[Changes in the biosynthesis of keratin in the hair following supplementing rabbits' basic feed with methionine and lysine]. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of methionine and lysine added to the basic feed on changes in the synthesis of keratin in rabbit hair. The experiment was carried out in winter on 80 bucks of the Danish White breed divided into 4 groups. Group I served as control, group I was gived a supplement of lysine, group III--methionine, and group IV--methionine and lysine. At 6 week intervals, hairs were shorn on a fixed area of the back, weighed, and their amino acid composition was determined using the paper chromatography method. The results obtained indicate that the combined action of lysine and methionine had a stimulating effect on the formation of keratin. The weight of the hairs obtained from group IV was higher by about 40% than that from group I (control). As far as the amino acid composition of hair keratin is concerned, a statistically significant increase was found in the contents of lysine with histidine and phenylalanine in group II, of cystine, phenylalanine and methionine with valine in group III, and of cystine and lysine with histidine and methionine in group IV. In groups II and III, a significant decrease of tyrosine was observed.


[Effect of Ethrel on the ultrastructure of some internal organs in rats. I. Liver]. Experiments were carried out on white rats. Water solutions of Ethrel (AmChem 68-240) at 10, 100 and 200 mg per kg of body weight were used during seven days. Enlargement of Disse's space, as well as the appearance of many fibrous elements were observed in the liver. The number of the lipid droplets increased in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, and some of the mitochondria were swollen. An increase of the level of aminotranspherases (AlAT and AspAT) was stated in the blood of the animals. The changes described above had a reversible character; a disturbance of the intracellular metabolism and of the action of the liver cells can be stated rather than toxic injuries to the liver.


[Effect of Ethrel on the ultrastructure of some internal organs in rats. II. Kidneys]. The ultrastructure of the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules of the kidneys was analyzed. Rats were treated with water solutions of Ethrel (AmChem 68-240) at 10, 100 and 200 mg per kg of body weight for seven days. An increase of thickness of the basic epithelial membranes and smoothing of the folds of the capsule at its base were observed in this study, as well as an increase of the number of the apical vesicles, lisosomes and microbodies. Lipid droplets appeared in the cytoplasm of the cells. These data proved the occurrence of some disturbances in the action of the cells studied. This was supported by the changes observed in the urine of the experimental animals. There were no toxic injuries to the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules of the kidneys which might be caused by Ethrel.


[Insemination of female rabbits].

[Insemination of female rabbits]. The author's observations revealed that out of 20 female rabbits inseminated with undiluted semen, 18 animals got pregnant (90 per cent of the total). The insemination time ranged from 25 minutes to 5 hours and 30 minutes after the coitus with the sterile male. The volume of the insemination dose indispensable for pregnancy ranged from 0,2-0,6 ml, and the number of the spermatozoa with normal motility in that dose ranged from 27-30 million.


[Electrophoretic studies of dog's semen plasma in both fertile and sterile dogs]. Filter-paper electrophoretic partition of the semen plasma of fertile dogs showed the presence of three fractions. These fractions arranged themselves from the starting line solely in the direction of the negative pole; as compared with an electrophoregram of the dog blood serum, they placed themselves in the area of gamma-globulins. Electrophoretic partition of the semen plasma of dogs with fecundity disturbances also showed the presence of three fractions, whose migration path and protein concentration are identical with those found in the semen plasma of fertile dogs. It should be added that ejaculate samples obtained from old dogs with azoospermia did not partition into the fractions mentioned above. In such cases, only one fraction was observed at a certain distance from the starting line, becoming diffuse towards the cathode.


[Evaluation of properties of rabbit semen from the standpoint of fertility disorders]. Observations were carried out on 50 rabbits, from which 145 ejaculates were taken and examined. It was found that the volume of a full rabbit ejaculate ranges from 0.4 to 5.0 ml, that of the spermatozoa fraction -- from 0.1 to 3.5 ml, and that of the mucous-jelly fraction -- from 0.2 to 3.5 ml. The colour and consistency of the semen depend mainly on the concentration of the spermatozoa and lipids in the volume unit of the ejaculate; the vawy motility in most of the ejaculates is determined as +, +(+) and ++. In the majority of the ejaculates the percentage of spematozoa with normally motility reaches 60-100, and the concentration of spermatozoa ranges from 58 000 to 1 182 000 per mm3, the average being 340 000 per mm3. Secondary changes in the spermatozoa average 9.4 per cent of the whole amount observed in a preparation, and the primary changes -- up to 2.8 per cent. Three cases of fertility disturbances were found, which constitutes 6 per cent of the total number of 50 rabbits under observation. Since it is very difficult to ascertain the causes of fertility disturbances in rabbits, attention should be drawn to the examination of semen as a means of detecting the real cause.


[Nuclei of the medulla oblongata and pons in the red deer and roe. III. Nuclei of the pons and tegmentum pontis]. The material for the studies was obtained from fragments of the brain stem, including the pons Varoli, of 2- and 6-year old red deer and of 2- and 3-year old female roe. The fixed material was mounted in paraffin and cut transversely into 15 micron sections, of which every fifth was examined. Preparations of the alcohol-fixed brain of one red deer and one roe were stained with methylene blue according to Nissl's modified method. Sections of the formalin-fixed brain of the other red deer and roe were stained according to the method of Klüver-Barrera with 0.1% solution of Luxor Fast Blue. Part III describes the structure and localization of the nerve nuclei of the portion of the brain stem under consideration. The following nuclei in the pons Varoli of the red deer and roe were described: nucl. medianus pontis, nucl. paramedianus pontis, nucl. ventralis pontis, nucl. lateralis pontis, nucl. dorso-lateralis pontis, nucl. peduncularis pontis. The nuclei, and especially in the central portion of the pons Varoli, are well developed in the species under discussion. With regard to the tegmentum pontis of the red deer and roe, a description of the structure and topography of the following nuclei is given: nucl. dorsalis tegmenti pontis, nucl. latero-dorsalis tegmenti pontis, nucl. dorsalis raphe, nucl. loci coerulei, nucl. reticularis dorsalis tegmenti pontis, nucl. reticularis ventro-lateralis tegmenti pontis, and nucl. reticularis ventro-medialis tegmenti pontis. The structure and localization of the nuclei of the tegmentum pontis are similar in both species, but the two first nuclei are much better developed in the roe than in the deer. The nucleus loci coeruliei could not be found in the roe.


[Bartlett's test in the statistical determination of amino acids using an automatic analyzer]. Bartlett's test was applied to estimate the precision of the determination method of amino acids using the automatic analyser "Unichrom". The calculations were done on the basis of the results obtained from determinations of the amino acids in 8 different materials of plant and animal origin. No significant differences among standard deviation of 11 amino acids were found; this allowed the authors to express the precision of the method for these amino acids by mean standard deviation. In order to express the error of the method in relative values (variation coefficient), the analysis of variance was carried out, which showed a significance of differences in the mean levels for all amino acids. Confidence intervals of the mean levels of the amino acids determined by the Duncan test allowed us to form groups of materials in which the levels of the individual amino acids were similar. The variation coeffitients (the error of the method expressed in percentage) were calculated for the material groups which did not differ significantly in regard to the mean content of the given amino acid. In the majority of cases the error of the method for determining amino acids was about 5%. As a rule, it was higher only for threonine and tyrosine, and it was from 5 to 9% in the particular materials.


[Leukocytes in the blood of Polish cattle from small herds and evaluation of the leukocyte count from the standpoint of diagnosing leukemia]. Blood examinations of cattle were performed in the provinces of Lublin, Cracow and Rzeszów, comprizing 252 animals aged up to 9 years. In the single blood samples were estimated: the level of leukocytes and the absolute and relative content of lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes. The mean values calculated for one=year classes of age showed in many cases a decreasing tendency according to the maturation and aging of the animals. This phenomenon concerned the following parameters: the total number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes, as well as the lymphocyte percentage. On the contrary, the mean values of the absolute and relative numbers of eosinophils demonstrated an increasing tendency. The other parameters did not show any distinct connection with the age. The values calculated and presented in three table are similar to analogous figures characterizing the cattle from big herds. The conclusion may be drawn from these results that haematological diagnosis of bovine leukosis in small herds can be based on the criteria established for big herds.


Genetics of cleft palate in chickens and the relationship between the occurrence of the trait and maternal riboflavin deficiency. Reciprocal crosses were made between a New Hampshire line of chickens free of cleft palate and affected individuals of a highly inbred S.C.W. Leghorn line having 30 to 50% incidence of cleft palate. The frequency of cleft palate was observed under normal and riboflavin deficient maternal nutrition for the reciprocals of the F1, F2, and backcross to the cleft palate line. Two cases of cleft palate were found in dead embryos of 1368 F1 observations. These may not have represented the genetic trait under study. The response of egg hatchability to riboflavin deficiency was shown to be earlier for cleft palate line hens than for F1 hens, but no maternal effects were found for cleft palate incidence. The frequency of cleft palate in the F2 increased from 0.7% during normal maternal nutrition, to 4.4% during maternal riboflavin deficiency. A similar increase from 8.0% to 12.4% was seen in the backcross progeny. The cleft palate trait was found to be semi-lethal, with mortality associated with severe expression of the trait. No significant sex differences in cleft palate incidence was found in the F2 or backcross generations. The F2 and backcross cleft palate data fit models of genetic control by 3 recessive loci during normal maternal nutrition, and 2 recessive loci during maternal riboflavin deficiency. Penetrance was indicated to be under additive genetic control, and the average was calculated to be between 50 and 75% for all cases. The loss of relevance of one locus during maternal riboflavin deficiency was interpreted to indicate that the homozygous recessive condition at that locus gave disturbed riboflavin metabolism. It was further interpreted to explain the increased occurrence of some traits during teratogenic circumstances as due to the increased probability of obtaining recessive homozygosity at (n - 1) loci compared to (n) loci, and that the role of teratogens in some traits may be in mimicking specific genetic components of the traits.


Effect of various levels of egg yolk, milk, seminal plasma or blood serum on the respiration and reproductive efficiency of chicken spermatozoa. Washed chicken spermatozoa were suspended in a phosphate buffer containing various concentrations of egg yolk, milk, seminal plasma or blood serum; sperm respiration, fertility and hatchability were measured. Concentrations of 4, 8, 16 and 32% chicken or turkey egg yolk decreased the respiration rate of spermatozoa after 120 min. of incubation at 41 degrees C., while pasteurized milk at similar concentrations stimulated oxygen uptake. Also, concentrations of 16% raw milk, 32% seminal plasma and 32% preovulation blood serum increased respiration rates. In general, fertility was not affected by most concentrations of seminal plasma, milk or turkey egg yolk. However, as the concentration of chicken egg yolk increased fertility decreased. All levels of blood serum significantly reduced the fertilizing capacity when compared to the 0% level. Hatchability was not affected by any of the additives tested.


Exposure of eggs to ultrasound during incubation and its effect on hatchability and growth. An experiment was undertaken to study the effect of exposing incubating embryos to short ultrasonic pulses across the intact egg shell. Three minute exposures to 2.25 MHz. pulses, average incident intensity equals 28.6 mW./cm.2, failed to show any effect on embryonic mutation, hatchability, sex ratio, or body weight. On the average the ultrasonic absorption of the egg shells ranged from 26 dB./mm. at 0.6 MHz. to 100 dB./mm. at 2.25 MHz. The transmitted power incident on the blastodisc, consisting mainly of spectrum components below 1.0 MHz., was estimated at congruent to 1% of the incident power.


Factors affecting liver fat accumulation and liver hemorrhages associated with fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome in laying chickens. A series of four experiments was conducted with a commercial strain of laying chickens in an attempt to experimentally produce Fatty Liver-Hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS). Different dietary energy sources, environmental temperatures and feeding schedules were the experimental variables. Increasing the environmental temperature from 12.2 degrees C. (experiment 1) to 27.8 degrees C. (experiment 2) did not drastically alter total liver fat, 2.7 g. (experiment 1) vs. 2.9 g. (experiment 2) or the incidence of FLHS, 0.0% (experiment 1) vs. 1.0% (experiment 2). Likewise, in experiment 4, changing the environmental temperature from 22.2 degrees C. to 30.6 degrees C. or from 30.6 degrees C. to 22.2 degrees C. did not significantly (P greater than .05) alter total liver fat or liver wet weight. The greatest incidence (50%) of FLHS occurred in birds which were restricted in feed intake and exposed to an environmental temperature of 30.6 degrees C. from 32-36 weeks of age followed by ad libitum feeding at a temperature of 22.2 degrees C. from 36-40 weeks of age. These birds ate 26.8% more feed than the control birds during the ad libitum feeding period. Restricted feed schedules (experiment 3) resulted in significantly (P less than .05) lower 40 week liver wet weights and total fat when applied during the growing (14-20 weeks of age) and early lay (20-28 weeks of age) periods.


Peripheral serum levels of 17beta estradiol in growing turkey hens. Broad Breasted Bronze turkey hens 8 to 41 weeks of age were bled at regular intervals and serum 17beta estradiol cencentrations were determined by RIA. The variable levels of estradiol prior to significantly higher concentrations at 28 weeks of age are believed to be characteristic of approaching sexual maturity after which the variability of concentrations is absent. With light stimulation, the concentrations again increase till egg production commences. The estradiol concentrations then decrease and begin to show rhythmic variation during the ovulatory cycle.


Tonsil abscesses of pigeons.

Tonsil abscesses of pigeons. Histological examination of the soft palates of pigeons revealed tonsilar abscesses as the cause of white spots, which were observed grossly.


Relationships between dietary and plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in intact and ultimobranchialectomized chickens. Two experiments were conducted with cockerels to determine whether the presence or absence of the ultimobranchial glands would influence the relationship between dietary and plasma calcium and phosphorus. Broiler type cockerels, 16 weeks of age which had been sham operated (SHAM) or ultimobranchialectomized (UBX) 1 to 3 weeks earlier, were fed diets containing 0.8 or 2.4% calcium and 0.13 to 0.33% phosphorus. The SHAM cockerels fed diets containing 0.8% Ca and 0.13% P did not develop hypercalcemia whereas the UBX cockerels fed this diet developed slight significant hypercalcemia after 17 to 21 days. In Experiment I, SHAM cockerels fed the diet containing 2.4% Ca and 0.13% P developed mild, chronic hypercalcemia (12.7 mg./100 ml.) with a plasma phosphorus of 3.03 mg. P/100 ml., whereas the UBX cockerels fed the same diet developed severe hypercalcemia (16.0 mg./100 ml.) and hypophosphatemia, 1.68 mg. P/100 ml. In Experiment 2 the following plasma values were observed after 17 days of consuming the experimental diets: SHAM fed 2.4% Ca and 0.13% P had 10.6 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 3.59 mg. P/100 ml., whereas UBX fed the same diet had 12.8 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 2.24 mg. P/100 ml. The UBX fed 2.4% Ca and 0.33% P for 17 days had plasma values of 10.8 mg. Ca/100 ml. and 4.48 mg. P/100 ml. It is concluded that the presence of the ultimobrancial glands are essential to the regulation of plasma calcium and phosphorus in chickens which consume high calcium-low phosphorus diets.


Some responses of laying hens to induced arrest of egg production. Arrest of egg production was induced by forced-molt (artificial light deprivation and feed deprivation for 10 days followed by 20 days of grain only) and by low-calcium regime in one experiment, and by Nicarbazin in another. Post-arrest production and shell quality significantly surpassed the control in the force-molt but not in the low-Ca treatment. At the onset of production, following the pause, egg weight and shell weight per unit of surface area rapidly increased up to the 9-10th egg. In the second trial, feed intake declined in about one week after the arrest in egg production to a non-layer level. During this week, body weight increased. However, despite the increase in feed intake after the onset of production, pre-arrest levels were not obtained even after 11 days, resulting in a loss of body weight. The separation of flock production into its components, rate of production of the layers, and the proportion of layers in the flock, is proposed.


Effect of sulfur-containing dietary supplements on gizzard lining erosions. Three experiments were conducted with crystalline amino acid basal diets containing 5% isolated soy protein to ascertain the supplementary effect of sulfur-containing compounds on blood constituents and gizzard lining erosion. At the 0.40% methionine dietary level, the plasma albumin protein values were improved by supplements of sulfate and fishery products, whereas, the globulin values were variable. At the methionine content of 0.55%, the hematocrit value was also increased. Taurine, cysteic acid or fish meal ash did not improve the growth of chicks fed 0.45% methionine. Gizzard lining erosions were quite prevalent and severe when chicks were fed inadequate methionine and were improved considerably but not totally prevented by the 0.70 to 1.25% levels of sulfur amino acids.


The phosphorus needs of young broiler chicks in relationship to dietary nutrient density level. A study was conducted to determine if the dietary need of the broiler chick for available phosphorus remained in constant ratio to the energy content of the diet. Corn-soybean meal diets were prepared with dietary energy levels of 2970, 3190 and 3410 M.E. kcal./kg. with inorganic P levels from 0.13 to 0.63% in increments of 0.10%. Least squares analyses were used to determine points of maximum response for body weight tibia ash, and efficiency of feed utilization through 28 days of age. Small but consistent reductions were observed in available phosphorus energy ratios as the dietary energy level increased. For maximum response chicks needed the following levels of inorganic phosphorus per 1000 M.E. kcal./kg. at 2970, 3190 and 3410 M.E. kcal./kg., respectively: (a) for body weight, 0.159, 0.153, 0.144%; (b) for tibia ash, 0.170, 0.168, 0.151%; (c) for feed utilization, 0.153, 0.145, 0.138%.


Variation in the metabolizable energy values of diets and dietary components fed to adult roosters. Two experiments were conducted to measure the variability of the M.E. values of diets and dietary ingredients fed to adult S.C.W.L. roosters. The first experiment was concerned  with the variability between birds and days, the acclimatization to dietary change and the effect of the nitrogen correction. The standard error of the mean dietary M.E. value appropriate to an individual bird on one day was found to be 0.073 kcal./g. Increasing the number of days of excreta collection reduced this value slightly faster than did increasing the number of birds. The results suggest that the dietary acclimatization period should be at least 48 hr. The nitrogen correction was very small and of doubtful value. The second experiment comprised 5 bioassays in each of which 6 different samples of grain were fed at 3 levels of dietary inclusion (25, 50 and 75%) to birds drawn from the population used in the first experiment. The standard error of the mean dietary M.E. value was in agreement with the earlier value. The variance of ingredient M.E. values increased as the level of dietary inclusion decreased. Standard deviations of the mean M.E. value of an ingredient predicted from the data of the first experiment were in agreement with actual values observed in the second experiment. It is concluded that the adult rooster is suitable for use in bioassays designed to measure the M.E. values of diets and ingredients.


The incidences of leg and foot abnormalities in Wrolstad White turkeys. The leg and foot abnormalities of a flock of 911 Wrolstad White turkeys were described and were analyzed statistically to determine the relationship of the incidences of leg and foot abnormalities to sex and body weight of the turkeys. Body weight and a visual observation of the condition of legs and feet of each turkey were recorded at the age of nearly 12 weeks. The sex of each turkey had been recorded at one day of age. Based on chi-square contingency tables, the incidence of the leg and foot abnormalities was related to sex. The male turkeys were far more likely to experience leg and foot abnormalities than were the females. The incidence rate of severe leg and foot abnormalities was 16.1% for the males and 4.8% for females. The incidence of leg and foot abnormalities was not related to weight per se. The light turkeys of either sex were just as likely as the heavy turkeys of the same sex to have leg and foot abnormalities.


Status of the digestive system and tibiae of cropectomized hens at night. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of cropectomy on the total amount and calcium content of ingesta in the digestive tract of the laying hen at night, as well as to determine if any abnormal physiological changes had occurred in the cropectomized hens. Treatments were cropectomized, sham operated and unoperated control hens. The gizzards from cropectomized hens contained about twice as much feed at 7:30 p.m. as that of the controls. The gizzard weight, without contents, was also significantly heavier in cropectomized hens than that of the controls. At 7:30 p.m. total contents of the digestive system of cropectomized and control hens were 15.94 gm. versus 24.07 gm., respectively. The control birds also had 2.71 times more total calcium in the digestive system at 7:30 p.m. than the cropectomized birds. The contents of the small intestine of cropectomized birds had 17% more calcium at 7:30 p.m. than did that of the controls. However, by 5:30 a.m. the contents of the small intestine of the control birds had 3.17 times more calcium than did that of the cropectomized birds. No differences were found between treatments or between time periods in relation to tibia breaking strength, calcium content of tibia or percent tibia ash. The degree of dietary calcium deficiency at night appears to be greater with cropectomized hens, even though the gizzard compensates, in part, for the loss in storage capacity of the crop. It is hypothesized from these data that the crop is an important and necessary organ in the laying hen for supplying nutrients throughout the night when the hen is not consuming feed.


Behavioral and electrophysiological consequences of cycloheximide administration in chick embryos. The effect of cycloheximide administration upon the spontaneous motility, electroencephalogram (EEG) and infra slow potential oscillations (ISPO) of brain hemispheres and upon the tectal optic evoked responses was investigated in 15-day- and 20-day-old chick embryos. Cycloheximide evoked in 15-day-old embryos, within some hours after systemic administration, a full depression of EEG activity and an apparent inhibition of spontaneous motility. The ISPO's of brain hemispheres remained unchanged during the entire investigation period. The inhibitory effect of cycloheximide was manifested in 20-day-old embryos by a high degree of ISPO depression only, whereas the EEG activity, optic evoked responses and spontaneous motility did not change. The information collected suggested that the different types of electrical activity generated in the brain at different stages of development were in different relationship to the normal proteosynthesis in embryonic brain tissue.


Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 1. Age related changes in thyroid hormone synthesis and circulating thyroid hormone levels. Age related changes in the levels of circulating thyroid hormones as well as the type of hormones synthesized in the thyroid glands from normal and sex-linked recessive dwarf, female chickens were studied. The impact of the presence of the dwarf gene on the parameters measured was minimal but significant alterations in the types of hormones produced in the thyroid gland with increasing age were observed. As the birds approached sexual maturity, the synthesis of triiodothyronine increased sharply such that the ratio of triiodothyronine (T3): tetraiodothyronine (T4) was approximately 15:1. This was in contrast to the T3:T4 ratio of younger birds which was approximately 0.7:1.0. This shift in hormone synthesis was reflected in relatively more circulating T3 in laying hens when compared with younger birds. It was also noted that four week old dwarf birds had higher circulating T3 values than those found for the normals.


Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 3. The influence of exogenous thyroid hormones in glycogen metabolism. The influence of exogenous thyroid hormones on glycogen-body and liver glycogen was studied in fasted and full-fed 3 wk. old dwarf and non-dwarf White Leghorn chickens. The results indicated that in contrast to normals, the glycogen-body of the dwarf was still physiologically active at age 3 wks. and they also exhibited a relatively higher liver glycogen concentration. The liver glycogen concentration was significantly higher in T3-treated, full-fed dwarf chickens when compared with other groups. The data were interpreted to suggest that the differential response observed in both dwarf and non-dwarf chickens of increasing liver glycogen levels with T3 and T4 injections indicated that the proper ratios of serum T3:T4 were probably more vital to the normal metabolic functions than changes in the individual concentrations of either T3 or T4.


Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 4. The influence of exogenous thyroid hormones on amino acid uptake by plasma and tissues. The influence of exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) or tetraiodothyronine (T4) on the incorporation of 3H-labelled methionine, alanine and lysine into plasma, liver and kidney was studied in 4 wk. old dwarf and non-dwarf female, White Leghorn chickens. The response to exogenous T3 or T4 of the birds was directly dependent on the dwarf status as well as the tissue and/or amino acid studied. In general, there was a decreased amino acid uptake by dwarfs and T3 and/or T4 depressed amino acid uptake in all combinations studied except for the uptake of lysine by the kidney of the dwarf. In that tissue, T4 administration caused a significant increase in lysine incorporation. The results found probably were due to different tissue amino compositions or rates of synthesis of proteins by dwarf birds when compared to normals and a differential sensitivity of dwarf birds to changed T3/T4 ratios.


Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 5. Effects of exogenous thyroid hormones on amino acid uptake by eggs. The incorporation of L-methionine-3H(G) and L-lysine-4,5'3H(n) into egg albumen by dwarf and non-dwarf White Leghorn hens was studied together with the influence of exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) on those incorporation patterns. The results were influenced by the amino acid studied and by the strain of bird. The maximum uptake of methionine was a day 1 for the normal and at day 4 for the dwarf which suggested that the dwarf was storing methionine in the tissue first before incorporation into albumen. If the birds were given T3 the maximum for the normal was at day 1 and day 3 for the dwarfs. When T4 was given the maximum uptake was found at day 5 for normals, and at day  2 for dwarfs. In the dwarf, T4 administration essentially corrected the decreased rate uptake of methionine but markedly retarded its uptake by the normal birds. The results for lysine were quite different. The maximum uptake was on day 4 in control, day 3 for T3-treated and day 1 for T4-treated, normal birds. In dwarf birds, the maximum was at day 2 for the control and T4-treated, and day 4 for T3-treated groups. The data were interpreted to suggest strain differences in amino acid uptake patterns due to different rates of synthesis or composition of egg albumen and marked differences in response or recptor sites to thyroid hormones.


Effects of different temperature regimens on body composition and carry-over effects on energy metabolism of growing chickens. Groups of cross-bred cockerels, four weeks of age, were held at 5 different temperature treatments (5-34 degrees C.) for 30 days, and were then killed at about 8 weeks of age. Food consumption and growth rate declined with increased temperature, and there was a significant increase in fat, and a decrease in water content of the carcasses. Calorimetric measurements at 20 degrees C. of pairs of starved birds after 7, 15 and 25 days exposure to different temperature regimens showed a decline in heat production (kJ./kg.W or W0.73) with increased temperature and with duration of prior treatment (kj./kg.W). Effects of previous temperature exposure were apparently not entirely dispelled when similar measurements were made on pairs of birds that had been on the treatments for at least 25 days and then held for 4 days at 20 degrees C. before measurements were commenced. Calorimetric measurements made at 20 degrees C. on fed pairs of birds during a 3-day period following at least 25 days of temperature treatment showed several carry-over effects. Metabolizable energy concentration of the diet and nitrogen retention increased, and heat increment decreased, as a result of prior exposure of the birds to increasing temperature.


The ability of hens to adjust calcium intake when given a choice of diets containing two levels of calcium. Two experiments were conducted in which 270 hens received a choice of diets offered in two plastic cups. The treatments consisted of hens fed diets containing 3.0%  calcium (Ca) in both cups, 6.0% Ca vs. 0.7% Ca, or 3.0% Ca vs. 0.7% Ca. Young hens exhibited the ability to discriminate between high and low levels of Ca. They greatly increased their consumption of the 3.0% Ca over the 0.7% Ca diet. Old birds showed an immediate marked aversion to the 6.0% Ca diet. They did not increase their consumption of the 3.0% Ca over the 0.7% Ca diet as did young hens. Reversing the position of the diets after the young hens' initial adjustment resulted in a reversal of the hens' positional preference for the feed. The birds tended to eat more of the higher calcium diet in the early morning and late afternoon, the times of greatest Ca need or anticipated need. This indicated that the young hens regulated their calcium intake according to metabolic need. Young hens in the regulating groups maintained egg production and egg weight, but not specific gravity of eggs nor serum calcium, at levels comparable to controls.


Adrenal function in chickens experiencing mercury toxicity. Dietary mercury when administered to young chickens via the drinking water depressed growth, increased the rate of mortality and inhibited the normal maturation of the adrenal glands. Additionally, deficiencies of cholesterol and corticosterone were demonstrated in the adrenals. The exogenous administration of 0.5 or 1.5 mg. of corticosterone/100 gm. of body weight alleviated, in part, the toxic effects of mercury as evidenced by a rapid increase in body weight.


Factors associated with utilization of the calcium salt of methionine hydroxy analogue by the young chick. Six growth assays were conducted using crystalline amino acid diets to investigate the efficacy of methionine hydroxy analogue (OH-M) as a precursor of sulfur bearing amino acids (SAA). The influence on OH-M utilization of dietary modifications of the methionine-cystine ratio, inorganic sulfate as K2SO4 and supplemental mixtures of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) was explored. Performance of chicks fed OH-M was inferior to those fed an equivalent molar quantity of DL-methionine. Additional dietary  sulfate or supplemental mixtures of the branched-chain amino acids did not improve OH-M utilization. OH-M was found to support growth equal to that of 0.35% methionine and 0.35% cystine when fed at a level 25% above the SAA level provided by methionine and cystine. On a weight basis the calcium salt of OH-M has 88.15% OH-M activity. From assays reported herein the calcium salt of OH-M was calculated to have approximately 70% methionine activity.


Nonprotein nitrogen for growing chickens. Diammonium citrate (DAC) and urea were not used beneficially as nitrogen sources in the diet of young chicks. Supplementation of 0.43% urea to a low-protein practical diet did not significantly affect gain or feed efficiency. Adding 2.85% or 5.70% DAC to a low-protein basal depressed growth and feed efficiency significantly. Percentages of nitrogen intake absorbed and retained by chicks were depressed by DAC. When diets were balanced by added amino acids. DAC did not depress weight gains, but nitrogen percentage retention was still decreased by DAC.


The effect of environmental temperature and sodium intake on 22Na retention. A total of 60 broiler-type birds three weeks of age were divided into two groups and acclimated for three weeks at either 8 degrees or 30 degrees C. Twenty birds from each environment were fed conventional broiler ration and ten birds were fed a ration with no sodium chloride added. The 22Na retention was significantly higher in birds acclimated at 30 degrees C., than in those held at the 8 degrees C. environment. Birds receiving a diet with normal sodium intake had a significantly lower 22Na retention than those receiving a sodium deficient diet. There was no significant differences in 22Na retention between the birds from the two environmental temperatures receiving low sodium intake. It was concluded that the sodium intake had a greater effect on sodium retention than the effect of the environmental temperature.


Influence of a fat-mobilizing substance from geese urine on geese and chickens. A fat-mobilizing substance (FMS) was extracted from the urine of fasting, ad-libitum-fed or over-fed colostomized geese. Injection of these materials into geese and cockerels caused increases in plasma-free fatty acids (FFA). A marked anorexigenic effect was obtained in cockerels only, by the FMS obtained from ad-libitum-fed geese. The daily amount of FMS excreted in the urine was proportional to the amount of feed consumed.


A theoretical method for the determination of amino acid availabilty utilizing 14C labeled protein sources. A theoretical method is described whereby the availabilities of amino acids from test proteins are determined relative to the availabilities of amino acids from egg albumen. The method requires that both the test protein and the egg albumen be 14C labeled. The relative availabilities of the amino acids are determined from the change in specific activities of the dietary amino acids and those recovered in the feces.


Incidence of adenotonsillectomy in children of women referred with gynaecological symptoms. This study shows that there is an increased incidence of adenotonsillectomy in children of mothers with a gynaecological history and suggests that this has a neurotic basis.


Malignant change in chronic varicose ulceration. Five patients are described, four of whom developed squamous-cell carcinoma in chronic venous ulcers and the fifth developed a basal-cell carcinoma at the site of chronic varicose ulceration.


Purification and characterization of cardiac tropomyosins. A new procedure was developed to purify tropomyosin. The procedure was an adaptation of that described for purification of myosin. By eliminating troponin before precipitating with (NH4)2 SO4, it was possible to obtain pure tropomyosin from the same preparation from which myosin was purified. When tropomyosin was subjected to isoelectrofocusing two tropomyosins were present, having similar isoelectric points of pH 5.4 and 5.6; two tropomyosin subunits were resolved in the presence of 6 M urea. The two subunits had very similar isoelectric points, pH 4.7 and 5.0. According to Ouchterlony analyses the tropomyosins from canine skeletal and cardiac tissue were immunologically identical when incubated with goat gammaG antitropomyosin (cardiac).


Purification of filamentous plant viruses by thin layer centrifugation. The construction of a modified thin layer ultracentrifuge rotor is described. This rotor was used in the purification of five filamentous plant viruses, viz. TMV, SCMV, PVX, SGV and YMC. The purification and concentration of these viruses in their monomeric forms is hazardous when conventional "tube" rotors are used since they invariably result in dissociation and aggregation of the virus particles. Using the thin layer rotor these infective agents may be concentrated in volumes of fluid equal to approximately 1% of the starting suspension and not as pellets obtained after ultracentrifugation is conventional "tube" rotors. Electron microscopy revealed that the virus particles concentrated by thin layer centrifugation  were not aggregated and that only few fragments of the virus filaments were present in the final preparations.


Polysome isolation of sepharose column chromatography. Polysomes from the mouse myeloma MOPC-21 were purified by gel filtration of Sepharose 6B, 4B and 2B columns. All three columns eliminated nearly all intracellular material smaller than 40 S subunits. In addition, passage through 4B and 2B columns substantially reduced the amount of subunits and monosomes in the preparations. Purified polysomes retained structural integrity when stored at -85 degrees C for at least nine weeks.


Polysubstituted pyrazoles. Part 2: Sulphonamidophenylhydrazone-2-pyrazolin-4-ones and sulphonamidophenylazopyrazoles as potential anticancer agents. The synthesis of some new derivatives of 1-[4-nitrophenyl]-5-[4-substituted sulphonamidophenylhydrazono]-2-pyrazolin-4-ones and 3,5-dimethyl-4-[4-substituted sulphonamidophenylazo]-pyrazoles is described. Bromination of ethyl 2-[nitrophenylhydrazono]-3-oxobutyrates in dry benzene afforded the 4-bromo derivatives which upon cyclization gave high yields of the 4-hydroxpyrazoles. Many other new intermediates were prepared and the results of the UV and IR spectral studies are discussed.


Quantitative determination of drugs by means of densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms. Part 5: Determination of the Vitamins B1, B2, B6 and B12 in mixture and in pharmaceutical preparations. A quantitative t.l.c. densitometric method for the simultaneous determination of the water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B6, and B12 is proposed. The four vitamins are determined on one and the same plate by direct densitometry of the t.l.c. spots. A preliminary separation of the vitamins one from another, as well as a preliminary separation from other pharmaceuticals is not necessary. The determination is performed quickly and easily. The relative standard deviations of a single determination are the following: for thiamine 6,6%, for riboflavin 5,5%, for pyridoxine 6,4%, and for cyanocobalamin 5,8%. The proposed method is applied to the determination of B-vitamins in three pharmaceutical preparations: ampoules B12 with B1, ampoules B-complex, and antisclerol dragee. The presence of other pharmaceuticals (vitamins C and PP, urethane, aminophenazone, phytin, rutin, theobromine, etc.) does not interfere with the determination.


The effect of crystal forms of some barbiturates on their pharmaceutical properties. Part 1: Phenobarbitone. Up to 13 polymorphic forms of phenobarbitone have been reported in the literature. By melting the commercial sample and cooling under specified controlled conditions, three polymorphic forms II, II, XII, and a mixed form of II and III were obtained. The interconversion of the different forms was studied by special procedures including suspension in water, heating, and heavy dry grinding. The hydrated form XIII and a new hydrated one, designated XIV, were produced by suspending different other forms in water. Heating was found to affect transformation from any form to form I. IR spectroscopy and hot stage microscopy were used for the identification of the different polymorphic forms. Initial dissolution rate studies were carried out on only five forms. The dissolution rate constants were in the following decreasing order: II greater than III greater than I greater than XIV greater than XIII. Form II was found to dissolve at a rate constant about twice that of both hydrated forms.


Investigation of some materials as dry binders for direct compression in tablet manufacture. Part 6: Effect of drug. The effect of addition of ascorbic acid, which is a drug known to be difficult to compress directly, on the self-binding efficiency of tragacanth, Carbowax 4000, Plasdone, and mannitol were investigated. The flow properties of ascorbic acid of different particle sizes were determined since they would affect the flowability of the binders investigated and would help to determine the optimum particle size of the drug required for maximum binding efficiency.


Investigation of some materials as dry binders for direct compression in tablet manufacture. Part 7: Formulation and evaluation of ascorbic acid and phenobarbitone tablets. Directly compressible powder blends containing either ascorbic acid or phenobarbitone, and utilizing tragacanth, Carbowax 4000, Plasdone, and mannitol as dry binders, were formulated. The flowability of the powder mixes prior to compression was determined. Furthermore, the tablets prepared according to the suggested formulae were tested for hardness, friability, uniformity of weight, distribution of active ingredient, disintegration, and dissolution. The effect of aging on the qualities of the tablets was also studied.


In vitro release of chloramphenicol from different suppository bases. The release of chloramphenicol from different suppository bases has been investigated. It is proved that the release was dependent on drug solubility in the base, solubility of the base in test medium, and the melting point of the base and its chemical composition.


In vitro release of noramidopyrine methansulfonate sodium from suppository as a function of particle size and concentration. The effect of particle size and percentage concentration of noramidopyrine methansulfonate sodium on its release from Witepsol H 15 suppository base is studied. It is proved that the finer the drug particles the less its release and the more the drug concentration the more its release.


Dissolution of acetylsalicylic acid from acetylsalicylic acid-polyethylene glycol 6000 coprecipitates. Investigation of possible enhancement of dissolution of acetylsalicylic acid via coprecipitation with polyethylene glycol 6000 was carried out. The results indicated that the initial amount of acetylsalicylic acid released from its coprecipitates or physical mixtures with polyethylene glycol 6000 was increased over that amount released from plain acetylsalicylic acid powder during the same period of time. This was attributed to lowering of the surface tension of the dissolution medium imparted by polyethylene glycol 6000. The effect of particle size of the coprecipitate on the dissolution rate of acetylsalicylic acid was also studied. Greater viscosity values produced by higher concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 in the coprecipitates appeared also to influence the dissolution rate of acetylsalicylic acid. The use of optimum concentration of polyethylene glycol 6000 in physical mixtures or coprecipitates would seem advantageous in the preparation of solid dosage forms containing acetylsalicylic acid.


Aggression in general-hospital patients. The Buss-Durkee Inventory (BDI) rating for measuring aggression was performed on 125 consecutive female patients admitted to a general hospital. The test scores of different diagnostic groups were all on a intermediate level, and with the exception of slightly lower scores in patients with blood disorders, only few differences statistical significance were observed. The factor analysis of the test results revealed three factors: in addition to aggression factor (I) and hostility factor (II) a factor called remorse factor (III) was identified. The patient groups divided according to their medical diagnoses showed no differences with regard to these factors. The variance of factor scores could not be explained by such background variables as social class, marital status or domicile. There was, however, a highly significant negative correlation (-0.33) between age and the aggression factor. Finally, the concept of suppressed aggression and hostility and the role of aggression dynamics in the development of organic illness is discussed.


Cultural influences on the incidence and pattern of disease. Society and its doctors influence disease patterns; examples are taken from two world wars. The high incidence of ulcerative colitis in Jews is seen as cultural rather than racial; differences and changes in the sex incidence of the disease are discussed in terms of altered male versus female rôles. The epidemiological puzzle of multiple sclerosis is examined from the standpoint of a cultural determinant possibly working through a psychosomatically disordered immune response. Hypotheses are advanced for the epidemic of duodenal ulcer and its recent decline accompanied by an increase in coronary disease. Sufferers from both disorders are 'work-addicts'; society's new disregard for work and the Puritan ethic may be influential.


Reactions of families to chronic hemodialysis. A preliminary report. 13 families of patients on chronic hemodialysis (with young children at home) were contacted by the social worker. Only seven of them agreed to a family interview, which took place at the patient's home. Although the interviews were unstructured some topics were brought up by all families and similar behavior was observed. Specially striking was the lack of empathy as well as of hostility between the parents, while a lot of hostility against all human environment was expressed and children's attempts at expressing empathy were suppressed.


A study of somatopsychic vulnerability in encopretic children. In this article the results of a study to determine the degree of somatopsychic vulnerability in children with encopresis are discussed. A checklist was constructed for the registration of somatic and functional data relevant to encopresis. Twenty-five children with encopresis were compared with a control group. The expectation of the authors that a number of somatopsychic phenomena would occur more frequently among encopretics than among non-encopretics could not be confirmed. It appeared that somatic and psychic diseases were more frequent in the families of the children with encopresis than in the control group.


Presidential Address-1974 from explanation to action in psychosomatic medicine: the case of obesity. Psychosomatic medicine began as a social movement within medicine, designed to counteract the mechanistic and impersonal features that had accompanied the introduction of science into medical education. In its early days, therapeutic inefficacy led to a concentration upon understanding the origins of disorders in which emotional determinants played a role. To a large exten, psychosomatic medicine is still identified with such understanding. Within recent years, however, the development of increasingly effective therapeutic techniques has changed the emphasis in psychosomatic medicine from understanding to action. These developments are particularly well exemplified by the case of obesity. Social investigations have revealed that the prevalence of obesity within populations is determined to a very high degree by social factors, operating in an unplanned and uncontrolled manner...


Studies on how early maternal separation produces behavioral change in young rats. Previously published studies point to the behavioral interaction between the mother and her litter as the origin of the processes responsible for the behavioral hyperactivity following maternal separation in 2-week-old rats. The following experiments explore (1) the time course over which behavioral hyperactivity develops, (2) environmental and social determinants, (3) the role of sensory stimulation in the regulation of behavior and (4) the olfactory sensory system as a mediator of separation effects. The hypotheses supported best by the data are (1) that tactile and olfactory stimulation repeatedly provided by the mother act to reduce levels of behavioral arousal of the infants and (2) that maternal separation exerts its effect by withdrawal of this regulating influence, allowing a new level of behavioral arousal, more intrinsic to the infant, to be revealed.


[T-groups: development, participation and goals]. An attempt is made to explain the position of training groups in our society from the analysis of their development. Doing this we consider the social and economical causes of the origin and rapid growth of the T-group movement. The social structure and the motivation of the trainees are discussed, and finally, the possibility of achieving individual and social changes by training groups is examined.


Criteria for psychotherapeutic outcome.

Criteria for psychotherapeutic outcome. In an attempt to investigate the results of a variety of psychotherapies offered in the psychiatric clinic of the Beth Israel Hospital, we have used twelve outcome criteria for improvement. Findings on 53 patients treated by 14 therapists are presented, and a tentative comparison is made between a homogeneous group of patients who received short-term and long-term psychotherapies. Although a somewhat higher percentage of the long-term patients obtained symptomatic improvement compared to the short-term ones, impressive changes in motivation for change, self-esteem and interpersonal relations seem to have taken place in the short-term psychotherapy group.


Taxonomic analysis of depressive states of varying aetiology. A new mathematical dendrite method for the diagnosis of depressions is outlined. The method is based on an inventory of 134 items representing symptoms of features encountered in depressive states, and its aim is to determine the 'set' of each individual in a group of patients. By means of mathematical analysis the sets of individual features are arranged in such a way as to produce a dendrite, i.e., the shortest broken line connecting the various features. The sets can then be divided into subtypes. The advantages of this method - the application of which to a group of 30 test-subjects is described - are that it ensures a maximum degree of objectivity, is simple to perform, and yields easily interpretable results.


Reduced plasma LH concentration in postmenopausal depressed women. Mean plasma LH concentration in postmenopausal women suffering unipolar depressive illness was 33% less than that of normal postmenopausal women (P less than 0.05). Since LH secretion after menopause is probably noradrenergically regulated, the finding provides support for the hypothesis of a functional noradrenaline deficit in depression.


The haemolytic uraemic syndrome--a family study. This study included patients, all relatives with the haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and 18 family members. The diagnosis was uncertain in one other and definite in four patients. Three of these four comprised a father and two of his children. Data are presented to emphasize the widespread nature of the disease. Other than hypertension, predisposing factors, and red cell and HL-A genetic markers, although sought, have not been found. Management is discussed with special reference to the one surviving patient. Early bilateral nephrectomy may be life-saving.


The diagnosis of the carrier state for the Lesch--Nyhan syndrome. Skin biopsies from the mother of a classical case of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome grew only wild type fibroblasts. This suggested that she is not a heterozygous carrier of the mutant X-linked structural gene which causes the syndrome, and that a fresh mutation caused the disorder in her son. Evidence of mosaicism was sought in skin fibroblasts, hair follicles, jejunal mucosa, cultured bone marrow cells and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes from known hemizygotes and heterozygotes for the so-called complete, and partial deficiencies of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). These studies were designed to determine the genetic status of the mother of the propositus and to determine if the genetic diagnosis could be improved by the simultaneous study of this wider range of tissues. The results are compatible with the mother of the propositus being a non carrier of a mutant gene causing the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome in her son. Only the study of cultured skin fibroblasts, and of the enzyme levels in hair follicles, contributed diagnostically useful information in this case.


Membranous nephropathy. Long-term follow-up and association with neoplasia. Sixty-six patients of all ages whose renal biopsy appearances satisfied strict criteria for the histopathological diagnosis of membranous nephropathy were studied and followed for a mean of 5-4 years (range 1 to 20 years). From initial investigation seven patients were found to have associated neoplasia, and in two patients the condition followed treatment with a mercurial diuretic and gold. One patient was Australia antigen positive. Two patients developed renal vein thrombosis, but in both this appeared to follow not precede their nephrotic syndrome. In the remaining 56 patients there was no associated factor. During the follow-up period, approximately one-quarter of the patients (15) died, nine from renal failure; one-quarter (10) had a persistent nephrotic syndrome, another one-quarter (15) proteinuria of lesser degree. The final one-quarter (16) are now in complete remission. The prognosis of the 54 patients with an initial nephrotic syndrome was poorer than the 12 with lesser proteinuria and no oedema at onset; five of 11 children were in complete remission when last seen. All but one of the nine patients who developed terminal chronic renal failure 4 to 18 years from onset had an unremitting nephrotic syndrome, eight of the 10 currently alive with a persistent nephrotic syndrome have reduced renal function. Renal functional deterioration did not occur in the absence of proteinuria. There was only slight correspondence between the stage of biopsy appearance, glomerular filtration rate at time of biopsy, time of the biopsy from apparent onset, or status at last follow-up. Staging is therefore of limited prognostic value. Twenty-two patients were treated with corticosteroids for 2 to 36 months; we detected no short or long-term benefit when compared to patients not so treated.


Acute lead poisoning: Five cases resulting from self-injection of lead and opium. Five cases of acute lead poisoning resulted from the self-injection of lead and opium pills which were crushed, heated and suspended in water. Two of the five patients died of illnesses in which hepatic failure and reversible acute tubular necrosis were prominent features. One of these two had a severe neuropathy, with flaccid quadriplegia and respiratory paralysis. The other three patients had relatively minor symptoms but unequivocal biochemical evidence of lead toxicity. Autopsy changes included hepatic degeneration with inclusion bodies, regenerating renal tubular epithelium and wasting of skeletal muscle. Hepatic lead content was extremely high in one case. Chelation therapy in the other fatal case resulted in a fall in blood lead to within normal limits and a clinical improvement, which was terminated by massive haemorrhage from a ruptured innominate artery.


Chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for gallstones: effectiveness, toxicity and influence on bile acid metabolism. Chenodeoxycholic acid (1 g daily) was administered to 10 patients with gallstones and three patients with biliary stricture and recurrent cholangitis. Four gallstone patients showed diminution or disappearance of stones including one patient whose stone was in the common bile duct. The patients with recurrent cholangitis showed marked improvement in symptoms during treatment. Serum bile acid levels were significantly elevated in 8 gallstone patients during treatment. Liver biopsy in eight gallstone patients during treatment revealed minor changes in five. Lithocholic acid and bile acid sulphates were found in only small amounts in the bile of patients during treatment. No significant trend in biliary lipid composition during treatment was observed. There was no overall trend in the group of patients whose stones disappeared or diminished. Changes in biliary bile acid composition and in bile acid pool sizes were variable following treatment and could not be correlated with the clinical results of treatment. A further trial of chenodeoxycholic acid is recommended in patients with stones in the biliary tree and recurrent cholangitis who are not amenable to surgical treatment.


Studies on duodenal ulcer. I. The clinical evidence for the existence of two populations. Secretory and clinical characteristics of 339 hospital patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcers, 182 with pyloro-duodenal stenosis, 124 operated upon in Copenhagen by proximal vagotomy and 174 in whom bleeding or perforation was the reason for admission were studied. The results indicate that all duodenal ulcer subjects secrete more acid than normal, but that in approximately half of them acid secretion to maximal stimulation does not rise outwith the range of normal and most of these are of O blood group. These patients are classified as Type I duodenal ulcer. The character of acid hypersecretion beyond two standard deviations of the mean of the maximal acid output in normal subjects appears to be determined mainly by the possession of A, B and AB blood group: these hypersecreting ulcer patients are classified as Type II. The complications of perforation and bleeding and stenosis are linked mostly to the O group subjects and not to acid hypersecretion as such, but the strongest family prevalence is in the A, B, AB series and in them also the disease appears earlier. A hypothesis is presented to explain the aetiology of the two types.


Endotoxinaemia and the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. A study has been made by Limulus assay of the incidence of endotoxinaemia in renal disease: positive results were found in 12/16 patients at the onset of acute renal failure. Results are supported by those of a platelet nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay. In individual cases increased fibrinogen catabolism has been linked to substantial endotoxin levels. The assay can evaluate endotoxinaemia as a cause of acute renal failure and also detect secondary infection. Shwartzman equivalents appear to account for most cases of acute renal failure in man.


Intrarenal vascular changes in patients receiving oestrogen-containing compounds--a clinical, histological and angiographic study. Nine patients who developed reversible hypertension and/or evidence of impaired renal function whilst taking an oestrogen-progestogen-containing compound have been investigated. Serial haematological and biochemical studies have been carried out on each patient in association with selective renal angiography and renal biopsies. Abnormalities of the peripheral renal vessels have been demonstrated in all patients and a close correlation between the histological and angiographic appearances noted. The presence of microthrombi involving glomerular capillaries or intrarenal arterioles was invariably accompanied by evidence of micro-angiopathic haemolytic anaemia along with stasis of contrast medium in the intra-renal vascular circulation. Although the three different groups of patients studied tended to show their own particular intra-renal angiographic patterns, the definitive diagnosis depended on the haematological and histoligical findings. In the majority of patients, withdrawal of the oestrogen-progestogen-containing compound resulted in clinical improvement.


Intrarenal vascular changes in adult patients with recurrent haematuria and loin pain--a clinical, histological and angiographic study. Clinical features have been correlated with renal function, histology and selective renal angiography in 19 patients with recurrent painless haematuria, recurrent loin pain, or both haematuria and loin pain in whom urinary infection, calculi and anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract had been excluded. No deterioration in renal function was observed in any patient over periods of up to nine years. Although all patients showed similar glomerular changes histologically, consisting of focal and segmental mesangial thickening and proliferation and periglomerular fibrosis, mild tubular damage was more common in those with loin pain. All patients with loin pain whether or not they had haematuria, had abnormal renal angiograms consisting of focal or generalized vascular lesions sometimes associated with cortical infarcts. The possible aetiological factors are discussed with particular reference to oestrogen-containing compounds.


Childhood urinary infection associated with vesico-ureteric reflux. Among 222 children investigated in hospital for urinary infection 98 had vesicoureteric reflux only, and of these a group of 59 has been followed at a special clinic for from three to 14 years (mean 5.4 years). Children with reflux had an earlier age of onset and a greater likelihood of a family history of urinary infection than those with other diagnoses. Fifty-five were conservatively treated, and more than half of these still had reflux at the end of the study. Children with severe grades of reflux and an early onset of symptoms had least chance of reacting favourably to medical treatment. Evidence of renal deterioration was exceptional and virtually confined to the pre-school age group. It is argued that severe grades of reflux in pre-school children should be treated surgically, and that voiding cystograms need only be part of routine investigation in two circumstances, namely when the patient is under five, and on the very rare occasion when an older child shows progressive renal damage in serial pyelograms.


Monoclonal IgG cryoglobulinemia with secondary development of glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome. A 45-year-old man developed in 1965 skin lesions on cold exposure and was found to have cryoglobulinemia due to an M-component of IgG class. Glomerular damage was first noted in 1970, and progressed to renal impairment and nephrotic syndrome during the next two years. Reduced serum levels of complement components C3 and C4 were found, indicating in vivo complement activation. Renal biopsy revealed proliferative glomerulonephritis and deposition of IgG and C3 along the glomerular basement membrane. Electron microscopical examination revealed a striking deposition of a 'fibrillar' or microcrystalline material in the glomerular basement membrane. This material had an ultrastructure similar to that found in the cryoprecipitate from serum. There were no tubular changes of myeloma type, neither were there any monoclonal light chains detected in the urine. So far, there are no other signs of myeloma or lymphoma. Immunosuppressive treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide resulted in a decrease in the serum M-component as well as a decrease in protein leakage through the glomeruli and a return to normal of glomerular filtration rate. The finding of monoclonal cryoglobulinemia, demonstrable at room temperature, in a patient developing proliferative glomerulonephritis with complement activation is unusual. It is probably that the M-component is causally related to the glomerular lesions.


The aetiology of senile osteoporosis: secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure. The aetiology of senile osteoporosis was investigated in a series of elderly normal persons (mean age 76.8 years) who were compared to 18-19 year old normal controls. Osteoporosis was estimated by standard radiological morphometric and densitometric techniques, in the metacarpals and thoraco-lumbar vertebrae. Serum parathyroid hormone levels were significantly higher in the elderly group, and correlated well with morphometric and densometric measurements of osteoporosis. Creatinine clearance was reduced in seven out of nine of the elderly group, and correlated well with the degree of osteoporosis. Serum thyrocalcitonin levels were reduced in the elderly. Tubular reaborption of phosphate and TmP/GFR were in the hyperparathyroid range in the elderly group and correlated well with the degree of osteoporosis. The hypothesis is advanced that the osteoporosis of old age is a result of parathyroid overactivity, caused by asymptomatic chronic renal failure. The suggestion is made that a diet low in phosphorus might reduce the incidence of osteoporosis in old age by reducing the parathyroid overactivity.


Triplet state quenching by photoinduced radicals in the sensitized ethanol photolysis. UV irradiation of a rigid solution of 2-amino-pyrimidine in ethanol at 77 degrees K results in a sensitized production of ethyl radicals. The radicals are formed via a biphotonic process. The increase of the radical yield with irradiation time is directly correlated to a decrease of the number of triplet state molecules as detected by ESR. A kinetic model of the biphotonic process is presented and verified by experimental results. It supports the hypothesis of a catalytically enhanced radiationless decay process of the triplet states due to an interaction between the radicals and the triplet state molecules.


Concepts of microdosimetry. I. Quantities. This is the first part of an investigation of microdosimetric concepts relevant to numerical calculations. The definitions of the microdosimetric quantities are reviewed and formalized, and some additional conventions are adopted. The common interpretation of the quantities in terms of energy imparted to spherical sites is contrasted with their interpretation as the result of a diffusing process applied to the initial spatial pattern of energy transfers in the irradiated medium.


A simplified theory of pearl chain effects. Many biological particles immersed in liquid media will align themselves and form pearl chains under an applied electric field. The alignment is independent of the frequency of the applied field, has a time delay, and can occur only when the field strength is greater than a certain minimum value. Also, at certain frequencies the particles will turn 90 degrees in space (turn-over phenomenon). In this paper we propose a simple theory explaining these phenomena and suggest further experimental checks and a possible application.


Microphotometry as a tool for automatic scanning of solid state nuclear track detectors. By use of a scanning microphotometer the light transmission with both dark field and bright field illumination was determined as a function of the alpha-track density on cellulose nitrate detectors. The so obtained calibration curves allow a rapit measurement of the number of tracks per field and, thus, of the dose rate. To illustrate the application of the method, a scan of a detector exposed on a bone section of a rat injected with 241Am is presented.


Effect of dose rate and exposure time on the stimulation effect of tube growth of Pinus silvestris pollen. The stimulating effect of ionizing radiation in respect to dose rate and exposure time was studied using the tube growth of Pinus silvestris pollen. Stimulation was registered with a small dose (50 rad) supplied at low dose rates (0.5; 1.0; 3.0 and 5.0 rad/sec) and with higher doses (300, 800 and 1400 rad) supplied at higher dose rates (10; 40 and 50 rad/sec). This suggests that only the exposure time is of importance for radiation-induced stimulation provided that the exposure time does not exceed 100 sec.


The concept of the effective dose--a proposal for the combination of organ doses. Irradiation of the human body by external or internal sources leads mostly to a simultaneous exposure of several organs. However, so far no clear and consistent recommendations for the combination of organ doses and the assessment of an exposure limit under such irradiation conditions are available. Following a proposal described in ICRP-publication 14 one possible concept for the combination of organ doses is discussed in this paper. This concept is based on the assumption that at low doses the total radiation detriment to the exposed person is given by the sum of radiation detriments to the single organs. Taking into account a linear dose-risk relationship, the sum of weighted organ doses leads to the definition of an "Effective Dose". The applicability and consequences of this "Effective Dose Concept" are discussed especially with regard to the assessment of the maximum permissible intake of radionuclides into the human body and the combination of external and internal exposure.


Giant cells from Saccharomyces uvarum grown after x-irradiation. Yeast cells, Saccharomyces uvarum, were irradiated with X-rays and grown in liquid suspension. Glucose as the only carbon source was limited to 12.5 mM. Under these conditions giant cells are formed. Cell number, glucose utilization, ethanol production and oxygen consumption are measured during the time of growth. The mean weight of single cells in the stationary phase increases up to 75 krad and is not due to an uptake of water. In irradiated cultures oxygen consumption and glucose utilization per cell are higher than in control cells. The data demonstrate that synthesis- and energy-metabolism during the formation of non-dividing, radiation-induced giant cells is increased.


Problems of component discrimination in space radiation dosimetry. Resolving the LET spectrum of environmental radiation in space for assessing dose equivalents creates special problems due to superposition effects. Three components of the radiation field in space, trapped protons, tissue disintegration stars, and neutrons, contribute the bulk of the total dose equivalent. While lack of discrimination of neutron recoil and trapped primary protons does not interfere with correct determination of the combined dose equivalent as such, the simultaneous bursts of several low-energy protons and alpha particles from tissue disintegration stars completely defy LET-resolution with conventional instrumentation. So far, the tissue star dose has been determined only semiquantitatively from nuclear emulsion data. The neutron spectrum in space shows a markedly higher relative fluence in the region beyond 5 MeV than the fission neutron spectrum. Therefore, its LET spectrum centers less heavily on LET values near the proton Bragg Peak. This would call for assigning a QF value of less than 10 to the neutron dose in space. Still more serious shortcomings exist with regard to LET interpretation of heavy primaries.


[Extranuclear sites of action in UV-irradiated Fumaria hygrometrica (author's transl)]. Isolated filaments of Funaria hygrometrica have been treated by whole-cell UV irradiation (265 nm) as well as by microirradiation of the nucleus. 4 to 5 hrs thereafter the cells showed a depression in length growth. The intensity of this depression remarkably depends on the absorbed energy only. It does not matter whether the nucleus and its environcence or the whole cell are irradiated. The effect does not show photoreactivation and is rather independent from the cell cycle and hence from the DNA content of the nucleus. After X-irradiation supplying the same amount of absorbed energy no damage is detectable. The authors conclude that the site of the primary radiation effect is situated mainly outside the nucleus and that it may be a damage of the m-RNA, r-RNA or of membranes.


Neutron scattering and energy deposition spectra. The influence of neutron scattering in the wall of a spherical proportional counter on the energy deposition spectra and the absorbed dose is investigated. Event probabilities, and frequency and dose-averaged deposited energies are calculated with and without scattering contribution and compared. The change of absorbed dose due to attenuation of the primary neutron flux is also evaluated.


Double standards in radiology.

Double standards in radiology. It is suggested that the quality standard for chest radiographs is lower than for other X-ray examinations and that a strictly comparable series of chest films is rare. The introduction of "fast" material is a major factor but of equal importance is the fact that radiologists and other doctors accept substandard chest films. Doctors in industry appear to be more critical of the technical quality.


[The value of roentgen examination in reno-vascular hypertension (author's transl)]. Renal arteriography plays a definitive role in diagnosis and evaluation of renal artery stenosis. Because of its high reliability and low risk, arteriography is more frequently being performed on the basis of clinical indications without reliance on screening tests. Arteriography will indicate the presence of stenosis, its cause, and the presence or absence of hemodynamic significance, and it is useful in evaluating the post-operative patient. Renal vein renin determinations are sometimes needed in evaluating the hemodynamic significance of the lesion. Arteriography may also reveal juxtaglomerular cell tumors, chronic renal inflammatory disease, or other diseases of renal parenchyma which could cause hypertension.


[Radiology of suprarenal glands (author's transl)]. Hypertension in endocrine disorders (Cushing's syndrome, Conn's syndrome, Pheochromocytoma) is frequently accompanied by a confusing clinical symptomatology. The underlying pathology is a cortical hyperplasia or a tumor of the adrenal cortex or medulla. The differentiation from other causes of hypertension is primarily based upon laboratory findings (plasma and urinary concentration of cortico-steroids, Renin, Angiotensin and catecholamines as well as their derivates). The preoperative tumor localization by urography, arteriography and adrenal venography as well as the visualization of glandular hypertrophy by adrenal venography is of fundamental importance with regard to treatment of these disorders.


[The enlarged saccular recess of the distal radio-ulnar joint shown of low Ke V film (author's transl)]. There is a widening of the saccular recess of the distal-radio-ulnar joint, the radiocarpal joint with altered articular disk, and most often in rheumatoid arthritis due to effusion or synovial proliferation. In the latter case typical localized pressure erosions and periosteal new bone formation of the radius and ulna may be observed.


[Pendulous endobronchial chondrolipoma (hamartoma) near the tracheal bifurcation (author's transl)]. The entitiy of hamartoma of the lung is defined and frequency, location, tissue components, and roentgenographic appearance are described. The clinical significance of this disease in one case of endobronchial location is discussed. It is reported about an own observation of an endobronchial, pendulous, polypoid chondrolipoma (hamartoma) which is located near the tracheal bifurcation. The following points about roentgenological procedures and diagnostic interpretation are concluded: 1. Indirect signs for occlusion of the right main stem bronchus by a pendulous polypoid hamartoma are a small-appearing right hilus and the overinflation of the right upper lobe caused by a valve-like mechanism. 2. The postoperative overinflation is located beyond the stalk of this lesion which originates in the right upper lobe, although the mass of this pendulous tumor is located in the right main stem bronchus, respectively in the right lower lobe bronchus (documented by tomography and surgery).3. The recognition of shape and inferior limitation of polypoid endobronchial neoplasmsis achieved best by tomography which is a simple, innocuous diagnostic procedure. Bronchoscopy and biopsy clarify preoperatively the criteria of the lesion.4. Bronchography of poststenotic areas of the lung in polypoid pendulous endobronchial neoplasm is contraindicated on account of threatening respiratory insufficiency.5. Development of an alternating broncho-tracheal syndrome must be considred in patients which undergo endoscopy in anesthesia.


[Pancreaticography and its correlation with angiography and ultrasonography in diagnosis of the pancreas (author's transl)]. The endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography demonstrates - when suspecting "pancreas anulare" - the part of the pancreatic duct system that forms a ring around the duodenum, helping to recognize this anomaly. In chronic pancreatitis deformities of the pancreatic ducts may be visualized 2-3 years after the onset of the disease. There are deformities of the outlining and the course of the ducts as well as solitary and multiple stenosis and -most important- dilatation of the main duct and its branches. In pancreas abscess, necrotic cavities, and pseudocysts the retograde pancreaticography visualizes solitary or multiple perforations of the duct and pooling of contrast medium in cavities. Carcinoma of the pancreas presents stenosis, occlusion and deviation of the main duct and its branches and sometimes with lakes of contrast medium in ares of necrosis. Pancreaticography following trauma demonstrates similar to chronic pancreatitis laking of contrast medium following perforation. The endoscopic retrograde pancreatico-cholangiography has - like angiography and ultrasound - its special indications in diagnosis of the pancreas. They are important in cases which have affected primarily or secondarily the duct system. Its reliability in confirming and differentiating a disease increases with more accurate indication. In this journal in 1965 a critical review of roentgenologic examinations of the pancreas presumed that development of a valid preoperative pancreaticography would lead to priority of this method. This priority has become true in chronic pancreatitis, calculous pancreatitis and visualization of necrotic cavities. In those examples the endoscopic retrograde pancreatico-cholangiography is still not dominating all cases.


[Ultrasonography in pancreatic disease (author's transl)]. In 150 patients who underwent ultrasonography 85 cases presented a pathological ultrasonogram. Clinical course, enzyme elevations, or operative findings suggested pancreatic disease. In 14 cases the diagnosis was confirmed by histology. Acute pancreatitis may be diagnosed by a certain sonographic pattern. Cysts, solid tumours, and inflammatory masses may be differentiated. Malignant tumours cannot be differentiated from benign lesions.


[Peptic esophagitis and tumor-calcification in the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (author's transl)]. Changes of the stomach, duodenum and small bowel due to gastrin-producing tumors are important signs for the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Peptic esophagitis and calcification of a gastrin producing tumor of the pancreas are typical changes in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.


Backgrounds of computer-assisted treatment planning in radiation therapy. Interaction of ionising radiation and living materials causes biological damage of tempory or permanent nature. In radiation therapy this phenomenon is used in a controlled fashion in order to stop the proliferation of malignant cells, while at the same time limiting the permanent damage to healthy tissues and organs to at least tolerable levels. Because of the often relatively small differences in response of malignant growths and normal tissues, the margins between tolerable and intolerable are so small that the greatest precision in treatment planning and execution is required. The nature of this treatment agent implies that the radiation therapist has to rely very much on instrumentally obtained and processed information, in all phases of this medical activities around the patient. In this paper a description is given of the backgrounds of computer-assisted methods which have enabled modern individualised and optimised planning for therapy with high enery X - and gamma beams.


[Computer-aided radiation therapy. Requirements and criteria demonstrated by an example (author's transl)]. Based on recognition of computer-aided radiation therapy planning the possibilities of this concept are described. Important aspects for program quality and performance are emphasized.


[Holographic methods in medical diagnostics (author's transl)]. The principle of holography is briefly described. Applications to 3-D imaging with X-radiation are discussed. Two holographic methods for displaying 3-D images or synthesizing tomograms of X-ray objects are introduced. The first utilizes a synthetic hologram. It is composed of the holograms of a set of conventional radiographs showing the object from various perspectives. In the second method a coded image is formed by using a statistical array of X-ray sources. For synthesizing tomograms this image is decoded by means of a holographic filtering procedure. First experimental results are demonstrated.


[Diagnosis of osteoporosis by measurement of 125I-absorption of the finger (author's transl)]. Quantitative measurement of radiation absorption of an external 125I source does not give information about calcium decrease of the skeletal system in an individual case. Of 50 patients under an age of 40 years who demonstrated osteoporosis by roentgenography, only 19 patients had absorption coefficients of the spongiosa in a pathological range. However there was a significant decrease of the absorption coefficients in two patients collectives with decreased calcium bone diseases. The insufficient diagnostic information in an individual patient is explained by the overlap of absorption values in normals and patients with decreased calcium. This is caused by the difficulties to determine the absorption of the finger and the insufficient discrimination of scattered radiation.


Computed tomography of the thorax and abdomen; a preliminary report. The utility of computed tomography (CT) in the study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the human body has been the subject of considerable interest since the introduction of CT scanning. The advent of a new prototype scanning device has made it possible to examine a variety of abnormalities in the abdomen and thorax in a manner not previously possible. This development permits a remarkable insight into the study of human disease in vivo.


Traumatic disruption of the thoracic aorta: significance of the left apical extrapleural cap. The plain chest film may be critical in deciding whether a seriously injured patient should undergo aortography in order to exclude traumatic aortic rupture. The roentgen findings suggestive of aortic transection reflect the presence of mediastinal bleeding. A left apical extrapleural cap is frequently seen in these patients but heretofore has not been emphasized in the literature.


Another sports fatigue fracture. Stress fracture of the coracoid process of the scapula. An example of stress fracture of the coracoid process of the scapula in a trapshooter is presented. The value of the axillary view of tbe shoulder is emphasized.


Hernias of the ureter.--An anatomic-roentgenographic study. Four cases of herniation of the ureter are presented. A discussion of the various types of ureteral hernia is based on the roentgenographic features of each type as well as the anatomical considerations responsible for these radiographic signs. The use of erect and oblique projections in patients with hernias undergoing urography is urged. The sign of the curlicue ureter is felt to be pathognomonic for ureteral hernia.


Investigation of ureteric function with simultaneous intraureteric pressure recordings and ureteropyelography. Ureteric function was investigated by simultaneous intraureteric pressure recording (ureterometry) and retrograde ureteropyelography. With a multichannel catheter, intraluminal pressures can be recorded simultaneously at three levels in the ureter. The catheter can also be used to inject contrast medium. In normal antegrade peristalsis, an interval of 0.5-1.5 sec. was observed from the disappearance of the urine bolus to the recording of the maximal contraction pressure. In cases of long-lasting retroperistalsis, the urinary flow was impaired. Combined ureterometry and ureteropyelography appears to be a valuable method for detailed studies of ureteric function.


Renal artery dissection: a complication of catheter arteriography. Renal artery dissection is a rare complication of catheter arteriography. Predisposing factors include atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia. Optimum management requires aortographic documentation of the extent of vascular obstruction. Dissections causing incomplete obstruction of blood flow can be treated with systemic anticoagulation to prevent downstream thrombosis and should be followed with serial isotope blood flow studies and LDH measurements. Dissection causing complete vascular obstruction usually requires immediate surgery, although spontaneous reestablishment of flow may occur. The 3 patients discussed illustrate a spectrum of findings, including the acute development of renovascular hypertension.


Leiomyoblastoma of the stomach. Report of 9 cases. Gastric leiomyoblastoma is a rare intramural tumor which originates in the smooth muscle. Nine cases were studied with respect to their clinical, radiological, and pathological features. Six distinct radiological patterns may be seen, of which 5 are represented in this series. Most such lesions occur in the gastric antrum. Leiomyoblastomas are generally benign and do not recur following removal.


Lipoid proteinosis. A case report.

Lipoid proteinosis. A case report. Lipoid proteinosis caused specific changes in the brain, larynx, and cervical esophagus of a young adult man. Laryngography clearly depicts the distribution and degree of pharyngeal and laryngeal pathology. Florid calcification, conforming to the classical temporal lobe distribution, is documented by plain films and tomography. The clinical picture and the pertinent literature are reviewed.


Calcified external iliac vein thrombosis. Linear calcification in the soft tissues of the pelvis in the region of the external iliac vein should suggest the possibility of calcified external iliac vein thrombosis, particularly in patients with a suspicious clinical history or physical findings. Extremity and pelvic venography corroborate the plain film findings.


Congenital respiratory cyst. RPC from the AFIP. The radiologic finding of a thin-walled cystic structure in the lung should raise the question of a possible congenital respiratory cyst. This is often a difficult diagnosis to confirm, and the presence of radiologic findings such as loculation of the cyst, ill-defined or shaggy borders, interstitial reticulations, or pleural thickening should all be considered suggestive of postinflammatory processes such as abscess, cystic bronchiectasis, or even tuberculosis. A history of previous pneumonia should also be considered evidence to question the diagnosis of congenital respiratory cyst and suggest the possibility of a pneumatocele.


The great horizontal fissure of the cerebellum: angiographic appearance. The anatomy and angiographic appearance of the great horizontal fissure is seen on most vertebral angiograms of excellent quality and is best shown on the lateral and AP (transfacial) projections. Identification of the fissure may provide an additional angiographic landmark for precise localization of peripherally situated masses, either within or adjacent to the cerebellum.


Diagnosis of osteomyelitis in children by combined blood pool and bone imaging. Differentiation of osteomyelitis from cellulitis or septic arthritis can be difficult. The radiological examination often does not have the characteristic features. Seventy of 71 children with osteomyelitis had focal areas of increased radioactivity at the site of the infection. The addition of "blood pool" images aids in the interpretation of the study as they permit evaluation of the effect of hyperemia. The 13 childrenwith cellulitis had diffuse increase in radioactivity involving both the bones and soft tissues. Bone imaging as the initial screening procedure for osteomyelitis is recommended.


Early radionuclide diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis. Forty-two patients suspected of having early, acute osteomyelitis were studied by 99mTc-Sn-pyrophosphate bone imaging. Of the 19 patients shown subsequently to have osteomyelitis, 18 had positive bone images. Only one of the radiographs taken at the same time was positive. The bone image provides a safe, accurate, noninvasive technique for the early diagnosis of osteomyelitis.


Liver imaging in the diagnosis of hepatic venous thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Eleven patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria were studied by serial liver imaging. This disease has a generalized thrombotic tendency, and progressive diffuse hepatic venous thrombosis has been emphasized in recent studies. Radionuclide imaging proved to be of great help in establishing the diagnosis of hepatic venous thrombosis and following the progress of the disease process. Abnormal patterns in hepatic venous occlusion include (a) enlargement of the liver (especially the right lobe), (b) extrahepatic localization of radionuclide, and (c) areas of decreased uptake in the distribution of the involved veins. These findings develop rapidly and are very characteristic in the clinical setting.


Liver size determination in pediatrics using sonographic and scintigraphic techniques. Knowledge of the normal liver size is essential for making the scintigraphic estimate of hepatomegaly. A nomogram for sonographic liver size versus height of the patient was developed for the normal pediatric patient. Liver size was measured as the longitudinal liver length in the plane midway between the xiphoid and the right lateral liver margin. Scintigraphic and sonographic measurements showed a good correlation. The scintigraphic nomogram was developed using the experimentally determined relationship between the two modalities.


Dynamic/static brain scintigraphy: an effective screening test for subdural hematoma. Dynamic perfusion scintigraphy of the brain was coupled with the delayed static scan in 5,853 studies as a screening test for neurological disease. Of approximately 1,000 patients referred for investigation for possible subdural hematoma (SDH), 23 proved to have SDH at surgery. Their scintigraphic abnormalities were analyzed and classified. When neither study indicates abnormality, angiography is not required, as SDH is unlikely. When the scintigraphic appearance is characteristic of SDH, angiography or surgical exploration is mandatory, since SDH is probably present. When the scintigraphic findings are consistent with but not typical of SDH, the study remains useful as a screening procedure, but the decision to proceed with angiography is based primarily on the neurological course.


Vascular displacement diagnosed by cerebral radionuclide angiography. Findings were reviewed in twelve patients who had contrast and radionuclide cerebral angiograms interpreted as showing displacement of the anterior or middle cerebral arteries on either study. The radionuclide angiogram detected 3 of 8 displacements of the anterior cerebral artery and 9 of 10 displacements of the middle cerebral artery. In two cases the radionuclide study suggested displacement of the middle cerebral artery when in fact it was occluded in one and normal in the other. Radionuclide angiographic detection of major cerebral artery displacement provides valuable interpretative data, particularly when the middle cerebral artery is involved.


The retained gastric antrum. A case report. A case of retained gastric antrum, confirmed by radiographic and isotopic techniques, is presented. Any patient with chronic, recurrent peptic ulceration following subtotal gastric resection and gastrojejunostomy should have an adequate upper gastrointestinal series with filling of the afferent loop. In addition, intravenous injection of 99mTc pertechnetate is a noninvasive technique which aids in the identification of a retained gastric antrum.


"Burned-out" pyloric stenosis: an elusive gastric outlet obstruction. Four cases of infantile pyloric stenosis are presented to illustrate the difficulties found in diagnosing pyloric stenosis. Clinical, histological, surgical, and roentgenologic examination must be combined to determine the optimum treatment. All patients exhibited failure to thrive and gain weight normally, but few showed palpable tumors upon abdominal examination. The results of upper gastrointestinal examination are often more confusing than helpful, but previously performed Gl studies have been rewarding. The main problem is to rule out pylorospasm, and a trial of treatment with antispasmodics is essential. The presence or absence of a residual muscle mass at surgery would call for pylorotomy or pyroplasty, respectively.


Two unusual conditions simulating ectopic ureterocele. Unilateral hydrometrocolpos with ipsilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia, and ectopic ureteral opening into a seminal vesicle. The clinical and radiologic findings in two infants are presented, one with unilateral hydrometrocolpos and ipsilateral renal agenesis or hypoplasia and the other with ureteral duplication with one of the ureters opening into a cystically dilated seminal vesicle. The excretory urograms of both infants suggested ectopic ureterocele. Further radiologic investigation, including lateral views of the bladder, led to the correct preoperative diagnosis. Both conditions are relatively rare, and their appearance simulating ectopic ureteroceleis even more uncommon.


The visibly fatty liver.

The visibly fatty liver. Fatty infiltration of the liver has been identified roentgenographically in several young children. Awareness of this possibility will sometimes allow a radiologist to contribute to the understanding of the patient's metabolic and nutritional state. If a child's liver is shown to be abnormally radiolucent, cystic fibrosis should be considered.


Cholelithiasis in children.

Cholelithiasis in children. Review of 367 cases of cholelithiasis in children from the literature and our experience showed that 81% of these patients has no evidence of hemolytic anemia. Oral cholecystograms were diagnostic of cholelithiasis in approximately 70% of these cases. Plain film studies were found to be of diagnostic value as a high percentage of gallstones were visible on plain radiographs of the abdomen.


Radiologic signs of the 4p- (Wolf) syndrome. The improved Giemsa-trypsin banding technique was used to differentiate the 4p- (Wolf) from the 5p- (cri du chat) syndrome. New radiographic findings of polydactyly, cervical ribs, and fusion defects of the elbows, ribs, and spine are presented in a girl with 4p- syndrome with 45 chromosomes and a B4/G22 translocation [45, XX, -4, -22, +t(4p22q)].


Presurgical embolization of neurogenic hamartoma in an infant. A case report. The vessels supplying a rare congenital tumor (neurogenic hamartoma) were deliberately occluded by emboli. This extensive tumor presented both in the oropharynx and in the left middle cranial fossa. Using a 3.7 French catheter, Gelfoam emboli suspended in contrast medium were injected into the vessels of the tumor under fluoroscopic visualization. The once vacular tumor was then removed in two stages with little blood loss.


Initial clinical evaluation of a new ultrasonic camera. Real-time transmission ultrasonic imaging of the abdomen in adult patients has been accomplished with a new camera system developed by Stanford Research Institute. Some inherent limitations of the transmission technique are apparent; these include obscuration of some structures by overlying bone or gas-filled organs. Other limitations produced by diffraction and refraction effects of the ultrasound beam in complex objects may be eliminated by additional research effort. With further improvements, this camera system may become a useful diagnostic instrument.