Distribution of zinc in skeletal muscle and liver tissue in normal and dietary controlled alcoholic rats. Zinc deficiency is a concomitant of both alcoholism and cirrhosis, as indicated by plasma and tissue measurements in man. The intracellular sites of zinc distribution, the site-specific nature of alcohol/cirrhosis-related depletion, and the alcohol exposure-zinc depletion time function have not been reported. Spague-Dawley rats (16) at 5 to 6 weeks were given normal chow and 20 per cent ethanol as sole water source. Control animals (14) had tap water. In rats killed at 2, 5, 9, and 14 weeks, zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy in plasma (p); muscle tissue (MT), cell sap (MCS) cell sap-free (MCSF), and mitochondria (MM); liver tissue (LT), cell sap (MCS), cell sap-free fraction (LCSF), And mitochondria (LM). Control zinc levels were stable in all tissues over the 14-week study; p = 108, plus or minus 10 mug per 100 ml.,  MT = 125 plus or minus 18, MCS = 30.3 plus or minus 3, MCSF = 70 plus or minus 6, MM = 209 plus or minus 17, LT = 198 plus or minus 29, LCS = 125 plus or minus 11.0, LCSF = 79.5 plus or minus 11.2, and LM = 291 plus or minus 30 mug per gram of dry tissue. Ethanol-fed rats showed marked decrease in all liver zinc fractions from the earliest (2 weeks) time, with the greatest depletion in LM to 35 per cent of control.  MT and p zinc showed monotonic gradual declines at the rate of 3 per cent per week, becoming statistically different from control at 9 weeks in both tissues. Normal weight gain occurred in control animals: alcohol rats gained 52 per cent of control to 5 weeks, and showed no subsequent gain, weighing 62 per cent of control levels at 14 weeks. Liver mitochondria contain the highest zinc concentration, and are most rapidly depleted. MT and p declines follow hepatic zinc loss.


Binding of bile salts to pancreatic colipase and lipase. The binding of conjugated bile salts to pancreatic colipase and lipase has been studied by equilibrium dialysis and gel filtration. The results indicate that at physiological ionic strength and pH, conjugated bile salts bind as micelles to colipase: 12-15 moles/mole of colipase for the dihydroxy conjugates and 2-4 for the trihydroxy conjugates. No binding of bile salt takes place from monomeric solutions. Under the same experimental conditions, only 1-2 moles of conjugated dihydroxy bile salts bind to pancreatic lipase.


Specific tritium labeling of cerebrosides at the 3-positions of erythro-sphingosine and threo-sphingosine. Cerebrosides containing either threo- or erythro-[3-3-H]sphingosine were synthesized by a new procedure. Glucopyranosyl or galactopyranosyl ceramides were converted to their 3-keto derivatives with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone and reduced with 3-H-labeled sodium borohydride. The resulting tritiated cerebrosides, which contained erythro- and threo-sphingosines in the ratio of 84:16, were deacylated with butanol-KOH, and the erythro- and threo-psychosines were separated by silica gel column chromatography and reacylated with lignoceroyl chloride.


Fixed-ratio escape and avoidance-escape from naloxone in morphine-dependent monkeys: effects of naloxone dose and morphine pretreatment. Lever pressing by rhesus monkeys was maintained by morphine injections during four equally spaced sessions each day. During other periods, lever pressing was maintained by timeout from a continuous naloxone infusion (escape), or by timeout from a stimulus that preceded naloxone injections, or termination of the injections (avoidance-escape). As naloxone dose increased in the escape procedure, response rate increased to a maximum and then decreased. In the avoidance-escape procedure, response rate generally increased as naloxone dose increased, but the changes in rate were small compared to the excape procedure. Substitution of saline for naloxone in the escape procedure led to a very low response rates within three sessions. In the avoidance-escape procedure, rate decrements produced by saline substitution appeared to be related to the behavioral history of the monkey. Previous escape experience led to more rapid decreases in responding when saline was introduced, whereas responding was maintained for 15 sessions in a monkey without prior escape conditioning. Morphine pretreatment produced comparable, dose-dependent decreases in response rates in both procedures. The rate-decreasing effects of morphine were exacerbated when no naloxone was delivered in the escape procedure.


Effects of previous housing conditions on shock-induced aggression. This study investigated shock-induced aggression as a function of housing rats in single or communal cages for varying periods of time before testing. Rates of fighting were unaffected by housing conditions when rats spent seven or 14 days in either of these settings before testing. Placing rats in these settings for 21 or 28 days before testing, however, did affect rates of fighting. Communal caging of subjects for 28 days before testing was particularly deleterious to shock-induced aggression. How rats are housed outside the experimental chamber is a variable affecting shock-induced aggression and should be considered both in designing future studies and as a topic for future investigation.


Auditory and phonetic levels of processing in speech perception: neurophysiological and information-processing analyses. Two new experimental operations were used to distinguish between auditory and phonetic levels of processing in speech perception: the first based on reaction time data in speeded classification tasks with synthetic speech stimuli, and the second based on average evoked potentials recorded concurrently in the same tasks. Each of four experiments compared the processing of two different dimensions of the same synthetic consonant-vowel syllables. When a phonetic dimensions was compared to an auditory dimension, different patterns of results were obtained in both the reaction time and evoked potential data. No such differences were obtained for isolated acoustic components of the phonetic dimension or for two purely auditory dimensions. Together with other recent evidence, the present results constitute additional converging operations on the distinction between auditory and phonetic processes in speech perception and on the idea that phonetic processing involves mechanisms that are lateralized in one cerebral hemisphere.


The effect of interferon inducers on colony stimulating factor production in L cell cultures. Bone marrow colony-stimulating activity in the culture media of L cell mono-layers treated with Newcastle disease virus or polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid showed an early increase followed by a marked fall fo activity when compared with non-induced cultures.


Electron microscopical observations of the structure of the virus of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) of rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri). Negative staining of particles of the Danish F-1 strain of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus grown in rainbow trout gonad-2 cells revealed three different types of particles: bacilliform, bullet-shaped, and long particles. The average size of the first two types was 165 x 65 nm. The long particles had a length of up to 3000 nm and showed a close resemblance to Marburg virus. Well defined surface projections could be found in all particle types. Without any special treatment we were able to demonstrate different disintegration stages of VHS virus particles in all preparations.


A morphological study of the internal component of influenza virus. Rapid treatment of influenza virus directly on the microscope grid with non-ionic detergent had allowed better visualization of the internal component. Many micrographs show that this ribonucleoprotein (RNP) is present as a continuous stand of 6 nm diam. arranged in the form of a double coil or helix. In spite of the minimal treatment to which the virus was subjected most helices still showed signs of degradation. The findings that we have obtained lead us to suggest that the RNP component of influenza virus must be very sensitive to both chemical and physical manipulations, any of which could cause it to fracture from one continuous strand into several pieces, although such breakages could possibly occur at specific points along its length.


Physico-chemical and serological characterization of five rhabdoviruses infecting fish. Viruses isolated from fish with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS), infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN), spring viraemia of carp (SVC), swim-bladder inflammation (SBI) and pike fry disease (PFD) have been grown to high titre in fathead minnow cells. While our preparations of the IHN, SVC, SBI and PFD viruses showed typical rhabdovirus morphology with bullet-shaped particles and distinct surface projections, the VHS virus preparations had a less typical rhabdovirus morphology but were pleomorphic with a preponderance of flexuous rods. Using virus labelled with [-3H]-uridine, it was shown that each virus contained RNA which sedimented at 38 to 40 S and was hydrolysed by very low concentrations of ribonuclease. The viruses of SVC, PFD and SBI had a polypeptide composition similar to that of vesicular stomatitis virus, the prototype rhabdovirus, but the IHN and VHS viruses gave a pattern similar to that of rabies virus. In serum neutralization tests the SVC and SBI viruses were indistinguishable. VHS virus showed no serological relationship with the other four viruses but there was a low level of cross-reaction between the PFD, IHN and SVC-SBI viruses.


Modifications of cellular RNA-polymerase II after infection with frog virus 3. RNA-polymerase II extracted from FV3-infected and uninfected BHK cells were compared by measuring their abilities to bind [3-H]-amanitin and ribonucleoside triphosphates. Binding sites for [3-H]-amanitin and the dissociation constant of the complex between [3H]-amanitin and RNA-polymerase II were significantly modified following FV3 infection. The apparent Km's for ribonucleoside triphosphates remained unchanged.


The effects of the removal of dominant animals in a small group of Macaca fascicularis. Six juvenile Macaca fascicularis relatively unfamiliar with one another were placed together in a large play apparatus. The Boelkins' water test was used to establish dominance. After one hour of social interaction the animals formed a stable hierarchy. Following six days of observation of this group, the dominant male and female were removed. This removal drastically altered the behavior of the remaining animals (19 of 40 behavior categories changed significantly). A replication indicated that behavior in one group allowed predictions of future behavior in that group, but did not allow predictions to an autonomous segment of the original group.


Hereditary myokymia and periodic ataxia. A kindred in which at least 11 individuals in 3 consecutive generations have continuous muscle movement, i.e., myokymia, and periodic ataxia, has been studied. Three patients, a 24-year-old woman, her 4-year-old son and her 27-year-old sister, have been studied in detail. The disorder is inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait and presents in early childhood with attacks of ataxia of 1-2 min in duration, with associated jerking movements of the head, arms and legs. Attacks are provoked by abrupt postural change, emotional stimulus, and caloric-vestibular stimulation. At the age of 12 years approximately, facial and extremity myokymia appears. Physical findings include large calves, normal muscle strength and widespread myokymia of face, hands, arms and legs with a hand posture resembling carpopedal spasm. EMG studies at rest showed continuous spontaneous activity of otherwise normal motor units. Nerve conduction velocities were normal. Gastrocnemius biopsy in 2 patients showed fiber type grouping and small angular fibers, and was consistent with denervation. Histographic analysis of the biopsies demonstrated enlargement of both fiber types, particularly of Type I fibers. These findings are consistent with chronic denervation and an abnormality of motor neuron population or firing. The myokymia described here is of interest not only because of its genetic association with a movement disorder, but also because the muscle findings support a peripheral basis for the muscle movements.


Feasibility studies in rats fed heavy metals as multiple nutrient markers. The nitrates of five metals (cerium, terbium, ytterbium, lutetium, and iridium) were fed to rats to determine the feasibility of their use as nonabsorbed, multiple markers for recovery, passage, and indirect apparant digestibility studies.  Fecal recovery of a single oral dose was completed within 72 hours.  When the salts were mixed into the diet, 48-96 hours was required to establish a steady-state concentration of markers in feces.  The diurnal variation of cerium in feces was found to be considerable when it was fed twice daily as a single dose prior to each feeding.  When incorporated into the diet, negligible diurnal variation in fecal concentration was noted with lutetium, and small variation was seen with other metals.  In nutrient apparent digestibility studies, good agreement was generally found between direct and indirect multiple marker methods.  Experiments with a daily intake marker suggest that cerium was not satisfactory as a multiple marker in which neutron activation analysis was the method of determination.


Studies on the protein efficiency ratio method for the evaluation of poultry feed supplements. Modifications associated with choice of dietary protein level for assay. Four chick growth experiments were conducted to compare the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and the total protein efficiency ratio (TPE) methods for evaluating five protein concentrates; soybean meal, peanut meal, normal fish meal, fish meal subjected to either dry or moist heating; and gelatin-supplemented casein, the latter serving as the standard. The concentrates substituted for 40% of the total protein contents of basal corn-soybean rations varying widely in protein levels. There were no significant differences between the PER (based on average weight gain and protein intake) and the TPE (calculated as the total weight gain, including weight of dead chicks, divided by the total protein intake) at the protein levels studied. A new index, the maximum protein efficiency ratio (PERmax), was defined as the PER value estimated at the optimum dietary protein level. It was estimated at the point of inflection on the graph of feed efficiency vs. percentage protein content. Reasons and the procedure for the use of feed efficiency in the estimation are discussed. The three methods were further evaluated by comparing differences or separations among PER values determined at the conventional 10% protein level, PER at 18.5%, TPE at 18.5%, and the PERmax. For most paired comparisons, the conventional PER gave the widest separations, but in the case of dry- and moist-heated fish meals, separation by the PERmax method (at a higher protein level) was the widest. Based on the amino acid contents of the whole diets and literature information, it was concluded that the conventional PER gives greater separations where diets or proteins have greater relative deficiencies in sulfur amino acids. Where there are greater relative deficiencies in lysine, the PERmax or PER at higher but suboptimal protein levels gives greater separations. The importance of cystine/methionine ratio is also discussed.


Regulation of glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the meal-fed rat. Meal-feeding of a high sucrose diet produces a diurnal cycle (i.e., food response) in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) levels resulting in an elevated level of these enzymes at approximately 12 hours after the start of a 2-hour meal and a return to base level by 24 hours. The effects of actinomycin D and cycloheximide on the 12-hour increases in G6PD and 6GPD were determined. Cycloheximide completely blocked the increase in G6PD if administered 2 or 4 hours after start of the meal, while actinomycin D completely blocked the increase in G6PD if administered at 2 hours and almost completely at 4 hours after start of the meal. These results were obtained previously with starved rats refed a sucrose diet. The diurnal increases in G6PD and 6PGD in meal-fed rats and the induction of G6PD in starved-refed rats thus appear to be regulated by the same mechanism requires RNA synthesis within 4 hours after start of re-feeding. The response of 6PGD to cycloheximide and to actinomycin D at 2 or 4 hours after start of the meal is essentially the same as that of G6PD. These data suggest that the increases in G6PD and 6PGD (and other enzymes) brought about by carbohydrate refeeding AFTER starvation or by carbohydrate meal-feeding on a diurnal cycle are mediated by a rapid change in RNA synthesis. This appears most compatible with a coordinate control of gene expression through messenger RNA synthesis.


Systems approach to study of solute transport across membranes using suspension cultures of mammalian cells IV: Uptake and release kinetics of sterols. The kinetics of uptake and release of desmosterol, cholesterol, and beta-sitosterol by Burkitt lymphoma cells at 26 degrees, pH 7.3, and isoosmotic conditions were quantitatively and mechanistically interpreted. The data are in agreement with the model involving the passive transport of the unbound sterol across the rate-determining plasma membrane, with rapid distribution within the heterogeneous cell interior. Effective permeability (P-e) and partition (K-e) coefficients of the sterols were inversely proportional to the serum concentration in the external media due to sterol-serum binding. These results are consistent with the mechanism in which only the unbound solute in the external solution participates in the membrane transport process. At all serum levels, P-e and K-e increased with increasing sterol polarity: desmosterol greater than cholesterol greater than beta-sitosterol.


Alkylthiocolchicines and N-deacetyl-alkylthiocolchicines and their antileukemic activity. A series of alkylthiocolchcines (methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, n-hexy, n-octyl, and pinanyl) was prepared from colchicine by treatment with the appropriate alkyl mercaptan and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Some of these compounds (methyl-, ethyl-, and n-butylthiocolchicines) were deacetylated in good yields with 2 N hydrochloric acid in methanol. These compounds were tested for their antileukemic activity in an in vitro assay against L-1210 (mouse leukemia). Preliminary results showed that methylthiocolchicine is more active and the other alkylthiocolchicines are much less active than colchicine. N-Deacetyl-methylthiocolchicine is as active as colchicine.


Uptake of orthophosphate by rabbit vagus nerve fibres. 1. The uptake of orthophosphate and its incorporation into ATP, ADP, and creatine phosphate (CrP) were studied in desheathed rabbit vagus nerve. 2. Using -32P labelled orthophosphate, the total amount of labelled phosphate taken up by the preparation was continuously recorded in a perfusion apparatus. For measuring the incorporation into phosphorylated compounds, phosphate esters and inorganic phosphate were extracted, separated and their total amount and radioactivity determined. 3. The total uptake of phosphate was found to be a biexponential function of time. 4. The time constant of the first process was 10-20 min and independent of the extracellular phosphate concentration, the final amount labelled by this process was relatively small and proportional to external phosphate, increasing from 0.026 m-mole/kg wet nerve at 0-04 mM phosphate to 1-14 m-mole/kg at 5nM. 5. The time constant of the second process depended on the extracellular phosphate concentration varying from 4624 min at 0-04 mM to 210 min at 5 mM. The final amount labelled by this process was 5-6 m-mole/kg wet wt. and independent of the extracellular phosphate. 6. The kinetics of the slow uptake were consistent with the presence of a saturable process and a non-saturable one. 7. Extraction of ATP, ADP, and the sum of CrP and Pi, showed that the total amount of these compounds remained constant for 2 hr while their radioactivity increased slowly, approximately at the same rate as the slow fraction. 8. Increasing the external phosphate from 0-04 to 5 nM increased the amount of labelled ATP. 9. A comparison with the metabolic turnover of phosphate, estimated from the oxygen consumption, shows that uptake is much slower than metabolism, so that the slow appearance of labelled nucleotides is very probably due to a limitation of the influx. 10. From the experimental data the influx can then be calculated for various phosphate concentrations. It is close to that found in squid axons.


The passage of spermatozoa through the cervix of ovariectomized ewes treated with progesterone and oestrogen. Thirty spayed ewes were used in a 2 x 3 split-plot factorial experiment (n = 5) in which oestrus was induced with 30 or 90 mug oestradiol benzoate (OB) following a period of progesterone priming. They were inseminated 36 hr after oestrogen and the numbers of spermatozoa in the caudal, mid- and cranial regions of the cervix (sub-plots) were estimated 1, 12 and 24 hr later. At each interval of time and for each region of the cervix, fewer spermatozoa were recovered from the ewes treated with 30 mug OB than from those treated with 90 mug (P less than 0-05).


Effect of follicular fluid and oestradiol on the luteinization of rat granulosa cells in vitro. The effect of pig follicular fluid (FF), total or oestrogen-free, and of oestradiol-17 beta on the luteinization and progesterone secretion of rat granulosa cells was investigated during 4 days in culture. Both FF and oestrogen-free FF modified the differentiation of the granulosa cells, particularly their size and the appearance of their nucleoli. Addition of total FF or oestradiol-17 beta (50, 100 or 500 ng/ml) to the control medium markedly increased the progesterone secretion of the granulosa cells, but oestrogen-free FF and dialysed fetal calf serum had no effect. It was concluded that (1) FF could modify the morphological changes of the rat granulosa cells in vitro, but could not inhibit their secretion of progesterone, (2) the granulosa cells were able to synthesize progesterone regardless of their stage of differentiation, (3) oestradiol 17 beta had a direct stimulatory effect on progesterone secretion by granulosa cells in vitro. The possible mode of action of FF upon luteinization is discussed.


Fertility and sperm transport in Merino ewes at the first oestrus following embryonic death. The embryos of ewes were killed with colchicine on Day 17 of gestation and the ewes were mated at the subsequent oestrus. Fertility was reduced at this mating, and fewer spermatozoa were found in the uterus and oviducts than in control animals. The total number of spermatozoa in the cervix and their distribution between the lumen and walls of the cervix were not altered, but the linear distribution along the cervical walls was changed. The density of the reamining spermatozoa in the control animals after flushing the cervix showed a progressive decrease from the posterior to the anterior segments. This did not occur in the untreated ewes. It seems likely that impaired sperm transport contributed to the lowered fertility.


Fine structure distribution of non-specific acid phosphatase in the head region of mouse spermatozoa from various regions of the male reproductive tract. The fine structure distribution of non-specific acid phosphatase was determined in the head region of mouse spermatozoa from the testes, the caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis and the ductus deferens. Enzymatic localization was achieved by the Gomori technique. The postacrosomal dense lamina, the nuclear side of the inner acrosomal membrane and the space between the plasmalemma and the outer acrosomal membrane showed reaction product in spermatozoa from the testis and caput epididymidis. Spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis exhibited reaction product only between the plasmalemma and the outer acrosomal membrane. Spermatozoa from the corpus epididymidis and from the ductus deferens showed no reaction product in the head region. The changes observed in the distribution of acid phosphatase in the sperm head during epididymal transport may reflect maturational events.


Some biological properties of RMI 12,936, a new synthetic antiprogestational steroid. A new synthetic steroid, RMI 12,369, was examined for its contraceptive potential in rats and comparisons with ethinyloestradiol were also made. Marked differences in the biological effects of the compounds were found, RMI 12,936 having high antiprogestational but negligible oestrogenic activity. Administration of RMI 12,936 on Day 1 of pregnancy caused acceleration of egg transport, the initial changes being apparent within 12 hr of dosing. Termination of pregnancy was associated with a significant reduction in ovarian weight. On Day 8 of pregnancy, RMI 12,936 resulted in significant ovarian hypertrophy, apparent within 48 hr, possibly due to a luteotrophic stimulus of placental origin. Pregnancy could not be maintained by progesterone implants, indicating that utilization was inhibited. Egg transfer experiments indicated that the primary effects were probably on the maternal reproductive tract. Pregnancy was terminated after administration of RMI 12,936 ON Day 19. The compound also had antifertility activity following intravaginal administration.


Genetical components of physiological tremor. Pysiological tremor was measured in 14 pairs of monozygotic twins, 14 pairs of dizygotic twins, and 14 pairs of control subjects matched for age and sex. Postural finger tremor was measured in each pair using a sub-miniature accelerometer and subjecting the amplified signals to power spectral analysis. Significant genetical influences were found for the proportion of tremore at frequencies near the peak frequency of 9-10 Hz. No genetical effects were found at other frequencies or for the absolute amount of tremore. The results suggest that physiological tremor between 8 and 13 Hz is genetically influenced and that tremor at these frequencies is determined by different mechanisms than those at other frequencies.


The permeability of liposomes to nonelectrolytes. I. Activation energies for permeation. The effect of temperature on the permeability of nonelectrolytes across liposomal membranes above and below their transition temperature has been studied by using an osmotic method. Below their transition temperature, liposomes are osmotically insensitive structures but, on addition of gramicidin A, the water permeability so increased that the permeability of solutes could be studied. The measured activation energies for permeation of a variety of nonelectrolytes has been found to increase when a) there is an increase in the capability of the solutes to form hydrogen bonds in water, b) the cholesterol concentration in the membranes increases and c) the membranes pass from a liquid-crystalline to a solid-crystalline state. The change in the activation energy for permeation per hydrogen bond is about 1.8 kcal/mole for all the different liposome systems investigated; the only solute tested that deviated from this correlation was urea, whose activation energy for permeation across a gramicidin-containing system was much lower than expected from its hydrogen-bonding capacity. This finding suggests that urea is permeating across the gramicidin pore. Although the literature contains only incomplete data relating the activation energies for permeation of nonelectrolytes across biological membranes to their hydrogen-bonding capacity, the available evidence suggests that there is a similar correlation to that found in liposomes. Thus, the average increase in the activation energy per hydrogen bond for permeation across ox red cell membranes (Jacobs, Glassman & Parpart, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 7:197, 1935) is 2.2 plus or minus 0.4 kcal/mole, a value that is similar to that obtained in liposomes. However, the activation energies for water and urea are - in such a system - very much lower than expected, suggesting that they, too, are permeating by some parallel route such as an aqueous pore.


The interaction of hydrophobic ions with lipid bilayer membranes. Electrical relaxation studies have been made on lecithin bilayer membranes of varying chain length and degree of unsaturation, in the presence of dipicrylamine. Results obtained are generally consistent with a model for the transport of hydrophobic ions previously proposed by Ketterer, Neumcke, and Läuger (J. Membrane Biol. 5:225, 1971). This medel visualizes as three distinct steps the interfacial absorption, translocation, and desorption of ions. Measurements at high electric field yield directly the density of ions absorbed to the membrane-solution interface. Variation of temperature has permitted determination of activation enthalpies for the translocation step which are consistent with the assumption of an electrostatic barrier in the hydrocarbon core of the membrane. The change of enthalpy upon absorption of ions is, however, found to be negligible, the process being driven instead by an increase of entropy. It is suggested that this increase may be due to the destruction, upon absorption, of a highly ordered water structure which surrounds the hydrophic ion in the aqueous phase. Finally, it is shown that a decrease of transient membrane conductance observed at high concentration of hydrophobic ions, previously interpreted in terms of interfacial saturation, must instead by attributed to a more complex effect equivalent to a reduction of membrane fluidity.


Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus. I. Concentration and purification of the infectious virus. Two procedures for the purification of infectious lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from cell culture fluid have been developed. If large quantities of very pure virus are to be prepared, infected L cells are maintained with a medium supplemented with calf serum, the proteins of which have been largely removed by pretreatment with polyethylene glycol. Two days after infection of the cultures, the media are collected and the virus is concentrated by treatment with polyethylene glycol 40,000. Purification with a 10,000-fold increase of specific infectivity is achieved with steric chromatography on controlled-pore glass beads with pore sizes of 42 to 44 nm and centrifugation in density gradients prepared with amido trizoate. An alternative method begins with precipitation of the virus from infected cell cuture medium with zinc acetate, followed by controlled-pore glass chromatography and density centrifugation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Purification thus obtained is 200-fold in terms of specific infectivity.


Characterization of bovine viral diarrhea virus RNA. RNA extracted from isopycnically banded [3-H]uridine-labeled bovine viral diarrhea virus with sodium dodecyl sulfate was resolved into one major and two minor components by both sedimentation analysis and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The major RNA component was estimated to have a 38S sedimentation coefficient. The minor RNA components were estimated to have S values of 31 and 24. The approximate colecular weights were calculated to be 3.22 times 10-6 (38S), 2.09 times 10-6 (31S), and 1.22 times 10-6 (24S). A single broad peak of radioactivity, maximum at 24S, was obtained when sedimentation was conducted under conditions of low ionic strength. All three RNA components were found to be susceptible to digestion with RNase. The presence of multiple RNA components in heterogeneous populations of infectious virus is discussed.


Morphological and physical properties of a multiploid-forming mutant of Western equine encephalitis virus. Morphological and physical properties of a multiploid-forming mutant of Western equine encephalitis virus were studied. Electron micrographs of the infected cells showed that most of mutant virions bud from the plasma or vacuolar membrane as a multiploid particle containing a various number of nucleocapsids enclosed with a defined common envelope. The mutant virions contained three polypeptides which migrated to the position identical with those of wild type on discontinuous acrylamide gels. Cells infected with the mutant virus synthesized the same intracellular viral RNA species as was made after infection of wild type. Cytoplasmic nucleocapsids of the mutant sedimented at 140S and contained 42S virion RNA as those of wild type; they were indistinguishable from those of wild type in an electron microscope examination. On the other hand, mutant nucleocapsids isolated from extracellular virions sedimented as heterogeneous particles larger thant 140S and were shown to be pleomorphic and aggregate in electron micrographs. The budding process of this mutant seemed to be modified, so that it might form the multiploid with the alteration of its nucleocapsids.


Messenger activity of RNA transcribed in vitro by DNA-RNA polymerase associated to vaccinia virus cores. The coding properties of RNA transcribed in vitro by purified vaccinia cores have been investigated using Krebs ascites tumor cells, L cells, and reticulocyte lysates. Six to 10 proteins synthesized in vitro are separated on polyacrylamide gels by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Their molecular weights vary from 10,000 to 44,000. The electrophoretic behavior of these proteins is similar to that of early proteins isolated from infected L cells. The tryptic peptide analysis of one of these proteins indicates similarity in amino acid sequences. These results show fidelity of both in vitro transcription and molecular weight above 44,000 are synthesized in vitro does not seem due to a competition between 12S mRNA synthesized in excess and RNA of a higher sedimentation coefficient present in a lower amount.


Treatment of urinary incontinence in women using an intravaginal tarsette. A new mushroom-shaped vaginal incontinence device called a tarsette is described. The device provides broad surface compression on the anterior vaginal wall with direct compression on the urethra. The manner in which it is made and inserted is discussed along with our initial experience with 15 patients.


A male pseudohermaphrodite white-tailed deer resembling an antlered doe. A male pseudohermaphrodite white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is described. The animal shot in Aiken County, South Carolina on November 4, 1971, was 1.5 years old and had the external appearance of an antlered doe. The 6 point antlers were in velvet, a vulva was present, and the testes were located in the body cavity. Other male reproductive organs present were epididymides, vasa deferentia and ampullae. Female reproductive organs present were cervix, vagina and clitoris.


[Prenatal chorio-retinitis transmitted by golden hamsters (author's transl)]. Two children of mothers who, in the second half of pregnancy, had been in touch with golden hamsters, had an internal hydrocephalus at birth and extensive chorio-retinitic scars in both eyes. One newborn also had myopia magna, the other severe bilirubinaemia. Increasing titres of neutralizing serum antibodies in both mothers and children and falling titres of complement-binding serum antibodies against the virus of lymphocytic chorio-meningitis argue for a causative role of this micro-organism, apparently transmitted by the hamsters.


Effect of calcium and magnesium on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in rat parathyroid glands in vitro. DNA synthesis in rat parathyroid glands in organ culture is significantly affected by the calcium concentration of the medium. 3-H-thymidine incorporation over a 46-hour period was more than 100 per cent greater at 1.3 mM calcium than at 3.0 mM calcium. Thymidine incorporation was greatest at 0.9 to 1.3 mM, and fell off sharply between 1.3 and 1.8 mM calcium. Variation of magnesium concentration between 0.3 and 1.5 mM had no appreciable effect on DNA synthesis at either 1.3 or 1.8 mM calcium. No effect on DNA synthesis in rat liver explants or mouse L cells was observed over these ranges of calcium concentration, but in cultured rat kidney fragments, an opposite effect of calcium was observed, i.e., DNA synthesis was more active at 3.0 mM calcium than at 1.3 mM calcium. Time course experiments showed that a significant difference between DNA synthesis rates in high and low calcium media was observable in parathyroid glands during the first 3 hours in culture, and persisted for at least 108 hours. The calcium effect on DNA synthesis was not mediated by any direct effect on the rate of thymidine uptake by the tissue. These results suggest that a small drop in ambient calcium concentration in vivo could significantly increase the rate of DNA synthesis in the parathyroid glands, and thus provide experimental support for the concept that parathyroid hyperplasia in chronic renal insufficiency is caused by lowered serum calcium levels.


Quality of patient care-a measurement of change: the staging concept. A method that can be used to classify the severity of health problems and measure change in health status is described. The "staging" concept provides a system which classifies patients with similar medical conditions into clusters useful for patient care evaluation. The method defines different levels of severity: Stage I-disease with no complications or problem of minimal severity; Stage II-disease with local complications or problem of moderate severity; and Stage III-disease with systemic complications or a problem of a serious nature. Examples of the method are given and the value of the approach is described for the evaluation of the hospitalized and ambulatory patient.


Identification of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15-octadecapentaenoic acid in laboratory-cultured photosynthetic dinoflagellates. Polar and nonpolar chromatograms of fatty acid methyl esters derived from 11 species of photosynthetic, marine dinoflagellates cultured in modified Erd-Schrieber medium contained a component (4-23%) not identifiable by conventional graphic or arithmetic methods.  Hydrogenation followed by gas liquid chromatography of the product showed the unknown component to be a straight chained 18 carbon fatty acid methyl ester.  Chemical (ch4) ionization mass spectrometry of the isolated ester gave a spectrum characteristic of methyl esters and a mol wt of 288, indicating an 18 carbon molecule with 5 double bonds, or equivalent unsaturation.  The IR spectrum showed that the double bonds are nonconjugated, and all are cis in geometry.  Electron impact mass spectrometry of the pyrorolidide derivative provided evidence that double bonds are located in the 3, 9, 15 positions and probably also in the 6 and 12 positions of the molecule.  these double bond positions were confirmed by NMR spectrometry.  Data obtained by quantitation of the algal methyl esters suggest the possibility that these dinoflagellates synthesize 18:5omega3 (shorthand notation for chain length: number of double bond counted from the terminal methyl group) by a 2 carbon chain shortening of 20:5omega3, rather than by the insertion of a delta3 bond into 18:4omega3.


Measurement of the production rate of human luteinizing hormone using the urinary excretion technique. Labeled and/or unlabeled human luteinizing hormone (hLH) was injected into normal and abnormal males and into hypopituitary patients. In two patients, two phases of disappearance (T 1/2) were found to be 1.2 and 2.4 hr. Labeled and unlabeled hormone were excreted in the same proportion. Of the injected hormone, normal males excreted 10.1% plus or minus 0.9%, hypopituitary patients excreted 11.4%- 17.5% and two other patients excreted 10.3% and 5.3% over 48 hr. The urinary excretion of unlabeled hLH in normal males was 22.1 plus or minus 4.9 IU/24 hr. The production rate of hLH in normal males was 224.3 plus or minus 65.3 IU/24 hr and, in the two abnormal males, was five times higher. The advantages of this methodology are discussed.


Characterization of three Aeromonas and nine pseudomonas species by extracellular enzymes and haemolysins. Strains from type culture collections and clinical isolates belonging to the Aeromonas and Pseudomonas genera were identified with conventional tests. Production of extra-cellular enzymes and haemolysins were detected by simple plate agar methods. The following enzymes were found to be of special value for a rapid and simple classification of certain species in both genera: potease (casein and gelatin agar), lecithinase (lecithin agar), and deoxyribonuclease (DNA agar). Elastase, staphylolytic enzyme, lipase, ribonuclease, amylase, and egg yolk reaction were other enzymes studied. However, these tests were not positive for more than 90% of any species. A. hydrophila, A. salmonicida, and P. aeruginosa were haemolytic on agar containing rabbit erythrocytes.


Lack of induction of dominant lethals in mice by orally administered AF-2. In a series of toxicity tests, male mice of three inbred strains were exposed to several doses of orally administered furylfuramide (AF-2). Subsequent to these test the effects of AF-2, as measured by induced dominant lethals, were tested in strain DBA/2J mice. AF-2 at the doses used in this study was relatively non-toxic to the strains of mice tested. No indication of AF-2 induced dominant lethality was observed.


Aflatoxin-like compounds produced by dermatophytes. Using the method of thin-layer chromatography there were investigated the chloroform extracts of 30 dermatophyte mycelia. It was found the presence of aflatoxin-like compounds in six mycelium extracts only, which chromatograms showed the equal Rf and the colour of the strains to the strains to the standard aflatoxin extract of bruished peanuts grain Rossetti. Those six mycelia were: Epidermophyton floccosum, Nannizzia fulva, N. persicolor, Arthroderma gloriae, Trichophyton concentricum and T. Gallinae.


Temperature, time, and the influence of volatiles on phialospore germination in Verticillium malthosei Ware. Phialospores of verticillium malthousei Ware were atomized onto acclimatized water agar and incubated for 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hr at 12 to 36 degrees C intervals. Germination occurred at all temperatures exclusive of 36 degrees C with maximum germination (90-98%) occurring in 24 hr at 12 degrees C, 12 degrees C, 12 HR at 18 degrees C, 9 hr at 24 degrees and 30 degrees C. Volatiles from: 1) horse manure compost colonized by Agaricus bisporus; 2) mycellium impregnated casing (soil); or 3) casing supporting mature and immature mushrooms had no statistically significant effect on spore germination of V. malthousei when measured after 12 hr at 24 degrees C. However, a tendency towards inhibition after 6 and 12 hr at 24 degrees  and 12 degrees C, respectively, suggests the inhibition is temperature and time dependent. This dependency was noted with two substrates, colonized compost and casing which supported sporocarps.


The effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition on the development of the rat cerebellar cortex. I. Morphological observations. A morphologic study of the postnatal development of cerebellum in normal and pre- and postnatally undernourished rats was initiated in order to evaluate the effect of undernutrition. Defined areas of the cerebellar hemisphere were studied light-microscopically. Parallel to this study a histochemical investigation was performed on the same cerebellar areas (see part II). It was found that pre- and postnatal undernutrition causes a retarded outgrowth of the apical dendritic tree of the Purkinje cells. Furthermore, undernourished rats displayed a delayed persistence of the external granular layer and a retarded differentiation and migration of presumed basket, stellate and internal granular cells which is in accordance with previous studies on cerebellar development in experimental undernutrition.


The effect and site of action of indoleamines on the hypothalamic centers involved in the control of LH release and ovulation in sheep. Serotonin or melatonin was infused into the 3rd cerebral ventricle (3rd V) or into the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) of both intact ewes and ewes with lesions of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). Prolongation of the estrous cycle and delay of ovulation were obtained after infusions of melatonin or serotonin in both the intact and lesioned ewes. Statistically, serotonin proved to be more effective in this respect than melatonin in the intact ewes. The infusions also blocked the prevulatory peak of LH. Furthermore, the infusion of serotonin blocked estrous behavior, while that of melatonin did not affect this function. The effect of indoleamine infusions in the lesioned ewes, in which the inhibitory action of the AHA over the transmission of gonadotrophic releasing hormones (G-RH) had been eliminated, seems to indicate that the inhibitory action of indoleamines on the release of these neurohormones is being displayed at the level of the MBH.


Reproductive capacity of aging female rats. Multiparous female Long-Evans rats, 20 months or older, were seen to progress from irregular estrous cycles to a constant-estrous syndrome to a series of irregular pseudopregnancies to an anestrous state. An animal in constant estrus was characterized by ovaries with well developed and sometimes cystic follicles, no corpora lutea, an estrogen-stimulated uterus, and an anterior pituitary that appeared normal. Repeatedly pseudopregnant rats had long diestrous periods of variable length, ovaries with many corpora lutea, uteri with numerous secretory glands, and anterior pituitaries that often showed hemorrhagic or small tumorous areas. Anestrous rats had small, atrophic ovaries with no obvious follicular or luteal elements, atrophic uteri, and large pituitary tumors. Twice-daily injections of L-dopa induced the resumption of regular or irregular estrous cycles in most constant-estrous but not in pseudopregnant or anestrous rats.


Rhythms of progesterone and corticosterone in the pms-treated rat: relationship to ovulation. Precocious ovulation was induced in 26-day-old rats by means of 25 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMS). Rats were given injections at either 09.00 or 16.00 in order to determine whether the course of pubertal changes in corticosterone (B), progesterone (P) or time of ovulation would be dependent upon the time of injection. Blood samples were collected by decapitation at 4-h intervals on the day of expected ovulation (day 28). In saline-treated controls at 28 days of age there was a demonstrable daily variation in both serum B and P with maximum values at 16.00 and minimum values at 08.00. In rats given PMS at 09.00, there was a peak of P and B at 16.00 on day 28 but the values were higher than in controls. Ovulation took place at 24.00 on day  28-29. In rats given PMS at 16.00 the pattern of P and B was different, with continual high values from 16.00 to 04.00 at 28 days of age; ovulation took place later in this group (between 02.00-08.00 on day 28). It can be concluded that there is a daily rhythm of P a few days before puberty and that the induction of precocious ovulation with PMS is associated with a different pattern of B and P and a different time of ovulation depending upon when PMS is administered.


Effects of pinealectomy, anosmia and blinding on serum and pituitary prolactin in intact and castrated male rats. Serum prolactin was measured in lightly etherized rats between 4 and 5 a.m. and between 11 a.m. and 12 noon at various times after operation in intact rats and rats that had been operated on. Serum prolactin was elevated in the late nocturnal samples from intact rats and this elevation was prevented by pinealectomy. With time following the operation, daytime serum prolactin was also lowered in pinealectomized animals. In animals rendered anosmic by olfactory bulb removal, serum prolactin was also lowered. Superimposed pinealectomy only lowered late nocturnal serum prolactin in anosmic rats. Blinding the rats by ocular enucleation lowered nocturnal serum prolactin initially and dampened the daily rhythm in prolactin, but superimposed pinealectomy had no effect on the blinded animals. The combined sensory deprivation produced by both blinding and olfactory bulb removal resulted in low prolactin titers regardless of whether blood samples were taken during the day or late at night and, as in the case of blinded animals, there was no effect of pinealectomy. Superior cervical ganglionectomy also lowered serum prolactin. Serum prolactin declined following castration in intact animals and this decline was accentuated by pinealectomy. Either blinding or anosmia also lowered serum prolactin in the castrated animals but, as in intact animals, pinealectomy had little effect on the sensory-deprived rats. A further lowering of prolactin occurred in castrated animals which were both blinded and anosmic; in these animals, pinealectomy again had no additional effect. Measurement of the pituitary prolactin content in the castrated animals at sacrifice revealed a significant lowering of values in blinded animals, with restoration of the values to control levels by pinealectomy. Anosmia also lowered the pituitary prolactin content but this was not reversed by pinealectomy. The lowest pituitary prolactin was found in blinded, anosmic animals and these changes were not reversed by pinealectomy. The weight of the pineal gland increased significantly in anosmic, blinded, or blinded and anosmic rats. It is concluded that pineal secretions in the male rat elevate serum prolactin, particularly late at night, and that loss of input from olfactory and to a lesser extent from visual pathways results in a decrease in the titer of the hormone. This decrease is especially apparent in blinded, anosmic rats.


Facial receptive fields of trigeminal neurons: increased size following estrogen treatment in female rats. In order to assess the generality of previous reports of enlarged genital sensory fields following estrogen treatment, facial receptive fields of individual trigeminal ganglion neurons from ovariectomized female rats injected with estrogen were compared with fields from noninjected controls. Mechanoreceptive field boundaries were determined with a series of stimulating probes varying in diameter, and calibrated according to the force delivered at the bending point (Von Frey technique). For each single unit, the threshold receptive field was determined with the smallest stimulus probe capable of reliably activating single unit discharges. Facial receptive fields from estrogen-treated females were significantly larger in area (by a factor of 10) than fields from noninjected controls. Furthermore, the increase in field area was independent of spatial location within the facial region (normally, field size decreases in a proximal-distal direction from the body trunk), and was not affected by cutting the trigeminal nerve root. Receptive field thresholds were also significantly lowered by estrogen treatment. The fact that long-term systemic estrogen treatment influences tactile sensory fields in the facial region of females suggests that this pehnomenon is not peculiar to the genital region normally contacted by the male during mating.


Adrenal-gonadal function in rats with frontal hypothalamic transections. All neural connections entering the hypothalamus from the anterior direction were severed by means of a Halász knife-cut in female rats at 22 days of age. The rats were then examined for vaginal opening and ovulation. At intervals blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for the measurement of serum corticosterone (B). Unoperated rats showed vaginal opening at 36.5 +/- 2.1 days and ovulation within 2 days. A significant difference was found between B at 08.00 h and 18.00 h at the first sample interval chosen (28 days of age) and thereafter. Animals given sham surgery showed vaginal opening late (44.2 +/- 3.2 days, p smaller than 0.05) but ovulated within 2 days. These animals also had a significant 08.00-18.00 difference in B from day 28 on. Rats with frontal cuts in front of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) showed precocious vaginal opening (27.2 +/- 2.3 days, p smaller than 0.05) and early ovulation (28.2 +/- 0.7 days). A 08.00-18.00 difference was noted at 28 days of age but was lost after ovariectomy at 47 days of age. Implantation of a silastic estradiol benzoate capsule restored the 08.00-18.00 difference (p smaller than 0.01). Animals with cuts behind the optic chiasm (posterior frontal cuts) all showed early vaginal opening; some rats then ovulated (at 42.3 +/- 3.8 days) while others did not. No difference could be detected in the position of the cuts although there appeared to be more damage to the region just behind the SCN in the latter group. No 08.00-18.00 difference in B was found in the nonovulatory group and no difference was found in the ovulatory group until 44 days of age. It can be concluded that an isolated hypothalamic island containing the SCN will generate signals sufficient for precocious ovulation although subsequent ovulatory cycles are not regular.


[Case studies of galactography].

[Case studies of galactography]. A brief account of radiological examination in diseases of the breast is followed by a discussion on galactography. Its technique is not difficult, but requires diligence, attention and experience. Its indications essentially concern cases in which there is secretion from the nipple. Contraindications are mainly known or strongly suspected malignant tumours. Disorders affecting the milk ducts are described with reference to their radiological picture as observed in 91 cases, 40 of which were followed operatively and histologically and 18 with cytological examination of the secretion. The examination is seen as an alternative of choice in cases of mammary lesion with secreting nipple, particularly in the exact localisation of damage.


[Epidemiological findings in the study of congenital malformations]. Experience with thalidomide and German measles contracted during pregnancy has focused attention on the question of birth defects. It is suggested that good reasons exist for the carrying out epidemiological investigations to establish the true incidence and geographical and social distribution of such deformities, and hence their possibly "environmental" origin at least in some instances. Such investigations would supplement research into experimental teratology. The advantages, disadvantages and limitations of retrospective and prospective investigations are discussed. A detailed account is given of a prospective survey in progress in Israel. Reference is also made to a similar survey being launched in some Italian cities with the aid of the CNR.


The nurse practitioner in industry.

The nurse practitioner in industry. To summarize my feelings of my original goals and how I presently feel about an Industrial Nurse Practitioner: What it has made me is a better nurse, definitely more valuable to my employer, and I am serving my patient/employees at a more skilled level. I have much greater job satisfaction in my expanded role. Progress is slow and painful, and in representing the new expanded role of nursing, I am still involved in the routine everyday problems. Success is not always realized at the time it is most needed or wanted and there have been days when the load seemed almost too heavy to bear; however, I have experienced some of the triumphs of when a goal is realized, and it is knowledge of this that makes it all worthwhile.


A new model for neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage research. Hemorrhagic atelectasis was successfully produced in newborn rabbits by pharmacologically narrowing airways leading to alveoli ventilated with oxygen-enriched gas. Between 48% and 62% of alveoli filled with blood cells. Areas of lung with a tendency to collapse were measured by pressure volume studies. Animals given supplemental oxygen retained 56% of total lung volume compared with 79% in the pilocarpine group, which suggested increased effectiveness of anti-atelectasis factors in the latter. Less total lung gas was present in the pilocarpine group (4.0 plus or minus 0.4 cc/g) compared with oxygen controls (5.1 plus or minus 0.81 cc/g), which indicated more noninflatable lung. Neither surfactant deficiency nor heart failure needed to be present for pulmonary hemorrhage to occur.


Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on fat and nitrogen absorption. The effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on the "physiological" steatorrhea of prematurity was studied in 34 infants with birthweights below 2,000 gm. The infants were divided into three groups and fed three formulas identical in nutrient content except for the type of fat, as follows: group 1 (control): corn oil, oleo, and coconut oil (39:41:20); group 2: MCT, corn oil, and coconut oil (40:40:20); group 3: MCT and corn oil (80:20). The infants fed MCT-containing formulas had striking diminution in stool volume and frequency. Their total fat absorption was significantly improved when compared with controls; nitrogen absorption was slightly but significantly improved in the 80% MCT group. The results also suggest that nitrogen sparing may be enhanced in premature infants fed MCT-containing formulas.


Cardiovascular changes in conscious dogs during spontaneous deep breaths. Cardiovascular functions were evaluated beat by beat during 29 spontaneous deep breaths in three conscious dogs. When pleural pressure was significantly lower than during quiet breathing, stroke volume was reduced, heart rate elevated, as well as transmural pressure in the pulmonary artery (PPA-Ppl) and in the thoracic aorta (PAO-Ppl); the left ventricular filling pressure (LVEDP-Ppl) did not decrease. The authors suggest that these findings are not consistent with the classical hypothesis which explains the decrease in left ventricular output primarily by a reduction in the venous return to the left heart. The results indicate that the decrease in pleural pressure is responsible for an increase in the afterload on the left heart and suggest that this is the predominate factor in the reduction of the stroke volume without decrease in left ventricular filling pressure.


Inhibition of cell division and the development of denervation hypersensitivity in skeletal muscle. 1. It was found that in 3 day denervated soleus and EDL muscles nuclear division takes place. This can be stopped by administration of either 5-fluoro-uracil or vincristine. 2. The increased sensitivity to acetylcholine following denervation developed at a time when rapid cell division takes place. Both 5-fluoro-uracil and vincristine prevent the development of denervation hypersensitivity both in soleus and EDL muscles. 3. Muscle injury causes some cell division locally, but some phagocytic cells that infiltrate the damaged muscle appear to be blood-borne as their appearance within the muscle is not entirely prevented by either 5-fluoro-uracil or vincristine. Correspondingly the development of increased sensitivity that follows muscle injury is only partly prevented by administration of cytotoxic drugs. 4. It is suggested that the presence of dividing cells is causally related to the development of denervation hypersensitivity.


Rhythmic fluctuations in the urine composition of sheep: separation of feed-dependent from other rhythms. The relative contribution of feed-induced and feed-independent changes to the pattern of electrolyte excretion have been determined in sheep maintained for extended schedules providing feeds at intervals of 24, 19, 4 and 1 hr. Power spectral analysis indicated that the pattern of electrolyte excretion was predominantly fixed by the feeding cycle. Frequent small feeds reduced the peak levels of excretion. However, feed-independent periodicities on hourly feeding regimes included a 24 hrs rhythm in urinary total solids, K, Cl and HCO3 and a 32 (or 64) hrs periodicity in a wide range of components. None of these occurred in all animals. It would appear that the sheep studied were not as closely influenced by normal 24 hrs environmental cycles as are human subjects. Furthermore, the sheep electrolyte rhythms were not correlated with the 24 hrs variation in adrenal steroid production.


The influence of the social thermoregulation on the cold-adaptive growth of BAT in hairless and furred mice. When mice were living in groups they developed less brown adipose tissue (BAT) during cold adaptation as compared with single mice. This effect of social aggregation was more pronounced in genetically hairless mice than in furred mice. In both races of mice the most significant difference in BAT growth was found between single mice and pairs of mice, indicating that the formation of pairs causes the relatively most effective improvement of thermal balance.


Hormones and the stimulated sodium transport in cecum hypertrophy. Sodium transport per unit tissue is stimulated in dietetically produced cecum hypertrophy of the rat. Presumably this reflects an adaptive process. The possibility was tested whether transport adaptation was mediated by hormones, particularly by the pituitary-adrenal system, Cecum hypertrophy was induced by dissolving polyethylene glycol in the drinking water, and cecal sodium and water net absorption was measured in vivo. In both the adapted and normal mucosa, sodium and water absorption per unit macrosurface or dry weight was increased by aldosterone and decreased by adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and volume expansion while the decrease following adrenalectomy was reversed by cortisol and the absence of antidiuretic hormone in hereditary diabetes insipidus rats had little effect on absorption. However, none of the test conditions abolished the relatively larger absorption of the adapted compared to the normal mucosa. It is concluded that the hormonal effects were additive but not causally related to transport adaptation.


Experimental elaphostrongylus rangiferi infection in calves and lambs. In two lambs and two calves infected experimentally with infective larvae of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi, lymphohistiocytic and eosinophilic cell infiltrations in the leptomeninges and lymphohistiocytic granulomas in the perineurium of the cauda equina of the CNS were demonstrated. These histopathological changes are similar to the lesions usually demonstrated in reindeer with elaphostrongylosis. No parasites were found, however, in the CNS or other organs.


The kinetics of in situ hybridization.

The kinetics of in situ hybridization. The kinetics of the cytological or in situ DNA-RNA hybridization reaction between 125-I HeLa cell 18S and 28S rRNA and the interphase nuclei of chinese hamster cells were studied. The reaction is consistent with the expected first order kinetics, and the value of the rate constant was very similar to the value obtained from analogous filter disc DNA-RNA hybridization experiments. This similarity in the rate constants and the known relationship between the rate constant and the complexity of the RNA hybridized, define conditions to optimize the in situ hybridization reaction.


A new assay of deoxyriboucleases using as a substrate radioactively labelled DNA bound either directly or through anti-DNA antibodies to plastic depression plates. A simple and accurate method for the detection of Deoxyribonucleases is described. The DNA substrate (3H-labeled) is bound to DNA-binding sites in the "wells" of plastic depression plates either directly of via anti-DNA antibodies. Following incubation with the appropriate enzyme, the radioactivity released from the wells or left bound to the wells is determined. The method is suitable for enzymes which attack native DNA, single stranded DNA and modified DNA (e.g., u.v.-irradiated) as substrates.


Myocarditis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. A 48-year-old patient presented with pneumonia and pleural effusion due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and subsequently developed pharyngitis and electrocardiographic evidence of myocarditis. The sparse literature on mycoplasma myocarditis is reviewed. The clinical features, electrocardiographic changes and prognosis are discussed.


Fractionation of some bovine whey proteins by recycling gel filtration on a large scale. Fractionation of bovine whey concentrate was performed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 both on a laboratory scale and on a large scale. By a recycling procedure and improved separation was obtained and the whey proteins were resolved into four fractions in the weight ratio 3:12:1:4. The fractions were analysed by polyacrylamide gel (PAG) electrophoresis and the apparent molecular weights were determined by thin layer gel chromatography (TLG) and by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis.


Absorption, excretion and tissue distribution of natural organic and inorganic zinc-65 in the rat. The absorption and tissue distribution of organic and inorganic forms of 65-Zn were studied in the rat following single tracer oral doses. Rats dosed with 65-Zn grown into young corn and rye plants (organic form) absorbed and retained more 65-Zn in tissues than those given 65-Zn mixed with tissue paper (inorganic forms). A part of the beneficial effect was evident when 65-Zn was mixed with forage. The relatively high absorption values indicate that both forms were readily available, and thus incorporating zinc into young forage protein is not of major practical importance.


Progesterone levels measured every two hours in the cyclic hamster. Four groups of unanesthetized hamsters were bled by cardiac puncture three times a day at 4-hr intervals for each day of the 4-day estrous cycle. Serum progesterone (P) was determined by RIA. On day 1 of the cycle (day of ovulation) there was a trend for excursions in P at 4- to 6-hr intervals; this was followed on day 2 by a relatively steady level of P of 6-8 ng/ml. P dropped drastically after 0200 of day 3, indicating the onset of luteolysis. A significant increase in P occurred at 1600 of day 3 which was presumably nonluteal in origin. A series of cyclic fluctuations in P began at 1600 of day 4 (proestrus) comparable to the pattern observed on day 1 of the cycle.


Ovarian responses to perphenazine-induced prolactin secretion in the rats: Effect of ovulation, stress, and steroids. A single injection of 2.5 mg perphenazine (PH)/kg body wt to rats on the day of estrus (day 0) did not result in increased serum progesterone 24 hr later. Continued daily injections, however, resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in serum progesterone between days 1 and 3 and a 1.6-fold increase between days 3 and 5 to a final concentration of 58 plus or minus 4 ng/ml on day 5 in serially anesthetized and bled rats. Neither daily administration of 5.0 nor 10.0 mg PH/kg body wt to rats subjected to the stressful conditions of this regimen resulted in further increases in serum progesterone, but the 5.0 mg dose of PH in unstressed rats bled only on day 5 resulted in a highly significant increase in serum progesterone to 110 plus or minus 7 ng/ml. In unstressed rats the increase in serum progesterone over control values after five daily injections of 2.5 mg PH/kg body wt could be attributed to decreased 20alpha-reduction of progesterone, but when the dose of PH was increased to 5.0 mg/kg, a highly significant increase in both progesterone and total progestins occurred indicating that prolactin can increase steroidogenesis as well as reduce 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. After inhibition of ovulation, the 5.0 mg daily dose of PH resulted in serum progesterone of only 25 plus or minus 8 ng/ml on day 5 in unstressed rats. Thus, serum progesterone in ovulating rats treated with PH originated primarily in the corpora lutea. Perphenazine, 5.0 mg/kg, administered only on estrus and the first day of diestrus was sufficient to induce pseudopregnancy of 14.5 plus or minus 1.6 days. No evidence for gonadotropin stimulation of the ovaries of any rats was observed. The effect of stress on the progesterone response was not mimicked by administration of cortisol acetate and is assumed to be medicated by suppression of prolactin secretion.


[Glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex in the course of a 24-hour day in pathological states]. A study was made of blood hydrocortisone content for a period of 24 hours in the patients with congenital diseases of the heart before and after the operation, in patients with acute respiratory disease, severe pneumonia, and also with acute laryngeal stenosis of influenzal etiology. It was revealed that under pathological conditions the adrenal cortex took part in the compensatory reactions of the organism at any time of the day. As a result of this hydrocortisone concentration is steadily maintained at a definite level in the course of the 24 hours. These changes depended on the intensity of the stressor and the severity of metabolic disturbances in the organism.


Apparent volumes of distribution of 125-I-lothalamate and inulin in chickens. The suitability of utilizing 125-I-iothalamate to estimate the volume of extracellular fluid was assessed in ureterally ligated chickens. Subsequent to intravenous administration the movement of labeled iothalamate from the plasma compartment follows closed two-compartment kinetics and equilibration between vascular and extravascular phases is attained in about 20 minutes. The volume of distribution of 125-I-iothalamate prior to and following the influsion of 0.15 M NaCl (equal to 15% of the estimated ECFV) averaged 23.6 plus or minus 0.61 and 28.4 plus or minus 0.22% of the body weight, respectively. The observed postsaline labeled iothalamate space did not differ statistically from the expected value. When administered simultaneously inulin penetrates into an apparent volume that is 75% of the labeled iothalamate space after 60 minutes. The content of 125-I-iothalamate is relatively high in liver and kidney tissue and suggests that these are major sites where removal of the indicator from plasma occur. It is suggested that 125-I-iothalamate, under appropriate conditions, could be used to measure the plasma volume and the extravascular fluid with which plasma is in rapid diffusion equilibrium.


Induction of interferon in man by vaccines. The purpose of this study was to extend the spectrum of vaccines with interferon-inducing potential in man. The vaccines selected for study were the commercially available attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine type 2 (Sabin strain) and the new live attenuated influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) vaccine ("Alice" strain). Five subjects, two of whom had low or undetectable polio type 2 neutralizing antibody levels were given the type 2 vaccine (10-4.7 TCID50) in the standard manner orally. Even though the two individuals with low titers experienced a fourfold or greater antibody rise and one of them shed the virus in his stool, neither they nor the remaining three volunteers developed detectable levels of interferon in their sera obtained at very closely spaced intervals from day 0 to day 25 following immunization. Fifteen subjects were given approximately 10-7.5 TCID50 of influenza A/England/42/72 (H3N2) by nasal drops. Specimens consisting of sera and nasal washings were obtained at closely timed intervals for 23 days, starting with day 3 following immunization. Interferon could be detected in three of nine (33.3%) subjects who had fourfold or greater HI antibody rises. No interferon was detected in nasal washings, however. It is concluded that poliomyelitis is not a good interferon inducers in man. Live attenuated influenza vaccine does induce an interferon response in subjects with low initial serum antibody titers. This response is at best modest. The latter finding also suggests that the attenuation of the Alice strain of influenza A vaccine is not dependent on its interferon inducing potential.


Immunoglobulin allotypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders. Comparison of immunoglobulin allotypes were studied in a group of patients with pigeon breeder's disease and in similarly exposed by asymptomatic individuals. The study revealed that the disease is not correlated with immunoglobulin allotypes. Furthermore, the phenotype Gm(a;g) was not associated with high levels of serum antibodies to pigeon antigens.


Early development of adipose cell lipogenesis and glycerol utilization in Zucker obese rats. A study of adipose cell metabolism was made at ages 5, 7, 10, and 14 wk of age in genetically obese Zucker rats. Adipose samples were surgically removed and used for in vitro adipose cell incubations and for characterization of enzyme patterns. Lipogenic capacity from glucose and enzymes normally associated with lipogenesis (malic enzyme, citrate cleavage enzyme and glucose-6-PO4 dehydrogenase) followed the same pattern of development. At 5 wk of age, the adipose cells of obese animals had a greater capacity for fat synthesis than the lean rats. At all other ages lipogenic activity and enzyme levels were either similar or less than the pair-fed lean littermates. Glycerol utilization by isolated fat cells was similar; however, adipose tissue glycerokinase was elevated in obese rats at 14 wk of age. It was concluded that there was no apparent change in specific lipogenic capacity of fat cells from the obese rat when compared to its lean littermate. It was also concluded that increased adipose glycerokinase activity in obese rats represented a secondary shift in metabolism.


Elevated levels of colloid osmotic pressure in cecal contents of germfree animals. Determinations of colloid osmotic pressure in the supernatant of germfree rat cecal contents indicated substantially elevated values in comparison to those of rat blood plasma or of conventional rat cecal supernatant. The germfree cecal supernatant, under conditions of similar total osmolality, was able to draw water at a sizable rate from a polyvinylpyrollidone solution whose colloid osmotic pressure was taken to be equivalent to that of interstitial fluid. It is suggested that the water absorption inhibition which was observed in the lower bowel of germfree rodents, is in part caused by the colloid osmotic pressure gradient which exists in these animals between the luminal contents and the tissue component.


Comparative effects of Yoshi-864 and busulfan on certain transplantable murine tumors. Yoshi-864 extends markedly the survival times of mice bearing L1210 leukemia or Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Busulfan, with methanesulfonate leaving groups identical with those of Yoshi-864, is without effect. Tumor cells from mice bearing the Ehrlich tumor and treated with Yoshi-864 have a persistent reduction in ability to synthesize DNA. Synthesis of DNA in cells from mice treated with busulfan is moderately suppresed at 48 hr after treatment, but returns virtually to the control value at 72 hr.


Determination of plasma and tissue levels of tyramine by radioimmunoassay. Antibodies were prepared against tyramine. The antigen was prepared as follows: p-Aminohippuric acid was coupled to mBSA using a carbodiimide reagent. The amino group was diazotized an attached to the aromatif ring of TYR. The immunogen in Freund's complete adjuvant was injected into rabbits. The specificity of the resulting antibody was determined by radioimmunoassay. Using random-labeled TYR-3H, TYR, its metabolites, phenethylamine analogs, catecholamines, and certain amino acids were evaluated by a competitive binding assay method. With this technique 4 ng of TYR inhibited the binding of TYR-3H by 50%. The radioimmunoassay of TYR was used to measure the plasma, urine, and tissue levels of TYR in rabbits. The plasma disappearance curve of TYR revealed a biphasic pattern with t1/2 of 2 min and 54 min. The highest concentration of TYR was found in adrenals and spleen. The factthat the major metabolites of TYR and a series of pharmacologically important sympathomimetics and catecholamines did not interfere, makes the radioimmunoassay of TYR a useful, simple, sensitive, and spedific method for the direct analysis of TYR in biological meterials.


Response of mice to repeated photoperiod shifts: susceptibility to stress and barbiturates. Three inbred strains of mice selected for their spontaneous aggressive behavior and differential susceptibility to stress were exposed to a controlled environment where on an average of once every 4 days for 76 days and subsequently on an average of once every 2 days for an additional 55 days a 12L:12D photoperiod was reversed by 180 degrees. This procedure did not affect the growth of the mice and appeared to reduce fighting. However, plasma corticosterone concentrations in all three strains of mice were high, and their response to a 24-hr cold stress was no longer evident. The most pronounced effect of the altered photoperiod was on the barbiturate-induced sleeping time which showed a 40% reduction in all strains in spite of differential suceptibility to the drug among strains. It is concluded that repeated random phase shifting by varying the photoperiod is a stressful experience to which animals do not adapt and that the ability to respond to an additional stimulus or drugs may be greatly altered.


Anterior pituitary and plasma prolactin in rats after 2 to 90 minutes of suckling. Separation of litter for 6 hr resulted in plasma PRL levels of 48 +/- 5.8 and 45 +/- 5.7 ng per ml and AP PRL concentrations of 6.1 +/- 0.6 and 6.3 +/- 0.5 mug per mg AP in early (4-8 days) and late (20-22 days) lactation, respectively. After a 6-hr separation period, suckling for 2, 30, 60, and 90 min resulted in highly significant increases in the plasma PRL level in early lactaiton. Increases in plasma PRL levels were not seen in late lactation except in the 30-min suckled group. In both stages of lactation the AP PRL concentrations in the suckled groups were significantly lower than in the nonsuckled groups.


Binding of some phenoxyalkanoic acids to bovine serum albumin in vitro. The phenoxyalkanoix acids are bound to bovine serum albumin at a single site of high affinity, where the interaction is most importantly influenced by strong hydrophobic bonding, with ionic bonding being of lesser importance, and also at several sites of lower affinity. The hydrophobic binding site has almost equal affinity for the phenoxy groups of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid and 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid and greater affinity for the phenoxy group of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The properties of the high affinity binding site bear some resemblance to the properties of the amino acid sequence adjoining the tryptophan residue of human serum albumin, and evidence is presented for the presence of tryptophan at the high affinity binding site of bovine serum albumin.


Incomplete role reversal: The dilemma of hospitalization for the professional peer. Role theory assumes that social setting in good part determines the individual's role performance and the way in which he and his behavior are perceived. After a period of time, in a particular setting, a person who performs a specific role becomes identified by himself and by others with that role. Once so identified, it is naturally very difficult for him to make radical changes in his role, or for others to allow him to change. It is the hypothesis of this paper that role reversal - the assumption of a new role diametrically opposed to that previously held - is never complete: vestigesof expectations and behavior from the previous role continue to be noted, and they distort acceptance of the new role by both the individual and the others around him. To illustrate this theory, this paper discusses the careers of psychiatric paraprofessionals who happened to be hospitalized in a psychiatric hospital where they formerly worked, and were treated there by their former peers. The discussion includes the implications of incomplete role reversal for the treatment of medical professionals, for the traditionally defined medical roles, and for role theory.


Caffeine: preferential consumption by rats. The present experiment explored the effect of forced daily consumption of large amounts of caffeine (analogous to that of heavy coffee drinkers) upon the subsequent intake of caffeine in a free-choice situation. It was found that forced caffeine consumption is directly related to subsequent free-choice intake and that a flavor associated with the forced caffeine is not preferred.


Effects of nicotine on plasma corticosterone and brain amines in stressed and unstressed rats. The administration of nicotine (0.4 mg/kh) to unstressed rats caused a rise in plasma corticosterone which persisted for 60 minutes and a fall in hippocampal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) at 45 minutes followed by a rise at 60 minutes. In rats which were stressed by being placed on an elevated platform, nicotine caused a reduction in hippocampal 5-HT at 45 and 75 minutes but did notaffect the plasma corticosterone concentration. Rats studied 16 hours after the last injection of a course of treatment with metypone had much reduced levels of plasma corticosterone and hippocampal 5-HT. Under the present conditions metyrapone also much diminished the effects of nicotine on plasma corticosterone levels in unstressed rats but had little effect on the response to stress.


Self-administration of amphetamine analogues in rats. In rats self-injecting amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg/injection) at a stable level during daily 3 hr sessions, three different amphetamine analogues )phenmetrazine, diethylpropion and fenfluramine) were substituted for amphetamine, one at a time on different experimental days. Phenmetrazine (1.0 mg/kg/injection) and diethylpropion (2.0 mg/kg/injection) were self-administered but not fenfluramine (in doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg/injection). It is concluded that amphetamine, phenmetrazine and diethylpropion have reinforcing properties, whereas fenfluramine has not.


Comparative analgesic activity of various naturally occurring cannabinoids in mice and rats. The analgesic effectiveness of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a crude marihuana extract (CME), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), morphine SO-4 and aspirin following oral administration was directly compared in mice using the acetic-induced writhing and hot plate tests and the Randall-Selitto paw pressure test in rats. THC and morphine were equipotent in all tests except that morphine was significantly more potent in elevating pain threshold in the uninflamed rat hind paw. In terms of THC content, CME was nearly equipotent in the hot plate and Randall-Selitto tests, but was 3 times more potent in the acetic acid writhing test. On the other hand, CBN, like aspirin, was only effective in reducing writhing frequency in mice (3 times more potent than aspirin) and raising pain threshold of the inflamed hind paw of the rat (equipotent with aspirin). CBD did not display a significantly analgesic effect in any of the test systems used. The results of this investigation seem to suggest that both THC and CME possess narcotic-like analgesic activity similar to morphine, while CBN appears to be a non-narcotic type analgesic like aspirin.


Focal attention in the frog: behavioral and physiological correlates. The prey-catching response of frogs toward small moving objects can be facilitated by small movements of the same stimulus a few seconds earlier, even though initial movements seldom trigger the feeding response. This focal attention phenomenon may be related to the observation that one class of tectal unit continues to discharge for a few seconds following a brief stimulus motion. Together with anatomical data of other investigators, results of the present study suggest that self-exciting neural loops within the tectum mediate this type of selective attention.


Structure of coat proteins in Pf1 and fd virions by laser raman spectroscopy. Rama spectra of filamentous bacterial viruses are dominated by scattering from vibrations of the protein capsomers. The amino acid compositions of coat proteins in Pfl and fd strains are recognized by their different side-chain vibrational frequencies. However, the conformationally sensitive amide frequencies indicate that Pfl and fd coat proteins have the same alpha-helicial secondary structures. Viral DNA backbones do not exhibit the A-type geometry.


Insulin-unresponsive tissues respond to superactive insulin-like material. Insulin-like material prepared from insulin-Sepharose stimulates glucose oxidation by isolated diaphragm of C57Bl/6J ob/ob mice, but insulin does not. This material is much more effective than insulin on epididymal fat tissue from these mice. Insulin-like material and insulin are equipotent on the corresponding tissues from lean littermates.


Locomotory adaptations in a free-lying brachiopod. Magadina cumingi inhabits an environment of high current energy and mobile sediments by using its pedicle in Pogo-stick fashion as an elevating device. This type of progression is associated with pedicle musculature different from that of attached and other free-lying forms, and some diagnostic differences in muscle attachment areas are evident in preservable hard parts.


Origin of life: clues from relations between chemical compositions of living organisms and natural environments. When elemental enrichment factors in living organisms are plotted against the ionic potential of the elements, a strikingly similar pattern is found for different groups of organisms; the pattern is also similar, in its general features, to that found in seawater. These relationships support the idea that life began in a water-rich environment interfacing with the primitive atmosphere of the earth.


[Hemangiosarcoma of the breast: a case report and review of the literature]. A case of angiosarcoma of the breast in a 55-year-old woman is reported. It is clear that no effective treatment has so far been devised. The time from treatment to death was 41 months in this patient, compared with 25 months in collected cases from the literature. The possible value of adjuvant chemotherapy is stressed.


Complications of heparin therapy.

Complications of heparin therapy. Currently, heparin therapy is rarely extended for periods required for the onset of chronic complications. Thus, alopecia and skeletal defects are infrequently encountered. However, during pregnancy, prolonged therapy with heparin may be used. Heparin does not cross the placental barrier, whereas the warfarin class of anticoagulants is freely transported across the barrier. Thus, if extended anticoagulation is required during pregnancy, heparin is preferred to provide maternal anticoagulation while protecting against fetal hemorrhage. Hemorrhage, the most frequent and most feared complication of heparin therapy, does not occur spontaneously in all patients receiving large doses of heparin. However, in certain populations, hemorrhage must be anticipated and appropriate modifications made in the heparin dosage. Elderly women, persons with thrombocytopenia or drug induced platelet dysfunction, or persons who have undergone recent surgical treatment or trauma are sensitive to standard heparin dosages and may bleed during heparin therapy. In these situations, the initial heparin dosage must be appropriately decreased and subsequent dosages carefully determined by frequently monitored coagulation studies. a well maintained, functional coagulation laboratory is imperative in these situations. By careful monitoring of coagulation parameters and by the selection of the smallest effective heparin dosage, complications can be minimized. The clinical cognizance of heparin induced thrombocytopenia is increasing. This disorder must be considered when hemorrhage and low platelet numbers appear during heparin therapy. Discontinuance of heparin therapy causes a rapid increase in platelet counts and diminution of bleeding. The indiscriminate use of protamine sulfate to neutralize heparin must be discouraged. One must resist the temptation to administer multiple extra doses of protamine to assure achievement of hemostasis. The precise dosage of protamine sulfate calculated to neutralize a given heparin dosage must be used. Additional doses of protamine must be determined by coagulation studies, such as whole blood clotting time, protamine titration test, or thrombin time with toluidine blue correction. If proper attention is directed to the dosage of protamine, relative to heparin, the complications of neutralization rarely will occur. Heparin is a basic drug in the armamentarium of the contemporary surgeon. Successful clinical use of heparin requires fundamental knowledge of coagulation mechanisms, the manner in which heparin alters these mechanisms, and the factors which predispose to complications. The complications of heparin therapy can be minimized by strictest attention to selection of initial dosage and by careful subsequent determination of the precise coagulation status of the patient.


A case of congenital trypanosomiasis in Lagos. A 17-day old baby girl presented with signs and symptoms of neonatal meningitis, except that she did not respond to the usual drugs. Intensive investigations showed that she had trypanosomal meningo-encephalitis or sleeping sickness. Her CSF was full of T. gambiense. Her mother's blood, but not her CSF, also contained the parasites. The clinical features and laboratory findings of the disease in this neonate were very different from those usually found in adults. Furthermore, her infection was complicated by the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion. She died of the disease and its complications probably aggravated by the drug (suramin) with which she was treatedmthis is believed to be the first case of congenital trypanosomiasis described in Nigeria, and it occurred in Lagos where it was least expected;


Medical hazards of the coral reef.

Medical hazards of the coral reef. An account is given of some aspects of poisonings sustained by coming into contact with animals of the coral reefs of the Fiji Islands. Poisonings can be grouped into those in which the toxin is introduced parenterally-envenomings, and those in which it is ingested. Illustrative case histories are presented of injuries from 2 echinoderms and of envenoming from the "deadly" stonefish. A therapeutic approach to puffer-fish poisoning is mentioned and the problem of ciguatera poisoning is outlined.


[Chromosome breaks and changes in the mitotic regime of human and animal cells under the influence of a measles virus vaccinal strain (L-16)]. The vaccine strain of the Leningrad-16 measles virus is capable of inducing lesions  in the structure and chromosome quantity and of increasing the frequency of cells with pathologic mitosis in human fibroblast embryo culture. The measles virus produced the same effect on genetic structures in marrow cells and testicles of infected mice. No increase of cell frequency with chromosome lesions was observed in the healthy children immunized against measles.


[Insensitivity of stationary cultures of transformed mouse fibroblasts to agents stimulating DNA synthesis in normal cell cultures]. Stationary cultures of the mouse transformed cells L and S-40 sensitive to topoinhibition were found to be insensitive to the action of hyaluronidase, RNAase, and colcemid in doses known to stimulate multiplication of normal mouse fibroblasts. These cultures were still insensitive to the action of medium change and removal of a part of the monolayer.


Urethral responses to autonomic nerve stimulation. Urethral contraction in response to cholinergic stimulation has been repeatedly proved and is a universally accepted fact. The adrenergic response is still disputed: (1) Is it a contraction or a relaxation, or a combination of both? (2) Where are the adrenergic receptors? Are they on the intrinsic urethral smooth muscles (with a biphasic response); in two different structures of the same organ (urethral and vascular smooth muscles); or on two anatomically different urethral smooth muscular units? Sympathomimetic and hypogastric nerve stimulation alone, as well as with pharmacologic blockade, showed that the contraction response to adrenergics is independent of the pelvic nerve and does persist even after urethral smooth muscle blockade by atropine, but is abolished after alpha blockade by phentolamine. The same contraction response, manifested in rise in intraurethral pressure, can be induced by pure vasoconstrictors. The relaxation response is reduced by beta blockade. Whether it is the direct response of a specific urethral group of musculature to sympathetic stimulation or an indirect urethral response to trigonal activity in answer to the same stimulus is discussed.


Effect of long-term chemical sympathectomy on function of canine urinary tract. Destruction of the adrenergic terminals in the ureter, bladder, and urethra was produced and maintained in 4 dogs for periods up to twelve months by biweekly intraperitoneal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. The effects on urine transport, storage, and elimination were studied. The results are discussed in the light of current knowledge regarding the sympathetic innervation of these organs and its function.


Laser iridectomy.

Laser iridectomy. The argon laser and the ruby laser have been used to open the pigment layer in three cases of surgically incomplete peripheral iridectomy. The technique, its advantages and complications, were discussed. On two additional eyes, full-thickness argon laser iridectomy was unsuccessful.


Argon laser photocoagulation of iris abnormalities. Argon laser photocoagulation of various iris abnormalities has been performed successfully. The destruction of iris cysts, the obliteration of blood vessels in iridocyclitic membranes prior to surgical discission, the correction of updrawn and deformed pupils, the mydriasis of pupils in patients debilitated by the miosis of antiglaucoma medication, and the production of iridotomies have been accomplished and are described along with the indications, photocoagulation techniques, results, and complications attendant to these particular procedures.


The action of group Bm or CisAB sera on group O red cells in the presence of UDP-D-galactose. Group B and AB sera, acting on O red cells in the presence of UDP-galactose, each converted them into B active cells, which were agglutinated by anti-B human serum (1:512) at the titer of 128-fold, while group Bm and A-1 Bm sera, converted O red cells similarly incubated into B active cells, which were agglutinated by anti-B human serum (1:512) at the titer of 8- to 16-fold. This indicates that alpha-galactosyltransferase activity in Bm and A-1 Bm sera may be about 1/8-1/16 that in B and AB sera. Group CisAB sera, even after absorption of cold anti-B agglutinins with packed, washed group B red cells, did not convert O red cells in the presence of UDP-galactose in such a way that they might agglutinate against anti-B human serum.


[Pre- and postoperative examinations in congential aortic stenoses]. 70 patients with congenital aortic stenosis had been operated upon between the age of 7 months and 23 years (average 8 years). For evaluation of the surgical result recatheterization and angiocardiography had been carried out on all patients between 1 and 12 years after operation (mean 7 years). The pre- and postoperative catheter findings, angiocardiograms, ECG, heart-size and clinical findings were analysed and compared with each other. In 2/3 of the cases the operative results could be defined as good or satisfactory. In the last third the operative results had been poor and a reoperation unavoidable. In half of the cases the poor results had been due to a significant residual aortic stenosis and in the other half it was due to massive aortic regurgitation. The prognosis and the indication to operation had been discussed.


The fine structure of the endogenous stages of Eimeria labbeana: 2. Mature macrogamonts and young oocysts. The fine structure of the mature macrogamonts and intracellular oocysts of Eimeria labbeana from the ileal mucosa of experimentally infected Pigeons (Columbia livia) was investigated and described. The macrogamont reached a  maximum size of 12.0 x 9.5 mum (average equals 10.8 x 8.8 mum), and was located within a narrow parasitophorus vacuole. Most of the macrogamonts were limited by two membranes. Intravacuolar tubules, 1.2 mum long and 58 nm in diameter, established direct connections between the parasite and the host cell. Each tabule was composed of 9 subunits arranged around the central lumen. Cytoplasmic canaliculi were composed of bundles of microtubule-like structures (8-10 nm wide). Type 1 wall-forming bodies reached a maximum size of 1.8 x 1.5 mum, and many had centric or eccentric electron transparent portions within them. They were frequently seen lodged within peripherally-located mitochondria. Type 2 wall-forming bodies averaged 1.5 mum in diameter. The role of the two types of wall-forming bodies in forming the outer and inner layers of the wall of the oocyst was similar to that in other species of Eimeria. The oocyst wall was 0.2 mum thick and composed of a limiting membrane (20 nm thick), an outer layer (75 nm thick), and an inner layer (100 nm thick).


[The metabolism of C14-labeled phenylalanine and tyrosine in malaria-infected Culex females (author's transl)]. 1. Culex females are fed on C14-phenylalanine or C14-tyrosine in sugar solution. Autoradiographic studies on homogenated females 1 or 4 days after feeding, show that the labeled amino acids are metabolized on the first day and are not detectable on the fourth day. 2. After increase of the amino acid concentration by saturation of the sugar solution with the unlabeled amino acid, the labeled acid and its metabolites are visable over a longer period of time. 3. Phenylalanine is metabolized to tyrosine and at least four other substances. Radioactivity on the starting point of the chromatogram can be interpreted as incorporation of tyrosine into proteins. 4. After infection with Plasmodium cathemerium, and feeding of C14-phenylalanine C14-tyrosine is demonstable over a longer period.