Reye syndrome: results of intensive supportive care. Thirty-six patients with Reye syndrome were admitted to St. Louis Children's Hospital during a ten-year period from January, 1966, through June, 1975; ten patients (28%) died. Seven (64%) of the ten deaths occurred in the 11 patients admitted between 1966 and 1971, whereas only three (12%) of 25 patients died thereafter. We attribute this reduction in case fatality rate to early diagnosis, recognition of milder cases, and intensive medical support including continuous intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose, intermittent infusion of hypertonic mannitol, and early elective endotracheal intubation. Analyses of metabolic, hormonal, and blood gas data obtained serially during the acute illness in 16 of these patients provide a basis for a discussion of the pathophysiology of this disorder.


Reye syndrome: treatment by exchange transfusion with special reference to the 1974 epidemic in Cincinnati, Ohio. The treatment of 66 children with Reye syndrome proved by hepatic biopsy or autopsy is described. Prior to the utilization of exchange transfusion early in the course of the disease, our case fatality rate was 100% of nine patients. With early diagnosis and early exchange transfusion, the case fatality rate was reduced to 27% of 44 patients. During the 1974 epidemic of Reye syndrome, 26 children were treated. In 18 children the diagnosis was established by hepatic biopsy; 16 received one or more exchange transfusions. There were no deaths among these 26 patients. In the 1974 epidemic, the national case fatality rate was estimated to be 40%. Exchange transfusion appears to have been an important factor in the reduction of the case fatality rate among our patients.


Liver dysfunction and histologic abnormalities in neonatal hypopituitarism. Pituitary aplasia or hypoplasia occurs in anencephalic and normocephalic infants. Two infants with hypopituitarism are described; in each the diagnosis was made clinically. The infants had frank clinical and histologic evidence of the neonatal hepatitis syndrome. There may be more than a chance relationship between the clinicopathologic findings of neonatal hypopituitarism and hepatitis.


Spectrum of function of neutrophils from carriers of sex-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Bactericidal and metabolic activities were compared for polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal controls, patients with sex-linked chronic granulomatous disease, five obligate carriers, and six potential carriers of CGD. Bacteria surviving at one hour were quantitated in a standardized assay which employed 1.25 Staphylococcus aureus per neutrophil. Heat-killed bacteria or a chemical agent, phorbol myristate acetate, were used to stimulate increases in utilization of oxygen, oxidation of [1--14C] glucose, and reduction of neotetrazolium chloride by PMN. The results demonstrate that PMN from the individual obligate carriers of CGD have a broad spectrum of functional capabilities. Neutrophils from one obligate carrier performed in the above in vitro tests and others on a par with normal control cells, whereas the PMN of others displayed deficiencies nearly as profound as those of the affected CGD patients. The observations parallel the broad range of phenotypic expression observed in heterozygotic carriers of other sex-linked recessive disorders as a result of random inactivation of the X chromosome. Although predictable from the current concept of random X inactivation, the spectrum has not been previously demonstrated for carriers of sex-linked recessive CGD and thus has important implications for the detection and counseling of carriers of CGD.


Defective neutrophil chemotaxis with variant ichthyosis, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and recurrent infections. Host defense mechanisms were evaluated in a 4-1/2-year-old boy with recurrent pyogenic infections and a unique hyperkeratotic skin disorder. The patient's neutrophils were consistently defective in chemotactic responsiveness but had normal NBT reduction, glucose oxidation, and iodination. Serum concentrations of IgE were markedly elevated and the secondary antibody response was abnormal. No T-cell dysfunction was detected. These findings suggest a relationship between this patient and patients with other syndromes associated with recurrent infections, cutaneous disease, defective chemotaxis, immunodeficiency, and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E.


Serum complement profiles in infants and children. The purpose of this study was to examine normal serum values for the complement components, C3, C4, and C5, and total hemolytic complement (CH50) activity in 163 healthy infants and children, in the age range from birth through 14 years. There were statistically significant relationships of C3, C4, and C5, but not CH50 with age. None of the complement components or CH50 could be differentiated by sex or race. Tolerance limits for high and low values were projected for each complement measurement for 75%, 90%, and 95% of the general population. Our data confirm the differences in complement levels between children and adults and demonstrate a wide range of values within each group, reflecting the biologic variability of complement measurements. These results emphasize the importance of establishing normal pediatric values in any laboratory that measures complement profiles in various diseases of childhood.


Growth hormone excess and sexual precocity in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (McCune-Albright syndrome): evidence for abnormal hypothalamic function. A 5-5/12-year-old boy with gigantism and precocious puberty associated with the McCune-Albright syndrome is presented. Serum concentrations of growth hormone were extremely elevated (128-163 ng/ml) and were not suppressed by hyperglycemia or chlorpromazine. Serum LH (7.4 +/- 1.0 SD mIU/ml) and FSH (5.3 +/- 0.3 SD mIU/ml) concentrations were in the range observed in midpuberty. The secretion pattern of LH was episodic. The administration of estradiol suppressed the secretion of FSH and had an apparent positive feedback effect on release of LH. These findings are compatible with abnormal hypothalamic function as the mechanism for the endocrinopathies associated with the McCune-Albright syndrome.


Recent trends in the mortality rate from renal disease in children and young adults in New York City. Analysis has shown that the over-all death rate from renal disease for residents of New York City under 25 years of age has declined from 4.6 per 100,000 in 1950 to 2.3 per 100,000 in 1970. Nephritis and nephrosis was the major disease category accounting for this decrease in deaths. A similar trend was found for the United States as a whole. Other causes of renal disease did not manifest consistent changes in death rates. The decline in deaths from nephritis and nephrosis could not be ascribed solely to changing diagnostic habits or terminology. A possible alternative explanation is a change in the natural history of these diseases. Data of this type might be useful as an index to future trends in the mortality rate from renal diseases and as one basis for projections of potential future needs for dialysis and renal transplantation. Using 1965 data, we estimate the number of such potential candidates in New York City would have been 9 per 1,000,000 for the 5 to 14 year age group and 23 per 1,000,000 for the 15 to 24 year age group. There are significant limitations of projections based on such data. These estimates of potential candidates for chronic dialysis or renal transplantation are the first available for children in the United States.


Non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the head and neck in childhood. A retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma localized to the head and neck revealed a survival rate of 51.7%. This contrasts with a survival rate of 9% computed from the literature for children with local and regional non-Hodgkin lymphoma in various parts of the body. Major factors influencing survival appeared to be: (1) stage of lymphoma (12 of 17 Stage I survived); (2) histology (7 of 7 patients whose lesions were classified as nodular survived as compared to 5 of 17 with lesions classified as diffuse); and (3) anatomic location. Leukemia developed in seven patients with lesions of the diffuse histologic type. Recent experience suggests that aggressive, integrated treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, ano chemotherapy may favorably alter the course of the disease in patients with unfavorable histologic lesions.


Insulin antagonism of cortisol action on lechithin synthesis by cultured fetal lung cells. In monolayer cel cultures from late gestation (28-day) rabbit fetal lungs, cortisol (5.5 X 10(-6)M) enhances lecithin synthesis and reduced cellular growth. The addition of insulin (25-100 muU/ml) abolishes the stimulatory effect of cortisol on lecithin synthesis but does not affect its growth-inhibiting activity.


Fetal alcohol syndrome in dizygotic twins. A pair of fraternal twins with stigmata of the fetal alcohol syndrome are described. Apparently differences in susceptibility to the dysmorphogenic influence of ethanol caused one twin to be more severely affected than the other one. Both infants are growing poorly postnatally, and both are at risk for retarded development. Any evidence of the fetal alcohol syndrome, however, subtle, should be considered a warning of possible future developmental delay.


Radiographic technic, safety, and interpretation in the newborn nursery. The technic and safety aspects of the radiographic evaluation of neonates with RDS are discussed. A study of radiographs taken in an intensive care nursery revealed that densitometric measurements are helpful in distinguishing changes in lung aeration from changes in radiographic quality. The radiation exposure to neonates was 5.1 (SD 2.3) mR per film and 44.9 (SD 39.7) MR per neonate. Limited chromosomal studies revealed no detectable abnormalities. The radiation exposure to the staff was minimal. The low-radiation exposure to the staff and neonates is the result of careful attention to radiation hygiene.


Leg growth following umbilical artery catheter-associated thrombus formation: a 4-year follow-up. Fourteen children were re-examined 4 years following the radiographic demonstration of umbilical artery catheter associated thrombus formation. Positive correlations could not be established between radiographically determined femoral and/or tibial lengths, length differences, pulse pressure differences, and the location of thrombi noted on the 1971 aortograms.


The lack of effect of phototherapy on serum bilirubin-binding capacity in newborn infants. Using a Sephadex G-25 separation technique, the total bilirubin-binding capacity was measured in 18 jaundiced infants before and after phototherapy. The initial total bilirubin-binding capacity obtained at 20 to 113 hours of age averaged 17.5 +/- 4.4 mg/dl (mean +/- SD) and was unchanged during phototherapy at 34 to 135 hours of age. In ten infants, the total bilirubin-binding capacity was measured before, during, and 24 hours after the cessation of phototherapy. Here too, phototherapy did not significantly influence the TBBC. These data indicate that in vivo, phototherapy does not alter the serum bilirubin binding capacity of newborn infants.


Evaluation of rifampicin in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in children. Of the 20 patients given rifampicin and isoniazid, 19 survived and one died. Twelve patients recovered from the disease without any significant neurologic defect. Seven patients had moderate to severe handicaps which included hemiparesis in four, hydrocephalus in two,mental retardation in three, and blindness in one. There was no hearing deficit. The average hospital stay in this group was 3-1/2 weeks. Among the 13 patients given streptomycin, PAS, and isoniazid, four are dead. Only three patients recovered with a completely good condition. The remainder had either single or multiple neurologic defects. The moderate degree of nerve deafness was also observed in two patients.


Problems after adoption: some guidelines for pediatrician involvement. Adoptive families face several important parent-child confrontations relevant to the adopted status of the child, for which early intervention is indicated. These postplacement difficulties are often not rooted in psychologic disturbance but rather reflect the problem of information deprivation in adoptive parents. Specifically, confrontations arise out of telling the child of the adoption, the adoptee's need for information about the biologic parents, and the tendency of adoptees to place adoptive parents in competition with the biologic parents. The nature of these problems and guidelines for intervention by the pediatrician are detailed in this paper.


Blood volume and blood pressure in infants with respiratory distress. Mean aortic blood pressure volume were measured in true premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Seven infants had Type I RDS (hyaline membrane disease) and ten had transient tachypnea of the newborn (Type II RDS). Blood volume in the infants with Type I RDS was significantly lower than in the infants with Type II RDS. The difference was due to a low red cell volume. Mean aortic blood pressure was within the range of normal in all infants and therefore did not reflect the low blood volume of infants with Type I RDS. Normal mean aortic blood pressure does not indicate normal blood volume or normal circulation in infants with RDS.


Development of the sheep as an animal model to study placental lactogen physiology. Ovine placental lactogen, purified from term sheep cotyledons, has been found to have chemical and biologic properties similar to those of human placental lactogen, ovine growth hormone, and ovine prolactin. OPL stimulates lactation in vivo and in vitro and binds to prolactin and growth hormone membrane receptors. Its binding to growth hormone receptors is approximately 20 times greater than that of hPL, suggesting that its somatotrophic potency is greater than that of hPL. Preliminary in vivo studies in the sheep indicate that oPL affects maternal carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism and that its effects are, in part, similar to those of hPL and growth hormone.


Juvenile Wilson disease: histologic and functional studies during penicillamine therapy. Because the long-term effects of penicillamine on hepatic morphology in Wilson disease are virtually unknown, seven patients with this disorder were studied two to seven years after the onset of drug treatment. All were without symptoms at follow-up. By comparison to initial biopsies (four patients), posttreatment specimens showed either considerable reduction in portal fibrosis (two patients) or no significant change (two patients); portal inflammation and necrosis were greatly diminished or absent in three. In none was there complete restitution of normal architecture. Three patients lacked initial biopsies. In these, portal cirrhosis, inflammation and necrosis, and fatty vacuolization of the hepatocytes were present three, five, and seven years after onset of therapy. Lipofuscin pigment was abundant in follow-up biopsies. The data demonstrate that morphologic improvement is achieved in some patients with Wilson disease receiving penicilliamine, but that this is not predicted by biochemical factors. Sequential biopsies are necessary to evaluate completely the extent of healing.


Congenital hypopituitarism associated with neonatal hypoglycemia and microphallus: four cases secondary to hypothalamic hormone deficiencies. The association of hypoglycemia and microphallus in the male neonate is presumptive evidence of congenital hypopituitarism. This was observed in four male infants with normal birth weight and length, optic discs, and intelligence, and without gross central nervous system malformations. Plasma and urinary cortisol values were low. Stimulation with metyrapone and insulin hypoglycemia failed to elicit a rise in plasma corticoids, but multiple doses of ACTH evoked a response. Growth hormone responses to arginine, insulin, sleep, L-dopa, and glucagon were uniformly less than 2.5 ng/ml. In three patients, however, length remained within 2 SD of the mean until two years of age; in one, there was a sharp decrease in growth by three months. Two patients had low plasma TSH and thyroxine concentrations within the first month of life. In the other two patients, whose thyroxine levels were measurable, intravenous administration of thyrotropin-releasing factor evoked a normal rise in plasma TSH; serum thyroxine decreased into the hypothyroid range in one after GH therapy was initiated. Plasma prolactin was normal in the first two patients receiving thyroxine replacement therapy. The other two patients had elevated baseline prolactin levels and had an augmented rise in plasma prolactin after administration of TRF. Human chorionic gonadotropin induced a 10- to 15-fold rise in plasma testosterone in the two patients tested. The changes in plasma FSH and LH after luteinizing hormone-releasing factor were either low or in the prepubertal range. In three patients, treated with testosterone enanthate intramuscularly, phallic growth occurred. In addition, all three had a transient increase in height but no acceleration of skeletal maturation. The data suggest a deficiency of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones rather than a primary pituitary defect. Early recognition of this syndrome complex is critical for prompt treatment of the life-threatening cortisol deficiency. The diagnosis is more difficult in affected females because their external genitals are normal. The microphallus is a remediable manifestation of hypopituitarism.


Etiology of the electrocardiographic pattern of "incomplete right bundle branch block" in atrial septal defect: an electrophysiologic study. His bundle and right ventricular apical endocardial electrograms were recorded in 18 patients, ages five to 17 years, of whom ten had atrial septal defect of the secundum type and eight had mild aortic stenosis. The H-RVA interval was assumed to approximate conduction time from the level of the His bundle along the RBB to the site of earliest activation in the right ventricle at the RVA. The H-V interval was normal in all patients (less than or equal to 40 msec). All patients in the ASD group had an rsR' or rSr' pattern in Vl with a mean duration of 99 +/- 9 msec (86 to 116 msec); the mean duration of the H-RVA intervals was 54 +/- 6 msec in this group. In patients with AS, the surface electrocardiograms were normal, with a mean QRS duration of 82 +/- 8 msec (70 to 95 msec); the H-RVA intervals averaged 52 +/- 6 msec. The difference in the H-RVA intervals in the two groups was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.50) despite the fact that patients with ASD had significant prolongation of QRS duration (P greater than 0.001). Moreover, when functional RBB block was induced by premature atrial stimulation in the ASD group, the prolongation of QRS duration was accompanied by an increase in H-RVA interval, indicating relatively intact function of the RBB. It is concluded that the rsR' or rSr' pattern in ASD is likely to be a manifestation of right ventricular overload rather than a true conduction delay in the RBB.


Risk factors for coronary artery disease in children of affected families. Risk factors for coronary artery disease were present to a greater degree in children of men who had experienced premature myocardial infarction when compared to children of unaffected male parents. Levels of cholesterol and body weight, as well as family history of premature CAD, differed significantly between the groups of children. The chance of identifying a child with hyperlipidemia was three times greater if the father had premature CAD. Data regarding familial aggregation of risk factors for CAD are reviewed and their significance discussed.


Fucosidosis: detection of the carrier state in peripheral blood leukocytes. We have utilized the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L-fucoside to measure the activity of alpha-L-fucosidase in white blood cells and serum. We have compared the findings with those using the P-nitrophenyl derivative. pH activity curves showed two major peaks of activity in leukocyte lysates, with different specificities to these substrates. alpha-L-Fucosidase activity was determined in peripheral leukocytes. Isolated mononuclear cells (mainly lymphocytes), and granulocytes in 21 members of a family in which fucosidosis had occurred and in normal control subjects. The activity in the leukocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytes of the normal subjects was 300.7 +/- 79.8, 190.1 +/- 43.9, and 281.9 +/- 73.1 nmoles 4-methylumbelliferone/mg protein/hour with the fluorogenic substrate, and 150.0 +/- 31.8, 154.8 +/- 21.0, and 148.3 +/- 48.3 nmoles p-nitrophenol/mg protein/hour with the colorigenic substrate, respectively. No activity was detected in the patients' cells with the colorigenic substrate, whereas with the fluorogenic substrate the apparent activity varied from 0.5 to 1.1. In the lymphocytes of both of the patients' parents, two grandparents, and six other potential carriers, the activity fell between the normal and patients' values. Great variation in alpha-L-fucosidase activity, with broad overlap between normal subjects and heterozygotes, was observed in serum and plasma. Our findings indicate that detection of carriers for fucosidosis is possible by direct fucosidase determinations in isolated mononuclear cells.


Scanning electron microscopy of the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Toxocara canis, and T. mystax. Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Toxocara canis, and T. mystax were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All species under study exhibited pronounced surface ridges. The ridges formed distinctive patterns in T. canis and T. mystax. In the Ascaris species, the ridges are similar except that they are more pronounced in the eggs of A. suum. Operculumlike structures were observed only in Ascaris. Correlation of data from SEM with previously reported transmission electron microscopy suggests that the surface ridges seen in Ascaris eggs are formed by the chitinous layer of the shell.


Capillaria procyonis sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichuridae) from the esophagus of the raccoon, Procyon lotor. A new species of nematode, Capillaria procyonis, is described from the esophageal epithelium of the raccoon in southern Louisiana. This species is distinguished from other similar mammalian capillarids found in this location by the terminal location of the anus and more posterior postion of the vulva in the female. In the male there is a much longer cirrus and spicule and a unique bursalike expansion of the posterior extremity. The systematics and biological implications of the new species are discussed in relation to similar forms from carnivorous and insectivorous mammals.


Tetrameres (Tetrameres) tinamicola sp. n. from the crested tinamou, Eudromia elegans, with comments on the subgenus Petrowimeres (Nematoda: Tetrameridae). Tetrameres (Tetrameres) tinamicola sp. n. is described from the crested tinamou, Eudromia elegans, of Argentina. The new species is most similar to other alate species of the subgenus Tetrameres, but it can be differentiated on the basis of its large size, length and structure of the left spicule, and arrangement of the 5 subventral and 3 sublateral pairs of postanal papillae. A review of the subgenus Petrowimeres is presented including the reassignment of several species to the subgenus Tetrameres.


Morphological changes in cysticerci of Taenia taeniaeformis after mebendazole treatment. The progressive micromorphological changes in Taenia taeniaeformis cysticerci, induced by a single parenteral treatment of the infected mice with mebendazole, are described. The time-related alterations concerned the tegument and tegumental cells and were successively: disappearance of microtubules, accumulation of secretory substances in the Golgi areas, decrease in number to complete loss of microtriches, "ballooning" of all tegumental cells with subsequent burst, vacuolization and degeneration of the tegument, and finally necrosis of the pseudoproglottids. Similar but less pronounced injuries were seen in the scolices, although microtubules disappeared as early as in the pseudoproglottids. Microtubules from the host tissues remained intact. The meaning of the apparent primary interference of mebendazole with the microtubular system in relation to the subsequently observed death of the cysticercoids is discussed.


Fine structure of the germinal membrane of Echinococcus granulosus cysts. The ultrastructure of the hydatid cyst germinal membrane was studied. It was divided into 3 regions, the tegument, the tegumental cell region, and the innermost area bordering the cyst cavity. The morphology of tegumental, muscular, flame, duct, and glycogen-containing cells and cells containing lysosomal-like bodies is described. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the possible function of these structures and present knowledge on the penetration of macromolecules into hydatid cysts.


Axenic development of cysticercoids of Hymenolepis nana. Cysticercoids of the tapeworm Hymenolepis nana were grown axenically in vitro, from oncospheres hatched in vitro to fully developed organisms infective to mice. A gas phase of 95 N2--5 CO2 was essential for normal development.


Redescription of Acanthosentis acanthuri Cable et Quick 1954 (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae). Acanthosentis acanthuri Cable et Quick 1954 is redescribed from the type host, Acanthurus coeruleus, from Tobago, W.I. The sizes of proboscis hooks in the 3 circles is corrected to 66 to 88 mu, 30 to 40 mu, and 30 to 40 mu.


Turgecaecum longifauces gen. et sp. n. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from Suwanee bass, Micropterus notius Bailey and Hubbs, and emendation of the subfamily Caecincolinae Yamaguti 1958. A new trematode of the family Cryptogonimidae is described from Suwanee bass (Micropterus notius Bailey and Hubbs) from Florida. Turgecaecum longifauces gen. et sp. n. is characterized by having a long esophagus, precrural acetabula, short expanded ceca and vitellaria in the shoulder region. It is placed in the subfamily Caecincolinae and is compared with Caecincola Marshall and Gilbert 1905, the only other genus in the subfamily. Emendments to the subfamily are made.


Observations on the life histories of Paramacroderoides pseudoechinus sp. n. (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) and P. echinus Venard 1941, trematodes from the Florida gar. Paramacroderoides pseudoechinus sp. n. is described from the intestine of Lepisosteus platyrhincus. Life history studies reveal that developmental stages previously reported for P. echinus from gars belong instead to the new species. The account of the life history of P. echinus is emended accordingly and differences in structure and behavior between that species and P. pseudoechinus are described.


Surface features, sensory structures, and movement of the newly excysted juvenile Fasciola hepatica L. Three types of presumed sensory endings were distinguished by scanning electron microscopy: a ciliated type, a domed type, and a pit. The ciliated and domed type were also serially sectioned for transmission electron microscopy. Six of the pit type were observed, a group of 3 on each side of the oral sucker. The ciliated type were found only among the tegumental spines, and on the anterior ventrolateral surfaces except for an anterodorsal pair. The domed type resembled the ciliated type in that it had a ciliary basal body and rootlet but it lacked a cilium. It was found only in the tegument above the suckers where it probably serves as a pressure or contact receptor. Movement in vitro occurred by alternate attachment and release of the suckers with a vermiform peristalsis and the rings of spines between the suckers were considered to aid this movement in vivo.


Scanning electron microscopy of Fasciola hepatica L. during growth and maturation in the mouse. Throughout the entire life of the fluke the spines anterior to the ventral sucker are arranged in approximately 60 rings each of 60 to 70 spines. The spines on the posterior body are scattered without any pattern of rings and by 1 week post infection (p.i.) their numbers have doubled (from 3,000 on the newly excysted juvenile) to 6,000 and by 3 weeks p.i. their numbers have multiplied by 8 to 24,000. Just prior to entry into the bile ducts, between 2 and 3 weeks p.i., all spines, anterior and posterior, have metamorphosed from single pointed to multipointed forms by division at the spine tips. Spines on the anterior body of mature flukes recovered from the bile ducts of mice 26 weeks p.i. have between 10 and 15 points whereas those on the posterior body have up to 30 points. The tegument forms a rectangular pattern of plateaux and valleys around each spine on the posterior body of mature flukes but this pattern is not present on the anterior body.


The life history of Plagioporus shawi (McIntosh 1939) (Trematoda:Opecoelida), an intestinal parasite of salmonid fishes. Podocotyle shawi is transferred to the genus Plagioporus. The miracidium develops and hatches in 11 to 14 days at 22 to 25 C. The operculate snail, Lithoglyphus virens, serves as first intermediate host. Mother and daughter sporocysts develop, the latter producing cotylomicrocercous cercariae within 90 to 130 days. Cercariae encyst in the amphipod, Hyalella azteca; stonefly nymphs of the genus Arcynopteryx; mayfly nymphs of the genera Heptagenia and Paraleptophlebia; chironomid larvae of the genera Chironomus, Polypedilum, Phaenopsectra, Ablabesmyia, and Psectrocladius and caddis larvae of the genera Brachycentrus, Limnephilus, and Hydropsyche. Metacercariae 60 to 100 days old were fed to young steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri, and partially developed specimens of P. shawi were recovered 26 days later. Stonefly nymphs are believed to be the most important second intermediate host in the natural environment. The parasite seems to be restricted to the Pacific Northwest of the United States and has been reported from the silver salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch; kokanee, O. nerka; cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki; steelhead trout, S. gairdneri; and the mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni.


Accumulation and excretion of neutral lipids in the metacercaria of Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Trematoda) maintained in vitro. Histochemical and thin-layer chromatographic analyses were made on neutral lipids in Leucochloridiomorpha constantiae (Trematoda) metacercariae incubated in non-nutrient Locke's solution at 37.5 or 42 C for 24 hr. As determined by Oil Red O staining, lipid droplets accumulate mainly in the intestine of incubated worms. Attempts to distinguish specific neutral lipid fraction of metacercariae obtained directly from snails is free sterol. During incubation, metacercariae accumulate triglycerides and to a lesser extent cholesterol esters, and excrete free sterol into the medium.


Observations on the life cycle of Carneophallus brevicaeca (Africa et Garcia 1935) comb. n. (Digenea: Microphallidae). Metacercariae of Carneophallus brevicaeca (Africa et Garcia 1935) comb. n. from the muscles of naturally infected shrimps, Macrobrachium sp., were force-fed to laboratory-reared 4- to 5-day-old albino rats and day-old chicks. Ovigerous worms were recovered from the small intestines of the rats after 1 to 5 days, and gradually disappeared in 10 days. Only 1 of 10 chicks was positive 24 hr after exposure. These findings contribute to out knowledge of the mode of transmission, prevention, and control of this medically important trematode in some regions of the Philippines where raw Macrobrachium sp. is consumed.


Cultivating Lithoglyphopsis aperta Temcharoen, a new snail host for Schistosoma japonicum, Mekong strain. Lithoglyphopsis aperta Temcharoen, a new intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum, Mekong strain, was cultivated successfully through the F2 generation with the use of a petri dish aquarium provided with mud and alga. The incubation period of eggs was about 4 weeks; the young grew to maturity in 16 to 20 weeks; egg-laying followed about 6 to 8 weeks later, the cycle taking roughly 6 months. The husked eggs were deposited exclusively at the edge and wall of the aquarium. Eggs were hemispherical and with the husks were between 0.37 and 0.43 mm in diameter. The newly hatched young were only 0.24 mm in shell length and the full-grown snails were 3.11 to 3.36 mm long. Logarithmic growth began between the 12th and 14th weeks.


Eimeria Macyi sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the eastern pipistrelle, Pipistrellus subflavus, from Alabama. The subspherical to broadly ellipsoidal oocysts of Eimeria macyi measure 16 to 21 by 15 to 19 mu (mean 19.0 by 17.6 mu), and sporocysts measure 10 to 12 by 6 to 8 mu (mean 11.0 by 7.0 mu). The rough walled oocysts lack a micropyle and residuum, but a sporocyst residuum and polar granule are present. This is the first description of coccidian oocysts from the genus Pipistrellus.


Pancreatic chymotrypsin as the essential enzyme for excystation of Eimeria tenella. Sporocysts from the protozoan parasite, Eimeria tenella, were isolated, preincubated with sodium taurocholate, and treated with various preparations of pancreatic enzymes. Crude trypsin, crude lipase, and purified alpha-chymotrypsin all could break the shells of sporocysts and release sporozoites. Purified trypsin was much less active than crude trypsin and purified lipase showed no activity at all. Specific inhibitors of  chymotrypsin, tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethane, diphenylcarbamyl chloride, and chymostatin inhibited the release of sporozoites by all the enzyme samples, whereas tosyl-L-lysyl chloromethane, a specific inhibitor of trypsin, exerted no inhibitory effect. It is thus postulated that chymotrypsin, not trypsin, is an essential enzyme involved in excystation of E. tenella. Purified chymotrypsin is recommended to replace crude trypsin in the vitro excystation of E. tenella as a likely improved procedure.


Insect juvenile hormone mimics against the short-nosed cattle louse, Haematopinus eurysternus Denny (Anoplura), and their effect on warbles of Hypoderma sp. Latr. (Diptera:Oestridae). Insect juvenile hormone mimics (IJH) at 0.1 and 0.01% were used as sprays for control of the short-nosed cattle louse, Haematopinus eurysternus Denny, on 11 heavily infested Hereford cows. A significant reduction of lice occurred although eradication was achieved in only one case. Severe reactions, apparently associated with the death or failure of complete development of cattle grub larvae, Hypoderma sp. Latr., were seen in the IJH-treated cows.


Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in lambs: hemodynamic and ventilatory changes with breathing. Left diaphragmatic hernias were produced surgically in ten control lambs at term, and in 19 lambs in 127-144 days' gestation. The hemodynamic and ventilatory changes that occur following delivery and attempted spontaneous breathing were noted. The herniated viscera effectively occluded the diaphragmatic defect, and all lambs were capable of developing negative intrathoracic pressure. Pulmonary artery pressure remained consistently elevated in all lambs with diaphragmatic hernia produced early in gestation. The lambs with diaphragmatic hernia early in gestation had hypoplastic lung with abnormally low air capacity and compliance.


Effect of dry and humidified gases on the respiratory epithelium in rabbits. A laboratory study was conducted in rabbits to compare histologic changes in the lungs and bronchi after prolonged dry anesthesia and humidified anesthesia. Dry anesthesia caused severe damage to the respiratory epithelium, which was not observed with humidified controls.


Microcirculatory changes in the gastrointestinal tract of the hypoxic puppy: an electron microscope study. Hypoxia and hypovolemia result in similar ultrastructural changes. These changes are characterized by aggregation of platelets and leukocytes in the vascular space, focal endothelial cell disruption, and appearance of increased amounts of perivascular edema, and loss of ultrastructural organization of the mucosal cell. These changes appear to relate to variations in blood flow to the mucosa of different areas of the bowel and to follow the distribution observed for necrotizing enterocolitis in the human infant.


Effect of stress and aspirin on extrahepatic portal hypertension in rats. Extrahepatic portal hypertension was induced in rats by portal venous constriction. Portal pressures on the fourth postconstriction day were significantly elevated in PVC rats when compared to control rats. Splenoportograms showed decreased hepatic flow and venous collaterals. Histologic sections showed gastric mucosal congestion in PVC rats. Gastric acid production and H+ ion equilibration were similar in PVC and control rats. Rats with portal hypertension had a significant increase (p less than 0.001) in mucosal erosions when subjected to a 7-hr restraint stress. Erosion formation was significantly augmented by aspirin administration. Although the exact relationship between the stress of a respiratory infection and variceal bleeding is unknown, these data demonstrate an increased susceptibility of PVC rats to nonhemorrhagic stress. This response is clearly augmented by aspirin treatment. Gastric congestion and the known effect of aspirin on gastric mucosal permeability and the gastric mucosal barrier are implicated in these observations. These findings correlated with clinical observations and strongly suggest avoidance of aspirin therapy in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension.


Surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension in children. In fourteen children with renovascular hypertension the most prevalent lesion was fibromuscular dysplasia (nine patients). Nephrectomy was performed in four patients prior to the adoption of reconstructive vascular techniques. Revascularization of a variety of lesions was employed with autogenous arterial grafts, which gave excellent results over a long follow-up period in ten patients. Ex vivo microvascular repair was used in one patient rather than nephrectomy for management of branch artery lesions. These results indicate that careful and precise arterial repairs will yield a high cure rate in children with renovascular hypertension without the sacrifice of renal parenchyma.


Assessment of pulmonary wedge resection for the treatment of lung metastases. Wedge resection for pulmonary metastases was performed on 18 children suffering from a variety of malignant tumors. The overall survival rate was 39%. However, tumor recurred at or near the site of resection in half the patients. A more extensive resection, such as lobectomy, should be considered for most patients. Wedge resection should be reserved for tumor involving many lobes or for neoplasms having a demonstrated sensitivity to chemotherapy and irradiation.


Complications of abdominal exploration and splenectomy in staging children with Hodgkin's disease. Until alternate diagnostic methods are discovered, the staging procedure seems to be the most reliable method to establish the presence or absence of abdominal involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Our experience with staging laparotomy in 22 children raises serious questions as to both the risk of operation and the prognostic value of a negative abdominal exploration. Routine use of the staging laparotomy may not be justified in clinical Stage IA patients with lymphocyte-predominant cell type. Because of the hazards and limitations of the staging procedure, vigorous attempts would seem to be indicated to identify subcategories of patients in whom the likelihood of intraabdominal involvement is so small as to negate the value of surgical staging.


Ongoing cirrhosis after successful porticoenterostomy in infants with biliary atresia. Thirty-one patients were treated by portoenterostomy procedures for extrahepatic biliary atresia. In 20, there was unequivocal evidence of bile drainage. Eleven of these 20 were restudied from 3 to 23 mo postoperatively by liver biopsy. The clinical condition of most of these infants was satisfactory. Despite absence of clinical jaundice, normal rose bengal scan, and normal liver function studies, eight showed progressive degrees of hepatic fibrosis when compared to the results of the biopsy taken at the time of portoenterostomy. Two patients showed stable histology and one, after progressing on a second biopsy, had normal liver histology on a third study. The implications of progressive hepatic histopathology despite bile drainage are discussed.


Hepatic artery ligation for exsanguinating liver injuries in children. Selective hepatic dearterialization for exsanguinating liver injury has been performed in two young children without untoward sequelae. It appears to be a safe, simple, life-saving maneuver, as has been shown in adults. Simultaneous cholecystectomy and drainage of the extrahepatic biliary tree does not seem necessary. Postoperative studies in these two patients showed normal liver functions, normal liver scintiscans, and in one case, early rearterialization of the devascularized lobe by translobar collaterals. We would urge the use of this relatively simple procedure in place of major hepatic resection for selected severe hepatic injuries.


Peptic ulcer in children with gastric tube interposition. An infrequent, but potentially serious, complication of gastric tube interposition is ulceration within the conduit. It is important, therefore, to recognize ulcer formation in its early stages by serial radiographs throughout the childhood years. While redundancy and partial obstruction with impaired drainage of the tube appear to be etiologic factors, distension of the transposed antrum may lead to hyperacidity and may play a role in ulcerogenesis. A course of dietary and antacid therapy may heal the ulcer, but surgical revision of the tube may prove necessary.


Management of acquired tracheal obstructions in infancy. Endoscopic resection of tracheal subglottic stenosis can be performed safely and effectively. With careful selection, some stenotic rings can be excised without the requirement for prior tracheostomy. Endoscopic resection does not supplant other methods of dilatation, injection, or stenting of subglottic scars, but early resection in appropriate cases may reduce the number of dilatations and obviate the need for a stent and systemic steroids.


Aeromedical transportation for infants and children. Transfer of a critically ill child to a pediatric center is indicated when patient needs have exceeded local expertise or facilities. It is illogical to impose on the referring hospital the added burden of transporting such a patient. The receiving hospital is better equipped to extend its specialized services by assuming responsibility for interim management and transfer of the patient. An aeromedical transport system capable of quick response was built around National Guard helicopters. In 21 cases, doctors, nurses, and equipment were flown to children in community hospitals, and urgent treatment was begun in half the time formerly possible. Only after the patients were stabilized were they returned safely under continuing appropriate management. The helicopter is a versatile and speedy tool to deliver expertise and equipment when and where needed. Timely arrival of specialty services can be expected to improve patient care and salvage.


A state-wide survey of index pediatric surgical conditions. A statewide survey of pediatric surgery was sponsored by the Connecticut Society of American Board Surgeons to determine the general surgeons attitudes about performing routine and complex pediatric surgery, the absolute volume of index pediatric surgical conditions in the state, and the proportion treated by pediatric and nonpediatric surgeons. The incidence of index conditions studied was very similar to those previously reported. Approximately one half of all index cases were treated by nonpediatric surgeons, indicating that the number of pediatric surgeons could be increased, and possibly doubled, if all index procedures were performed by pediatric surgeons. Two-thirds of responding surgeons recognized the need for a regional neonatal surgical center. Regional or statewise surveys of index surgical conditions are recommended to determine regional manpower needs.


Neonatal small left colon syndrome: intramural not intraluminal obstruction. We have described a characteristic syndrome of intestinal dysfunction in infants of diabetic mothers. This finding appears to result from a transient intramural dysfunction. Many respond to rectal irrigations alone. However, a significant number will require close observation and possible diversion for persistent partial intestinal obstruction. Failure to recognize persistent obstruction may result in intestinal perforation.


Reconstruction of previously diverted urinary tract in children. We tried to reconstruct partly or completely the urinary tract in nine patients who underwent, some years before, attempts at urinary diversion, for severe urinary tract diseases, using the intestine as an ureteral or a bladder subtitute. Our aim was to do a two-stage procedure, trying to reconstruct one normal side without the use of bowel, then within 6 mo to reevaluate the reconstructed side and, if correct, to do a transureteroureterostomy from the diverted side into the reconstructed side. Two patients were operated on this way and cured. We then advanced to a more aggressive approach with a one-stage procedure. Two more patients were operated on and cured. We then attempted reconstruction in patients when the ureter was no longer available. Two patients were operated on using a tapered and reimplanted piece of small bowel in the bladder and cured. Next we came to the patients in whom neither ureter nor bladder was available. Two patients were undiverted from an ileal loop and transformed into an ureterosigmoidostomy with transureterostomy, with achievement of continence. Finally, when neither ureter, nor bladder, nor even rectum was available, one patient on hemodialysis for a nonfunctioning Duhamel rectal bladder was converted into a functioning ileal loop and freed from dialysis. Technical points are discussed, focused on a two-stage procedure with one reimplantation and a transureteroureterostomy. When a permanent diversion must be done, today, for rare indications, we prefer to perform a sigmoid conduit.


Recurrent intussusception in children.

Recurrent intussusception in children. Twenty-eight children with 35 recurrent intussusceptions were collected and analyzed from a series of 600 intussusceptions over 17 yr. The overall recurrence rate in the entire series was 5% with 11% recurring after hydrostatic barium enema reduction, and 3% after operative reduction. Twenty-three children had one recurrence each, four children had two recurrences, and one child had four recurrent intussusceptions. More than two-thirds of the patients had a recurrence within 6 mo of their first intussusception, and half of these presented earlier and with fewer signs and symptoms than the previous attack had manifested. Twenty-one of 30 recurrences were reduced with barium enema. Sixteen were operated on, reducing nine manually and resecting four others. Only two leading points were found, and in both instances resection was required. All but two of the intussusceptions were ileocolic. The previous mode of reduction of each intussusception did not  set a trend for future treatment of recurrent intussusceptions in the same child. While operative reduction diminishes the chances of a recurrent intussusception and ileocolic resection eliminates it, there does not seem to be any indication for surgery as long as barium enema reduction is successful. We have never observed the hydrostatic reduction of an intussusception caused by a leading point.


Surgical management of hiatal hernia in children. Hiatal hernia should be included in the differential diagnosis of all children with emesis and failure to thrive, since early diagnosis is imperative to prevent the irreversible esophageal damage from long-standing peptic esophagitis. The Nissen fundoplication as described in this paper appears to be far superior to gastropexy in preventing recurrence of gastroesophageal reflux. Colon interposition should be reserved for those cases in which hiatal herniorrhaphy is technically impossible. Successful repair of the hiatal hernia results in rapid improvement in the nutritional status of these children.


Significance of absent vas deferens at hernia repair in infants and children. An absent vas deferens may be associated with unilateral renal agenesis or undiagnosed cystic fibrosis. Such patients should be further evaluated with a sweat chloride and intravenous pyelogram. The finding of absent vas deferens during exploration for an undescended testis does not provide absolute evidence for absence of the testis, since these structures have independent embryologic origins.


Direct influence of blood viscosity on pulmonary vascular resistance. When cardiac output is maintained constant in the intact animal, changes in blood viscosity exert a direct and rapid effect on pulmonary vascular resistance. The presence of intact cardiopulmonary reflex mechanisms does not alter the direct influence of blood viscosity on pulmonary vascular resistance.


Corrective treatment of isolated ventricular septal defect in infancy. Intracardiac correction of VSD in infants should be indicated if the mortality and morbidity of the operation at this age group is lower than cumulative mortality of pulmonary artery banding plus second-staged procedure mortality. Experience with closure of VSD in 23 patients under 1 yr of age with 4% mortality and low morbidity is presented. Indications for operation are: (1) intractable heart failure; (2) persistence or progression of pulmonary hypertension; and (3) failure of banding procedure. Deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest facilitated the intracardiac repair in all patients. Mortality and morbidity related to the banding procedure are emphasized, and it is suggested that banding be restricted only to patients with associated coarctation of the aorta or to patients with multiple muscular ventricular septal defects in whom left ventriculotomy can be safely performed at an older age.


Iatrogenic ileal atresia secondary to clamping of an occult omphalocele. Clamping of an occult omphalocele has led to complete division of an entrapped loop of ileum in two instances. The proximal end has been sealed in the process, producing an iatrogenic ileal atresia. The clinical picture in both instances differed from that usually found with ileal atresia. Escape of a small amount of meconium from the transected cord was noted in one, and the stump of the cord in the other appeared red and engorged. Clamping the umbilical cord routinely at least 5 cm from the abdominal wall is recommended.


Pancreaticoduodenectomy in the treatment of congenital fibrosarcoma of the duodenum. A 2-mo-old female with congenital fibrosarcoma causing duodenal obstruction had a pancreaticoduodenectomy. She is doing well with the aid of oral pancreatic enzyme supplements 14 mo after her pancreaticoduodenectomy with no evidence of tumor recurrence or pancreatic endocrine dysfunction.


A genesis of the lung complicated by vascular compression and bronchomalacia. A child with compression of a solitary left bronchus was treated by anterior fixation of the great vessels and dividing the ductus arteriosus, which proved ineffective. Bronchial resection was performed but was also ineffective because there was persistent compression by the aorta. Aortic graft was finally elected but the infant died later with sepsis. From this experience we believe it would be better in another similar case to graft the aorta initially if necessary to insure complete relief of bronchial compression, reserving resection of the collapsing bronchial segment as a secondary procedure should functional obstruction persist.


Determination of fetal maturity and of development of the fetal lungs by means of combined methods. The validity of the assessment of the fetal age and pulmonary maturity was evaluated on 369 patients at various stages of normal pregnancy and complicated by diabetes, toxemia and fetal anencephaly. Gestational maturity was assessed by ultrasonic measurement of the fetal biparietal diameter and by analysing constituents of amniotic fluid (creatinine, bilirubin, fat cells) while pulmonary maturity was assessed from the L/S ratio in the amniotic fluid. Each individual method has a wide margin of error, however, ultrasound cephalometry gave the best prediction for determination of fetal age. In 135 selected cases lung maturity was assessed by using two techniques, a thin layer chromatographic determination of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in the amniotic fluid and a rapid semiquantitative test to determine the titre of surfactant which generates stable foam in presence of ethanol. The results obtained by the two methods correlated well and were reliable in predicting the respiratory distress syndrome. It appears that these methods make it possible to obtain greater margins of reliability. The role of fetal and maternal factors in the maturation of fetal lungs was also studied in several pathological conditions and it was noted that in many cases of maternal diabetes mellitus lung maturity was reached at a later age than in normal pregnancies. It is condluded that if termination of pregnancy is indicated, the physician should rely more on the assessment of lung maturity than on indicators of gestational age.


External cephalic version under tocolysis. We currently consider the external version of the fetus from a breech to a vertex presentation near term the best solution to the disadvantages of a breech delivery for mother and child. Version at such a late time in gestation is only possible with the aid of the tocolytic relaxation of the uterus as recommended by us. This method offers two important advantages over the conventional method of external version, the performance of which after the 34th week of gestation has been discouraged because of the poor chance for success: 1. Because of the relatively decreased intrauterine space during the last month of pregnancy the fetus will revert less readily to a breech. 2. In the event of a complication during external version the immediate operative delivery of the mature infant near term is possible. After the presentation of the fetus has been diagnosed by ultrasound the mother is given 20-50 micrograms Fenoterol (Partusisten) intravenously simultaneously with an inhalation analgesia. The version itself is effected by positioning the hands of the operator against the fetal forehead and by turning the infant as in a backwards roll. If this fails, the dose of the tocolytic agent may be increased. In cases with extended legs the chances for success appear to be decreased. The completed version should be confirmed with an ultrasound examination and the undisturbed status of the fetus should be documented with a cardiotocogram immediately after the version. The following results were achieved: The external version was successful in 43 of 57 pregnant women (75%). If the material is selected more critically, over 80% of the attempted versions should be successful. We have now delivered 40 infants as vertex presentations after a previously diagnosed breech presentation. The frequency of breech deliveries in our hospital has decreased by 2.6% from 5.4% to 2.9% since the introduction of version. The decrease is statistically significant. Convincing evidence that version has decreased fetal risk from breech delivery is found in a comparison of the newborn status. The decrease in the percentages of clinically depressed and acidotic newborns is also statistically significant. The failure rate does not appear to increase with increasing gestational age. There is no correlation between parity and failure or between maternal age and failure. So far we have seen no serious complications. In 5 of 24 cardiotocograms recorded a transient fetal bradycardia occurred immediately after the version which disappeared after a few minutes of maternal lateral position.


The effect of palliative surgery on the survival of central nervous system malformations. Patients suffering from hydrocephalus alone or in combination with spinal defect were investigated in this retrospective study. The cases were grouped to those who did not have any treatment to relieve the symptoms of hydrocephalus and to those who receive certain palliative therapy. Comparisons were made between the groups regarding the life-span and the incidence of secondary complications. The life-span showed a close agreement within the groups, but the occurrence and the severity of secondary complications were found to be less in the treated group. While the reasons are acceptable which are given to select the patients for the initial closure of the spinal defect there seems to be no justification in with-holding palliative surgery for the treatment of hydrocephalus.


The maintenance of a stable baseline in intra-uterine pressure with varying maternal position--a practical approach. When measuring intra-uterine pressure, the tracing baseline varies according to maternal position because of changes in hydrostatic pressure. To compensate for this effect, the membrane of the transducer should always be kept close to the uterine fundus. An additional advantage of this method is that it enables the use of a short catheter, thus causing less tracing artifacts.


Effects of standing position on spontaneous uterine contractility and other aspects of labor. The aim of this paper has been to compare the uterine contractility, pain produced by contractions and comfort of the patients between standing and supine position. The study has been performed in twenty normal nulliparae who were changed from supine to standing position and viceversa at intervals of approximately thirty minutes. Intrauterine pressure and fetal heart rate were continuously monitored. Cervial dilatation was evaluated every thirty minutes. No medication was given to the patients. They were asked to assess the pain produced by uterine contractions in each one of both positions and which was the more comfortable. It has been found: 1. That the intensity of contractions was significantly higher in fifteen out of the twenty patients in standing position. 2. Frequency of contractions diminished significantly in one third of the patients. 3. Uterine activity increased significantly in half of them. 4. Consistently, less pain accompanied uterine contractions in standing position. 5. Patients reported more comfort in this position. The average duration of labor was 3 hrs 55 min. This duration is short, compared with standard clinical experience and with published data. No complications occurred, by the use of standing position during labor, on the mother or fetus. The physiological mechanisms responsible for the above mentioned effects of standing position are unknown. It is condluced that there are no clear arguments against the use of standing position during labor and that this position should be used more frequently in clinical obstetrics, provided obstetrical conditions are similar to those reported in this paper.


Complexity, extremity, and affect in male and female judgments. Two studies were conducted to elucidate aspects of the interpersonal judement process as it is applied to and by males and females. Measurement of judgments by means of the Role Construct Repertory Test allowed consideration of cognitive complexity scores, as well as the use of extreme ratings and a total affective rating. Consistent findings from both studies suggest that males and females differ in their use of extreme scores and total affective ratings, but not in complexity. Characteristics of the stimulus person affect each of the three dependent measures. Interrelationships among the three judgmental measures provide information about the methodological and conceptual interplay of various factors in interpersonal judgment.


Extraversion, arousal, and speed of retrieval from secondary storage. Fifty-two subjects were assigned to one of four groups on the basis of scores on the Extraversion scale of the Eysenck Personality  Inventory and on the General Activation scale of the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List. The subjects learned two lists composed of categorically related groups of words, with the number of categories and the number of words per category varied. Memory was probed by simultaneously presenting the subject with a category name and an item-position cue, and recording the recall latency. The major finding was that activation and extraversion interactively determined the recall latency for both category and item recall. The results were considered in light of arousal theory.


Field dependent eating and perception as a function of weight and sex. It was hypothesized that the greater influence of external cues on obese than on normal individuals' eating behavior is a manifestation of a generalized sensitivity to external cues. Responsivity of nut consumption to the external cue of shells on the nuts and responsivity of judgment of verticality to the external cue of a tilted visual field were assessed for male and female, obese and normal-weight subjects. As predicted, both obese subjects' nut consumption and their judgments of verticality were more influenced by external cues than were those of normals. Females' judgments of verticality were more influenced by external cues than males' were, but the sex differences in eating behavior were not statistically significant. A significant correlation between the field dependence of subjects' eating behavior and their judgments of verticality suggests that a single cause may generate sensitivity to external cues in these two diverse situations.


Hostility as a function of the opportunity to counteraggress. Half of the subjects, college students, were insulted by the experimenter while half were not. Within each of these conditions, half of the subjects were led to believe they would have an opportunity to administer electric shock to the experimenter, while the other half were not. A measure of hostility toward the experimenter was taken before there was any actual opportunity to shock him. As predicted from reactance theory, it was found that the mere opportunity to shock the experimenter reduced hostility that was produced by his insulting behavior. Alternative interpretations and implications were discussed.


Effects of explicit instructions to "be creative" on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking test scores. The Alternate Uses Test was administered to 50 undergraduate males instructed to produce creative (i.e., novel and worthwhile) uses and to 55 comparable subjects simply instructed to produce as many uses as possible. All uses were rated for creativity. An index of self-assessed creative thinking ability correlated significantly more strongly (p less than .05) with the number of creative uses produced in the qualitatively-oriented condition than with the number of creative or total uses produced in the standard, quantitatively-oriented condition. The correlation between self-rated creative ability and creative uses production in the qualitatively-oriented condition remained significant (p less than .001) after indices of achievement motivation and general verbal aptitude were partialled out. The results were interpreted as demonstrating the value of coordinating informative divergent thinking test instructions with qualitative scoring criteria.


How relevant is an individual difference theory of personality? Doubts are raised as to the extent of "applicability of the conceptualization that "personality" consists "of more or less  stable internal factors that make one person's behavior consistent from one time to another, and different from the behavior other people would manifest in comparable situations". This is done by demonstrating the questionable validity of much of the extant empirical support  for the "personality" concept. Respondents on interpersonal checklists, personality inventories and questionnaire interviews are shown to unwittingly  sub stitute a theory of conceptual likenesses for a description of behavioral co-occurrences. Considerations about similarity are confounded with judgments about probability to such an extent that items alike in concept are inferred to be behaviorally characteristic of the same person even when, as is typically the case, conceptual relationships among items do not correspond to the actual behavioral relationships among items. Examined are extant "personality theories" having to do with children's social behavior, adult behavior in small groups, maternal socialization practices, and psychopathology. These "theories" are shown to be no more than statements about how respondents (and psychologists) classify things as alike in meaning.


The need for approval and the private versus public disclosure of self. The relationship between need for approval and public and private self-disclosure was evaluated. Sixty female college students discussed their preferences for a steady date with a confederate in confidence or after having given permission for their comments to be cited in lectures or a book. The results showed that high-need-for-approval subjects revealed themselves more intimately in public than in private conditions wheras low- and moderate-need subjects disclosed more intimately in private than in public. The results not only demonstrated the strength of the effect of social evaluation on the behavior of high-need subjects, but also suggested that personality must be accounted for in self-disclosure research before factors influencing self-disclosure may be understood completely.


The measurement of self-actualization: a critical review of the Personal Orientation Inventory. Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) was reviewed in terms of its reliability and validity. The use of the POI in counseling and psychotherapeutic settings was emphasized. Faking and social desirability were also discussed in light of existing evidence. It was concluded that the POI offers great potential for use in counseling contexts but in its present state should be considered a research instrument.


Reliability of a sentence completion measure of ego development. Studied the reliability of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test by giving 51 9th graders and 26 college students the test twice, a week apart. For 9th graders the design included a test-retest group and two groups given half of the test at each session. Although test-retest correlations were high for the 9th graders, retest scores dropped significantly. With college students (a) test-retest correlations through positive and significant were lower, (b) retest scores did not change systematically, and (c) percentage agreement between test and retest scores was high. Discrepant results were related to motivational set and variance in test scores. Split-half correlations and internal consistency coefficients were high. Likelihood of lower retest scores makes problematic the use of this test for short term pretest-posttest studies seeking to stimulate ego development.


Simulation of brain damage on the Bender-Gestalt test by college subjects. The study found that nonbraindamaged college subjects could not simulate organicity on the Bender-Gestalt test when instructed to do so. Although Pascal-Suttell and Canter scoring methods failed to differentiate malingerers from an organic criterion group, an ABPP clinician sorted 89% of the records correctly in a pilot study. Differentiating criteria were then spelled out from the pilot study protocols. In the main study the expert clinician correctly identified all 20 malingerers. Subsequent studies of intra- and inter-rater reliability produced satisfactory results.


Comparison of three abbreviated MMPIs for psychiatric patients and normals. Two studies, one using 242 psychiatric patients and the other 120 normal college students, were conducted to evaluate the predictive potential of three abbreviated MMPIs namely the Midi-Mult, Hugo abbreviated MMPI and Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI. With regard to psychiatric inpatients, the Faschingbauer abbreviated MMPI-scale group means were markedly similar, highly correlated, and seemed to be a fairly accurate substitute for the MMPI in predicting clinical types. Numerous deficiencies were evident when using the Midi-Mult or Hugo abbreviated MMPI, especially with regard to classification analysis concerning validity, mean raw score scale differences and high point codes. In contrast, results from a normal college sample showed close statistical correspondence, high comparability in identifying valid and invalid profiles as well as high correspondence with respect to high point codes and general profile elevations regardless of which abbreviated form was used.


Self-derogation and defense style in college students. The self-concept literature generally shows that different measures of self-acceptance and self-satisfaction are positively related to psychological adjustment and several measures of defensiveness. In order to understand clearly the relationship between self-concept and adjustment it is also important to consider characteristic defense styles. With this purpose in mind, Kaplan, and Pokorny's Self-derogation scale, three of the most commonly used measures of defensive styles, and a measures of trait-anxiety, were administered to 158 college students. Self-derogation correlated positively with repression-sensitization and trait-anxiety, and negatively with general defensiveness. A positive relationship between self-derogation and ego-control was also found. The results were interpreted as consistent with self theory.


Individual differences in helping dispositions. The intent of this report is to present research relevant to developing an instrument to assess helping dispositions (HDS). In its final form, 55 items can be dimensionalized into 20 component scales and 14 composite indicators of predispositions to help. Discriminations included in HDS include: psychological versus task help; helping in group settings versus helping in individual settings; and wanting to help, having the ability to help, being able to recognize when help is needed, having reasons for not helping, and actually helping. Evidence of both high internal consistency and different types of validity have been generated through four administrations of HDS involving a total of 611 college and noncollege subjects. The most robust scales appeared to be the motivation to help scales and the helping in group situations scale. Implications for further research are noted.


Self-other orientations and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Because the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) confounds the respondent's self and other-orientations, it was modified to measure both orientations on each of the 15 personality variables. Thirty-seven university students and their spouses were administered the modified EPPS. Their reliability was significantly higher than Edwards reports for his college student sample which was given his standard instrument. Also, the respondents were shown to have different preferences for themselves than for others, both over-all and for specific scales on the modified instrument.


Are Rorschach responses influenced by society's change? It is generally believed that people "normally" see male figures on Card III and females on Card VII, and that seeing females on III by males may be an indication of confused sexuality. Brown (1971) suggests that recently there has been a marked increase in the number of males who see females on III and that this indicates a cultural change toward a blurring sex roles. Present findings are that male subjects through 60 years of age see substantial numbers of females on Card III. More males do see females on III in 1970 than earlier, but it seems to be the age of the subject more than the decade in which he lives that primarily determines response.


A role-play Rorschach procedure.

A role-play Rorschach procedure. Rorschach responses of three subjects were used to stimulate the type of role-playing popularized by Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy. The standard Rorschachs were given first. Afterwards, each subject was presented with certain of his or her own images as a stimulus for the role-playing. The subjects consisted of a 19-year-old female with severe anxiety attacks, an 11-year-old lad diagnosed as having minimal cerebral dysfunction, and a 46-year-old man who had undergone two years of successful psychotherapy. It is proposed that the resulting data are valuable in expanding and clarifying the psychological meaning of the Rorschach images. Further, the procedure can be utilized, if desired, as a spur to therapeutic involvement.


Cognitive tempo as a Rorschach color variable. The study investigated the relation of cognitive impulsivity (Kagan, 1966) to color responding on the Rorschach. Chromatic Rorschach Plates II, III, VII, IX and X were administered to 30 male and 43 female subjects. Subjects were then categorized as Impulsive or Reflective according to performance on the Matching Familiar Figures Test. Impulsive subjects made more C and CF responses than Reflective subjects. They also responded more quickly than Reflectives though that difference did not reach significance. The data supported the hypothesis relating impulsivity to color responding. Implications for theories of emotionality and color shock were discussed.


Prediction of suicide: a replication study. As part of an ongoing study on the prediction of suicide, a replication study was carried out on the Neuropsychiatric Hospital Suicide Potential Scale (NPHSPS), a recently constructed schedule for prediction of potentiality for committed suicide among hospitalized neuropsychiatric patients at the time of release from the hospital. The population consisted of 54 patients who had committed suicide and 50 patients who had not. Overall accuracy of the scale was 81.7 percent, with 95.2 percent accuracy for prediction of the high risk group and 80.0 percent accuracy for prediction of nonsuicidal controls. By computation of posterior probability, the scale is shown to increase accuracy of prediction more than five-fold over use of the base rate (or prior probability) alone, but it is also evident the level of prediction of suicide is still too minimal to permit individual clinical application.


The measurement of creativity by the Stroop Color and Word Test. The development of a valid and reliable measure of creativity has been a challenging problem to psychologists. Gamble and Kellner (1968) have suggested that the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) might be such a measure. The advantages of the Stroop include that it tests basic processes, is stable over long periods of time, and is easy to administer and score. The present study investigated the relationship of the Stroop to three independent measures of creativity: a verbal task, a nonverbal task, and ratings by teachers. In all cases a significant relationship was found between these measures and the Stroop interference score. A concept of creativity as a basic underlying process is discussed by the author as well as implications for further research.


Interpersonal styles of Vietnam Era veterans. The study aims were to identify the interpersonal style characteristics of Vietnam Era veterans by comparison with World War II veterans. The sample included 3,075 veterans in treatment in 47 VA health care facilities. Patients were categorized as medical-surgical, psychiatric, and drug addicted, and divided by age into the 24 or less, and the 45 to 55 age groups. The measuring device was the Interpersonal Style Inventory. Group differences on the 17 scores were tested by discriminant function analyses. The Vietnam Era veterans were found to be more rebellious, mistrustful, adventure-seeking and expedient than the older veterans.


Recalled parental behavior and objective personality measures: a canonical analysis. Information about an individual's past relationships with his parents is an important component in psychological assessment procedures. To systematically connect these relationships and personality, two groups of college students completed an objective inventory designed to assess parental child rearing behaviors. Canonical correlational analysis was employed to relate these measures to the CPI and MMPI. A recalled parental behavior component described as Acceptance vs. Hostile Detachment/Involvement emerged as being highly related to aspects of both personality inventories, with greater recalled acceptance (and lesser recalled hostility) being associated with the more positive aspects of personality. Additional findings are enumerated.


Effects of personality-situation locus of control congruence. The effects of combining personality and situation differences in locus of control on cheating behavior were tested. Eighty college students (36 male and 44 female) were classified as having relatively high internal or external locus of control beliefs using Rotter's Internal-External Scale. In subsequent individually conducted sessions, subjects were given the opportunity to falsely report success (i.e., to cheat) when success was objectively impossible and when the outcome was described as due to either skill or chance. A significant (p less than .001) Personality X Situation locus of control interaction found cheating more prevalent in congruent personality-situation combinations (internal-skill and external-chance) than in incongruent combinations (internal-chance and external-skill). Additional significant effects involving task persistence and postoperformance effort ratings suggested accounting for the results in an achievement motivational framework. As the Personality X Situation Locus of control interaction accounted for a large proportion of the variance, the results were considered to be supportive of an interactionist position regarding behavior prediction.


An experimental study of crowding: effects of room size, intrusion, and goal blocking on nonverbal behavior, self-disclosure, and self-reported stress. This study hypothesized that stress in high room density, or crowding, depends on interpersonal disturbances such as intrusion and goal blocking. High room density was expected to intensify individual reactions to these disturbances. In a 2 X 2 X 2 design, groups of six male college students containing three subjects and three confederates were placed in a large or small room. Subjects and confederates interacted in pairs; confederates introduced intrusion by leaning forward, touching subjects, and attempting 80% eye contact as confederates talked. Goal blocking involved inattention and interruptions as subjects talked. Interactions were videotaped through two-way mirrors to record nonverbal behaviors associated with affiliation and stress. Subjects also completed self-report measures of stress and self-disclosure. Intrusion led to initial discomfort that decreased with time, and lower levels of facial regard. Goal blocking produced self-reported irritation that increased with time, and lower levels of facial regard, gesturing, and positive head nodding. Contrary to predictions, stress responses to intrusion and goal blocking were not intensified by high room density. Lower levels of affiliative behavior were viewed as coping responses to interpersonal disturbances--subjects apparently coped successfully with intrusion, but not with goal blocking. Results are interpreted in terms of a sequential, interpersonal model of crowding.


Waiting for a crowd: the behavioral and perceptual effects of anticipated crowding. An experiment was conducted in which subjects were convinced that crowding was imminent. It was hypothesized that the arousal of expectations of crowding would cause subjects to behave in ways suggesting that they were preparing for the experience of crowding by taking steps to reduce the impact of crowding before its onset. Similarly, it was predicted that anticipation of crowding would influence subject perceptions of the experimental room, interpersonal affect, and general levels of discomfort. Data collected indicated that these predictions were accurate; subjects anticipating crowding chose more socially isolated seat positions, avoided contact with others, experienced crowding and discomfort, and rated others in the setting as well as the room in ways generally consistent with definitions of crowding.


The mediation of aggressive behavior: arousal level versus anger and cognitive labeling. The principal goal of the present research was to contrast the arousal-level and cognitive-labeling (anger) interpretations of aggressive behavior. In a 2 X 5 factorial between-subjects design, subjects were first either insulated or treated neutrally by a confederate. Four fifths of the subjects then received on each of 50 trials a 10-sec tone sequence while deciding whether or not to give an "electric shock" to the confederate. The stimulation was either simple (4.00 bits/tone) or complex (9.17 bits/tone) and was presented at either a comfortable (73-d.) or an aversively loud (97-db.) level. A group was assigned to each of the four stimulation treatments. The remaining subjects received no stimulation. In terms of the total number of shocks administered by subjects in different groups, the cognitive-labeling hypothesis was strongly supported. Both complexity and loudness had an effect, but only on insulted subjects. Other implications of the results were discussed.


Sex differences in moral internalization and values. The subjects were fifth- and seventh-grade white middle-class children and their parents. The major moral internalization indices pertain to internal moral judgment, guilt intensity, and fear of punishment. The findings support the prevalent view that consideration for others is more salient in females. They also suggest, with considerable consistency (especially in adults) that moral transgressions are more likely to be associated with guilt in females and fear in males. No sex differences in internal moral judgment were obtained. Evidence was presented suggesting that the differences in children may be due partly to different discipline and affection patterns. It was also suggested that the results for adults as well as children might be explained by differential sex-role socialization as well as by increasing pressures on males over the life cycle to achieve and succeed, which may often conflict with concerns about the welfare of others.


Psychological differentiation as a factor in conflict resolution. Previous studies have shown that persons matched in level of differentiation are likely to develop greater interpersonal attraction in the course of an interaction than are mismatched persons. These studies were all conducted in situations where the interacting persons were working toward a common goal. To test the hypothesis that situational variables may moderate match-mismatch effects, the present study investigated these affects when the interacting persons were in conflict. Based on their performance in tests of field dependence-independence, subjects were selected as relatively high or relatively low in level of differentiation. Three kinds of dyads were composed-high-differentiation/high-differentiation, low-differentiation/low-differentiation, and high-differentiation/low-differentiation--and their task was to reconcile conflict on an issue about which they were known to disagree. It was predicted that because of the more accommodating quality of low-differentiation persons, dyads including one or two such subjects would more often reconcile their disagreements and show greater interpersonal attraction than would dyads consisting of two high-differentiation subjects. Both predictions were confirmed, supporting the hypothesis that the outcome of match or mismatch is mediated by situational variables.


Fat, full, and happy: effects of food deprivation, external cues, and obesity on preference ratings, comsumption, and buying intentions. This study reassesses the relative influence of internal and external cues on the behavior of obese and normal individuals. Specifically, the effects of external cues and food deprivation on preference ratings, consumption, and buying intentions were tested for overweight and normal subjects. Obese subjects were more reactive than normals to external cues as indicated by their eating more and intending to buy more food after viewing food slides as opposed to scenery slides. However, their behavior also changed in response to food deprivation, becoming more negative. The obese showed lower food consumption, lower buying intentions, and lower ratings of both food and nonfood slides in the empty condition compared to the full condition.


Effects of initial request size and timing of a second request on compliance: the foot in the door and the door in the face. A field experiment tested four separate procedures for influencing compliance to the second of two requests. Two factors--size of initial request and timing of the second request--were included in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Subjects were induced either to comply with a small initial request or to refuse a large initial request. They then received a moderate request either immediately (no delay) or 7--10 days later (delay). Compliance to the second request was the dependent measure. The results in the two delay conditions and the small-request--no delay condition supported a self-perception position in that the induction of one kind of behavior (compliance or noncompliance) carried over to affect subsequent behavior similarly. The large-request--no dealy condition supported a bargaining explanation, as initial refusal to comply led to an increase in subsequent compliance. Possible processes that could account for these results are discussed.


Dissimilarity and attraction: when difference makes a difference. Students in 93 university classes described themselves and their instructors on personality tests measuring traits relevant (ascendancy and personal relations) and irrelevant (sociability and cautiousness) to teaching skill. Dissimilarity (instructor being higher than student) on relevant trait dimensions was hypothesized to be instrumental for student satisfaction with an instructor's role performance. When students were classified as similar or dissimilar to their instructors on the personality dimensions, those most attracted to their instructors were those dissimilar on relevant (but not irrelevant) traits. The dissimilarity finding was not an artifact of differences in skill of instructor nor of differences in students' perceptions of their instructors' traits. A three-dimensional system was devised to specify when similarity and dissimilarity should promote attraction.


Adults' evaluations of a child as a function of sex of adult and sex of child. Male and female college students watched a videotape of a 3-year-old child who was identified as either a girl or a boy; they then rated the child on a number of personaltiy and ability measures. Males' ratings on many of the measures were more favorable for the "girl" than for the "boy," whereas females' ratings were more favorable for the "boy" than for the "girl." In addition to these interactions, there was also a main effect for sex of subject, with females rating the child more favorably than males.


Empathy and attribution: turning observers into actors. A laboratory experiment was conducted to test Jones and Nisbett's information-processing explanation of the often-observed tendency for individuals (actors) to provide relatively more situational and less dispositional causal attributions for their behavior than those provided by observers of the same behavior. According to this explanation, aspects of the situation are phenomenologically more salient for actors, whereas characteristics of the actor and his behavior are more salient for observers. To test this explanation, the phenomenological perspective of observers are altered without making available any additional information. Subjects watched a videotape of a get-acquainted conversation after instructions either to observe a target conversant or to empathize with her. As predicted, taking the perspective of the target through empathy resulted in attributions that were relatively more situational and less dispositional than attributions provided by standard observers. The results support Jones and Nisbett's information-processing explanation of actor-observer attributional differences, and shed additional light on the process of empathy.


Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm. Two experiments demonstrated that self-perceptions and social perceptions may persevere after the initial basis for such perceptions has been completely discredited. In both studies subjects first received false  feedback, indicating that they had either succeeded or failed on a novel discrimination task and then were thoroughly debriefed concerning the predetermined and random nature of this outcome manipulation. In experiment 2, both the initial outcome manipulation and subsequent debriefing were watched and overheard by observers. Both actors and observers showed substantial perseverance of initial impressions concerning the actors' performance and abilities following a standard "outcome" debriefing. "Process" debriefing, in which explicit discussion of the perseverance process was provided, generally proved sufficient to eliminate erroneous self-perceptions. Biased attribution processes that might underlie perserverance phenomena and the implications of the present data for the ethical conduct of deception research are discussed.


Influence of denial (situation redefinition) and projection on anxiety associated with threat to self-esteem. Subjects in a threat condition were informed that they had failed an important test  while subjects in a nonthreat condition were not told that they had failed. To manipulate the use and timing of coping strategies for dealing with threat, subjects were told to (a) redefine the nature and importance of the test before receiving feedback, (b) redefine the nature and importance of the test after feedback, or (c) estimate the performance of their friends on the test (i.e., project) after receiving feedback. Repeated measures of subjective anxiety and pulse rate indicated that (a) the threat manipulation was effective in increasing stress, (b) redefinition occurring before the onset of threat was effective in eliminating stress, and (c) redefinition occuring after the onset of threat was ineffective in reducing stress. Projection reduced the report of subjective anxiety. The results revealed factors that influence coping strategy effectiveness and resolved conflicts in previous findings.


Individual differences in game motivation as moderators of preprogrammed strategy effects in prisoner's dilemma. The impact of three programmed strategies (tit-for-tat, 100% cooperation, and 100% defection) on cooperation level in the Prisoner's Dilemma game is examined as a function of the subject's motivational orientation (cooperative, competitive, or individualistic). Motivational orientation was assessed on the basis of each subject's choices across four classes of decomposed games. Following this assessment, subject's played 30 trials of Prisoner's dilemma in matrix form against one of the above-mentioned strategies. Results were wholly consistent with predictions, showing that (a) cooperatively oriented subjects cooperate with a tit-for-tat and a 100% cooperative strategy, but defect against a 100% defecting strategy, (b)  competitive subjects defect against all three strategies; and (c) individualistic subjects defect against both 100% cooperative and 100% defective strategies, but they cooperate with a tit-for-tat strategy. It appears reasonable to conclude that the outcomes of a Prisoner's Dilemma have affectively different meaning (i.e., values) for subjects of differing orientations, and that subjects of all three orientations adopt strategies that effectively maximize their particular type of reward in the game.


The phenomenology of being a target of prejudice. The effects of preceived prejudice upon affect and self-evaluation were explored by experimentally investigating the reactions of Jews to failure in an interpersonal situation. Subjects attributing their failure to religious discrimination by gentiles reported feeling more aggression, sadness, anxiety, and egotism on the Mood Adjective Check List than those who could not invoke anti-Semitism as an explanation for their failure. Moreover, they indicated less "social affection," particularly when one of the prejudiced opponents constituted the audience for their self-presentation. Finally, in response in perceived prejudice, subjects also evaluated themselves more favorably on positive traits underlying the Jewish stereotype. These findings were explained in terms of a stress interpretation.


Synthesis of clyclopropyl analogs of stilbene and stilbenediol as possible antiestrogens. Conformationally rigid analogs of stilbene and stilbenediol were prepared via gem-dichlorocyclopropyl precursors utilizing two different synthetic methods: a two-phase catalytic method and an organomercurial method. These precursors were reduced to the corresponding cyclopropyl analogs using sodium and methanol. All compounds are being tested to discriminate between estrogenic and antiestrogenic ability, to determine estrogen binding ability, and to evaluate tissue culture anticancer activity.


Preparation, isolation, and identification of 4-dedimethylamino-11-methoxyanhydrotetracycline. The reaction of diazomethane with 4-dedimethylaminoanhydrotetracycline produced a number of mono-, di-, and tri- methylated products. The isolation of one monomethylated product (4-dedimethylamino-11-methoxyanhydrotetracycline) and its subsequent identification utilizing mass spectral and NMR data are described.


Bioavailability assessment under quasi- and nonsteady-state conditions. I: theoretical considerations. A strategy was devised to permit bioavailability estimations at quasi- and nonsteady states. The proposed method retains most attributes of a steady-state comparison without being burdened by its protractiveness. The only necessary requirements are that drug disposition obeys linear kinetics and that succeeding doses are administered during the log-linear phase free from the influence of continuing absorption.


Solution-solubility dependency of controlled release of drug from polymer matrix: mathematical analysis. Two types of drug release mechanisms-matrix controlled (Q - t1/2 relationship) and partition controlled (Q - t relationship)-were reported previously. The dependency of the transition between these two processes on the solution solubility of drug is now analyzed. Mathematical expressions are derived to treat the systemic effects of the addition of varying volume fractions of the cosolvent system on the concentration gradients across both the drug depletion zone and hydrodynamic diffusion layer as well as on the partitioning behavior at the polymer-solution interface. The results are in excellent agreement with reported experimental observations.


Nonsink dissolution rate equations.

Nonsink dissolution rate equations. In spite of the fact that film theory is based on severe assumptionss, it is shown to be a good working model. The Niebergall-Goyan equation, the Short-Sharkey-Rhodes equation, and the Pothisiri-Carstensen equation-all based on simple film theory-are shown to hold through 80-90% of the dissolutin process for p-hydroxybenzoic acid and sodium chloride, both at values below and above the amount necessary to saturate the dissolution medium. Deviations are attributed to experimental difficulties and to improper definition of monodisperseness rather than to the assumptions made in the theory.


High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfamethazine residue in bovine tissue. A sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay procedure is described for residues of sulfamethazine in bovine kidney, liver, muscle, and fat tissue at a sensitivity of 0.04 ppm. Studies were conducted using sulfamethazine-negative bovine tissue to ensure that the peak eluting at the indicated retention volume was sulfamethazine and that the recoveries from spiked tissues were consistent. Data are presented showing the levels of sulfamethazine in the tissue of 12 treated animals found by this technique. The method is more specific than the frequently used colorimetric methods and does not require the tedious separations involved in TLC assays.


Hansch analysis of interaction of haptens with benzylpenicilloyl antibodies. Hansch analysis is applied to inhibition data obtained from the interaction of penicilloic and penilloic acid haptens with benzylpenicilloyl specific antibodies. Significant regressions with partition coefficient and molar volume parameters indicate the importance of hydrophobic and steric effects in these interactions.


Cytotoxic principles of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae). Systematic fractionation of the cytotoxic extracts of the roots of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (Asclepiadaceae) on silica gel column chromatography led to the isolation of three cardenolides: cymarin, strophanthidin, and a strophanthidin glycoside (XS-89). Also isolated during the investigation were beta-sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside, a mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrins, a mixture of alkanols, and a mixture of plant sterols.


Fluorometric determination of drug-protein association constants: binding of pamaquine by bovine serum albumin. The binding of pamaquine to bovine serum albumin is accompanied by the enhancement of the fluorescence efficiency of the former but without shifting its fluorescence energy. This phenomenon was used to evaluate the stoichiometry and strength of the binding. The results indicate that three singly protonated pamaquine molecules are bound by each bovine serum albumine molecule. The individual binding constants were calculated by using the Bjerrum technique. The average values of the three constants were K1 = 6.4 X 10(7), K2 = 3.1 X 10(6), and K3 = 1.9 X 10(5), indicating that, compared to anionic drugs and fluorescent probes, pamaquine is very strongly bound by the protein.