Madison, West Virginia
Madison is a city and former coal town in Boone County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 2,911 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Boone County.
History.
Madison was first established as Boone Court House. The town was renamed "circa" 1865, presumably for James Madison, the fourth president of the United States. Other theories hold that it was named for lawyer James Madison Laidley or for William Madison Peyton, a pioneer coal operator, who was a leader in the movement which resulted in the formation of Boone County and for whom Peytona on Big Coal River was also named. Madison was incorporated in 1906.
The first courthouse at Madison, a log structure, was burned by Union troops early in the Civil War. The second courthouse, made of local brick, served until 1913, and a frame building was used by county officials for the next several years. The present Boone County Courthouse, occupied in 1921, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Madison is the "Gateway to the Coalfields," as it is located on a principal route through the southern coalfields. It occupied a strategic place during the Mine Wars. Miners twice rallied at the town ballpark in August 1921, to consider whether to continue their march to neighboring Logan and Mingo counties. Thousands of armed marchers passed through the town and surrounding region on their way to and from the fighting at Blair Mountain, which is located up Spruce Fork from Madison.
In addition to the Boone County Courthouse, the Madison National Bank building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The WV Coal Festival has taken place in Madison each June since 1994.
Geography.
Madison is located at (38.061816, -81.818216). The Little Coal River is formed at Madison by the confluence of its Spruce Fork and its Pond Fork.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.
Demographics.
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2010 census.
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,076 people, 1,299 households, and 881 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 1,428 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.3% White, 2.3% African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.
There were 1,299 households, of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.2% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.86.
The median age in the city was 42.1 years. 21.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.6% were from 25 to 44; 30.4% were from 45 to 64; and 16% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.
2000 census.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,677 people, 1,191 households, and 783 families living in the city. The population density was 479.1 people per square mile (184.9/km2). There were 1,319 housing units at an average density of 236.1 per square mile (91.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.81% White, 4.18% African American, 0.04% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.07% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.26% of the population.
There were 1,191 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.79.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 30.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,911, and the median income for a family was $37,232. Males had a median income of $31,389 versus $23,160 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,309. About 18.2% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.
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Leonard S. Echols
American politician (1871–1946)
Leonard Sidney Echols (October 30, 1871 – May 9, 1946) was an American politician who represented West Virginia in the United States House of Representatives from 1919 to 1923.
Echols was born in Madison, West Virginia. He attended public school. He graduated from the commercial department of the University of Kentucky at Lexington in 1894, from the Concord State Normal School, Athens, West Virginia in 1898, and from the law department of the Southern Normal University, Huntingdon, Tennessee in 1900. After all his formal education, he was admitted to the bar in 1900 and commenced practice in Point Pleasant, West Virginia in 1903.
Echols was the prosecuting attorney of Mason County, West Virginia in 1904–09 and assistant state tax commissioner for West Virginia in 1909–19. He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1923). While in Congress, he served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Navy (Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1922 to the Sixty-eighth Congress and for election in 1924 to the Sixty-ninth Congress.
After leaving Congress, Echols served as a member of the committee on appeals and review of the United States Treasury Department from May 1, 1923, to September 15, 1924. He was a delegate to the Republican State convention in 1924, and the postmaster at Charleston, West Virginia 1925-1928. He resumed the practice of law and served as Referee in Bankruptcy and as special master in the United States District Court, Charleston, West Virginia. He died in Charleston, West Virginia in 1946 and was buried in Sunset Memorial Park, South Charleston, West Virginia.
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Odis Echols
American politician
Odis Leonard Echols, Jr. (May 28, 1930 – March 28, 2013) was an American politician, songwriter, radio broadcaster, and lobbyist.
Born in Clovis, New Mexico, Echols graduated from Texas Tech University, Echols and his father were radio broadcasters. Echols served in the New Mexico State Senate 1966–77. He died in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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Edward Echols
American politician
Edward Echols (September 2, 1849 – December 19, 1914) was a U.S. political figure from the Commonwealth of Virginia. Echols held office as the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Virginia from 1898 to 1902.
Edward Echols was born in Monroe County (now in West Virginia). There is some confusion over his birth year, but he is listed in the 1850 census as being one year old in September 1850. He and his family moved to Staunton, Virginia, after the Civil War. He also served for six years in the Virginia House of Delegates and for a total of twelve years in the Senate of Virginia. His father, John Echols, was a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. Echols served as the National Valley Bank's third president from 1905 to 1915.
His house at Staunton, known as Oakdene, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
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Michael Echols
American politician
Michael Echols is an American politician from the state of Louisiana. A Republican, he represents the 14th district in the Louisiana House of Representatives.
Background.
Echols is from Bastrop, Louisiana, and lives in Monroe. He earned a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Louisiana at Monroe. He served on the Monroe City Council before he was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives in the 2019 elections.
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Robert L. Echols
American judge (born 1941)
Robert Lynn Echols (born January 13, 1941) is a former United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee.
Early life, education and military service.
Born in Memphis, Tennessee, Echols received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Southwestern College (now Rhodes College) in Memphis in 1962 and a Juris Doctor from the University of Tennessee College of Law in 1964. He was in the United States Army in 1966. He served for 35 years in both the United States Army Reserves and the Army National Guard retiring as a brigadier general in 2001. His last assignment in the military was commander of the 30th Troop Command of the Tennessee Army National Guard.
Career.
Echols was a law clerk to Judge Marion S. Boyd of the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee from 1965 to 1966. He was a legislative assistant for Congressman Dan Kuykendall in the United States House of Representatives from 1967 to 1969. He was in private practice in Nashville, Tennessee from 1969 to 1992, serving as a night commissioner for Davidson County, Tennessee from 1974 to 1975.
On October 22, 1991, Echols was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee created by 104 Stat. 5089. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 13, 1992, and received his commission on March 18, 1992. He served as Chief Judge from 1998 to 2005, assuming senior status on March 1, 2007, and retiring fully from the bench on July 31, 2010.
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Echols, Minnesota
Unincorporated community in Minnesota, United States
Echols is an unincorporated community in Long Lake Township, Watonwan County, Minnesota, United States.
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Echols, Kentucky
Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United States
Echols is an unincorporated community and coal town located in Ohio County, Kentucky, United States. It was also known as Pink Hall.
The town extends north from Paradise, and also north from the Peabody Wildlife Management which used to be coal mines.
Echols was established as a coal town in 1874 and named for the mine owner.
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Fate Echols
American football player (1939–2002)
Fate Leonard Echols (June 29, 1939 – October 10, 2002) was an American professional football tackle who played two seasons with the St. Louis Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Cardinals in the first round of the 1962 NFL draft after playing college football at Northwestern University.
Early life.
Fate Leonard Echols was born on June 29, 1939, in Union Springs, Alabama. He played high school football Washington High School in South Bend, Indiana as a lineman. He was named all-league during his junior and senior seasons. Echols was a team captain in 1957. He was inducted into the school's athletic hall of fame in 2013.
College career.
Echols was a member of the Northwestern Wildcats of Northwestern University from 1958 to 1961 and was a two-year starter. As a senior in 1961, he earned Associated Press second-team All-Big Ten Conference and United Press International first-team All-Big Ten honors. He was invited to the East–West Shrine Game after his senior season. In December 1961, he visited a hospital for sick children with the rest of the Shrine game players.
Professional career.
In December 1961, Echols was selected by the St. Louis Cardinals in the first round, with the sixth overall pick, of the 1962 NFL draft and by the New York Titans in the third round, with the 21st overall pick, of the 1962 AFL draft. He signed with the Cardinals on December 8, 1961. He was released on September 12, 1962, but late re-signed. Echols then played in five games during the 1962 season before being placed on injured reserve. He appeared in three games, starting one, for the Cardinals in 1963 before being released on October 8, 1963.
Echols signed with the NFL's Philadelphia Eagles on October 14, 1963. He was released on October 24, 1963, without appearing in a game.
Echols was signed by the Washington Redskins of the NFL on June 10, 1966. He was released on August 10, 1966.
Echols signed with the Cincinnati Bengals of the AFL in 1968. He was later released on July 29, 1968.
Personal life.
Echols died on October 10, 2002, in Springfield, Illinois.
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Joe Echols
American football coach, college athletics administrator, and baseball player
Joseph G. Echols (March 23, 1917 – March 28, 1977) was an American football coach, college athletics administrator, and Negro league baseball player.
Early life and baseball career.
Raised in Englewood, New Jersey, Echols played prep football at St. Cecilia High School in Englewood. In 1939, Echols played for the Newark Eagles of the Negro National League.
Coaching career.
Echols served as the head football coach at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia from 1950 to 1954 and at Norfolk State University in Norfolk, Virginia from 1955 to 1960. The home basketball arena on Norfolk State's campus is named Joseph G. Echols Memorial Hall in his honor.
Death.
Echols died at the age of 60, on March 28, 1977.
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Robert Milner Echols
American politician
Robert Milner Echols (1798–1847) was an American politician and soldier.
Born near Washington, Georgia, March 18, 1798, Echols was raised in Walton County near Walnut Grove. He was a member of the Georgia General Assembly from 1824 to 1829, and the Georgia State Senate from 1830 to 1844, including six (non-consecutive) years as that body's president. In a race for the United States House of Representatives, Echols lost to his opponent, Gen. Howell Cobb, by only two votes. He was a major general in the Georgia Militia, 11th Division, in 1833.
Echols served as a brigadier general in the U.S. Army during the Mexican–American War, and was fatally injured in a fall from his horse while on dress parade at National Bridge, Mexico, December 3, 1847. Several years after his death, the General Assembly passed an appropriation to have his remains relocated to his home in Walton County, where he was interred with full military honors.
Echols County, Georgia, is named in his honor.
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John Echols
American politician
John Echols (March 20, 1823 – May 24, 1896) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
Early and family life.
John Echols was born in Lynchburg, Virginia. He joined the Virginia Military Institute in 1840 and resigned in the next year; being made an honorary graduate in 1843. He received further education at Washington College and at Harvard College. A tall imposing man, standing 6 feet 4 inches tall, Echols quickly became a leader among his peers.
Echols married twice. His first wife was a sister of Senator Allen T. Caperton (also of what became West Virginia). After she died, he married Mrs. Mary Helen Cochran Reid, a widow from New York City.
Early legal and political career.
On becoming a lawyer in 1843 he settled in Union, Monroe County (now West Virginia). Echols represented Monroe County in the Virginia House of Delegates 1852–1853 and in the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861.
Confederate service.
Both Echols and Allen T. Caperton voted for Virginia's secession from the United States on April 17, 1861 at the Richmond convention. When the secession ordinance was put to public vote on May 23 Monroe County voted 1,085 to 79 in favor of secession. Echols offered his service to Virginia. He gathered a group of volunteers and was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel. On May 6, 1861, General Robert E. Lee ordered Lieutenant Colonel Echols to call out and muster in volunteer forces, not to exceed two regiments, to rendezvous these men at Staunton for Joseph E. Johnston's fledgling army.
Echols was then assigned command of the 27th Virginia Infantry, leading the regiment in the fighting at the First Battle of Manassas under Stonewall Jackson. He was soon promoted to colonel, serving in the Valley Campaign. He was severely wounded at the First Battle of Kernstown on March 23, disabling him for several weeks. Echols was promoted to brigadier general on April 16, 1862 during his convalescence.
Later in the year, he was assigned to command a brigade of the army of Western Virginia. He participated as a brigade commander in William W. Loring's Kanawha Valley Campaign of 1862 and the occupation of the Kanawha Valley in September. After Loring withdrew to the mountains, Echols replaced him in command of the Department of Western Virginia. He promptly reoccupied Charleston, but was forced to retreat by a superior enemy force.
Echols resigned his departmental command in the fall of 1862, and, during the following summer, served upon the three-man court of inquiry held in Richmond to investigate the cause of the fall of Vicksburg. Later in the year, he commanded the Confederate forces in the Battle of Droop Mountain, stubbornly resisting a series of Federal attacks. In May 1864, he commanded John C. Breckinridge's right wing at the Battle of New Market in the Shenandoah Valley.
General Robert E. Lee recalled Echols' Brigade to rejoin the Army of Northern Virginia near Cold Harbor during the Siege of Petersburg. On August 22, 1864, he was given charge of the District of Southwestern Virginia, and on March 29, 1865, Echols was assigned command of the western department of Virginia, relieving General Breckinridge, who had joined the staff of President Jefferson Davis. On April 2, Echols, with nearly 7,000 men, began a hasty march to unite with Lee.
He reached Christiansburg, Virginia, on April 10, where he received a telegram announcing Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. At a solemn council of war, Echols decided to march to unite with Johnston's army, and Echols led two brigades southward towards North Carolina. Subsequently, he accompanied President Davis to Augusta, Georgia.
Postwar career.
Monroe County had been included in the new state of West Virginia without its consent and the new state government would not allow ex-Confederates to practice law.
 After the war, Echols resumed the practice of law in Staunton. He helped select the members of the Committee of Nine, a group of state leaders who worked to ensure that the state be readmitted into the Union and former Confederates could once again hold political office.
Echols returned to the Virginia House of Delegates 1878–1881, representing Staunton and Augusta County. While there, he sided with the Funders against the Readjusters, which briefly reunited Republicans and liberal Democrats, and tried to allocate some of Virginia's massive wartime debt to West Virginia and had supported Reconstruction.
He rebuilt his fortune and became President of the Staunton National Valley Bank. When the hastily agglomerated Chesapeake, Ohio and Southwestern Railroad went bankrupt, he became its Receiver and General Manager. He lived in Kentucky the last ten years of his life as he managed the railroad's affairs.
Death and legacy.
He died at Oakdene the residence of his son, Edward Echols (later lieutenant governor of Virginia), at Staunton, where he is buried in Thornrose Cemetery. The General Echols House located in Union, Monroe County, West Virginia, is significant for its association with John Echols, A Brigadier General in the army of the Confederate States of America. The house possesses additional distinction as one of Monroe County's oldest and best preserved examples of Greek Revival architecture.
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William Holding Echols
William Holding Echols VI (December 2, 1859 – September 25, 1934), generally called "Reddy" Echols, was a professor of mathematics at the University of Virginia. The Echols Scholars Program is named in his honor.
William Echols was the son of the fifth of the same name who was a Major in Confederate States of America.
Echols attended the university as an undergraduate and received his Bachelor of Science and a civil engineering degree from the university in 1882. Following his graduation, he became an engineering professor, and later director, of the Missouri School of Mines (now Missouri University of Science and Technology). He returned to UVA as adjunct professor of mathematics in 1891, teaching mechanical engineering and serving as the building and grounds supervisor.
On October 27, 1895, a fire started in the Rotunda Annex on the UVA grounds. Echols, in a dramatic attempt to save the Rotunda, attempted to use dynamite to destroy the roofed portico that connected the Annex and the Rotunda and keep the fire from spreading to the historic building. Unfortunately, despite his attempt to hurl 50 pounds of dynamite to the portico from atop the Rotunda dome, the portico held, the fire spread more rapidly than before, and the Rotunda was gutted by the blaze.
In later years, Echols authored a text on elementary calculus. He remained active in University life and was a member of Eli Banana. He died of a heart attack in his home on the East Lawn in 1934 and is buried in the university cemetery.
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M. Patton Echols
American politician
Marion Patton "Pat" Echols Jr. (October 1, 1925 – July 26, 2012) was an attorney in northern Virginia who served briefly as the only Republican to represent Arlington County in the Virginia Senate. He was also an unsuccessful candidate for Attorney General of Virginia in 1973.
Early life.
Echols was the son of Colonel Marion Patton Echols and Nancy Patterson McArthur. He was born October 1, 1925, in Honolulu in the U.S. territory of Hawaii. He married the former Susanne Stokes in 1956 and they raised two sons and two daughters in Arlington. They later divorced, and Echols married Beth McLaren in 2005.
Political career.
In 1963, Echols switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party and was one of three Republican candidates for the three House of Delegates seats allocated to Arlington and elected countywide, at-large. He came in fifth with 9,139 votes.
In February 1969, longtime Virginia State Senator Charles R. Fenwick who represented the 9th District died. In the snap special election in March, Echols was elected as a Republican over the expected victor C. Harrison Mann. He served the balance of Fenwick's term. However, as a result of the decennial redistricting and creation of single-member districts in 1971, his old numbered district was moved to Richmond and he ran in the 31st District. Echols then lost to Democratic delegate Clive Duval, who would win re-election many times.
Republicans tapped Echols in 1973 for the "unenviable task" of running against popular incumbent Virginia Attorney General Andy Miller, and Miller won in a landslide.
Later years.
Echols practiced law for many years in Arlington and resided in McLean, Virginia. He died on July 26, 2012, and a memorial service was held at Grace Episcopal Church in Alexandria. He was buried at the University of Virginia Cemetery in Charlottesville.
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Jon Echols
American politician
Jon Echols (born December 3, 1979) is an American politician who served in the Oklahoma House of Representatives representing the 90th district from 2012 to 2024. He was the Majority Floor Leader.
Early life, education, and career.
John Echols grew up in Oklahoma City. His mother was an attorney and special education teacher, while his father, David Echols, is an attorney and a member of the Oklahoma City Community College Board of Regenets. He graduated from the University of Oklahoma with a bachelor's degree in political science and from Oklahoma City University School of Law with a Juris Doctor.
Echols co-foundered Turn Key Health Clinics in 2009 and is the company's president. Echols has said that "he works for the company’s CEO mostly outside of Oklahoma to minimize perceived conflicts of interest." He also worked for the law firm Crowe and Dunlevy.
Oklahoma House of Representatives.
Echols ran for the 90th district of the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 2012 to succeed Charles Key. He won the election and was reelected until he was term limited in 2024. From 2016 to 2024, he served as the majority floor leader of the house and he holds the record for longest serving majority leader.
Tenure.
Echols received the 2015 Distinguished Service Award for Higher Education from the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education and the Council of College and University Presidents. He would go on to receive the award in 2020 and 2021 as well.
In 2016, Echols asked Sheriff Vic Regalado's office to change a bid requirement on a medical contract for the Tulsa County jail so his company, Turn Key Health Clinic, could bid. Echols said he asked for the change so that in-county companies would have a fair opportunity to make bids.
In 2023, Echols was the House author on Senate Bill 840 (co-authored by Sen. Greg McCortney, R-Ada), a bill that "deals with name, image, likeness — the new endorsements phenomenon known as NIL." Echols marked it as "high-priority."
In October 2023, Echols voiced support for Israel in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, calling Hamas a terrorist organization and saying that Israel is in its rights to "wipe" Hamas out, but pointing out that Hamas is "not our Muslim brothers and sisters"and differentiating between Hamas and Palestinian civilians in Gaza.
In 2024, Echols introduced House Bill 4156, a state immigration law creating the crime of "impermissible occupation." Attorney General Gentner Drummond helped draft the bill.
2026 attorney general campaign.
On February 26, 2025, Echols officially launched a campaign for Attorney General of Oklahoma.
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Echols County, Georgia
County in Georgia, United States
Echols County () is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,697. The county seat is Statenville. Since 2008, Statenville is a disincorporated municipality. Echols and Webster counties are the only two counties in Georgia to currently have no incorporated municipalities. The county was established in 1858 and named in honor of Robert Milner Echols (1798–1847).
Echols County is part of the Valdosta, GA metropolitan statistical area.
History.
On December 13, 1858, the Georgia General Assembly passed a bill establishing Echols County from a south-eastern section of Lowndes County and a south-western section Clinch County. The original borders of the county were a line from the mouth of the Suwanoochee Creek directly south to the state line, then along the state line, then north to the junction of Grand Bay Creek and Mud Swamp, then up the course of Grand Bay Creek to Carter's Ford, then a direct line to where Cow's Creek enters the Alapaha River, then up the creek to Griffins' Mill, then a direct line to Jack's Fort on Suwanoochee Creek, and then down Suwanoochee Creek to its mouth. With the exception of some minor adjustments of the border Echols shares with Lowndes and the loss of a thin strip to Florida following "Florida v. Georgia", the borders of Echols County has changed little since its establishment. Statenville was declared the county seat in 1859.
At the time of the 1860 census, Echols County had a white population of 1,177, with 314 slaves, and no free people of color.
Echols County became notable as it has served as a place of banishment for many of Georgia's criminals. As the Georgia State Constitution forbids banishment beyond the borders of the state, officials instead ban the offender from 158 of Georgia's 159 counties, with Echols remaining as their only option. Few criminals have been documented as actually moving to Echols. This is because almost all banished criminals choose to leave the state instead of moving to Echols County.
Banishment, including 158-county banishment, has repeatedly been upheld by Georgia courts. The first case when banishment was upheld was in the 1974 case "State v Collett", when the Georgia Supreme Court upheld the banishment of a drug dealer from seven counties. The most recent time banishment was upheld, in 2011, the Georgia Supreme Court ruled it was constitutional to banish David Nathan Thompson (a mentally ill man who was convicted of firing a gun into a home, although no one was injured) from all but one county in Georgia.
Geography.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.4%) is water. The county contains a notable swamp, Whitehead Bay.
The western half of Echols County is located in the Alapaha River sub-basin of the Suwannee River basin. The eastern half of the county, from well east of Statenville to just west of Fargo, is located in the Upper Suwannee River sub-basin of the same Suwannee River basin.
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Demographics.
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As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,697 people, 1,561 households, and 1,097 families residing in the county.
Education.
Echols County School District, the only school district in the county, operates public schools.
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Echola, Alabama
Echola is an unincorporated community in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, United States. Echola is northwest of Tuscaloosa. Echola has a post office with ZIP code 35457. Echola was previously known as Elbert. Due to possible confusion with Elberta, Alabama, the postmaster, Golden Mayfield, created the name Echola by combining "echo" and "Alabama".
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John E. Leonard
American judge and U.S. Representative (1845–1877)
John Edwards Leonard (September 22, 1845 – March 15, 1878) was a United States representative from Louisiana. He was the grandnephew of John Edwards, who also served in Congress. He was born in Fairville, Pennsylvania, into a Quaker family.
Leonard attended public schools and was later graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, New Hampshire in 1863. He earned a law degree from Harvard University in 1867. He studied law in Germany before he returned to the United States; he moved to Louisiana, where he was admitted to the bar in 1870 during the Reconstruction era and commenced practice at Monroe, Louisiana.
Leonard was appointed as the district attorney of the thirteenth judicial district of Louisiana in 1871 and 1872. He was elected associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court in 1876 before he resumed the practice of law in Monroe, Louisiana.
In 1876 he was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth Congress, serving from March 4, 1877, until his death the following year in Havana, Cuba. He was vacationing with several other Washington leaders and died on March 15, 1878. He was buried in the Friends’ (Hicksite) Cemetery of the Middletown Meeting House, Middletown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania.

R. E. Echols
R. E. Echols was an American politician who served on the Oklahoma Corporation Commission from 1919 to 1920. He also served in the Oklahoma Senate from statehood in 1907 until 1914.
Biography.
R. E. Echols was elected to the Oklahoma Senate in 1907 and served until 1914. He was succeeded by G. E. Wilson. In 1919 he was appointed to the Oklahoma Corporation Commission and served until 1920. He was succeeded by E. R. Hughes. He was a member of the Democratic Party.
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Echols Farm
Echols Farm is an historic farm property at the junction of United States Route 501 and Virginia State Route 130, just east of Glasgow, Virginia. The more than property includes a vernacular frame farmhouse dating to circa 1855 (enlarged about 1914), and a number of 20th-century outbuildings. The property, which abuts the Maury River, also includes surviving traces of the James River and Kanawha Canal, including the remains of two locks.
Edward Echols, who established the farm, was a lock operator and had other business interests related to the canal. He also mined iron in the mountain behind the farm, helping to supply the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.
The canal was used through the 1880s, and the body of Confederate General Thomas Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson passed through the lock on the way to burial in nearby Lexington, Virginia in 1863.
Echols invested heavily in Confederate war bonds and was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1872; but his brother, president of a railroad, bailed him out of financial trouble, keeping the house in the family.
The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It is still owned by the Echols family.
On January 16, 2022, the Farmhouse was destroyed by a fire.
References.
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Mike Echols
American writer (1944–2003)
Walter Harlan "Mike" Echols (April 1, 1944 – January 10, 2003) was an American author who wrote several books, mainly dealing with child sexual abuse. These include "I Know My First Name Is Steven", which chronicles the kidnap of Steven Stayner, and "Brother Tony's Boys", which tells the story of Brother Tony Leyva, a Pentecostal revivalist preacher and pederast.
Echols infiltrated NAMBLA and wrote of his experience in "I Know My First Name is Steven".
Echols was known for researching the Internet for pedophile chat rooms and forums. In 1998, Echols created Better a Millstone (BAM), a child-safety advocacy group, that identified and reported pedophiles to authorities. BAM's website also listed child porn sites, including web addresses, in an effort to publicly pressure sites' hosts.
Echols died in 2003 at age 58 in the Monterey County Jail in California from an apparent heart attack. He was in jail for failing to appear in court after being charged with indecent exposure for exposing himself to police, among other misdemeanors.
References.
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Donnie Echols
American football player (born 1957)
Donald Wayne Echols (born December 16, 1957) is an American former professional football tight end who played for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma State University.
References.
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Englewood, New Jersey
City in Bergen County, New Jersey, US
Englewood is a city in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Englewood was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 17, 1899, from portions of Ridgefield Township and the remaining portions of Englewood Township. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 29,308, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 2,161 (+8.0%) from the 2010 census count of 27,147, which in turn reflected an increase of 944 (+3.6%) from the 26,203 counted in the 2000 census.
History.
Etymology.
Englewood Township, the city's predecessor, is believed to have been named in 1859 for the Engle family. The community had been called the "English Neighborhood", as the first primarily English-speaking settlement on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River after New Netherland was annexed by England in 1664, though other sources mention the Engle family and the heavily forested areas of the community as the derivation of the name. Other sources indicate that the name is derived from "wood ingle", meaning "woody nook", or that the name was coined anew.
Numerous other settlements in the United States were named for Englewood as settlement in North America expanded westward. J. Wyman Jones is credited with convincing residents to choose Englewood for the city's name when it was incorporated over such alternatives as "Brayton" and "Paliscena".
Pre-Colonial and Colonial eras.
Englewood, like the rest of New Jersey, was populated by Lenape Native Americans prior to European colonization. The Lenape who lived in the Englewood region were of the "turtle clan" which used a stylized turtle as its symbol. 2,000 Lenape originally lived in Englewood, but due to conflicts with the Europeans their population dwindled down to 50 by 1832.
When Henry Hudson sailed up what would become known as the Hudson River in 1607, he claimed the entirety of the watershed of the river, including Englewood, for the Netherlands, making the future region of Englewood a part of New Netherland. However, the region remained largely unsettled under Dutch rule as the Dutch did little to encourage settlement north of modern Hudson County, as the imposing New Jersey Palisades blocked expansion on the west bank of the Hudson.
In 1664, after the Dutch surrendered all of New Netherland to England, the rate of settlement picked up. The English were generous with land grants, and many families, not only English but also Dutch and Huguenot, settled the area, which during the colonial era was known as the English Neighborhood. Street names in Englewood still recall the relative diversity of its earliest settlers; Brinckerhoff, Van Brunt, Lydecker, Van Nostrand and Durie (Duryea), all Dutch; Demarest (de Marais), DeMott and Lozier (Le Sueur), French Huguenot; and Moore, Lawrence, Cole and Day, English.
Historical notes.
From 1906 until March 16, 1907, when it burned down, Englewood was the site of Upton Sinclair's socialist-inflected intentional community, the Helicon Home Colony. Associated with the project were Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Sinclair Lewis.
Direct distance dialing, which allowed callers to reach other users outside their local calling area without operator assistance, was introduced to the public in Englewood. On November 10, 1951, Englewood Mayor M. Leslie Denning made the first customer-dialed long-distance call, to Mayor Frank Osborne of Alameda, California. As of that date, customers of the Englewood 3, Englewood 4 and Teaneck 7 exchanges, who could already dial some exchanges in the New York City area, were able to dial 11 cities across the United States by dialing the three-digit area code preceding the local number.
Two years after his graduation from Fordham University, Vince Lombardi began his football coaching career at Englewood's St. Cecilia High School, which closed in 1986.
The Sugarhill Gang recorded "Rapper's Delight" in 1979, the first hip hop single to become a Top 40 hit.
Historic sites.
Sites in the city listed on the National Register of Historic Places include:
Geography.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 4.95 square miles (12.82 km2), including 4.93 square miles (12.76 km2) of land and 0.02 square miles (0.06 km2) of water (0.46%).
Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Highwood.
The city borders the Bergen County municipalities of Bergenfield, Englewood Cliffs, Fort Lee, Leonia, Teaneck and Tenafly.
Demographics.
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2010 census.
The 2010 United States census counted 27,147 people, 10,057 households, and 6,788 families in the city. The population density was . There were 10,695 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 45.28% (12,292) White, 32.58% (8,845) Black or African American, 0.54% (147) Native American, 8.10% (2,199) Asian, 0.04% (12) Pacific Islander, 9.73% (2,641) from other races, and 3.72% (1,011) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.48% (7,460) of the population.
Of the 10,057 households, 28.7% had children under the age of 18; 45.1% were married couples living together; 17.1% had a female householder with no husband present and 32.5% were non-families. Of all households, 27.3% were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.24.
22.2% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.9 years. For every 100 females, the population had 90.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 86.3 males.
The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $69,915 (with a margin of error of +/− $7,291) and the median family income was $87,361 (+/− $9,616). Males had a median income of $58,776 (+/− $7,972) versus $48,571 (+/− $3,984) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $41,533 (+/− $2,981). About 6.9% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 15.8% of those age 65 or over.
Same-sex couples headed 73 households in 2010, an increase from the 63 counted in 2000.
2000 census.
As of the 2000 United States census, there were 26,203 people, 9,273 households, and 6,481 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 9,614 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 42.49% White, 38.98% African American, 0.27% Native American, 5.21% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 8.50% from other races, and 4.50% from two or more races. 21.76% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
About 7.17% of Englewood residents identified themselves as being of Colombian American ancestry in the 2000 Census, the ninth-highest percentage of the population of any municipality in the United States.
There were 9,273 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.29.
In the city the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $58,379, and the median income for a family was $67,194. Males had a median income of $41,909 versus $34,358 for females. The per capita income for the city was $35,275. 8.9% of the population and 6.6% of families were below the poverty line. 10.2% of those under the age of 18 and 8.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Sports.
Englewood Golf Club is a former golf club that was located between Englewood and Leonia. It hosted the 1909 U.S. Open tournament.
Englewood Field Club is a sports club that features tennis courts, a pool, and an outdoor hockey rink.
Parks and recreation.
MacKay Park, located on North Van Brunt Street, includes an ice hockey rink, a pool, a walking path, and athletic fields.
Flat Rock Brook Nature Center, located at 433 Van Nostrand Avenue, is made up of the remnants of the Palisades Forest. The center, established in 1973, is a preserve and education center that includes of walking trails and several gardens including the newly renovated Butterfly Garden. Flat Rock allows visitors to learn about the natural ecosystem preserved in the park through exhibits and tours available year-round.
Government.
Local government.
In 1980, Englewood switched from a Mayor-Council form of government to a modified Council-Manager plan of government in accordance with a special charter granted by the New Jersey Legislature. The city is one of 11 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use a special charter granted by the Legislature. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the City Council. Under this charter, the mayor has powers to appoint and veto, while the council functions as a legislative body, with some power to appoint and confirm appointments. The city is divided into four wards which are approximately equal in population. The City Council includes five members, each elected for a three-year term. Four are elected from the individual wards in which they live and the other is elected by a citywide vote as an at-large member. Administrative functions are responsibilities of the City Manager. The six seats in the governing body are elected in a three-year cycle as part of the November general election, with wards two and four both up together, followed a year later by wards one and three, and then the at-large council and mayoral seats. Each ward votes in two of the three years in the cycle, once for its ward seat, in the other year for the two positions voted at-large and one year with no election.
The mayor appoints members to the Planning Board, the Library Board of Trustees, and, with council confirmation, the Board of Adjustment. The mayor serves on the Planning Board. The mayor attends and may speak at council meetings, but only votes to break a tie for passage of an ordinance or resolution. The mayor has veto power over ordinances, but can be overridden with votes from four council members. The City Council is the legislative branch of government, deciding public policy, creating city ordinances and resolutions, passing the city budget, appropriating funds for city services, and hiring the City Manager. The City Council meets generally four times per month (except during summer months).
As of 2024[ [update]], the Mayor of Englewood is Democrat Michael Wildes, whose term of office ends December 31, 2024. Members of the City Council are Charles Cobb (D, 2024; At-Large), Angela David (D, 2026; Ward 3), Kenneth Rosensweig (D, 2026; Ward 1), Kevin A. Wilson (D, 2025; Ward 4) and Lisa Wisotsky (D, 2025; Ward 2).
Fire department.
The Englewood Fire Association, a volunteer company established in 1887 as the city's first organized fire protection service, built a firehouse on North Van Brunt Street, near the site of Englewood's current city hall. A professional paid fire department was created in 1912 with the establishment of a Board of Fire Examiners. The fire headquarters constructed on William Street in 1926 was used for 90 years until its replacement by the Jack Drakeford Englewood Firehouse on South Van Brunt Street, which was dedicated on May 14, 2016. The department has a uniformed force of 57 members, including a Chief, Deputy Chief, 4 Captains, 9 Lieutenants and 42 firefighters.
Police department.
The city's police department includes 85 employees, of whom 79 are sworn officers and an additional six dispatchers. After a no-confidence vote against the department's leadership in December 2020, the police union suspended a group of eight officers, seven of them Black, who had supported the chief and deputy chief.
Federal, state, and county representation.
Englewood is located in the 5th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 37th state legislative district.
For the 119th United States Congress, New Jersey congressional district is represented by Josh Gottheimer (D, Tenafly). New Jersey is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker (Newark, term ends 2027) and Andy Kim (Moorestown, term ends 2031).
For the 2024-2025 session, the 37th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the New Jersey Senate by Gordon M. Johnson (D, Englewood) and in the General Assembly by Shama Haider (D, Tenafly) and Ellen Park (D, Englewood Cliffs).
Bergen County is governed by a directly elected County Executive, with legislative functions performed by a Board of County Commissioners composed of seven members who are elected at-large to three-year terms in partisan elections on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats coming up for election each November; a Chairman and Vice Chairman are selected from among its seven members at a reorganization meeting held every January. As of 2025[ [update]], the county executive is James J. Tedesco III (D, Paramus), whose four-year term of office ends December 31, 2026.
Bergen County's Commissioners are:
Thomas J. Sullivan Jr. (D, Montvale, 2025),
Chair Germaine M. Ortiz (D, Emerson, 2025), Joan Voss (D, Fort Lee, 2026),
Vice Chair Mary J. Amoroso (D, Mahwah, 2025),
Rafael Marte (D, Bergenfield, 2026),
Steven A. Tanelli (D, North Arlington, 2027) and
Tracy Silna Zur (D, Franklin Lakes, 2027).
Bergen County's constitutional officials are:
Clerk John S. Hogan (D, Northvale, 2026),
Sheriff Anthony Cureton (D, Englewood, 2027) and Surrogate Michael R. Dressler (D, Cresskill, 2026).
Politics.
As of March 2011, there were a total of 15,033 registered voters in Englewood, of which 8,571 (57.0% vs. 31.7% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 1,215 (8.1% vs. 21.1%) were registered as Republicans and 5,240 (34.9% vs. 47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 7 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens. Among the city's 2010 Census population, 55.4% (vs. 57.1% in Bergen County) were registered to vote, including 71.2% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide).
In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 8,855 votes (76.8% vs. 54.8% countywide), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 2,502 votes (21.7% vs. 43.5%) and other candidates with 71 votes (0.6% vs. 0.9%), among the 11,533 ballots cast by the city's 16,586 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.5% (vs. 70.4% in Bergen County). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 9,412 votes (77.0% vs. 53.9% countywide), ahead of Republican John McCain with 2,625 votes (21.5% vs. 44.5%) and other candidates with 58 votes (0.5% vs. 0.8%), among the 12,221 ballots cast by the city's 16,065 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.1% (vs. 76.8% in Bergen County). In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 8,087 votes (73.6% vs. 51.7% countywide), ahead of Republican George W. Bush with 2,798 votes (25.5% vs. 47.2%) and other candidates with 65 votes (0.6% vs. 0.7%), among the 10,990 ballots cast by the city's 14,702 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.8% (vs. 76.9% in the whole county).
In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 62.5% of the vote (3,367 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 36.6% (1,972 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (49 votes), among the 5,557 ballots cast by the city's 15,615 registered voters (169 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 35.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 5,304 ballots cast (73.8% vs. 48.0% countywide), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 1,613 votes (22.5% vs. 45.8%), Independent Chris Daggett with 170 votes (2.4% vs. 4.7%) and other candidates with 20 votes (0.3% vs. 0.5%), among the 7,184 ballots cast by the city's 15,534 registered voters, yielding a 46.2% turnout (vs. 50.0% in the county).
Education.
Public schools.
The Englewood Public School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. It operates Dwight Morrow High School. Students from Englewood Cliffs attend Dwight Morrow High School, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Englewood Cliffs Public Schools.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprised of five schools, had an enrollment of 2,923 students and 247.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.8:1. Schools in the district (with 2021–22 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are
D. A. Quarles Early Childhood Center with 430 students in grades PreK-K,
Dr. John Grieco Elementary School with 348 students in grades 1-2,
Dr. Leroy McCloud School with 490 students in grades 3-5,
Janis E. Dismus Middle School with 547 students in grades 6-8 and
Dwight Morrow High School / Academies @ Englewood with 1,003 students in grades 9-12. In 2009, Cleveland School was renamed in memory of the district's first African-American principal, Dr. Leroy McCloud, who had a 50-year career in the district.
Public school students from the city, and all of Bergen County, are eligible to attend the secondary education programs offered by the Bergen County Technical Schools, which include the Bergen County Academies in Hackensack, and the Bergen Tech campus in Teterboro or Paramus. The district offers programs on a shared-time or full-time basis, with admission based on a selective application process and tuition covered by the student's home school district.
As an alternative to regular public education, the city is home of the Englewood on the Palisades Charter School, which had an enrollment of 317 students in Kindergarten through fifth grade, as of the 2018–2019 school year. Shalom Academy, a charter school with a focus on Hebrew language immersion, had planned to open for grades K–5 in September 2011, serving students from both Englewood and Teaneck, but failed to receive final approval from the New Jersey Department of Education.
Private schools.
Englewood is the home to a number of private schools. Dwight-Englewood School serves 900 students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade, housed in three separate divisions. Founded in 1930, Elisabeth Morrow School serves students almost 400 students in preschool through eighth grade. Moriah School of Englewood, one of the county's largest, is a Jewish day school with an enrollment that had been as high as 1,000 students in preschool through eighth grade. Yeshiva Ohr Simcha serves students in high school for grades 9–12 and offers a postgraduate yeshiva program.
In the face of a declining enrollment, St. Cecilia Interparochial School was closed by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark at the end of the 2010–2011 school year, with an expected student body of 85 students for K–8 in the following year constituting less than half of the number of students needed to keep the school financially viable. St. Cecilia High School, where Vince Lombardi coached football 1939–1947, had been closed in 1986.
Transportation.
Roads and highways.
As of  2010[ [update]], the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Bergen County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation, and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.
Interstate 95 is the most prominent highway serving Englewood. It travels through Englewood for near the city's southern border with Leonia. Originally built by the New Jersey Department of Transportation, this section is now owned and operated as part of the New Jersey Turnpike, though it is not tolled.
The city is also served by Route 4, Route 93, County Route 501, and County Route 505. The northern terminus of Route 93 is at the intersection with Route 4, but the road continues north as CR 501.
Public transportation.
Several NJ Transit bus lines serve Englewood. The 166 provides local and express service to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan; the 171, 175, 178 and 186 provide service to / from the George Washington Bridge Bus Station in uptown Manhattan; and the 756 and 780 offer local service. Rockland Coaches provides scheduled service to / from the Port Authority Bus Terminal on Routes 11, 20, and 20T.
Erie Railroad's suburban Northern Branch (NRRNJ) started passenger service in Englewood in 1859, at various stations including the still extant building at Depot Square. It originated/terminated at Pavonia Terminal on the Hudson River in Jersey City and was ended in September 1966 (by which time trains had been redirected to Hoboken Terminal).
The Northern Branch Corridor Project is a proposed NJ Transit (NJT) project to extend the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail along the line providing service to newly built stations along the route. The line would stop at Englewood Route 4 and Englewood Town Center and terminate at Englewood Hospital and Medical Center. A station stop at Depot Square is the city's much-preferred alternative to NJT's proposed new Englewood Town Center Station to the south. Englewood Mayor Frank Huttle III worked with Jersey City Mayor Steven Fulop to advocate on behalf of the project and obtain the needed state and federal funding needed to proceed with the plan, with Huttle emphasizing the economic benefits from the project and that the city wanted to host the terminus, which would include a parking garage near Englewood Hospital and additional parking near Palisade Avenue in the commercial center of the city.
Religion.
Congregation Ahavath Torah is a Modern Orthodox synagogue in the city that was founded in 1895 and acquired its current site in 1958.
St. Paul's Episcopal Church is an Episcopal church in the city.
References.
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Elkhorn, California
Elkhorn is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Monterey County, California, United States.
Elkhorn was originally a stop on the Southern Pacific Railroad north of Castroville, at an elevation of . The settled part of the community now occupies the hills to the east of the railroad. The population of the Elkhorn CDP was 1,588 at the 2020 census. Local understandings of the extent of Elkhorn may vary from the Census definition.
Elkhorn was named after the elk in the area that have since gone extinct.
Geography.
Elkhorn is in northern Monterey County, northwest of Salinas, the county seat; south of Watsonville; and northeast of Monterey. The community receives mail within the ZIP Code areas of 95012 (Castroville) and 93907 (Prunedale / Salinas). Elkhorn Slough, the largest tidal salt marsh in the area outside of San Francisco Bay, borders the northwest side of the community. The Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve promotes education about and preservation of the salt marsh environs.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Elkhorn CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.46%, are water.
Streets.
Main county roads include Castroville Boulevard, Dolan Road, Elkhorn Road, and Meridian Road. Castroville Boulevard leads southwest to Highway 156 and east to the Prunedale area and U.S. Route 101. Dolan Road leads west to Highway 1. Minor county roads include Del Monte Farms, Bayview Road, Walker Valley Road, Long Valley Road, Amaral Road, Paradise Canyon Road.
Demographics.
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2010.
At the 2010 census Elkhorn had a population of 1,565. The population density was . The racial makeup of Elkhorn was 1,122 (71.7%) White, 9 (0.6%) African American, 7 (0.4%) Native American, 63 (4.0%) Asian, 3 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 286 (18.3%) from other races, and 75 (4.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were