with an exogenous input of phytoestrogens.


Steroidal anaesthetics: synthesis of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-(21-14C) and 3alpha,21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-(21-14C) 21-acetate. 3alpha-Hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-[21-14C] and 3alpha,21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-[21-14C] 21-acetate were prepared from a common radio-labelled intermediate, 21-diazo-3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-11,20-dione-[21-14C] 3-nitrate, obtained by the reaction of 17beta-chlorocarbonyl-3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-11-one 3-nitrate with diazomethane-[14C].


[Serological studies on subgenus-differentiation and persistence of antibodies following infections with Trypanosomes (author's transl)]. 10 cattle were infected or superinfected with Trypanosoma species of the subgenera Nannomonas (T. congolense), Duttonella (T. vivax) and Trypanozoon (T. brucei) respectively. The complement fixation test (CTF) and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) were employed to investigate the possible differentiation of subgenera by serological methods and the persistence of antibodies. The serological results were compared with those of parasitological and hematological findings. After monospecific infections and most superinfections a subgenus differention of antibodies was possible with the IFAT, but not with the CFT. Specific antibodies were demonstrated 285 days after the last parasites were seen.


Improvement of the production of Trypanosoma vivax antigens. An improved technique for the production of Trypanosoma vivax antigen from infected cattle is described. This technique is based upon 1. the application of immunosuppressive drug, 2. the isolation of trypanosomes by centrifugation, and 3. the clearing of the trypanosome suspension from non sedimented blood cells by an anti-serum against bovine blood cells, raised in rabbits.


Spectrofluorometric and spectrodensitometric determination of chloroquine in plasma and urine. Chloroquine in a concentration range from 5 ng to 2 mug per ml of biological fluid can be determined in plasma and urine by the spectrofluorometric methods. The spectrodensitometric method is less sensitive and should be used when other drugs are interfering with the chloroquine determination in solution. After extraction from urine and separation from interfering drugs and metabolites by TL-chromatography chloroquine can be determined by spectrodensitometry in a minimum concentration of 5 mug per ml of urine. Chloroquine should be determined in plasma and urine of patients suffering from malaria with an impaired renal function. Whether the fluorometric determination of chloroquine should be used in field investigations will depend on the problem to be investigated and the regional facilities.


Incorporation of nucleic acid precursors by Plasmodium cynomolgi in Anopheles balabacensis. Autoradiography was used to study the incorporation of tritium-labelled nucleic acid precursors into the sporogonic stages of Plasmodium cynomolgi in Anopheles b. balabacensis. Infected mosquitoes were fed on either 3H-adenine (5, 25 and 50 muCi/ml or 3H-thymidine (50 muCi/ml) for various periods after the blood meal. 3H-adenine was incorporated into DNA and RNA of the developing oocysts and the resulting sporozoites. Midgut epithelial cells incorporated label from 3H-adenine into nuclear and cytoplasmic regions. In both parasite and host tissue RNA-label was removed after RNase treatment. 3H-thymidine was not taken up by the developing oocysts or sporozoites while incorporation into the cell nuclei of the adjacent midgut epithelium and fat-body of the mosquito was shown. The observed incorporation of 3H-adenine, but not 3H-thymidine, into the sporogonic stages of Plasmodium supports the assumption that the malaria parasite needs exogenous sources of purine but relies on the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine during its development in the mosquito.


[Cryopreservation of encysted Toxoplasms in liquid nitrogen (author's transl)]. USing an automatically controlled freezing system (cooling rate between 1,4 and 2,7 degrees C/min) with the addition of cyroprotectants (Dimethylsulfoxyd, Polivinyl-Pyrrolidon), we have been successful in maintaining encysted toxoplasms infectious for a minimum of 18 months.


The El Tor cholera epidemic in Togo (West Africa) 1970-1972. The course of the El Tor cholera epidemic in Togo (November 1970 to January 1973) is reported. 561 cases were confirmed bacteriologically, but a total of about 1000 cases is estimated. Both sexes were affected equally. The disease mainly occurred in adults; 23% of the patients belonged to the age group of 30 to 39 years. A case fatality rate between 4 to 10% was stated which depended on the facilities of medical treatment. The outbreaks were generally characterized by a protracted propagation. The epidemic was limited to the southern parts of the country within the zone of equatorial climate. A season-related development was observed with a marked increase of the incidence in the dry season. The methods of laboratory diagnosis are described, and the measures of cholera control are reported.


Quantitative study of the effect of previous Trichinella spiralis infection on sarcoma 180 ascitic tumor formation in mice. Tumor development in HaM/ICR mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Sarcoma 180 (S-180) can be easily quantitated by linear regression analysis of non-destructive measurement of total body mass. This procedure readily separated the postinoculation period into incubation and clinical phases. The former was dependent on S-180 dose, while the latter was not. Trichinella spiralis infection 28 days prior to S-180 challenge produced small but statistically significant increases in the length of both the incubation period and survival time, but did not affect the clinical phase. Administration of tumor cells 56 days followoing the helminthic infection had no detectable effect on any parameter of tumor development studied. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that T. spiralis infection temporarily altered the host reaction to S-180, possibly at the level of non-specific macrophage activity.


Sylvatic echinococcosis in Argentina. I. On the morphology and biology of strobilar Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) from domestic and sylvatic animal hosts. Dogs were fed larvae of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) recovered from sheep in Argentina. The morphological characteristics of strobilae recovered from dogs at 28, 60 and 76 days postexposure were compared with those of Echinococcus spp. recovered from naturally infected foxes, Dusicyon clupaeus (Molina) and D. griseus (Gray), and those of worms reared in dogs from larvae in European hares, Lepus europaeus (L.). Only slight differences were observed in characters of taxonomic importance and it was concluded that all cestodes represented a single species, E. granulosus. The results are discussed as they bear on the speciation controversy and the potential epidemiology importance of Dusicyon spp. as hosts of E. granulosus. It was suggested that E. patagonicus Szidat, 1960 previously described from D. culpaeus is conspecific with E. granulosus. E. cepanzoi Szidat, 1971 is probably also a synonym of E. granulosus and the subspecies E. g. dusicyontis Blood and Lelijveld, 1969, is rejected on the grounds that there is no evidence for host specificity and ecological or other segregation from the nominate form. Foxes appear to become infected from scavenging on dead sheep in localities where E. granulosus is endemic in domestic animals. There is still no evidence that E. granulosus is maintained in Argentina in sylvatic cycles.


[Studies on the Filariidae of Cervidae in southern Germany. 2. Filariidae of the red deer (Cervus elaphus)]. In southern Germany many of the red deer are infected with 4 filariid species. The microfilariae of 3 subcutaneous and one intradermal filariae are described. Skin snips were taken according to a regular pattern from the hides of several killed deer. The emerging microfilariae were identified and counted, and the characteristic distribution of each species in the skin was plotted. The adult worms of O. tarsicola are located on the abductor tendons of the tibiotarsal or radiocarpal joints. Some microfilariae are found in the tissues near the adults, but they concentrate at a considerable distance away, in the skin which covers the outer parts of the ears and the nose. The adult worms of O. tubingensis are found in subcutaneous nodules on the caudal part of the back. The microfilariae are distributed on the ventral part of the body with maximum densities in the region of the sternum and with lower densities on the inner sides of the hindlegs. O. flexuosa is also found in nodules on the back and flanks of the deer, while the microfilariae are distributed on the posterior part of the body with maximum densities on the inner sides of the hindlegs. C. wenki lives intradermally on the dorsal part of the trunk. The microfilariae are found in the skin near the adults. The infection rates of 94 red deer investigated during 1907-1974 were high: O. tarsicola 82%, O. tubingensis 23%, O. flexuosa 96%, C. wenki 85%. The prepatent period of all species is no longer than 6 months.


Chemotherapeutic studies on Litomosoides carinii infection of Mastomys natalensis. 6. The filaricidal activity of organophosphorus compounds. Several organophosphorus compounds have been evaluated for their efficacy against micro- and macrofilariae in experimental investigations on Litomosoides carinii infection in the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis. The anthelmintic haloxon proved to be the most effective compound with high activity against microfilariae and a favourable chemotherapeutic range. The organophosphates fenthion, Dursban, metrifonate, coumaphos, crufomate and naphthalophos also showed pronounced microfilaricidal activity but with different and lower chemotherapeutic indices. The preparations chlorfenvinphos, benoxafos, cythioate and imidan proved to be without marked microfilaricidal action at tolerable dose schedules. The organophosphorus compounds did not show any influence on the mobility or viability of the adult worms of Litomosoides carinii.


Preliminary studies on the application of enzyme immunoassay in the detection of antibodies in onchocerciasis. Preliminary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with serum from a patient with onchoceriasis revealed extensive cross-reactions with various nematode antigens. Further tests on a batch of sera from people with proven O. volvulus infections using O. gutturosa antigen, showed that almost all the sera gave higher ELISA values than did control African sera.


On the ecology and distribution of the species of the simulium damnosum complex in different bioclimatic zones of Liberia and Guinea. A chromosomal identification of Simulium damnosum material collected in Liberia and Guinea revealed five species of this complex. S. yahense Vajime and Dunbar: Widely distributed in the rain forest zone (Liberia, Southern Guinea) and in the Fouta Djallon mountains. Breeding places typically in small watercourses, shaded streams and narrow rivers. S. sanctipauli Vajime and Dunbar: Restricted to the rain forest zone. Breeding confined to large rivers. S. soubrense Vajime and Dunbar: Breeding established in large and medium rivers under high forest (Liberia) and in the Guinea savanna (head waters of the Niger and its southern tributaries). S. damnosum Theobald: Distributed in the forest zone and Guinea savanna. Breeding in rivers and irrigation systems. S. sirbanum Vajime and Dunbar: Confined to the Northern Guinea savanna. Breeding in rivers and irrigation plants, occasionally in streams arising from lakes. Larvae of S. yahense and S. sanctipauli could be separated by morphological characters. The associations with other blackfly species are discussed.


[Change in certain indices of the muscle tissue energy metabolism of rats depending on their initial level under the action of vibration]. The response of isolated muscle tissue of white rats to low-frequency vibration has been studied. It was shown on single individuals that a negative correlation exists between the values of changes in respiration intensity, creatinephosphate, and lactic acid contents, and the initial lewel of these indices. Such individual response of muscles to vibration is a non-specific cellular reaction to injury. Notwithstanding the changes of these indices in single individuals, the average populational level of these indices remains unchanged. Hence, the average level is insufficient for the characteristics of cellular reaction.


[Protein makeup of rabbit myofibrils determined by a disc eletrophoretic method in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate]. The protein subunit composition of isolated myofibrils of rabbit skeletal muscle is studied by polyacrylamide gel disc-electrophoresis in the presense of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The method of disc-SDS-electrophoresis is described in detail. The electrophoretic patterns of SDS-solubilized myofibrils obtained by disc-SDS-electrophoresis and by SDS-electrophoresis in continuous buffer system according to Weber and Osborn are compared. The former results in a markedly improved resolution and allows to discover some additional protein components, the origin of these additional components being discussed. A standard curve is given for determination of polypeptide chain molecular weights by disc-SDS-electrophoresis.


[Tissue-specific depression of DNA synthesis by calcium salt-free liver and lung extracts that are able to increase the stability of cell linkage in the tissue]. The macromolecular fraction of Ca-free salt extracts (Ca-FSE) removed from lungs and liver of adult rats, mice and fishes inhibits DNA synthesis in the embryonic tissue. The effect of Ca-FSE is tissue-specific rather than species-specific. Ca-FSE was earlier reported to increase with the same specificity the tissue stability to mechanical disruption. A concept is proposed that the tissue-specific adhesive factor may play the role of G1-chalone in epithelial tissue.


[Distribution and activity of certain dehydrogenases in the erythropoietic process in pigeons]. Cytochemical methods were applied for detecting of distribution and dynamics of dehydrogenase activity (H- and M-subunits of lactate dehydrogenase, malate and succinate dehydrogenase) during maturation of pigeon erythrocytes. In the erythroblasts the above enzymes were seen in the whole cell; in reticulocytes - only around the nucleus; in erythrocytes - on the border line between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytophotometric data show a decrease in enzymatic activity during maturation being more significant in the period from the erythroblast to reticulocyte development than from the reticulocyte to erythrocyte development.


[Molecular weight characteristics of the proteins of oocytes and of cleavage ova in CBA mice by means of capillary microdisc electrophoresis]. 5-20 oocytes or cleaving embryos of CBA mice were dissolves in 0.2-0.5 ml of 1% buffered sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and soluble proteins were separated using electrophoresis in capillaries filled with PAA-SDS-gel. The method enabled us to calculate the approximate molecular weight of proteins by relative mobilities and allowed to determine 1-5 mmcg protein in a single band. 7 groups of proteins were identified in mouse oocytes using 10% PAA-0.1% SDS-gel with the following molecular weights: 208 000, 206 000, 155 000, 112 000, 59 000, 40 000 and 30 000, resp. The same groups of protein were discovered in zygotes and cleaving mouse embryos. The molecular weight distribution of low-molecular weight basic proteins of CBA mice is species-specific and reveals a qualitative changes in the early embryogenesis.


[Frequency of acrocentric chromosomal associations in children immunized with smallpox vaccine]. The frequency of associations of acrocentric chromosomes (AAC) diminished on the 7th day after vaccination in children primary vaccinated, primary revaccinated and secondary revaccinated against smallpox. This decrease reached its maximum by the 30th day and returned to its starting point after 6th months after vaccination. The degree of reduction of the frequency of AAC in every immunized children group correlated with the degree of increasing of antihemagglutinin titre. The relation of the number of group D chromosomes involved in AAC to the number of group G chromosomes varied in various individuals, these variations remaining after immunization. It was supposed that in PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures the degree of reduction of AAC frequency after vaccination against smallpox is a cytochemical marker of proliferation intensity of T-lymphocytes induced for immunopoiesis.


[Cytogenetic study of the blood cells and lymph nodes in the process of the development of experimental lympholeukosis in calves]. The karyotypes of peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined in 72 hour cultures in the process of the induced lymphatic leucaemia development in calves, as well as the karyotypes of one-layer transplantated tissue cultures of blood cells and lymph nodules of the same calves. The increase in hyperdiploid cell ratio in all investigated tissue cultures was detected.


[Distribution of mitoses within a lobule of the rat liver in recovery after various types of injuries]. The distribution of mitotic activity inside the rat's liver lobe was found to depend on the time that elapsed after the injury. At the early stages, the maximal quantity of mitotic figures in hepatocytes was observed along the periphery of the lobe, being less in the middle parts. At the later stages, mitotic figures were noted around the central veins. With the prolonged injury of the liver, the maximal amount of dividing hepatic cells was localized in the middle sections of the liver.


[Cytological examination for determining the therapeutic response of prostatic carcinoma to hormonal therapy (author's transl)]. 51 patients with proven prostatic carcinoma stage B-D underwent control aspiration biopsy after hormonal therapy using the Franzén needle. The malignancies were classified into three grades and the cytological findings were compared with the malignancy grade of the tumor and the clinical course. At the same time the caryopycnotic index, as determined by swabs from the urethral fossa navicularis was measured in order to determine the serum estrogen level. As the result of the anti-androgenic therapy one finds degenerative changes in the tumor cells. The results showed that the poorer the histological differentiation of the tumor, the lesser was the cytological change. Only 6 of 34 patients with a good hormonal effect showed a progression of the tumor, whereas 16 of 17 patients with a poor hormonal effect showed clinical progression. 70% of the cases demonstrated agreement between the clinical course and the caryopycnotic index. No correlation was found between the caryopycnotic index and the histological grade of the tumor.


Observations on possible autoimmune therapeutic effects in experimentally produced rat bladder tumors. Autoimmune response to normal and tumor bladder tissues in Fisher/Furth rats were obtained. The reaction consisted mainly of severe pericystitis and hemorrhagic lesions. The cellular infiltrate was predominantly lymphocytic including also plasma cells and histiocytes. Serological tests indicated development of host immunological response. 15 of 33 rat bladder tumors involuted entirely in the course of the autoimmune reaction.


[Internal urethrotomy of urethral strictures in men under endoscopic control]. From November 1972 to October 1974 190 patients of the "Urologische Klinik der Städt. Krankenanstalten Karlsruhe" with urethral strictures were treated by internal urethrotomy under endoscopic control with the modified urethrotome from Stortz/Germany. This is a report about short-time results (2-14 months) after treatment. The method is very simple and the effect is controlled by endoscopy. In the first 44 patients we used general or lumbal anaesthesia. In the last patients only local anaesthesia by Instillagel installation into the urethra was used. The short-time results were excellent in 66.8%. We believe that this method points out a new direction in the surgical treatment of urethral strictures.


[Bladder substitution with continent ileum pouch experimental study on dogs (author's transl)]. Ileum conduit is a good method for supravesical diversion of urine. The disadvantage is, however, that it does not have a reservoir function. For the first time, in 1969 Kock had shown good results with a continent intra-abdominal ileum pouch for feces, and this gave us the idea to try a similar pouch for urine on 15 dogs. To make reservoirs of the small intestine was technically not simple and often led to complications. Urine continency could be attained by invagination of the small intestine. Primary and secondary reflux as well as stenoses of the ureter implantations led in 50% of the cases to ascending infections. Complications of urine reabsorption did not occur. Further studies of the continency, reflux and reabsorption problems indicate that a continent, intra-abdominal ileum pouch for urine will be possible.


Caliceal urodynamics.

Caliceal urodynamics. In this study the author emphasizes the existence of a muscular element that had not been described until now. This muscular element is situated around Malpighi's pyramid and its fibres are followed by the caliceal muscle and the elements that form Henle's peripapillar ring. The systolic and diastolic function of this peripyramidal muscle can be observed in the urographies, during the evacuation of the collector tubules of Bellini, and its synchronization with the next caliceal and pyelic musculature.


New features in the pathogenesis of renal tuberculosis and their significance for its detection. The study of 1,464 cases of renal tuberculosis in 1946-1971 shows that the incidence of this illness has not diminished. The percentage of aged patients and of women has increased. The frequency of previous tuberculosis has decreased and the interval between tuberculosis and renal tuberculosis has increased. These new features show that the role of general pathogenic factors regresses whereas that of local factors progresses. Among the latter, the main factor is a disturbance of the urine outflow from the kidneys. This factor is of particular importance in women who had pathologic pregnancies and deliveries, gynecological diseases and surgery. While the connection of renal tuberculosis with tuberculous diseases diminishes its connection with urogenital conditions is rising. Accordingly, it is necessary to suspect and search for renal tuberculosis in new groups of persons: in older persons, in patients without a history of previous tuberculosis, in patients cured from tuberculosis, in women after obstetrical and gynecological complications, in patients with renal diseases, malformations, etc. Our preventive examinations indicated that nephrotuberculosis can be actively and earlier detected not only in patients with extrarenal tuberculosis but in persons cured from it, and in patients with local urogenital lesions.


[Neoplasic perineal implantation following needle biopsy (author's transl)]. The advantages and drawbacks of the different techniques of the prostate needle biopsy are commented. The reasons for always using the percutaneous perineal approach with Vim-Silvermann's needle, modified by Franklin, in our Centre are pointed out. The results obtained in more than 1,500 biopsies performed in the Institute are briefly presented. A clinical report--the second in our records--in which the perineal implantation of a metastatic nodule occurred in the transcutaneous needle biopsy, is also presented. This complication is in fact a very rare one, and we must not forget all the advantages of this diagnostic pattern. After a thorough revision of the world casuistic, we have only been able to find 8 published cases.


[Significance of the tuberculin test in the early detection of renal tuberculosis]. Authors used the tuberculin test (modified Koch's test) in 84 urological patients. In 22 of them, renal tuberculosis was revealed by this test and then confirmed by other methods. Subcutaneous injection of tuberculin in patients with renal tuberculosis was followed with the increase of leucocyturia and erythrocyturia. This reaction was especially expressive in the early stages of renal tuberculosis. The tuberculin test must be widely used in first-stage laboratory investigations in urological patients because it is easy and rapid.


[Frequency of the retroaortic left renal vein in adults (author's transl)]. In 231 adults the frequency and the pattern of the retroaortic left renal vein were studied. We observed a retroaortic left renal vein in 9.09% ("renal collar" in 5.62%, single retroaortic left renal vein in 3.46%. According to our results and to the findings in the literature a retroaortic left renal vein can be expected in 13.67% ("renal collar" in 9.53%, single retroaortic left renal vein in 4.13%).


[Histological findings of the ureteropelvic junction in congenital hydronephrosis (author's transl)]. Histological investigation of ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) specimens of 21 patients with congenital hydronephrosis revealed in 7 instances pathological changes, which might be responsible for the obstruction. In 15 cases a significant increase of collagenous tissue within the UPJ, along with a relative deficiency of monocytes was noted. Each of the smooth muscle fibers was surrounded by fibrous tissue, which caused interruption of the "nexus" function and therefore loss of muscle contractions. The inability of normal muscle contractions within the UPJ might be a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of congenital hydronephrosis.


Statistical properties of the temporal and spatial distribution of interperistaltic intervals and their relationship to pacemaker and respiratory rhythmicity. A straightforward method is outlined for the presentation of the temporal and spatial characteristics of interperistaltic intervals obtained from the canine ureter. The fundamental statistical property of ureteral peristaltic contractions is demonstrated to be multimodal. This is characterized by a basic rate and whole number multiples of that rate. The methods for identifying the relationship of peristalsis with the pacemaker and respiratory rate is outlined.


Simplified method for transvaginal closure of vesicovaginal fistula after hysterectomy. The application of a modified Latzko's partial colpocleisis to vesicovaginal fistula occurring after abdominal hysterectomy has been reported. The present method, which is safe and highly effective, can be perfomred with ease by urologists having little experience with transvaginal operations. It is important in performing the present operation to remove the tension on the bladder wall by dissecting the cleavage plane between the vaginal wall and the bladder wall in a distal direction from the denuded area surrounding the fistula.


Postoperative improvement of hypertension in primary aldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome. In 24 cases of primary aldosteronism and 30 cases of Cushing's syndrome, the incidence of preoperative hypertension and postoperative improvement of hypertension was investigated. All the cases of primary aldosteronism showed preoperative hypertension. Postoperative improvement of hypertension was observed in 21 out of those 24 cases. In 14 of these 21 cases, hypertension improved within 1 month postoperatively. In Cushing's syndrome, 23 out of 30 cases showed preoperative hypertension which improved in 20 cases postoperatively. They needed longer periods of time before improvement of hypertension than the cases of primary aldosteronism. The pathological findings in renal biopsy specimens seem to be correlated with postoperative improvement of hypertension in both diseases.


Localization of the site of recurrent urinary tract infection in women. In the past, several laboratory tests, which have included selective straining of the urinary sediment, and observation of the sediment after intravenous administration of bacterial pyrogen or adrenal corticosteroid have been employed in an attempt to distinguish between upper and lower urinary tract infection. In addition, as mentioned in the present report, measurements of O-specific hemagglutinating and other antibody titers, tests of maximal concentrating ability and determination of activity of certain enzymes in the urine have also been proposed as methods for differentiating renal involvement in recurrent bacteriuria. Moreover, in women, the pattern of recurrence, i.e., relapse versus reinfection, has been employed as an indication of the site of infection in women with asymptomatic infection. Although these procedures all may be helpful in characterizing groups of patients, none is specific in individual patients, and to date only bilateral ureteral catheterization has been shown to localize infection with relative certainty. However, ureteral catheterization cannot be justified for the routine evaluation of patients with recurrent bacteriuria. For the time being, it is my feeling that these studies should be reserved primarily as clinical research tools and not be applied routinely in the management of women with recurrent bacteriuria. It is anticipated that the greater availability of typing sera, coupled with a clearer definition and description of population groups studied, eventually will lead to a rational approach to these infections.


Renal papillary morphology and intrarenal reflux in the young pig. Intrarenal reflux in piglets has been related to the morphology of individual renal papillae. These studies show that intrarenal reflux occurs only in the presence of the more extensively fused papillae found predominantly at the upper and lower poles of the kidney. These papillae each have a flattened or concave area cribrosa with large open papillary ducts which cannot be closed by a rise in intracalyceal pressure. In contrast intrarenal reflux never occurs into cone-shaped papillae seen most commonly in the mid-zone of the kidney, which have easily closed, oblique, slit-like papillary duct orifices. The significance of these findings in relation to the genesis of chronic pyelonephritic scarring is discussed.


Renal papillary morphology in infants and young children. The morphology of the renal papillae was studied in a series of necropsy kidneys from infants and young children, and related to experimental data obtained in piglets. As in the piglet, extensively fused papillae of the type associated with intrarenal reflux occurred almost exclusively at the upper and lower poles of the kidney. However, the incidence of this kind of papilla was much lower in the children's kidneys, and in over a quarter of the specimens examined only cone-shaped papillae were found; this latter type of papilla is never associated with intrarenal reflux in the piglet.


Tubular dimensions and juxtaglomerular granulation index in rat kidneys after unilateral obstruction of the ureter. A study of the morphogenesis of hydronephrosis. The effect of ligation of a ureter on the tissues in the kidneys in male Wistar rats was studied by morphometry. Dilation of the lumen in the obstructed kidney persisted after ligation only in distal convolutions and collecting ducts. Swelling of epithelial cells in the obstructed kidney was noted only in the distal convolutions and collecting ducts. The Juxtaglomerular Granulation Index (JGI) in the obstructed kidney increased to a maximum 7 days after ligation of the ureter. In the control kidney the lumen of Bowman's space was expanded, epithelial cells in both proximal and distal parts of the nephron were swollen, and the JGI was increased after ligation of the contralateral ureter. The morphological findings support the assumption that reduced cortical blood flow and decreased intratubular flow are the cause of proximal tubular atrophy rather than a persisting increase of proximal intratubular pressure.


Role of lactogen in prostatic physiology. Lactogen causes binding of testosterone to human prostate and therapy increases steroid enhancement of acid phosphatase activity of the tissue. Diminished response to steroid of tissue treated with lactogen antibody is interpreted as evidence of inactivation of endogenous lactogen associated with the tissue. This is the first time that steroid-lactogen-phosphatase interaction has been demonstrated in vitro.


Treatment of urinary incontinence by the Scott-Bradley-Timm artificial sphincter. A report of eight cases. Eight patients were treated with an implantable artificial urinary sphincter. Five patients had neurogenic bladders, two had postprostatectomy incontinence and one severe recurring stress incontinence. The main problem was mechanical failure of the device in four patients. The present results (follow up two to ten months) may be classified as satisfactory in six and unsatisfactory in two patients.


"Positive" bone scan--a contraindication to surgery? Eleven patients with urologic cancer had an abnormal 99mTc (technetium-99m) bone scan as the sole evidence of metastatic disease. Potentially curative therapy should not be withheld on the basis of a "positive" bone scan if such an area is accessible to selected bone biopsy and proves to be negative for tumor histologically.


Response of renal adenocarcinoma to cyclophosphamide. A group of patients with metastatic renal adenocarcinoma was treated with cyclophosphamide. No antitumor effect was noted and, probably, enhancement of neoplastic growth was produced in some cases. Compared with other available therapies, a shorter survival rate was noted.


Two-stage urethroplasty. Improved method for treating bulbomembranous strictures. Twelve years' experience with a two-stage urethroplasty for the surgical management of severe and complicated urethral strictures in 200 patients is summarized. The techniques used, including a modification of the Johanson urethroplasty for bulbomembranous urethral strictures and for multiple strictures without splitting the scrotum, are discussed. The most usual complications of these procedures are reported, as well as how to deal with them, and long-term final results are given. The principles of these procedures are surgically sound, considering the pathology of the strictures. At no time after urethroplasty were urethral dilatations necessary in these 200 patients.


Congenital proximal bulbar stricture in adults. Congenital proximal bulbar stricture in adults is a definite clinical entity and should be looked for in adults with obscure urinary symptoms. The stricture is usually short and can be demonstrated with a voiding cystogram, urethrogram, and urethroscopy. The condition is thought to be due to incomplete rupture of the cloacal membrane at its junction with the urogenital sinus. The stricture can be treated easily by internal urethrotomy and/or urethral dilatation.


Traumatic lymphangitis of penis.

Traumatic lymphangitis of penis. The appearance of a firm, nodular, cord-like structure in the coronal sulcus of the penis has heretofore been considered and reported in the urologic literature as thrombophlebitis of the superficial veins. Further study and review of the literature reveal this condition to be a traumatic lymphangitis which is directly related to sexual trauma and runs a short, asymptomatic, self-limited course.


Hypernephroma in children.

Hypernephroma in children. Two cases of childhood hypernephroma are presented, bringing to 88 the number of cases of this unusual tumor authenticated in the literature. Both children were black males, four and eight years old. Both had Stage II right renal lesions which were treated with radical nephrectomy and postoperative irradiation. One has been followed up for over seven years and is free of disease. A brief summary of the incidence, treatment, and prognosis of this unusual childhood malignancy is presented.


Ureteropelvic obstruction of duplex kidney. Herein is reported a case in which congenital ureteropelvic obstruction was complicated by renal duplication. A dismembered pyeloplasty requiring two anastomoses was performed.


Unusual presentation of cecoureterocele. A three-year-old female had a nephroureterectomy for a hydronephrotic left kidney with a total duplicated collecting system. Postoperatively urinary retention developed which was found to be secondary to a previously nonobstructive cecoureterocele. A brief review of cecoureteroceles is given along with the possible cause of this unusual presentation.


Pelvic lipomatosis: effect of diet.

Pelvic lipomatosis: effect of diet. Pelvic lipomatosis is a disease of dense infiltration of benign fatty tissue within the confines of the deep bony pelvis. A case is reported of an obese, hypertensive, thirty-nine-year-old black man with the typical clinical and radiographic features of pelvic lipomatosis. Prolonged fasting produced an extensive weight loss and profound resolution of his presenting symptoms, signs, and radiologic abnormalities. Subsequent regain of weight resulted in the reappearance of the disorder, confirming that pelvic lipomatosis may be a disease of accelerated and excessive fat deposition which can be reversed by dietary restriction. The literature pertaining to pelvic lipomatosis is reviewed in detail.


Late spontaneous rupture of ileal conduit. A case of late spontaneous rupture of an ileal conduit, obstructed by a fibrous band, is presented. Resection of the proximal segment of the conduit bearing the perforation resulted in complete recovery.


Adenomatoid tumors (mesothelioma) of testicular and paratesticular tissue. Fourteen cases of adenomatoid tumor of the paratesticular tissues are presented. The clinical presentation and histopathologic aspects are discussed. Two hundred and three cases from the English literature are reviewed, and the clinical presentation, natural history, malignant changes, histopathologic aspects, and possible hormonal associations are discussed.


Angiomyolipoma and renal cell carcinoma in same kidney. A case of renal cell carcinoma and angiomyolipoma occurring in the same kidney in a patient without stigmata of tuberous sclerosis is reported. This case was managed as malignant renal tumor, and the patient underwent radical nephrectomy. Urologic and angiographic literature regarding angiomyolipoma is reviewed, and we find the neovascularity of this benign tumor is only rarely distinguishable from malignant renal tumor.


Renal vascular hypertension secondary to renal arterial aneurysm. A case is reported of a ten-year-old boy with hypertension with a fusiform aneurysm and an intrarenal arterial malformation similar to a cirsoid aneurysm in the same kidney. Renal vein renin values were elevated. The cause, classification, pathologic anatomy, relationship between aneurysm and hypertension, and treatment are discussed. The patient was cured by nephrectomy.


Ultrasonic B-mode scanning for invasive transitional cell carcinoma of kidney. Ultrasonic B-mode scanning of renal masses has been reported to be accurate in differentiating cysts from solid masses. Invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney can appear anechoic on ultrasound scanning. Two patients demonstrating this fact and its implications form the basis of this report.


Cystometry. V. Bladder sensation.

Cystometry. V. Bladder sensation. Bladder sensation is an important variable in cystometry. Sensory complaints are a valuable portion of the history which may be further defined and documented by the cystometric examination.


Morhea-form basal cell carcinomas of the canthi. Basal cell carcinoma is not a single entity, but a lesion of protean morphology. In treating basal cell carcinomas, treatment should be correlated with the histopathology of the tumor. Attention has been called to the aggressive infiltrating properties of morphea-form lesions. Morphea-form basal cell carcinomas should not be treated with radiotherapy. Surgery with frozen section control is advocated as the treatment of choice and the value of permanent sections has been stressed. Large defects should be covered with a skin graft.


Surgical removal of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids utilizing frozen section control. A total of 157 eyelid basal cell carcinomas were surgically excised during an 18-year period. All lesions were submitted for histologic examination to determine the adequacy of excision and 72% had frozen section evaluation at the time of surgery. Complete resection was attained in 97.5% of cases. There were no recurrences reported. Postoperative problems occurred in 8% of patients but all were corrected by secondary surgical procedures.


Observations on the treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids. The Wendell L. Huges Lecture. A brief discussion of the treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids has given. It implies that, as usually done, surgery is good. It is uncertain, however, and leaves much to be desired. By looking into the control techniques that should be available, and by taking the time and trouble to use them, the surgeon should attain much better results than he has in the past. It is suggested that cryosurgery may be the preferred method of treatment for many ofthose who wish to avoid surgery for reasons of health, age, time, inconvenience, and cost. This is true only if these individuals are willing to accept the cosmetic disadvantages of depigmentation and loss of lashes. It is hoped that other ophthalmic plastic surgeons will look into this modality and evaluate it critically before casting it aside as a poor substitute for the knife.


The surgical treatment of undercorrected esotropia: an evaluation of the effect of recession of the medial rectus muscle 13.5 mm from the limbus. Nineteen patients with residual esotropia following conventional maximum horizontal recess-resect surgery were treated by further recession of the medial rectus muscle to a point 13.5 mm from the limbus. Six of these patients also underwent an 8-mm resection of the ipsilateral lateral rectus in addition to the medial recession. Eighteen of the patients achieved a good to excellent cosmetic result in the primary position. One patient was markedly overcorrected probably secondary to an unwarranted lateral rectus resection. Most of the patients showed some mild limitation of adduction, but this was generally not a significant cosmetic or functional defect. The degree of limitation seen was no greater than that which has been observed in similar patients treated by marginal myotomy. Recession of the medial rectus muscle 13.5 mm from the limbus seems to be a safe and effective method of treating surgically undercorrected esotropia.


[Apparatus for extrafocal transosseous compression-distraction osteosynthesis]. An apparatus suggested by the author for extrafocal transosseous osteosynthesis consists of cross pins, pin holders, sectional base square frames, arms with a clamp, shafts, screwed connection and guides. The apparatus was utilized in treatment of 17 patients with closed (in 13 patients) and open (in 3 patients) fractures of crural bones. The technic of applying this device is described. According to the author's data the use of this apparatus for extrafocal transosseous osteosynthesis has enabled to gain a greater efficacy of fixation and facilitated a reposition of bone fragments, also it shortened the period of the apparatus application, its management being much easier than otherwise.


[Outcome of conservative treatment of traumatic hip dislocation]. The authors report an analysis of the results obtained after conservative therapy for femoral dislocations. Reduction of luxations was accomplished after the Djanalidze and Kocher method with subsequent immobilization of the extremity by means of skeletal extension, plaster cast and bandaging one leg to the other. The results proved to be different depending on the technic of reduction employed, fixation of the extremity and its duration, and the start of the weight-bearing on the injured extremity. Some recommendations on prophylaxis of arthroses immediately after femoral dislocation are given.


[Hypothermia during general anesthesia and methods of its prevention]. In the article great attention is paid to prophylaxis of hypothermal disturbances in heat exchange during the process of general anesthesia, it comprises the use of complex methods of protection against hypothermia. It is the authors' opinion that the state of thermal balance should be followed as carefully during general anesthesia as hemostatic indices, since normothermia improved considerably the clinical course of narcosis and postoperative period, as well.


[Benign neurogenic tumors of the stomach]. Case reports of 27 patients showing neurogenic gastric tumors have been studied. Based on their personal data, the authors draw a conclusion on frequent development of neurogenic tumors in patients with persistant gastric anamnesis. A description of the clinical course, roentgenological symptomatology and therapeutic policy is given. Surgical tactics is outlined taking into account localization, forms of tumor size and growth.


[Removal of polyps from the stomach and large intestine through a fiberscope]. Polypectomy was performed with a special device (a loop and scissors) inserted via the biopsy canal of a fibroscope. During polypectomy diathermic currents from a commerical electric knife are used. An experience with 67 polypectomies has shown that this operation requirs no special pre- and postoperative measures. Failures of polypectomy were as follows: inadequate polypectomy and development of pseudorecurrences, "a loss" of a polyp during its removal, an impossibility ot loop a polyp. Complications that may appear are described.


[Dysembryonal tumors of the lung].

[Dysembryonal tumors of the lung]. Dysembryonal tumors of the lung occur 50 times as rarely as malignant ones, and their differential diagnosis is rather difficult. Enucleation of a tumor with subsequent suturing of the bed is felt to be the rational tactics in treatment of such neoplasms. A rapid survey biopsy intraoperatively seems to be absolutely necessary.


[Exocrine function of the pancreas in patients with peptic ulcer at remote periods after stomach resection]. External secretion of the pancreas was studied in 123 patients suffering ulcerous disease of the stomach and duodenum, in whom gastric resection was performed. The best indices of external secretion in patients operated upon after the Hofmeister-Finsterer technic seem to be conditioned by the fact that in such operative technic no abducent loop syndrome or duodenostasis develop, aggravating the function of the whole hepato-pancreato-duodenal system.


[Changes in the phagocytic activity of leukocytes in patients with acute appendicitis]. The phagocytic activity of leucocytes in different forms of acute appendicitis in 126 patients has been studied. The phagocytic activity of leucocytes in patients with acute appendicitis a day after the operation was found to be reduced, a decrease being more pronounced in patients with a gangrenous form. It is felt that, although not being a specific reaction, the phagocytosis indices along with other clinical and laboratory investigations reflect the status of protective forces of the organism and contribute to recognition of associated complications.