An experimental investigation of the effectiveness of complementary projection for reducing anxiety. The present study was designed to determine whether complementary projection is effective to reduce anxiety. To test this, Ss in two experimental groups were threatened with electric shocks. Ss in one threat group then were encouraged to project malevolence onto E. Ss' subjective reports, pulse rates, and skin resistances indicated that the threat of shock significantly increased the anxiety levels of threat as compared to control Ss. Neither the subjective reports nor physiological measures revealed a differential decrease in anxiety in threat Ss as a function of whether Ss projected a justifiable cause for anxiety, i.e., malevolence, onto E. These results raise serious questions as to whether complementary projection serves an anxiety-reducing or defensive function.


Personality dimensions as assessed by projective and verbal instruments. An attempt was made to explore personality dimensions with projective and verbal tests. The Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale (RDS) were administered to 161 college students of both sexes. A description of the canonical correlations between the two subsets of projective and verbal instruments is presented, as well as three separate factor analyses, one of the HIT, another of the CPI-RDS and the third of the HIT and CPI-RDS together. The results support the conclusion that, with the exception of one factor that includes HIT and CPI-RDS variables, the HIT factors have no relationship with the CPI-RDS factors. Furthermore, of the 19 canonical correlations only the first is significant.


Administrator's gender and sexual content in projective test protocols. The present data for the TAT and previous results for the word-association test and Rorschach support the hypothesis that the E-S gender combinations affect sexual responsivity on projective tests. The evidence indicates that like-gender combinations are more sexually responsive than opposite-gender pairs on projective tests. Further, there may be an overall rank-ordering of gender pairs in the degree of sexual responsivity, with the male E-female S combination resulting in the lowest sex content scores. The extent of generality of the phenomena on Ss other than a "normal" population remains to be investigated.


Prediction of locus of control orientation from the Thematic Apperception Test. This study attempted to predict locus of control orientation from responses to the Thematic Apperception Test. Forty male and 40 female undergraduates who scored at the extremes on the Rotter Locus of Control Scale responded to TAT cards. By use of Dies' rating procedure; two judges predicted Ss' locus of control orientation with 70% accuracy. Because an external orientation was predicted with much greater efficiency than an internal orientation, it was suggested that the TAT cards may elicit more external than internal responses.


Effects of drinking on the power and affiliation needs of middle-aged females. Power and affiliation motivation was measured among 37 middle-aged females before and after consumption of alcohol in a familiar social setting. The results indicated that, contrary to the findings reported for males, n power and personal power motives declined significantly among moderate-drinking female Ss. Although social power needs increased at all tested levels of alcohol consumption, these increases did not reach statistical significance. Contrary to expectation, affiliation needs declined significantly after only moderate drinking. These results cast some doubt upon the applicability to females of the McClelland, et al. approach for treatment of alcoholism.


The personal values of alcoholics and addicts. In a comparison of the personal values of male alcoholics and addicts, the major findings were: (a) the values of the two groups are quite similar; and (b) the combined values of the two groups are quite different from a sample of males from the general population. Further research to determine how many of the reported differences are a function of the Ss' drug abuse and how many are a function of their particular social background is suggested.


Alterations in future time perspective in heroin addicts. Changes in the future time perspective of 31 narcotic addicts who were participating in a methadone maintenance treatment program were studied by a 9-week test-retest design that used a matched control group of waiting list addicts. Significant changes were obtained on the dimension of extension, but not on four other future time dimensions, which reflects the change in the personal and social status of the addict in a comprehensive treatment program.


Shifts in perceptual differentiation and defense mechanisms in alcoholics. The Group Embedded Figures Test and the Defense Mechanism Inventory were administered to 50 alcoholics approximately 10 days after admission and again after about 6 weeks of treatment. The posttreatment scores on the embedded figures test were significantly higher, more field independent, than initial scores. Ss also had significantly higher scores on the defense of turning against an object and lower scores on reversal when compared to pretreatment scores on the defense inventory. The changes in defensive style were not related to the initial level of or changes in perceptual differentiation.


A factor-analytic examination of sexual behaviors and attitudes and marihuana usage. A questionnaire that pertains to sexual attitudes and behaviors, family relationships, and marihuana usage was administered to 358 undergraduates at Wichita State University. A factor analysis performed upon the results yielded 12 factors related to sexual behavior: (1) Liberal vs. Conservative Attitudes; (2) Age-Experience; (3) Symbolic Sexual Preoccupation; (4) Romantic Love vs. Cynicism; (5) Experience-linked Drug Effects; (6) Affectual Dependence; (7) Mature Satisfaction; (8) Conservative vs. Liberal Sexual Practices; (9) High vs. Low Sexual Activity; (10) Sexual Revolution; (11) Sex; (12) Traditional vs. Cynical Love Roles.


Altitude quotient - IQ Discrepancy as an index of personality disorganization among drug offenders. Twenty-five inmates of the Petersburg Federal Reformatory Drug Abuse Program, Petersburg, Virginia were selected as Ss in this study. Intercorrelations among AQ-IQ discrepancies, MMPI scales and behavioral adjustment ratings were computed. The results suggested that the AQ-IQ discrepancy is of questionable efficacy as an index of personality disorganization.


Intellectual functioning in a sample of institutionalized narcotic addicts. The Shipley-Hartford scales were given to 1,980 institutionalized addicts. Overall, results showed that addict IQs are about normal. Of all demographic variables analyzed, only education explained an appreciable proportion of the variance in scores (12%). There were indications that a relatively high number of addicts may have some intellectual impairment (41%). The latter results await further verification.


A five-year study of a haemophilia reference centre. Attendances at the Regional Haemophilia Reference Centre in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary have been analysed over a period of five years from 1969 to 1973. Of 77 patients registered in 1969, 64 had haemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) and 13 had haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency). In 1973 the numbers were 68 and 14 respectively. An increased attendance at the Centre from 123 in 1969 to 624 in 1973 was noted. This was due to patients reporting earlier and more frequently for outpatient treatment of haemarthroses which occurred with the greater availability of supplies of factor VIII. The number of admissions for inpatient treatment did not change significantly over the period. Haemarthrosis of the knee was the commonest dominant lesion. The amount of replacement therapy in the form of fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, antihaemophilic fraction, and factors II, IX, and X concentrate used in the Centre (ie, excluding that used for elective procedures) increased from 2704 donor units in 1969 to 8778 donor units in 1973, the main increase being in cryoprecipitate. The number of factor VIII units used per patient attending per year, for both elective and emergency treatment in haemophiliacs, is recorded and discussed as are its effects on the treatment patterns of patients and the implications for the future.


Meningitis caused by Pseudomonas maltophilia. A case of meningitis caused by Pseudomonas maltophilia is described, which was unusual in that it appeared to lack the predisposing factors commonly associated with this organism. Attention is drawn to the difficulties which may be encountered in the identification of Ps. maltophilia.


Morphological features in a neutral lipid storage disease. The morphological changes in a patient with a generalized storage disease characterized by the intracellular deposition of neutral lipid are described. There is widespread accumulation of lipid in the cytoplasm of many cells and in occasional nuclei. Diagnosis may be facilitated by the recognition of clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm of granulocytes in blood films. In jejunal biopsies vacuolation of the epithelial cells may simulate the appearances of a-betalipoproteinaemia. The lipid inclusions consist largely of normal triglycerides and are free in the cytoplasm, unassociated with any organelle. The biochemical basis of the lesions is uncertain. Although there are lipoprotein abnormalities the primary defect appears to be intrinsic to the cell and may involve either a defective cytoplasmic lipase or an impaired uptake and utilization of fatty acids by mitochondria.


A practical system of bacterial nomenclature. It is unlikely that any serious attempt will be made to standardize bacterial nomenclature on a national or international scale until the implementation of the proposed revision of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria on 1 January 1980. In the meantime, the lack of such standardization poses major problems in communication between the laboratory and the clinican and also causes difficulties in the latter's reading of the bacteriology literature. The present communication proposes interim regional voluntary standardization of bacterial nomenclature as a solution, and outlines a system of nomenclature which could be used on such a regional basis. The system is specifically designed to demonstrate clearly the relationships between bacteria.


A cytoarchitectonic analysis of the spinal cord of the pigeon (Columba livia). The spinal gray of the pigeon is described cytoarchitectonically to establish a foundation for anatomical and physiological studies of the pigeon spinal cord. The material includes segments from the high cervical cord through the lumbosacral enlargement, and nine cellular layers are described. In addition to this laminar organization, various distinct cell groups such as the dorsal magnocellular column, column of Terni, marginal cells and lobes of Lachi are described. Layers I-IV occupy the head of the dorsal horn, are apparent at all spinal levels examined, and represent the clearest case of laminar organization of the spinal gray of the pigeon. Layer V occupies the full extent of the neck of the dorsal horn at all segmental levels investigated. Also, the dorsal magnocellular column is situated in the central region of this layer from the rostral pole of the cervical enlargement through the lumbosacral enlargement, and arguments are advanced that this cell column is homologous to the column of Clarke. In the intermediate zone a Layer IV is defined, but it is apparent only at the enlargements. Layers VII-IX constitute the ventral horn, Layer IX being the motoneuronal cell groups. With the exception of the motoneuronal groups, the boundaries of the ventral horn layers are considerably less distinct than those of the dorsal horn, and no attempt is made to distinguish Layers VII and VIII at lumbosacral levels. At the enlargements there is a prominent lateral motoneuronal cell group consisting of large cells. It is generally concluded that the cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal gray of the pigeon bears a rather close resemblance to that described for various mammalian species, particularly with respect to the dorsal horn.


Spinal terminal fields of dorsal root fibers in the pigeon (Columba livia). This paper describes the spinal pattern of brachial and lumbosacral dorsal root terminations in the pigeon. These are presented within the framework of the cytoarchitectonic analysis of the preceding report (Leonard and Cohen, '75). At the level of dorsal root section and immediately adjacent sections dense terminal fields were evident throughout the ipsilateral dorsal horn (Layers I-V), including the substantia gelatinosa. However, degeneration in the substantia gelatinosa was prominent only with short survival times. There were mediolateral differences in the density of degenerating material in the dorsal horn, as well as variations between the patterns at the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements. The general pattern of degeneration in the dorsal horn extended approximately three segments rostral and two segments caudal to the level of root section, becoming progressively less dense with distance from the level of rhizotomy. An exception to this was degeneration in the dorsal magnocellular (Clarke's) column where, following section of either brachial or lumbosacral roots, degeneration could be traced into the thoracic spinal cord. However, these ascending and descending projections upon column at thoracic levels overlap minimally if at all. Degeneration was sparse in the intermediate zone and ventral horn (Layers VI-IX). It tended to concentrate centrally in Layer VI at the enlargements, and much of the degeneration ventral to this was interpreted as fibers en passage to the motoneuronal cell groups, Layer IX. Terminal fields in Layer IX were evident at both cervical and lumbosacral enlargements. They were largely restricted to the lateral motoneuronal cell group and were more prominent at cervical levels where degeneration was commonly observed around cell bodies and their proximal dendrites. As with the cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal gray in the pigeon, the terminal fields of brachial and lumbosacral dorsal root fibers appear to have a pattern similar to that reported in mammalian literature.


Teacher race, student race, and the Behavior Problem Checklist. The ratings of 458 fourth- and fifth-grade boys were investigated to determine whether or not scores on the Behavior Problem Checklist vary systematically with teacher or student race. Analyses of the data for conduct problems, inadequacy-immaturity, and socialized delinquency indicated that white teachers demonstrate a strong tendency to rate black children as more deviant and white children as less deviant when contrasted with the ratings of black teachers. The ratings of black teachers were found not to vary with student race. No differences among any of the variables were found with regard to personality problems. Possible explanations for the results are discussed, along with implications for the use of the Behavior Problem Checklist in the field.


The effect of a teacher's presence on the classroom behavior of conduct-problem children. Six institutionalized conduct-problem children performed in a classroom under three reinforcement conditions: (1) noncontingent reinforcement: (2) reinforcement for being on task and (3) reinforcement for the accuracy and rate fo their academic behavior. Within each of these conditions, the teacher was either present throughout the class session or absent for a portion of the session. In the teacher's absence, on-task behavior was markedly reduced and disruption was markedly increased, regardless of the reinforcement condition in operation. In contrast, the teacher's absence had no effect on academic accuracy and had a major effect on academic rate only when reinforcement was delivered noncontingently. Furthermore, the extent to which the children became disruptive in the teacher's absence was reduced when reinforcement was contingent upon academic accuracy and rate, instead of being contingent upon being on task or delivered noncontingently. It is suggested that the reinforcement of academic behavior, rather than on-task behavior or classroom social behavior, not only will improve the latter behaviors as well, but possibly also make them less dependent upon the presence and continued surveillance of the teacher.


An analysis of children's oppositional behavior. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between children's oppositional behavior and the following two variables: number of commands issued and time from command presentation. Twenty-four five-year-old children and their mothers served as subjects. The results indicated an increase in oppositional behavior as the number of commands increased. Furthermore, most oppositional behavior occurred immediately following the presentation of a command.


Psychological correlates of the course of Sydenham's chorea. Repeat evaluations of a case. Published reports provide contradictory evidence concerning the cause, nature, and course of Syndeham's chorea: physiological, psychological, and interractional hypotheses have been advanced. Reports supporting any of these views suffer from lack of detail, objective observations, and/or longitudinal behavioral sampling. This case was studied longitudinally with numerous psychological tests. They revealed acute encephalopathy and severe personality disturbance in the acute stage, followed by rapid and lasting clearing of both symptoms. Thus, this case provided evidence consistent with virtually all published reports and with each hypothesis about Sydenham's chorea, suggesting the need for more careful longitudinal studies and a conceptual framework which can more fully embrace all the data.


Are children reliable reporters?

Are children reliable reporters? Fifty children, ranging in age from 6 to 16 years, and their mothers were interviewed using the same structured interview, which in its content follows the usual psychiatric examination of a child. Their answers were compared and it was found that there was an 80% average agreement on all questions. The agreement (between child and parent) was highest on questions relating to factual information (84%) and the agreement (between child's interviewer and parent) was lowest in the section dealing with mental status (69%). Girls were more reliable informants than boys.


Modification of an impulsive cognitive tempo in emotionally disturbed boys. In order to determine the relative effectiveness of verbal self-instructions and training to delay before responding in modifying an impulsive cognitive style, 15 impulsive emotionally disturbed boys were assigned to one of three groups. The cognitive-training group was given practice in verbal self-instructions, the delay-training group received practice in delaying before responding, and the control group received no training. Posttreatment scores on the Matching Familiar Figures Test showed a significant increase in latencies for both the cognitive and delay-training groups. However, only the cognitive-training group, which had received practice in verbal self-instructions, made fewer errors following training. Implications for future research and potential treatment strategies for verbal self-instructions are discussed.


Effects of immediacy of feedback and level of aspiration statements on learning tasks for delinquent youngsters. The performance of institutionalized delinquent youngsters on paired associate learning tasks was investigated to determine whether level of aspiration (LOA) statements were associated with improved performance under varying feedback conditions. The effects of the feedback conditions were also examined. Forty-eight male adolescents were randomly assigned to the following six treatment conditions: (1) Delayed Feedback, (2) Delayed Feedback with LOA, (3) Immediate Feedback, (4) Immediate Feedback with LOA, (5) No Feedback, (6) No Feedback with LOA. The LOA conditions produced significantly better performance than did the no-LOA conditions. Implications for curricular intervention are discussed.


The social play of two behaviorally disordered preschool children during four activities. A multiple baseline study. The effect of contingent teacher attention on the social play of two behaviorally disordered preschool children was investigated. Using a multiple baseline design with reversal conditions, social play was measured on four activities: pegs and pegboard, athletic ball, blocks, and water pail. Baseline data indicated considerable variability in the amount of social play across the four activities. The initiation of the experimental contingency produced a dramatic increase in percentage of time in which the subjects engaged in social play. The implications of these results for the remediation of isolate behavior in young children with multiple behavioral deficits are discussed.


Discriminators of clinically defined emotional maladjustment. Predictive validity of the Behavior Problem Checklist and Devereux scales. From a population of 130 boys between 7 and 14 years of age who had been clinically diagnosed as aggressive, hyperactive, or withdrawn, 32, 31, and 32 Ss, respectively, were randomly selected. All Ss were rated on the Behavior Problem Checklist (BPC) and the Devereux Elementary School Behavior rating scales (DESB) during the 1971-72 academic year. A descriptive intercorrelation matrix was generated for the 4 BPC scales and the 14 DESB scales. Three stepwise discriminant analyses were run: (a) BPC scales only, (b) DESB scales only, and (c) BPC and DESB scales combined. In terms of statistical and practical considerations, the four BPC subscales by themselves attained the optimal predictive accuracy (65%, or 62 of 95 children correctly identified).


Distractibility and hypersensitivity. Two behavior factors in elementary school children. The present paper reports on the development of a modified problem checklist for use in normal samples of elementary school children. The two factors, Hypersensitivity and Distractibility, replicated over male and female samples. Hypersensitivity showed a significant grade effect, with a decrease between the first and second grade for both boys and girls. In contrast, boys scored higher than girls on Distractibility and there were no grade differences. Convergent validitiy data from peer judgments, in-class activity level, physical fitness measures, standardized achievement scores, and a comparison with another teacher judgment are presented. In addition, three Behavioral Problem Checklist (Quay & Peterson, 1967) dimensions, Conduct Problem, Personality Problem, and Inadequacy--Immaturity, were developed and their relationships to the independent measures, as well as to the new dimensions, are presented. The pattern of correlations of Distractibility was quite similar for boys and girls, with both being rated as Mean-Noisy by their peers. The findings for Hypersensitivity were somewhat weaker. Distractibility and Conduct Problem scores reflected a similar pattern of correlations with other variables; in a like manner, Hypersensitivity and Personality Problem scores reflected a similar pattern of correlations with other variables. Distractibility was related to an increased activity level and Hypersensitivity was related to a decreased activity level in young boys. The total number of behavior problems was related to a decrease in activity level for young girls. Older Distractible and Hypersensitive girls showed different patterns of activity level. It is proposed that problem behavior is more complex for older children and that Distractibility may be less influenced by the usual socialization process of school than is Hypersensitivity and may have some congenital antecedents.


Population genetics of Mexican Drosophila. I. Chromosomal variation in natural populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura from Central Mexico. Drosophila pseudoobscura populations of Central Mexico are chromosomally highly polymorphic. Five gene arangements in the third chromosome are endemic, including the two newly described in the present article. The phylogenetic tree of the gene arrangements known in the species is shown in Figure 1. The ones found in Central Mexico all belong to the Santa Cruz "phylad", while in the northern part of the species area both Santa Cruz and Standard phylads are widespread. Some inferences concerning the evolutionary history of the species are presented.


DNA homologies among Drosophila species and a related genus. Deoxyribonucleic acids of members of the family Drosophilidae; e.g., D. melanogaster, D. robusta, D. pellewae, D, immigrans, D. mcclintockae, D. calloptera, C. procnemis and from a tissue culture cells of D. melanogaster have been compared with respect to base composition, heterogenecity, and nucleotide sequence homology. Considerable heterogeneity exists in DNA's from 3rd instar larvae and tissue culture cells. The DNA base composition of adult species ranges from 33-42 moles percent GC; in addition a polydAT component is apparent in larval DNA's. There are about 21 and 29 percent intragenomic homology in DNA's of D. melanogaster and D. immigrans, respectively. Relatively large differences were revealed in the nucleotide sequences of several species by DNA hybridization and thermal stability studies.


Cortex weight: a genetic analysis in the mouse. Differences in forebrain weight, forebrain weight/body weight ratios, and body weight were examined for the RI strains, their progenitor strains, and reciprocal F1 hybrids. The experiment was done in two widely separated laboratories with identical procedures for feeding, watering, and removal of brain tissue. The resulting strain distribution patterns suggested the influence of two or more loci in each laboratory. However, brain weights differed in the two laboratories. Some of the strains examined exhibited increased weights for the variables under consideration, while others exhibited decreased weights or no change at all. Implications for generalizations drawn from observations obtained in any single laboratory were discussed.


Polymorphisms and inheritance patterns of tetrazolium oxidase and octanol dehydrogenase in the house fly. Zymogram analyses suggested the existence of two autosomal codominant alleles each at loci controlling the production of tetrazolium oxidase (To1) and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh1) in Texas house flies; an additional variant of the To1 locus was detected in a population from South Dakota. The allozymes of both systems may be dimeric as indicated by the presence of possible heteropolymers in flies heterozygous for To1 and Odh1 allels. Apparent nonsegregating isozymes of To and Odh (To2 and Odh2) were also noted in the zymograms of Texas flies. Some banding forms in the Odh gels could not be interpreted genetically.


Further studies on the afferent path of the milk-ejection reflex in the brain stem of the rabbit. When the afferent pathway of the milk-ejection reflex, which we had previously reported, was surgically severed bilaterally in the mid-brain of the lactating rabbit, the reflex release of oxytocin in response to suckling was blocked for up to 11 days; unilateral severance did not block the reflex. The position and discrete nature of the pathway were also further substained by electrical stimulation experiments in acute studies in the anaesthetized rabbit. Some animals, however, did not release oxytocin in response to stimulation of the pathway. Furthermore, whereas stimulation of this reflex pathway in the guinea-pig brain at intervals of a few minutes evokes release of oxytocin after each stimulation, in the present study the release of oxytocin in the rabbit in response to repeated electrical stimulation was either progressively attenuated or did not occur at all after the initial release. There appears, therefore, to be a powerful overriding central inhibitory mechanism in the rabbit which can prevent release of oxytocin, even when the appropriate stimulus for release is applied.


Effects of lesions of the pituitary stalk on lactation in the rabbit. The daily milk yields and the yields of fat, lactose and protein in milk were studied in New Zealand White rabbits in which the pituitary stalk and its portal vessels had been interrupted by a radiofrequency lesion placed during the second or third weeks of lactation. In comparison with yields from control rabbits i.e. animals in which the lesion did not completely interrupt the stalk, the yields of milk anf of milk constituents were depressed after interruption of the stalk on day 11 or day 15 of lactation. When the lesion was placed on day 19 of lactation the molk yield was depressed whether or not the stalk was completely disrupted; the decline in yield exaggerated the normal decline of yield that occurs at this stage of lactation. After interruption of the pituitary stalk changes in milk composition were associated with changes in milk production, not evidence being obtained to support anearlier suggestion that section of the pituitary stalk in the rabbit alters the milk compostion whilst leaving milk output unaffected.


Inhibitory effect of progesterone on the lactogenic and abortive action of prostaglandin F2alpha. The effect of ovariectomy, progesterone and prolactin treatment on the action of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) was determined in pregnant rats. PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) injected i.p. on day 1. or 18 of pregnancy induced lactogenesis about 25 h later and abortion on days 20 and 21 of pregnancy. Treatment with PGF2alpha (100 mug times 2 or 50 mug times 2) on day 19 induced lactogenesis around 22 or 38 h later, respectively, and abortion on day 21. PHF2alpha treatment on day 17 was less effective. Unilateral ovariectomy on day 17 of pregnancy induced lactogenesis 32 h later but not abortion. PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) given on the day of surgery advanced lactogenesis 12 h and rats aborted on day 19. Bilateral overiectomy on day 17 induced abortion between days 20 to 21, but if a single dose of PGF2alpha (300 mug) was injected on day 18. all the ovariectomized rats aborted on day 19. Progesterone (10 mg) injected into rats treated with PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) on day 18, prevented abortion and delayed lactogenesis. Prolactin (1 mg times 4) treatment delayed only abortion. Serum prolactin levels were significantly higher 12 h after the last dose of PGF2alpha (150 mug times 2) in rats treated on days 17, 18 or 19 of pregnancy. Pretreatment with progesterone prevented the rise in prolactin concentration. These result suggest that the lactogenic and abortive action of PGF2alpha may be dependent on the uterine and plasma concentration of progesterone.


Effect of thyroidectomy on the activity of alpha-glucosidases and acid hydrolases in the small intestine of rats during weaning. Adrenalectomy performed on 14-day-old rats delayed the usual increase of sucrase and maltase activity as well as the decrease of acid beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuroindase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity during the third postnatal week. Since these changes were only delayed, the role of the thyroid was explored. Thyroidectomy performed simultaneously with adrenalectomy on 14-day-old rats did not influence the increase in body weight and growth of the small intestine (already slowed down by adrenalectomy), but caused a further substantial delay in the maturation of  the enzyme profile of the small intestine. Our results indicate that the thyroid is involved in regulation of the hydrolases studied.


Calcitonin production by rat thyroid tumours. Immunolocalization techniques have been used to study 16 rat thyroids containing C cell tumours and ten rat thyroids in which no tumours or hyperplasias were found. All rats in these groups were at least 2 years old. An indirect ('sandwich') technique was used which involved rabbit or goat anti-human calcitonin antiserum and either fluorescein or peroxidase-labelled anti-rabbit or anti-goat IgG. Plasma calcitonin levels were measured in these animals and ina further group of ten young normal rats by means of an immunoradiometric assay using goat antiserum against synthetic human calcitonin. Both normal C cells and C cell tumours showed either apple-green fluorescence or positive peroxidase staining. The intensity of staining in the tumours vaired from one cell to another but was ingeneral less than that found for normal C cells. Calcitonin in the blood was detectable in most animals. The mean concentration found in young normal animals was 265 pg/ml (range less than 100-600 pg/ml), in old normal animals 160 pg/ml (range less than 100-400 pg/ml) and in rats with small C cell tumours 470 pg/ml (range 100-1200 pg/ml). The mean concentration in this latter group differed significantly from those of both normal groups (P less than 0-05). One animal with an invasive C cell tumour had a greatly increased calcitonin concentration (greater than 5 ng/ml) in the circulation. The results showed that calcitonin was present in normal rat C cells and that C cell tumours both contained and secreted calcitonin, underlining the similarity between these tumours and human medullary carcinomata.


Effects of castration and gonadal steroids on serum luteinizing hormone and prolactin in old and young rats. Changes in serum LH and prolactin concentrations in response to bilateral gonadectomy and gonadal steroid replacement were measured in mature young (4-6 months) and old (23-30 months) female and male Long-Evans rats. On day 13 after gonadectomy, female rats were injected with oestradiol benzoate (OB) and male rats with testosterone propionate (TP) for a period of 12 days. They were then permitted a recovery period of 6 weeks. Serum prolactin and LH concentrations were measured by radioimmunassay in single blood samples taken at various intervals before and after gonadectomy and during and after steroid treatment. Serum LH levels were about the same in intact young old female rats, but after ovariectomy LH rose several fold higher in young than in old remale rats. In male rats, after orchidetomy the increase in serum LH was greater in young than in old rats. Oestradiol benzoate and TP injections into female and male young and old rats produced variable effects on LH release. Serum prolactin concentrations were approximately six times higher in old intact than in young intact female rats, and after ovariectomy showed a much greater percentage reduction in old than in young female rats. Administration OB produced a greater absolute increase in serum prolactin in old than in young female rats. Serum prolactin values were about the same in old and young male rats, and the effects of castration and TP administration on serum prolactin  were not markedly different in the two age groups. These results indicate that old female and male rats are less capable of releasing LH than young rats of both sexes, but old females release more prolactin than young females.


Response of isoalted rabbit articular and epiphyseal chondrocytes to rat liver somatomedin. Isolated rat liver, when perfused with medium containing bovine growth homone produced somatomedin-like activity (liver somatomedin). Liver somatomedin is useful in studies of the hormonal control of the cartilage plate in vitro, since unlike serum it is not contaminated with other hormones or growth factors (apart from growth hormone). Chondrocytes isolated from various regions of the growth cartiage responded differently to liver s-omatomedin; proliferative chondrocytes, like those isolated from the articular cartilage, showed increased [3H]thymidine uptake in response to liver somatomedin, whereas hypertrophic chondrocytes did not respond. It is suggested that there is a reduction in the response to somatomedin by growth plate chondrocytes as they pass from the proliferative to the hypertrophic state. Thyroxine, thought to be involved in thr processes of hypertrophy and new bone formation, did not directly affect [3H]thymidine uptake by proliferative chondrocytes, but inhibited stimulation of both their activity by liver somatomedin. Mesurement of [3H]thymidine uptake by isolated articular chondrocytes may provide a useful assay for both liver and serum somatomedin. The graded response of chondrocytes to increasing concentrations of liver somatomedin paralleled the response to increasing levels of serum somatomedin.


Androgenization: alterations in the mechansim of oestrogen action. Total nuclear uptake of oestradiol, specific nuclear binding of oestradiol and oestrogen-induced proteins were studied in the uterus of femal Sprague-Dawley rats injected on postnatal day 3 with sesame oil or with 1-25 mg of testosterone propionate in sesame oil (androgenization). Total uptake of radioactivity was lower than normal in nuclei from uterine homogenates of androgenized females but was increased by the addition of excess cytosol from normal uterus. These data suggest that androgenization increases the uterine cytosol proteins which inhibit translocation of oestradiol to the cellnucleus. Androgenization also reduced specific (5 S) nuclear binding of oestradiol and the formation of estrogen-induced proteins.


Effect of intravenous and intracarotid injections of hypertonic fluids on the release of melanocyte-stimulating hormone from the rat posterior pituitary lobe incubated in situ. The posterior pituitary lobe of male rats under urethane anaesthesia was incubated in situ. The pituitary gland was exposed by thr transpharyngeal apprach. The posterior lobe remained in neural and partial vascular connexion with the hypothalamus, whereas the anterior lobe was entirely remobed. Incubation fluid was collected and its melanophore-stimulating activity was assayed in hypophysectomized frogs. No effect was observed after the i.v. injection of 1 ml 120 muM-NaC1 with 60 muM-CaC12 or isotonic NcC1 solution. Hypertonic solutions of 5% NaC1 and 25% glucose injected intravenously to the limit of 0-5% of the body weight, transiently enhanced the release of MSH from the posterior pituitary lobe by 66% (significant) and 15% (not significant) respectively. Intracarotid injection of 0-3 ml 5% NaC1 solution resulted in the highest increase (95%) of MSH release.


Effects of acute and chronic stress on plasma corticosterone levels in the pregnant and non-pregnant mouse. Plasma corticosterone levels were measured in the pregnant and non-pregnant mouse after acute and chronic stress. Acute surgical stress in the non-pregnant mouse increased plasma corticosterone from a mean resting level of 2-3 to 50-6 mug/100 ml 1 h after operation. By 24 h after operation, levels had fallen back to 7-6 mug/100 ml. In the pregnant mouse an acute surgical stress on day 14 or pregnancy increased plasma corticosterone levels to 525 mug/100 ml 1 h after surgery from a resting value of 80 mug/100 ml, with a return to resting levels by 24 h. During the chronic stress of 24 h restraint, plasma corticosterone levels in the non-pregnant mouse reached a peak (81-0 mug/100ml) 1 h after the start of restrain and were still raised (mean 24-0 mug/100 ml) after 24 h. In the pregnant restrained mouse a peak value of 733 mug/100 ml was seen at 1 h, with levels maintained at around 500-600 mug/100 ml during the next 16 h of restraint. Increased levels of 268 mug/100 ml were still present at 24 h. After the chronic stress of 24 h food deprivation, plasma corticosterone levels in the non-pregnant and pregnant mice were raised after 7 h to levels slightly lower than those observed in the restrained groups, and at 24 h levels in the respective restrained and food-deprived groups were similar, suggesting that food deprivation is a powerful chronic stressor in the mouse. During chronic stress in the pregnant mouse where plasma corticosterone levels of around 600 mug/100 ml were maintained fro some hours, protein binding studies indicated that 10 mug/100 ml was free, unbound corticosterone. The physiological and pathological consequences of such high levels of free corticosterone during stress in pregnancy are discussed.


Genetic differences in the cortisol concentration of the adrenal and other tissues of white and coloured guinea-pigs. The effect of genetic difference (white v. coloured) on the cortisol content of ten different organs and tissues, including the adrenals, of white and coloured guinea-pigs of both sexes and of different ages was studied by protein-binding techniques. Tissue cortisol concentration was significantly higher in all the tissues and adrenals of white animals of both sexes compared with coloured animals. The difference in tissue cortisol content between white and coloured animals was higher before (range 41-5-134-1%) than after puberty (range 10-1--82-5%). The age-dependent decrease of cortisol concentration in different tissues and adrenals in adults was more marked in white guinea-pigs of both sexes (mean 30-6%, range 0-0--71-5%) than in coloured (mean 16-9%, range 0-0--63-1%. In adult animals the liver contained significantly (11-8--36-4%) more cortisol than in prepubertal animals. This pattern was the same in white and coloured guinea-pigs of both sexes.


Effects of steroid hormones on developing mouse skin in vitro. Pieces of skin from 13-5- to 15-day-old foetal mice were grown in organ culture in a biological medium with or without the addition of hormonal steroidsmcortisol (7-5 mug/ml) caused thinning of the non-cornified epidermis and flattening of the stratum granulosum after 3 days. By 6 days the epidermis was thinner and hair follicles were regressing, and these changes continued up to 12 days. Administration of corticosterone (5 mug/ml) also produced thinning of the epidermis and regression of the follicles after 6 days. Good differentiation of epidermis and hair follicles was obtained when testosterone (100 mug/ml) was added to the medium. The non-cornified epidermal layers were similar to those of control cultures at 3 days but less than half as thick at 6 days. Hair follicles differentiated as rapidly in medium containing testosterone as in normal medium, but, unlike in the latter medium, also developed sebaceous gland anlagen at 6 days. Some explants in testosterone medium showed signs of sebaceous cell differentiation at 9 days.


Calcitonin, parathyroidectomy and modelling of bones in the growing rat. After calcitonin injection, parathyroidectomy, or both, in young growing rats, broadening of the proximal femoral metaphysis with lack of normal concavity of the medial and lateral contours was observed radiographically. Histologically, this abnormal modelling was associated with retarded osteocytic osteolysis. Further manifestations of decelerated resorption included retention and extension of the chondroid core in the secondary spongiosa, retention of cartilage in the cortex and a large increase in the number of cementing lines.


Gonadotrophic stimulation of oestrogen synthesis by cultured immature mouse ovaries. The amount of oestrogen produced by immature mouse ovaries cultured with purified gonadotrophins was measured by means of a radioimmunoassay. Small quantities were released in response to FSH or LH alone, but when both were provided production was greatly enhanced after an initial lag phase of 2-3 days. The lowest concentrations required to produce this synergistic effect were between 0-02 and 0-13 i.u. FSH/ml and between 0-01 and 0-1 i.u. LH/ml. After prolonged exposure to 0-4 i.u. FSH/ml plus 1-0 i.u. LH/ml, oestrogen output continued to rise until, on the ninth day of culture, it reached 2-6-7-3 ng/ovary/day. Pre-treatment with 0-4 i.u. FSH/ml for 3 days enhanced the subsequent response to combined gonadotrophins but the simultaneous presence of FSH and LH was essential for inducing the delayed synergistic effect. Although both gonadotropins also stimulated follicle growth there was no evidence suggesting any simple correlation between that response and oestrogen synthesis. Maximal oestrogen production coincided with very low follicular mitotic activity.


Metabolic clearance rate, production rate, and mammary uptake and metabolism of progesterone in cows. Tracer kinetic techniques have been used to measure the production rate, metabolic clearance rate and mammary uptake of progesterone in six experiments on two Jersey cowsmthe cows were surgically prepared so that the carotid artery, jugular vein and mammary vein concentrations of progesterone, and udder blood flow, could be determined in conscious animals without anaesthesia or stress. The mean production rate of progesterone was 173 +/- 23-3 (S.ET) mug/min, with values ranging from 80 to 276 mug/min in pregnancy. The metabolic clearance rate was 22-5 +/- 2-0 1/min, or 0-21 +/- 0-025 1/min/kg metabolic body weight. The mammary uptake of progesterone was low, 3-1 +/- mug/min, and udder uptake accounted for about 3% of progesterone production rate. During [3H]A1progesterone infusion, radioactivity was transferred from blood to milk, probably by diffusion down a concentration gradient. Progesterone accounted for more than 88% of the ether-soluble radioactivity recovered from milk.


Serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin and progesterone concentrations and follicular development in the pseudopregnant rat after unilateral ovariectomy. Serum LH, FSH, prolactin and progesterone concentrations and follicular size were measured in rats during pseudopregnancy after unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) on day 1. This operation did not affect the duration of pseudopregnancy. Following pseudopregnancy compensatory ovulation occurred. After ULO progesterone concentrations remained low as compared with control values but the progesterone secretion per ovary was increased slightly. After ULO, LH concentrations were significantly increased on days 3 and 4 of pseudopregnancy. FSH concentrations were increased 5 h after the operation and again on day 4-7 of pseudopregnancy when compared with sham-operated control animals. During pseudopregnancy prolactin secretion increased each night. Increased prolactin levels were observed 18 and 36 h after ULO. The number of medium-sized follicles had increased 24 h after ULO. From the present study it is concluded that progesterone secretion by the corpora lutea can be increased to a limited degree by the increased release of gonadotrophins. Furthermore, it is concluded that a rapid increase in FSH concentrations after ULO is responsible for the initiation of the compensatory follicular growth.


Maintenance of male sexual behavior by combined treatment with oestrogen and dihydrotestosterone in CD-1 mice. After castration, adult male sexually experienced CD-1 strain mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (200 mug/day, DHT), oestradiol benzoate (1 mug/day, OB) or DHT (200 mug/day) plus OB (1 mug/day). Oestradiol benzoate and the combined treatment DHT + OB maintained male sexual behaviour at levels comparable to a group of intact control mice, while DHT m maintained behaviour at a lower level. Having all hormone dosages resulted in a decrease in the number of OB-treated animals mating and a complete loss of mating in the DHT-treated animals. The decrease in dosage did not result in any change in the behavior of the mice receiving both hormones. Adrenalectomy was found to have no effect on the mating behaviour of the OB-treated and untreated animals, but it did reduce the number of DHT+ OB-treated animals mating. Thus, both OB alone and combined DHT+OB treatment can maintain male mating behaviour in castrated CD-1 strain mice and these effects do not appear to be due to the effects of oestradiol on the adrenal.


Antieosinophil serum and the kinetics of eosinophilia in Schistosomiasis mansoni. Mice were exposed to different intensities of infection with Schistosoma mansoni (10, 50, or 200 cercariae) and the kinetics of peripheral and bone marrow eosinophilia was followed for as long as 20 wk. When the schistosomula (immature worms) were migrating from the lungs to the liver there was a mild, transient eosinophilia, but soon after the onset of egg laying by the schistosomes, a major and prolonged increase in eosinophils occurred. This was terminated in the heavier infections by the death of the animals, but showed a spontaneous decline beginning at 18 wk in the lightly infected mice. The effect of S. mansoni eggs on eosinophilia in the blood, bone marrow, and granulomatous lesions was then examined by injecting schistosome eggs into mice intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, and intravenously. While the host response was dependent on the route by which eggs were administered, primary peripheral and bone marrow responses were seen on intravenous injection, and secondary responses occurred on intravenous and subcutaneous injection. In unsensitized and egg-sensitized mice, eosinophils were first seen around eggs injected into the pulmonary microvasculature at 96 and 24 h respectively. When the granulomas were maximal in size eosinophils made up at least 50% of the lesions. Administration of antieosinophil serum profoundly suppressed eosinophils in the peripheral blood, eliminated mature eosinophils and markedly increased eosinophil precursors in the bone marrow, and ablated eosinophils from the tissue lesions, considerably reducing their area.


Synthesis and degradation of ribosomal RNA in regenerating liver. A simple double-isotope method is described which permits precise determination of both synthetic and degradative rates of liver cell constituents during the course of regeneration after partial hepatectomy. By employing animals which have previously received both tritiated thymidine and an appropriate 14C-labeled precursor it is possible to obtain precise turnover data in individual animals by comparing the concentration and the total isotope content of the 14C-labeled component in the initially excised and regenerating portions of liver. The presence of a 3H marker in the liver DNA makes it possible in addition to calculate the exact size of the initial liver remnant and hence to interpret the observed 14C turnover data in terms of specific rates of synthesis and degradation. As an illustration of its usefulness this method has been employed to study changes in cell proliferation rate after partial hepatectomy, and to determine the day-to-day rates of synthesis and degradation of ribosomal RNA, the major component of rat liver RNA. It is shown that during the first 24 h after a 70% hepatectomy ribosomal RNA synthesis undergoes a nearly fourfold stimulation to a rate of approximately 53% per unit mass per day. This accelerated rate of synthesis is sustained for an additional 2 days and is accompanied by exponential DNA synthesis until the hepatic remnant has more than tripled its initial DNA and ribosomal RNA content to attain values identical to those in the initial intact liver; the rates of DNA and RNA synthesis then fall abruptly. In striking contrast to the marked fluctuations in its rate of synthesis, ribosomal RNA continues to be degraded throughout the course of regeneration at a constant rate of 12% per day, a rate virtually identical to that observed in normal liver. The approach described here permits the accurate determination of turnover rates over intervals considerably shorter than even one half-life, and should be applicable to the study of the specific rates of synthesis and degradation of other cell components as well.


In vivo suppression of delayed hypersensitivity: prolongation of desensitization in guinea pigs. Administering moderate (milligram) amounts of antigen to a guinea pig immunized with thatntigen leads to a transient loss of all delayed hypersensitivity (DH) responses in that animal. In this study, we demonstrate that this "desentization" can be prolonged for 10 days by repeated injection of antigen. At this time, tolerance to the desensitizing antigen develops in both the humoral and cellular systems of the immune response and DH responsiveness to other antigens returns. Repeated cycles of sensitization and desensitization produce repeated episodes of generalized anergy. Neither cells nor serum from desensitized animals could be shown to exert a suppressor effect when transferred to immunized animals and the cells responded normally to antigen and mitogen in tissue culture. The best generalized depression of DH was seen in those animals producing the best DH before desensitization. The inability of antigen to react with tolerant cells to produce desensitization suggests that this phenomenon is an active rather than a passive one and may represent an exaggeration of a normal regulatory mechanism for DH triggered by a regimen of antigen administration that activates suppressor cells to produce a systemic effect.


Mapping of the immune response genes in the major histocompatibility complex of the Rhesus monkey. Interest in the Ir genes of rheus monkeys stems from their phylogenetic relationship to man and the extensive data already available on the major histocompatibility complex of the monkey. At least two independent dominant H-linked Ir genes have been identified in the rhesus. These genes control the ability of monkeys to respond to the random linear copolymer of glutamyl alanine (GA), or the dinitrophenyl conjugate of glutamyl lysine (DNP-GL). These synthetic polymers can elicit weak delayed-type skin reactions and strong humoral responses in some monkeys. In a series of unrelated monkeys phenotyped for the serologically defined RhL-A specificities of both segregant series, there were no correlations between any RhL-A specificity and responder status to the GA or DNP-GL polymers. However, segregation analysis of 21 rhesus families sired by 3 fathers indicated the capacity of the offspring to form antibodies was associated with genes coded for in the RhL-A complex. In three monkeys, verified recombination within the RhL-A complex between the genes coding for the serologically defined determinants (SD loci) and the gene(s) controlling the lymphocyte-activating determinants (Lad loci) responsible for mixed lymphocyte reactivity was established. In two of these monkeys the immune response genes controlling the DNP-GL response segregated with the Lad genes, while in the third case the Ir-GL gene segregated with the SD loci, tentatively localizing the Ir-GL gene between the SD and Lad loci. In addition, we have shown that genetically distinct genes control responsiveness to DNP-GL and GA. These genes were separated by recombination, thus one monkey inherited the Lad, Ir-GL, and SD loci from one paternal haplotype and by crossing over inherited the gene controlling GA responsiveness from the other paternal haplotype. The fine structure mapping of the RhL-A gene complex is compared with the H-2 and HL-A gene complexes. Several striking similarities were noted.


Studies in porphyria. IV. Expression of the gene defect of acute intermittent porphyria in cultured human skin fibroblasts and amniotic cells: prenatal diagnosis of the porphyric trait. The gene lesion of the porphyrin-heme synthetic pathway in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is reflected in a deficient level of activity of the cytosol enzyme uroporphyrinogen I synthetase (URO-S). A marked URO-S deficiency has been demonstrated in the liver and in circulating erythrocytes of individuals with both active and latent AIP. This enzymic abnormality accounts for the excessive production and excretion into urine of the porphyrin precursors, lamda-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG) in AIP subjects. In this study, utilizing cell culture techniques, a marked URO-S deficiency has also been demonstrated in skin fibroblasts from AIP patients and in cells derived through aminocentesis from an approximately 17-wk old fetus. The prenatal diagnosis of the AIP trait in this fetus was confirmed postnatally by the demonstration in the child of a deficient level of erythrocyte URO-S activity which was comparable to those found in her AIP mother and affected sibling and which was approximately one-half the levels characterizing her normal father and aunt and a second unaffected sibling. The identification of the URO-S deficiency in cultured human fibroblasts from AIP patients was facilitated by a newly developed, sensitive assay for the enzyme activity. In this assay, the ability of such cells to convert ALA to protoporphyrin was quantitated; in the sequence of reactions involved in this transformation, URO-S is limiting so that the gene defect of AIP could be simply and precisely determined by appropriate spectrofluorometry of cell extracts. The technique described has distinct advantages over the direct enzymatic assay for URO-S activity in cultured human skin fibroblasts and permits clear differentiation of AIP carrier from normal individuals.


Requirement for vasoactive amines for production of delayed-type hypersensitvity skin reactions. The skin sites of the mouse where delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are most easily elicited (foot pads and ears) are particularly rich in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-containing mast cells. Since mice are deficient in circulating basophils, which play a role in at least some DTH reactions, we investigated the possibility that the mast cells were playing an important role in the evolution of the skin reactions of DTH in mice. We found that reserpine, a drug which depletes mast cells of 5-HT, abolished the ability of the mouse to make DTH reactions in the skin. The suppressive effect of reserpine could be partially blocked by monoamine oxidase inhibitors which prevent the degradation of 5-HT in the cytosol of the mast cell. Spleen cells of immune, reserpine-treated mice transferred DTH reactions to nonimmune mice normally, indicating that the reserpine treatment did not affect immune T cells. DTH reactions could not be transferred into reserpine-treated mice. We suggest that T cells are continually emigrating from the blood, through postcapillary venule endothelium, by a mechanism which does not depend on vasoactive amines. If they are appropriately immune and meet the homologous antigen in the tissue, they induce mast cells to release vasoactive amines which cause postcapillary venule endothelial cells to separate, allowing the egress from the blood of cells which ordinarily do not recirculate. The secondarily arriving vasoactive amine-dependent cells are responsible for the micro- and macroscopic lesions of DTH reactions. Chemotactic factors may also be involved in bringing cells to the DTH reaction sites but we propose that T-cell regulation of vasoactive amine-containing cells allows the effector cells to pass through the endothelial gates after they are called.


Role of the gonads in hypertension-prone rats. In a genetically hypertension-prone (S) strain of rats it was observed previously that males generally developed hypertension more rapidly on a high salt diet than did females although final pressure ultimately were similar in both sexes. A genetic study had shown that there was no sex-linkage involved in setting blood pressure levels, so it was thought that the gonads might be involved. In the present work, castration of males had no effect on blood pressure but in the females it caused a rise in pressure that could not be distinguished from that in males, both on a high and low salt diet. Castration resulted in greater growth in females than in controls, whereas it had the opposite effect in males. It was speculated that these changes were due to influences on pituitary growth hormone with castration increasing the net output of growth hormone (or enhancing receptor sensitivity to it) in the female and the opposite in the male. From the work of others, there are some data compatible with such an interpretation. Experimentally, growth hormone will induce hypertension in rats. Therefore, it is conceivable that growth hormone is involved in the increment in hypertension observed in these castrate females. Because the effect on blood pressure was observed in castrate females on both high and low NaCl diets, it was considered unlikely that the blood pressure effect was simply due to increased NaCl intake in the food associated with greater growth. It was suggested that this rise in blood pressure with cessation of ovarian function might bear on the unsettled question of "menopausal" hypertension in women: in the genetically susceptible individual an increase in growth hormone associated with declining ovarian funtion in the menopause could provide the stimulus for the appearance of hypertension some years earlier than would otherwise have been the case.


Properdin- and nephritic factor-dependent C3 convertases: requirement of native C3 for enzyme formation and the function of bound C3b as properdin receptor. Two complex enzymes were assembled that both converted C3 to C3b, one consisting of activated properdin (P), native C3, proactivator (PA) and proactivator convertase (PAase), and the other of nephritic factor (NF) and the same three cofactors. By maintaining a critical concentration of PAase, the P-C3 convertase and the NF-C3 convertase were shown to function efficiently without formation of the C3b-feedback enzyme. The former two enzymes are distinct from the C3b-dependent C3 convertase in that they utilize native C3 instead of C3b and PA in an apparently uncleaved form. The P- and NF-C3 convertase express maximal activity within approximately 10 min at 37 degrees C and decay with a half-life of 35 min at 37 degrees C, which is in contradistinction to the reported lability of the C3b-feedback enzyme. P- and NF-C3 convertases are inhibited by their product C3b, which may constitute a heretofore unknown control of the alternative pathway. A direct physical interaction of P with native C3 and C3b was demonstrated by agglutination of C3b-bearing erythrocytes and by agglutination inhibition. Bound C3b thus constitutes the only known receptor of P and may fulfill an important localizing function for P and the P-C3 convertase in vivo. Although P and NF form functionally similar enzymes, they act independently of each other and are apparently immunochemically unrelated proteins.


Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia by lymph node cells in inbred guinea pigs. Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune myasthenia (EAM) was performed with lymph node cells from donor guinea pigs immunized with purified acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo californica. Recipient animals revealed the same clinical signs and electromyographic patterns as observed in actively challenged animals. These phenomena are parallel to the clinical manifestations of the human disease myasthenia gravis, in which cellular response to AChR was recently demonstrated.


Trisomy 13 with a 13q14q translocation.

Trisomy 13 with a 13q14q translocation. A sporadic case of Patau syndrome with 46,XY,14-,t(13q14q)+ karyotype is reported in a 2-month-old child. Dermatoglyphic and cytogenetic findings of the propositus and cytogenetic study of his parents are presented.


[2 unusual cases of myotonic dystrophy, the first presenting as Thomsen's disease, the second with pharyngoesophageal motility disorders leading to broncho-pulmonary complications]. Two rather special cases of myotonic dystrophy are described. The first concerns a 35-year-old woman, in whom the generalized myotonia and the early commencement of the disease (at the age of 2 years) led to the diagnosis of Thomsen's disease until a specific myotonic cataract was discovered at the age of 26. The consanguinity of the patient's parents may partly explain the "intermediary" nature of the clinical picture and suggests, in this case, an autosomal recessive heredity. The second patient, a 27-year-old man, suffered, in addition, from changes in the pharyngo-esophageal motility, leading to a deviation of the alimentary flux which was disclosed by cineradiography and which was responsible for repeated broncho-pulmonary infections. The authors discuss the problem of the differential diagnosis between Thomsen's disease and Steinert's disease and emphasize the importance of a biomicroscopic examination of the lenses to detect the abortive and pre-clinical forms of myotonic dystrophy. They point out that digestive troubles are sometimes the first symptoms of which the patient complains, and stress, in this connexion, the plurisymptomatic nature of Steinert's disease.


[Estimation of the frequency of recessive X-chromosome-associated traits among females]. We have demonstrated a method for the estimation of the frequency, in any population, of female carriers of recessive conditions associated with the X chromosome. This estimation is possible, independently of the fertility (f) of carriers of the gene, when the frequency of the affection among men is known. (See article) The expected proportions under various conditions are shown in the formulae.


Trisomy 22.

Trisomy 22. The existence of a trisomy 22 has been definitely established by newer methods of karyotype analysis which permit distinction between the acrocentric chromosomes of group G. Trisomy 22 is much rarer than trisomy 21. This report presents presumptive evidence that the cat eye syndrome (CES), the so-called "trisomy 22" (T22), the intermediate cases (IM) with cardinal symptoms of CES and T22, and some cases of mental retardation with rather unspecific symptoms are variants of the same disease entity. For T22, CES and one abortive case the extra chromosome was clearly identified as number 22 chromosome with or without partial deletion of the long arm. An interesting and presently not fully understood feature of trisomy 22 is its frequent familial incidence.


[Cytogenetic study of a case of Fanconi's syndrome with a familial pericentric inversion]. The cytogenetic study of a case of Fanconi syndrome in a 16-year-old boy revealed besides chromosomal breakages, quadriradials and dicentric chromosomes, a pericentric inversion of chromosome No. 1. An uncle and an aunt on the paternal side presented likewise this pericentric inversion, however without breakages or clinical signs of Fanconi syndrome. Another paternal aunt showed short thumbs, but without chromosomal anomalies. The authors point to possible genetic repercussions of this familial pericentric inversion.


Assessing treatment outcome. I. Adjustment in the community. In recent years, the re-examination of treatment outcome has substantially advanced the sophistication with which the issues involved have been conceptualized. This study is directed toward the empirical elaboration of four of these issues as they relate to adjustment in the community. They may be stated briefly as the extent to which a) a common outcome pattern exists across different dimensions of adjustment; b) the vantage point of the observer influences adjustment ratings; c) judgments of overall improvement encompass the major dimensions of adjustment; and d) judgments of overall improvement represent changes in adjustment levels. With regard to the first issue, the data indicate that each major dimension of adjustment has a somewhat different pattern over time. Secondly, a substantial consensus exists between patients and their significant others concerning patients' adjustment relative to the adjustment of other patients as described by them and their significant others, although not in terms of the actual magnitude of their adjustment. Third, global improvement ratings are related to two dimensions of adjustment primarily (symptomatology and social involvement), and they are virtually unrelated to other major dimensions. Finally, global improvement ratings are highly reflective of the current level of adjustment. The relevance of these findings to outcome assessment is discussed and some suggestions are offered.


Assessing treatment outcome. II. The prediction of rehospitalization. Many of the previous studies of rehospitalization are surveyed and those findings are abstracted that are relevant to three basic methodological issues: the selection of predictor content, the source of predictor information, and the length of the follow-up interval. An empirical examination is made of several questions surrounding each issue, including the relative predictive power of a) patients' background characteristics vs. their behavior; b) symptomatic behavior vs. instrumental role behavior; c) patients' own reports vs. others' reports; d) hospital behavior vs. community behavior; and e) each domain of predictor content at a 6-month vs. a 1-year follow-up interval. Finally, individual predictors are selected from each domain to produce a composite picture of the person who is at high risk for rehospitalization.


Spontaneous remission of emotional disorder in a general medical practice. Patients in a general medical practice who had scored above a cut off point on the Cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire indicating emotional disorder were contacted for a retest. The 59 respondents who had had no formal psychotherapy were grouped according to length of time lapsed since their first questionnaire: less than 12 months (8 patients), 12 to 23 months (9 patients), 24 to 35 months (12 patients), 36 to 47 months (21 patients), and 48 or more months (9 patients). An analysis of variance showed no significant test-retest differences for length of time elapsed. A further analysis eliminating older patients showed a test-retest difference (regression artifact?) but no effect of length of time elapsed.


The self-esteem motive and change in self-attitudes. The theoretical significance of the postulate of the self-esteem motive and related empirical findings are reviewed. Two hypotheses implied by the postulate are tested by way of further consideration of its justification. Hypotheses were tested using questionnaire data from 3148 junior high school students collected annually at three points in time. It was hypothesized and observed that a) mean self-derogation scores of the population would decrease significantly over time; and b) individuals with initially more negative self-attitudes relative to those with initially more positive self-attitudes would display significantly greater decreases in self-derogation over time. The findings are interpreted as support for the prevalence of the self-esteem motive. The observed increase in self-derogation over a 1-year period in persons with initially positive self-attitudes is discussed with regard to the literature on developmental disturbances in self-image; differential volunerability to self-devaluing experiences; and the relationship between change in, and level of, self-acceptance.


The ultrastructure of the rabbit pineal gland after sympathectomy, parasympathectomy, continuous illumination, and continuous darkness. The ultrastructure of the rabbit pineal gland was investigated after sympathectomy (extirpation of decentralization of the superior cervical ganglia), parasympathectomy, continuous illumination and continuous darkness. The similarity of the ultrastructural changes in the light pinealocytes occuring after sympathectomy and after continuous illumination was striking. It is supposed that these changes have a common cause, viz. the lack of free noradrenaline, the pinealotropic neurotransmitter. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum present in the terminals of the offshoots of the light pinealocytes is possibly involved in pineal indoleamine synthesis.


Effect of gonadotropic hormones on the rat pineal gland A fluorescence histochemical and biochemical study. Changes in the number of autofluorescent and serotonin-containing pinealocytes have been studied after gonadotropic hormone administration using fluorescence histochemistry. Moreover, the 5-HT levels in the pineal gland were determined biochemically under the same experimental conditions. The results suggests that pineal 5-HT levels are not influenced by increased gonadotropin levels, while the amount of autofluorescent pinealocytes increases after gonadotropin injections. It has been postulated that differences in androgenic hormone levels could not cause the changes in the number of autofluorescent pinealocytes. The reaction of the pineal gland to increased gonadotropin levels seemed important in view of the regulatory function of the epiphysis on the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-gonadal axis.


The pineal gland of the mole (Talpa europaea L.). II. Ultrastructural variations observed in the pinealocytes during different parts of the sexual cycle. Changes of some ultrastructural parameters (paracrystalline structures, Golgi apparatus, secretory granules) in mole pinealocytes were quantitatively studied during the various phases of the sexual cycle. An increase in quantity of paracrystalline structures and of the Golgi appratuses was demonstrated during the period of high sexual activity in male pinealocytes and during oestrus, gestation and lactation in female pinealocytes. Moreover, the appearance of vacuoles in female pinealocytes was observed during pro-oestrus. These results seemto demonstrate close relationship between the endocrine activity of the hypophyseo-gonadal axis and the synthesis of some compounds by the pinealocytes. No increase in the quantity of secretory granules was observed during the various phases of the sexual cycle studied. Key words: pinealocytes, mole, sexual cycle, ultrastructure, paracrystalline structure.


Separation of pineal extracts by gelfiltration. III. Sheep pineal factors acting either on the hypothalamus, or on the anterior hypophysis of mice and rats in in vitro experiments. Some compounds, other than melatonin, can be detected in aqueous extracts of sheep pineals, using in vitro bioassays. Mild and simple separation methods are used such as gelfiltration on Sephadex G-25, ultrafiltration through Amicon ultramembranes UM-2and UM-05, followed by gelfiltration on Sephadex G-10 and paper electrophoresis. Some fractions are acting on the hypothalamus, others on the anterior hypophysis of mice and rats. The results are compared with those obtained previously with different extraction and separation methods. Key words: Pineal extract, pineal activities in vitro experiments, hypothalamus, anterior hypophysis, paper electrophoresis.


Antagonism by baclophen of the d-amphetamine-induced disruption of a successive discrimination in the rat. Male rats were trained to performa conditioned avoidance response combined with a successive discrimination in a shuttle-box. The administration of -amphetamine, 4 mg/kg i.p., caused a disruption of the discriminative but not thee avoidance behavior. Baclophen (beta-[-4-clorophenyl]-psi-aminobutyric acid), a GBA-derivative, given in a dose (4 mg/kg i.p.) that had no effect per se on the behavior in this test situation antagonized the -amphetamine-induced hypermotility. The present findins that baclophen antagonized a biochemically induced abnormal behaviour point to an "antipsychotic" action of baclophen in a successive discrimination avoidance test.


The effectiveness of hearing protective devices. The effectiveness of a hearing conservation program, and specifically the effectiveness of hearing protection devices (muffs in this case), was investigated over a five-year period, since the inception of the program at a major plant of the Ingersoll-Rand Company. The study concentrated on three groups (Class I, II, and III) of 213 employees whose noise level exposure did not change during the five-year study period. A hearing conservation criterion of 90dBA was utilized. One group consisted of office workers in which the level was well below this, a second group from a machine shop in which the level was slightly below the criterion, and a third group from foundry areas in which the levels were considerably above the 90dBA level. Personal ear protection was worn during the study period only by the last group. The mean differences in hearing levels were insignificant and were essentially the same in the three groups, at each frequency, and regardless of the baseline hearing thresholds. It is apparent that there were no significant changes in hearing threshodls during the study period among a non-noise exposed group; a mild to moderate noise-exposed group; and a group exposed to high levels of steady state noise, but wearing ear protectors. These results indicate that a hearing conservation program which includes audiometric testing and personal ear protection, utilizing a hearing conservation criterion of approximately 90dBA, does adequately protect the hearing of noise-exposed workers.


Permanent disability evaluation in terms of dynamic function. This article reviews the concepts of impairment and disability. It is argued that traditional methods of disability assessment based on passive function do not adequately reflect actual loss of function and that it is possible to arrive at a much fairer assessment of residual abilities. The techniques suggested are derived from those already established in the rehabilitation field by the proponents of the GULHEMP System. It is suggested that raditional methods are falling into disrepute because of thier inadequacy and that this reflects on the profession as a whole.


Hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum of infants after deliver from asymptomatic carrier mothers. A survey of sera of 5,993 pregnant women for hepatitis B surface antigen in Tokyo revealed 139 asymptomatic carriers (2.3%), essentially the same as that of a control population of comparable age group (2.2%). None of 59 specimens of cord blood of their newborn infants was positive for HBsAg according to an immune adherence hemagglutination assay. In 11 mother-child pairs in whom follow-up was possible for more than seven months, HBsAg was detected in the sera of eight infants within the first six months, after birth, with antigenemia persisting throughout the observation period, while antigenemia was not detected in the remaining three. The subtype of HBsAg was identical for each mother-child pair. The antigen was detected in sera of two of the infants after appropriate incubation periods of 123 and 133 days, respectively, whereas in others it was detected as early as 5 and 13 days after delivery.


Minimal-lesion nephrotic syndrome with early resistance to steroid therapy. The initial and long-term clinical course of six children with steroid-resistant, minimal-lesion nephrotic syndrome was evaluated. All children experienced remission after two to five weeks of combined cyclophosphamide-prednisone therapy. Following cyclophosphamide treatment, three patients have relapsed and have become steroid sensitive. The clinical outcome was quite favorable. These data suggest: (1) cyclophosphamide may induce a prompt remission in patients with minimal glomerular lesions who have early resistance to corticosteroids; (2) relapses which occur after cyclophosphamide should be treated with prednisone alone, even though the patient was previously steroid resistant; (3) the ultimate outcome is related more to the nature of the histopathologic lesion than to a lack of steroid responsiveness.


Acute renal failure: an important complication of cardiac surgery in infants. Acute renal failure occurred in association with cardiac surgery in 20 of 248 infants (8%). Hypotension, poor tissue perfusion, and hypoglycemia were the most important factors recognized in the pathogenesis and outcome of the ARF. However, many infants were extremely ill preoperatively. The most frequent operative procedures performed in the 20 patients were open-heart surgery with total correction under deep hypothermia and repair of coarctation of the aorta. Thirteen of the 20 infants with ARF died. The combination of a major operative procedure, cardiac failure, hypoglycemia, hypotension, and compromised renal function imposes important constraints in the treatment of hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, correction of acid-base distrubances, and the administration of fluids.


Electrolyte metabolism of muscle in the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The study of metabolism of muscle electrolyte in children with the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia reveals two types of alterations. After admission and during initial therapy with salt and desoxycorticosterone, the changes are typical of those seen in experimental animals with adrenalectomy and excessive replacement therapy. Discontinuation of the sodium supplement after three months of therapy resulted in a return of muscle electrolyte values to normal. During the period of poor growth common to these patients a different pattern was observed. Sodium and water accumulated without alteration in tissue potassium. The mechanism of this alteration is not clear; however, it is consistent with the known effects of excess cortisone on muscle composition. These observations permit the conclusion that at least two fractions of sodium are present in muscle fibers, that which exchanges potassium and that which is independent of potassium metabolism.


Hyperaminoacidemia due to the accumulation of gluconeogenic amino acid precursors in hypoglycemic small-for-gestational age infants. The postnatal (3 to 12 hours) plasma amino acid patterns of normal full-term, nonhypoglycemic, and hypoglycemic small-for-gestational age infants were compared. Seventeen amino acid were separated by automatic column chromatography. It was found that hypoglycemia in SGA newborn infants was associated with a marked increase in total serum amino acid concentrations. This hyperaminoacidemia, which was mainly due to the increase in concentrations of alanine, glycine, proline, and valine, apparently reflected a decreased heapatic gluconeogenic capacity. A significant inverse correlation was observed between concentration of blood glucose and the accumulation of gluconeogenic amino acids. The proportionate accumulation of alanine, glycine, proline, and valine suggests a closely interrelated production and release of these amino acids from the peripheral pools. It is concluded that the changes in concentrations of plasma amino acids occurring in hypoglycemic SGA infants can be helpful in understanding the relative contribution of individual amino acids to gluconeogenesis in the human infant.


Neonatal hyperthyroidism following intrauterine hypothyroidism. An infant, whose mother was treated for thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy, appeared normal at birth, but laboratory data were indicative of hypothyroidism. On the sixth day of life the infant had clinical and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism. A plan of management is proposed for infants born to thyrotoxic mothers.


Dislocation of the triangular cartilage of the nasal septum. Triangular nasal septal dislocation is a rare injury of the newborn infant; it is the result of pressure during deliver. It must be differentiated from transient flattening of the nose. Soon after diagnosis, a rhinologist should elevate the cartilage into the vomerine groove.


Clinical pharmacology of ticarcillin in the newborn infant: relation to age, gestational age, and weight. Ticarcillin, a new penicillin derivative with greater in vitro activity against Pseudomonas than carbenicillin, was given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg intramuscularly on 61 occasions to 54 neonates and young infants. The serum concentrations and rate of elimination varied considerably depending upon gestational age, chronological age, and body weight. Peak serum concentrations depended principally upon the volume of distribution which approximated the extracellular fluid volume of the neonate. The plasma clearance and serum half-life of the drug were determined. From these pharmacokinetic data appropriate groupings according to age and body weight were made and dosages and intervals of administration predicted for clinical trials of efficacy with repeated doses.


Drug interaction: diazoxide and diphenylhydantoin. In two children treated for hypoglycemia and convulsions with diazoxide and diphenylhydantoin, therapeutic serum diphenylhydantoin levels were not achieved despite doses of diphenylhydantoin of 17 and 29 mg/kg/day, respectively. After diazoxide was discontinued, serum diphenylhydantoin levels were within the therapeutic range in each patient with doses of 6.6 and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively. Serum diphenylhydantoin fell to undetectable levels within four days after experimental reinitiation of diazoxide administration in one patient. Although the mechanism for the effect of diazoxide on serum concentrations of diphenylhydantoin is uncertain, an increased rate of metabolism of diphenylhydantoin is suggested by our findings. Decreased plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin, induced by diazoxide, was observed and may play a role.


Ultrastructure of developing Ascaris larvae undergoing lipid to carbohydrate interconversion. Triglyceride utilization is correlated with glycogen resynthesis in developing Ascaris suum larvae. Glycogen content, determined by amyloglucosidase hydrolysis at 2-day intervals, decreases sharply during embryonation from 15% (per mg dry weight) at day 4 to 2% at day 12. Thereafter glycogen increases 3-fold through day 20, marking the resynthesis period. Triglyceride lipid droplets are confirmed primarily to the posterior half of the larvae and mark the site of the interconversion. Although they serve as precursors to glycogen, only a small diminution was observed ultrastructurally. Glycogen accumulation, on the other hand, correlates well with increases determined biochemically. alpha-glycogen builds up among lipid droplets, while beta-glycogen concentrates in the cytoplasm of somatic muscle cells paralleling myofibril development. Dense granules, restricted to the lipid body region, are considered as the possible subcellular site for the enzymatic conversion.


Ackertia globulosa sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from rodents in Kenya. Ackertia globulosa sp. n. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) is described from the pulmonary arteries of the striped mouse, Lemniscomys striatus striatus (L.), in Kenya. Distinguishing features are the small size of the adults; the short left spicule and arrangement of the caudal papillae (3 pairs preanal, 4 pairs postanal) of the male; small projecting lobes on the tail of the females; and 10 to 12 refractile globules in the microfilarial sheath. The microfilariae are found in the skin, mostly of the ear. The probable intermediate host is a hard tick, Haemaphysalis leachi.


Distribution and development of Brugia malayi in reinfected cats. At various time periods after an initial exposure to 50 Brugia malayi larvae on one hind foot cats were reexposed to an additional 50 larvae in one of 3 ways: on the previously infected limb only, on the contralateral, uninfected limb only, or on both hind limbs simultaneously. At the time of reexposure uninfected controls were exposed to 50 larvae on one hind foot in a similar manner. From 2 to 4 weeks after reexposure to larvae, the cats were necropsied and the appropriate lymph nodes and vessels examined for adult or developing worms. An existing infection in one limb did not influence early migration or development of larvae introduced into the contralateral leg. Previous infection in the same limb did not consistently result in decreases in the number of developing larvae from the second exposure but did alter the distrubution of larvae. In repeat infections, larvae were consistently located in a moe distal area of the limb than were larvae from an initial infection at a comparable time.


Andracantha, a new genus of Acanthocephala (Polymorphidae) from fish-eating birds, with descriptions of three species. Problems in taxonomy of the Polymorphidae are discussed, with particular reference to trunk spines. Andracantha gen. n. is proposed for species with genital spines and 2 fields of trunk spines. Corynosoma gravida Alegret 1941, C. mergi Lundstroöm 1941 and C. phalacrocoracis Yamaguti 1939 are redescribed and placed in Andracantha, with A. gravida (Alegret, 1941) comb. n. designated as type species.


Cytochemical localization of peroxidase activity in the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni. Distribution of peroxidase activity in the mitochondria of the miracidium of the blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, was investigated cytochemically using the diaminobenzidine (DAB) technique. Re-action product was localized in the mitochondria of this larvae stage at pH 7.4 and 9.7. The reaction was peroxide-dependent and insensitive to either potassium cyanide, sodium azide, or 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole at the concentrations used. The reaction was inactivated by heat and by pretreatment with methanol-nitro-ferricyanide, and inhibitor of peroxidase. A perioxide-independent reaction was also observed in the mitochondria. This latter reaction was sensitive to potassium cyanide and sodium azide. It is hypothesized that the peroxidase either may act where peroxide is an electron acceptor in a flavoprotein-linked system or may be a vestige of a more primitive pathway. No peroxidase activity was observed in the mitochondria of other stages of the life cycle of the worm.


Purine and pyrimidine transport in Schistosoma mansoni. The uptake of purines and pyrimidines by adults of Schistosoma mansoni was studied. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil entered the worms entirely by diffusion. Adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and the nucleosides adenosine and uridine were absorbed in part by mediated systems. The results of inhibitor studies suggest the presence of 5 distinct transport sites for these latter compounds. The interaction of adenosine monophosphate with these sites was also studied.


Abyssotrema pritchardae gen. et sp. n. (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) from the deep-sea fish, Alepocephalus agassizi Goode and Bean 1883. Abyssotrema pritchardae gen. et sp. n. is described from the benthic teleost, Alepocephalus agassizi Goode and Bean 1883 (Alepocephalidae), taken from Hudson Canyon in the western North Atlantic. The new genus is placed in the subfamily Monascinae Dollfus 1947 and relationships among Abyssotrema, Elopsium Fischthal and Thomas 1972, and Monascus Looss 1907 are discussed.


Cytochemical characterization of tegument membrane-associated carbohydrates in Taenia crassiceps larvae. The tegument of larval Taenia crassiceps possesses a surface coat rich in both neutral and acidic carbohydrates. Neutral glycans were detected in Golgi vesicles of the tegument perikarya, vesicles of the distal tegument, and on the surface of the plasma membrane. Autoradiographs indicated the tegument perikarya as major sites of 3H-galactose incorporation into acid-insoluble macromolecules. The labeled material is subsequently translocated to more superficial regions of the tegument, then concentrated in the brush border. Loss of radioactivity is appreciable within 6 hr of the synthesis of this material, indicating continual replacement of this tegument surface component.


The life cycle in vitro of Hymenolepis microstoma (Cestoda). The cestode Hymenolepis microstoma was grown axenically from oncosphere to infective cysticercoid. Reducing agents were not essential for development and produced structural abnormalities in the organisms. Cysticercoids grown in vitro were excysted, placed in culture, and developed into adults containing gravid segments, thus completing the life cycle in vitro.


Experimental infections with pathogenic free-living amebae in laboratory primate hosts: I. (B) A study on susceptibility to Acanthamoeba culbertsoni. Susceptibility to A. culbertsoni was studied in 15 Old World monkeys by intranasal, intravenous, or intrathecal inoculation of trophozoites. No clinically detectable disease resulted from either intranasal or intravenous inoculation, but 4 of 7 monkeys inoculated intrathecally succumbed to acutely fatal meningoencephalitis. Virulence of the ameba varied with cultural age of the inoculum. Size of inoculum, passages through animal tissues, and host-immune competence were other factors of consideration in pathogenicity of the ameba.


Preparation and purification of merozoites of Eimeria tenella. Second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella were obtained from both infected cecal tissue and infected chorioallantoic membranes of embryonated eggs. The merozoites were harvested from the tissue by incubation with hyaluronidase, yielding approximately 4 times 10(7) merozoites per cecum and 3 times 10(6) merozoites per chorioallantoic membrane. Subsequent purification of the merozoites by density centrifugation and glass bead filtration resulted in a 54% overall yield and a final preparation of approximately 95% purity. The viability of such preparations was established by inoculation of the merozoites to the ceca of chickens, resulting in oocyst production by 48 hr. This purification procedure allows for a rapid preparation of E. tenella during its second asexual stage in sufficient quantity and purity for biochemical study.


Effect of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine on the fine structure and multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in cell cultures. Rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures were inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii organisms obtained from peritoneal fluid of mice infected with the RH strain. Pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine were added either singly or in combination to the cultures 4 hr after inoculation. Twenty-four hours later the effect of the drugs on the parasites were studied by light and electron microscopy. Pyrimethamine (1.0 mug/ml) inhibited multiplication of the parasites and caused striking morphological changes. Organisms were rounded and often had a fragmented nucleus. Division was inhibited as indicated by abnormal daughter membrane formation during endodyogeny. No effect was evident in sulfadiazine-treated parasites when concentrations up to 50 mug/ml were used. However, combination of ineffective levels of pyrimethamine (0.1 mug/ml) and sulfadiazine (0.5 mug/ml) produced effects similar to those seen at a higher concentration of pyrimethamine indicating a synergistic action of the 2 drugs.


Studies on the transmission of simian malaria. VI. Mosquito infection and sporozoite transmission of Plasmodium fragile. Anopheles b. balabacensis mosquitoes were infected with Plasmodium fragile when fed upon splenectomized Macaca mulatta monkeys. Highest level mosquito infections were obtained when feedings were made from 2 to 4 days prior to the peak in the parasitemia. Transmission to M. mulatta monkeys was obtained via mosquito bite on 2 occasions and via intrahepatic and intravenous inoculation of dissected infected salivary glands on 9 occasions. The prepatent periods ranged from 12 to 17 days with a median of 15 days.


Notoedres (Bakeracarus) coreanus sp. n. (Acari: Sarcoptidae), a new intranasal sarcoptid mite from Pipistrellus savii (Ognev) from Korea. Notoedres (Bakeracarus) coreanus sp. n. from the mucosa of the nasal cavity of the swift bat, Pipistrellus savii (Ognev), is described. This sarcoptid mite is the third species of the subgenus Bakeracarus and is distinguished from other previously recognized species in having markedly reduced terminal setae on legs III and IV and in the presence of the sclerotized anal area. Unlike other members of this genus and the family Sarcoptidae, which are characteristically skin parasites, the new species is an intranasal parasite. The presence of greatly reduced whiplike terminal setae on legs III and IV and the general configuration of the body suggests the possibility of adaptive changes in structure to adjust to an intranasal mode of parasitism.


Studies on the ecology of Haemaphysalis silacea Robinson 1912 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Haemaphysalis silacea Robinson is known to be established only in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, in localized areas of Fish River Bush in the river valleys and in the coastal bush complex. In the Kowie River valley, it was shown that the distribution of larvae is limited by microclimatic conditions. The humid leaf litter zone in the dense vegetation on the river banks and along minor tributaries is the focus of the larval population. Nymphs are most numerous in drier microhabitats on the wooded, river floodplain. Larvae are active during the humid conditions of autumn and early winter, nymphs during late winter and spring, and adults during the hot, dry summer months. The main hosts of H. silacea are artiodactyls, which are numerous in the dense Fish River Bush. The host/tick interaction occurs as a result of the daily movements and feeding habits of the hosts.


Studies on the ecology of Amblyomma marmoreum Koch 1844 (Acarnia: Ixodidae). In the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, larvae and nymphs of Ablyomma marmoreum Koch occur in habitats in which there is tree cover and herbaceous ground cover. Immatures of A. marmoreum are parasitic on reptiles, birds, and mammals. Adults occur only on reptiles. The major host for all stages is the moutain tortoise (Geochelone pardalis), and in the home areas of tortoises the density of ticks is high. Larvae are active in late summer and autumn. The rate of feeding is temperature-dependent, and some larvae which attach on tortoises in late autumn do not complete feeding until the following spring. Nymphs which occur in the home area of a tortoise become active in response to CO2 in early spring. Adults, and nymphs which occur outside the home area of a tortoise, become active in summer in response to rising temperatures. In nymphs which feed in spring, and hence develop into adults in midsummer, the life cycle is completed in 1 year. In nymphs which fed in midsummer, the life cycle is completed in 2 years.


The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas). 23. Fine structure of the salivary glands of unfed A. (P.) Arboreus Kaiser, Hoogstraal, and Kohls. Salivary glands of the unfed adult Argas (Persicargas) arboreus (family Argasidae) contain 2 types of alveoli, one nongranular and one granule-secreting. The fine structure of the nongranular alveolus is similar to that of the family Ixodidae. In the granule-secreting alveolus, the presence of 3 types of secretory cells, each with morphologically distinct granular inclusions, confirms histological and histochemical observations on argasid salivary glands. Epithelial cells with numerous membranous infoldings, mitochondria, microtubules, and a complex canalicular system probably concerned with fluid regulation and secretion are located between granule-secreting cells and form caps over their basal regions. The luminal border of both secretory and epithelial cells is microvillate. The alveolar lumen leads into the chitinous alveolar duct which lacks the complex valvular structure of ixodid alveoli. Axons containing neurosecretory material occur in both nongranular and granule-secreting alveoli and probably control salivary secretion.