Ludwig Friedrich Otto Baumgarten-Crusius
Ludwig Friedrich Otto Baumgarten-Crusius (31 July 1788 – 31 May 1843) was a German Protestant theologian and divine born in Merseburg. He was the brother of philologist Detlev Karl Wilhelm Baumgarten-Crusius (1786-1845).
Life.
In 1805 he entered the University of Leipzig, where he studied theology and philology, becoming a university minister in 1810. In 1812 he became an associate professor of theology at the University of Jena, where in 1817, he attained a full professorship. He would remain at Jena for the rest of his life.
He was considered a champion of religious liberty, a theme that was expressed throughout his various writings. Early in his career, he was influenced by the metaphysics of Schelling, a belief system that he ultimately abandoned as his career progressed.
With the exception of church history, he lectured on all branches of so-called theoretical theology, especially on New Testament exegesis, Biblical theology, dogmatic ethics, and the history of dogma. His comprehensive knowledge, accurate scholarship and wide sympathies gave unusual value to his lectures and treatises, especially those on the development of church doctrine.
Literary works.
His published works are many, the most important being:
References.
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Merseburg
Town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

Merseburg () is a town in central Germany in southern Saxony-Anhalt, situated on the river Saale, and approximately 14 km south of Halle (Saale) and 30 km west of Leipzig. It is the capital of the Saalekreis district. It had a diocese founded by Archbishop Adalbert of Magdeburg.
The University of Merseburg is located within the town. Merseburg has around 35,000 inhabitants.
Geography.
The town Merseburg consists of Merseburg proper and the following four "Ortschaften" or municipal divisions:
Administrative reforms.
Venenien was incorporated into Merseburg on 1 January 1949. The parish Kötzschen followed on 1 July 1950. Since 30 May 1994, Meuschau is part of Merseburg. Trebnitz, previously part of Kreypau, followed in 2003. Beuna was annexed on 1 January 2009. Geusa is a part of Merseburg since 1 January 2010.
History.
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Historical affiliations
 Bishopric of Merseburg 1004-1565

 Electorate of Saxony 1565-1657

 Duchy of Saxe-Merseburg 1657-1738

 Poland-Saxony 1738-1763

 Electorate of Saxony 1763-1806

 Kingdom of Saxony 1806-1815

 Kingdom of Prussia 1815-1871

 German Empire 1871-1918

 Weimar Republic 1918-1933

 Nazi Germany 1933-1945

 Allied-occupied Germany 1945-1949

 East Germany 1949-1990

 1990-present
Pre-history and Middle Ages.
Merseburg was first mentioned in 850. King Henry the Fowler built a royal palace at Merseburg; in the 933 Battle of Riade, he gained his great victory over the Hungarians in the vicinity.
Thietmar, appointed in 973, became the first bishop of the newly created bishopric of Prague in Bohemia. Prague had been part of the archbishopric of Mainz for a hundred years before that. From 968 until the Protestant Reformation, Merseburg was the seat of the Bishop of Merseburg, and in addition to being for a time the residence of the margraves of Meissen, it was a favorite residence of the German kings during the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries. Fifteen diets were held here during the Middle Ages, during which time its fairs enjoyed the importance which was afterwards transferred to those of Leipzig. After Ekkehard's treacherous death on 3 April 1002, Bolesław I Chrobry took Merseburg and Meissen, and then Milsko with Bautzen and Strehla, with the help of the local Slavic population. The German princes accepted the sovereignty of the Polish prince in these areas. Some historians believe that since the convention in Gniezno, the Brave might have had certain rights to the German throne after Otto III, guaranteed by some succession document. Merseburg was later the site of a failed assassination attempt on Polish ruler Bolesław I Chrobry in 1002. The town suffered severely during the German Peasants' War and also during the Thirty Years' War.
17th century to 20th century.
From 1657 to 1738 Merseburg was the residence of the Dukes of Saxe-Merseburg, after which it fell to the Electorate of Saxony. In 1815 following the Napoleonic Wars, the town became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony.
Merseburg is where the Merseburg Incantations were rediscovered in 1841. Written down in Old High German, they are hitherto the only preserved German documents with a heathen theme. One of them is a charm to release warriors caught during battle, and the other is a charm to heal a horse's sprained foot.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Merseburg was transformed into an industrial town, largely due to the pioneering work done by Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius, who laid down the scientific fundamentals of the catalytic high-pressure ammonia synthesis from 1909 to 1913. The nearby Leuna works continue this tradition of chemical industry. The "Merseburger Tageblatt" was published as a local newspaper in Merseburg.
Merseburg was badly damaged in World War II. In 23 air raids, 6,200 dwellings were completely or partly destroyed. The historic town centre was almost completely destroyed.
Briefly part of Saxony-Anhalt after the war, it was then administered within the "Bezirk" Halle in East Germany. It became part of Saxony-Anhalt again after the reunification of Germany.
Demographics.
Like many towns in the former East Germany, Merseburg has had a general decline in population since German Reunification despite annexing and merging with a number of smaller nearby villages.
Population of Merseburg "(from 1960, population on 31 December, unless otherwise indicated)":
Sights.
Among the notable buildings of Merseburg are the Merseburg Cathedral of St John the Baptist (founded 1015, rebuilt in the 13th and 16th centuries) and the episcopal palace (15th century). The cathedral-and-palace ensemble also features a palace garden.
Other sights include the Merseburg House of Trades with a cultural stage and the German Museum of Chemistry, Merseburg.
Arts and culture.
The Merseburg Palace Festival with the Historical Pageant, the International Palace-Moat Concerts, Merseburg Organ Days and the Puppet Show Festival Week are events celebrated every year.
Transport.
Merseburg station is located on the Halle–Bebra railway. Leipzig/Halle Airport is 25 kilometers away.
Merseburg is connected with the Halle (Saale) tramway network. A tram ride from Halle's city centre to Merseburg takes about 50 minutes.
Twin towns – sister cities.
Merseburg is twinned with:
References.
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Detlev Karl Wilhelm Baumgarten-Crusius
German educator and philologist
Detlev Karl Wilhelm Baumgarten-Crusius (24 January 1786, Dresden – 5 May 1845, Meissen) was a German educator and philologist. He was the older brother of theologian Ludwig Friedrich Otto Baumgarten-Crusius (1788-1842).
From 1810, he served as a vice-principal in Merseburg, afterwards performing similar duties in Dresden (from 1817). In 1833 he was appointed rector at the "Landesschule" in Meissen, where he worked for the remainder of his career.
Baumgarten-Crusius is known for his work in the field of classical philology, in particular, editions of the Roman historian Suetonius. In 1822-24, he published an edition of Homer's Odyssey.
References.
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Baumgarten, Vienna
Baumgarten (Central Bavarian: "Baamgoatn") is an area of Vienna's fourteenth district. Until 1891, it was a little village outside the city. Together with the villages Hütteldorf, Penzing, Breitensee and Hadersdorf-Weidlingau it became Vienna's 14th district.
Baumgarten was first mentioned in 1200, but probably existed already in earlier times. It was originally subdivided in Ober- and Unterbaumgarten (the upper part and the lower part). In 1850, the two parts were merged into one community. Until the 19th century, it had a very rural character with farms and vineyards and it was a popular summer holiday retreat for the citizens of Vienna. Some of the richer summer guests had built nice summer residences in this area. One of them was known as the "Baumgarten Castle", which was demolished in 1890 and a school was built instead. Right opposite it is the "Baumgarten Casino" that still hosts music and dance events.
The artist Gustav Klimt was born in Baumgarten, Linzerstraße 247. The one-story house was torn down in 1966 and replaced by apartment buildings. The commemorative plaque that was originally mounted on the house is now stored at the district museum of Penzing.
References.
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Charles Frederick Baumgarten
German-born violinist, organist, composer and teacher
Charles Frederick Baumgarten (originally Karl Friedrich Baumgarten; 1739/1740 – 1824) was a German-born violinist, organist, composer and teacher, living in London.
Life.
Baumgarten was born in Lübeck, and was a pupil of the organist Johann Paul Kunzen. In 1757 he moved to England.
There are few details of his early career. By 1760 he was organist of the Lutheran chapel at the Savoy. In 1763 he was leader of the orchestra of the Haymarket Theatre in London; in 1764 he was at the Smock Alley Theatre in Dublin.
He was leader of the Duke of Cumberland's private band, whose other members included William Shield and William Thomas Parke. From 1780 until 1794 he was leader of the orchestra of Covent Garden Theatre in London. Joseph Haydn met him in 1792; by this time he had almost forgotten his mother tongue. Haydn wrote in his diary that Baumgarten led "a sleepy orchestra". However he and Adalbert Gyrowetz, who was in London at the same time, acknowledged his theoretical knowledge.
His many pupils included William Dance, Thomas Welsh and William Thomas Parke.
Baumgarten died in London in 1824, aged 84. Carl Ferdinand Pohl wrote "he does not seem to have possessed the art of making use of his advantages, and was quickly forgotten."
Compositions.
Baumgarten's compositions include keyboard works, an oboe concerto, and six quartets for various instruments.
He also wrote some material for the theatre, including the music for Carlo Antonio Delpini's "Blue Beard" (1791), the overture for "Harlequin, Junior" (Covent Garden 1784) and some of the music for "Netley Abbey" (Covent Garden 1794).
References.
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Arthur Baumgarten
German-Swiss jurist and legal philosopher)
Arthur Edwin Paul Baumgarten (31 March 1884 in Königsberg, East Prussia – 27 November 1966 in East Berlin, East Germany) was a German-Swiss jurist and legal philosopher. After voluntary exile in Switzerland, Baumgarten became a prominent legal scholar in East Germany.
Biography.
Baumgarten was born on 31 March 1884 in Königsberg, East Prussia, a son of the anatomist and bacteriologist Paul Baumgarten. He visited the "Humanistisches Gymnasium" in Tübingen, where he graduated in 1902, and went on to study jurisprudence in Tübingen, Geneva and Leipzig.
He earned a doctorate in jurisprudence in 1909 in Berlin. His doctoral advisor was Franz von Liszt. In the same year, he became professor for criminal law at the University of Cologne. In the years from 1923 to 1930, he taught in Basel. Following a stay in Frankfurt am Main, Baumgarten chose voluntary exile in Switzerland by returning to Basel, as the Nazis eventually took power in Germany in the summer of 1933. There he taught legal philosophy from 1933 to 1946.
In 1935, he visited the Soviet Union, where he contacted likewise exiled German communists. In 1944, he co-founded the Swiss Party of Labor.
In 1946, he accepted an invitation as visiting professor in Leipzig. Eventually, he was appointed full professor in Berlin in 1948. From 1952 to 1960, he was the president of German Academy for State- and Legal Sciences.
Baumgarten died on 27 November 1966 in Berlin, East Germany. He remained a Swiss citizen until his death.
Legacy.
Baumgarten's main field of interest was legal philosophy. Originally unimpressed and opposed to Marxism and socialist conceptions of life, he later turned towards Marxism himself. As a legal philosopher, he sought to combine the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment and a Marxist interpretation of socialism. Albeit briefly an important figure in legal affairs in young East Germany, his views were in content largely opposed by East German legal theory dominated by figures like Walter Ulbricht and Karl Polak. Despite similar views having been popular among some of his contemporaries, such as Karl Bönninger and Hermann Klenner, they were suppressed early-on by Ulbricht and Polak, most notably at the Babelsberg Conference. While Baumgarten was always held in high regard at a personal level, the influence of Ulbricht and Polak caused his ideas to gain little traction in the audience of the time.
References.
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John Baumgarten
American politician
John Baumgarten (May 26, 1902 – November 23, 1963) was an American businessman and politician.
Baumgarten was born in Rockford, Illinois and attended Rockford public schools. Baumgarten worked for the Rockford Screw Products and was the personnel manager. He lived in Rockford, Illinois with his wife. Baumgarten served in the Illinois House of Representatives in 1939 and 1940 and was a Democrat. In 1943, Baumgarten and his wife moved to Cherry Valley, Illinois. He served as mayor of Cherry Valley in 1945. Baumgarten died at Swedish American Hospital in Rockford, Illinois.
Notes.
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Oskar Baum
Czech music educator and writer
Oskar Baum (21 January 1883 – 20 March 1941) was a Czech music educator and writer in the German language.
Life.
Baum was born on 21 January 1883 in Plzeň, as the son of a Jewish cloth goods merchant. He had vision problems from the time of his birth. At eight, he lost the sight in one eye and at the age of eleven, during a scuffle, he lost his sight completely. Since he could no longer participate in school, the class teacher sent him to Vienna to the Israelite Institute for the Blind, a high school. There he trained as a music consultant and learned the organ and piano. In 1902, he put aside his teaching degree and returned to Prague. Baum earned his living as an organist and cantor in a synagogue; later he became a piano teacher.
In 1904, Baum made the acquaintance of Max Brod and Ludwig Winder with Franz Kafka and Felix Weltsch. The four became close friends with Baum, and after Baum's marriage to Margarete Schnabel, the couple's apartment became the meeting place of the Prague Circle. Here, the friends engaged in reading each other's literary texts, but they were also enthusiastic about exploring foreign texts and chamber music. During this time, a lively correspondence between Kafka and Baum began.
Baum died on 20 March 1941 in Prague of the consequences of an intestinal operation. Shortly after his death his wife Margarete was deported to Theresienstadt Ghetto where she died a year later. His only son Leo (born 1909) died on 22 July 1946 in the King David Hotel bombing by Irgun in Jerusalem.
References.
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Michael Baumgarten
German Protestant theologian (1812–1889)
Michael Baumgarten (25 March 1812 – 21 July 1889) was a German Protestant theologian. Baumgarten was born at Haseldorf in Schleswig-Holstein.
Life.
He studied at Kiel University (1832), and became professor "ordinarius" of theology at Rostock (1850). A liberal scholar, he became widely known in 1854 through a work, "Die Nachtgesichte Sacharjas. Eine Prophetenstimme aus der Gegenwart", in which, starting from texts in the Old Testament and assuming the tone of a prophet, he discussed topics of every kind.
At a pastoral conference in 1856 he boldly defended evangelical freedom as regards the legal sanctity of Sunday. This, with other attempts to liberalize religion, brought him into conflict with the ecclesiastical authorities of Mecklenburg, and in 1858 he was deprived of his professorship.
He then travelled throughout Germany, demanding justice, telling the story of his life (""Christliche Selbstgesprache", 1861), and lecturing on the life of Jesus ("Die Geschichte Jesu: für das Verständniss der Gegenwart"", 1859). In 1865 he helped to found the Deutsche Protestantenverein, but withdrew from it in 1877. On several occasions (1874, 1877 and 1878) he sat in the Reichstag as a member of the progressive party.
Other published works.
Hans Hinrich Studt published his autobiography in 1891 (2 volumes); see also Karl Schwarz, "Zur Geschichte der neuesten Theologie" (1856, 4th edition 1869); Frédéric Auguste Lichtenberger, "History of German theology in the nineteenth century" (1889); Paul Zeller, "Calwer Bibellexikon".
References.
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Johann Christian Gottlob Baumgarten
German physician and botanist (1765–1843)
Johann Christian Gottlob Baumgarten (7 April 1765 – 29 December 1843) was a German physician and botanist who was a native of Luckau in Lower Lusatia.
He studied at the medical-surgical college in Dresden and at the University of Leipzig (from 1785), where he was a student of Johann Ehrenfried Pohl. While at Leipzig he performed field studies of its local flora, publishing the treatise "Flora Lipsiensis" in 1790. The same year he earned his philosophy degree, and in 1791 received his medical doctorate. Afterwards he furthered his studies of botany and medicine in Vienna.
In 1793 he travelled to Transylvania, where he undertook pioneer investigations of its flora. In 1794, he was named district medical officer in Leschkirch, and from 1801, performed a similar role in Schäßburg (today known as Sighişoara, Romania). From 1807 onward, he devoted all his time and energy to botanical research in Transylvania. In 1816, he published the first of a four-volume work on Transylvanian flora titled "Enumeratio stirpium Magno Transsilvaniae principatui" (1816–46).
A species of bellflower, "Campanula baumgartenii", is named after Baumgarten. He is the taxonomic authority of the genera "Telekia", "Banffya", "Candollea" and "Triodon" as well as of numerous plant species.
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References.
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Hans Heinrich Baumgarten
Danish industrialist
Hans Heinrich Baumgarten (29 May 1806 – 3 March 1875) was a Holstein-Danish industrialist. In 1843, he founded a company which from 1846 became known as Baumgarten & Burmeister and after his retirement became Burmeister & Wain.
Early life and career.
Baumgarten was born on 29 May 1806 in Halstenbeck, Holstein, the son of Hufner Franz Heinrich Joachim B. (1757–1826) and Anna Marie Köncke (1763–1820). He started as a farm worker in his home town but later apprenticed as a koiner in Hamburg. He moved to Copenhagen in 1829 where he was introduced to mechanics in Frederik Schiøtt's machine workshop. Baumgarten went abroad When Schiøtt's firm was dissolved in 1832. He first managed an iron foundry in Lübeck for a few years and then continued to Berlin where he first worked for three years as a mechanic in Vossische Zeitung's printer business and then for about a year as foreman Freund's machine factory. In 1865, Burmeister made William Wain a partner in the company.
In 1839, Baumgarten return to Copenhagen. He initially worked for a short time as engineer in Berling's printer and then for a few years managed P. F. Lunde's machine workshop.
Baumgarten & Burmeister.
On 18 February 1843,Baumgarten was granted a royal license to establish his own machine workshop. His first workshop was located at the second floor in a rear wing at Købmagergade 46. It later moved to the so-called Wismer House on Gammel Mønt.
In October 1846, Baumgarten and C. C. Burmeister merged their ventures Baumgarten & Burmeister after being encouraged to do so by Hans Christian Ørsted. The company was based in the former beer garden "Kierulffs Have" at Overgaden neden Vandet in Christianshavn. Baumgarten retired from the company in 1862. It had by then grown to 450 workers and had produced a total of 134 steam engines.
Baumgarten was a board member of Industriforeningen in 1846–60.
Personal life.
Baumgarten married Frederikke Margrethe Andersen (17 June 1810 - 18 March 1896), a daughter of Thue Andersen and Anne Marie Svendsen, on 29 October 1830. They had two children, Ludwig Ferdinand Baumgarten and Emma Vilhelmine Wendt. Their son died as an infant.
In 1863, Baumgarten was created a Knight in the Order of the Dannebrog. He spent his last years on his property in Lyngby where he constructed a machine for the perforation of sheets of stamps. He died on 3 March 1875 and is buried in Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.
References.
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Arnold Baumgarten
Arnold Baumgarten (24 September 1879 – 23 January 1939) was a part Jewish doctor and hospital director in Vienna who fled to China after Austria's Anschluss from Nazi Germany.
Early life.
Arnold Baumgarten was born in Vienna on 24 September 1879, the son of the merchant Johann Jakob Baumgarten and Mathilde, née Kollinsky. In 1907 he was married Johanna (born 6.5.1879 Brünn/Mähren), née Horvath. They had the two sons Johann (born 28.9.1907 in Pörtschach) and Friedrich Robert (born 10.7.1910 in Pörtschach), who studied medicine at the University of Vienna and received his doctorate in 1936.
Career.
After further training, Baumgarten worked as assistant at the prosectura of the Rudolfstiftung Hospital with the pathologist Prof. Richard Paltauf (1858-1924). In 1904, he published the paper "„Ein Beitrag zur Pathogenität des Bazillus Friedländer und zur Histogenese der Mikulicz´schen Zellen“ ("A Contribution to the Pathogenicity of the Bacillus Friedländer and to the Histogenesis of Mikulicz's Cells"). Until 1907, he practiced medicine at the Karolinen-Kinderspital at Sobieskigasse 31 in Vienna 9 with the lecturer and later professor Wilhelm Knoepfelmacher (1866-1938), where he published "A Case of Peripheral Unilateral Hypoglossal Palsy with Hemiatrophy of the Tongue." In 1906 he became member of the Society of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, and the Society of Pediatrics, in Vienna.
In early 1908 he was appointed provisional community physician in Annaberg in the district of Lilienfeld in Lower Austria, and then in the same year in Pörtschach am Wörthersee in Carinthia as community physician and physician of the health resort. In 1911, he was appointed medical officer in the state of Carinthia, from which position he resigned as early as 1912.
He served in World War 1 as a senior physician at the Pörtschach Reserve Hospital, and from 1915 as a naval medical officer for the Naval Supplementary District in Trieste at the Military Hospital in Knittelfeld.[6] In 1915, he was appointed Landsturm assistant physician,[7] and in 1916 Landsturm senior physician. [8] In 1916 he also received the Red Cross Medal of Honor in recognition of services to the founding of district hospitals and to the voluntary rescue service.[9] As a physician at the military hospital in Knittelfeld, he published a series of papers from the hospital's bacteriological laboratory in 1917, as well as collaborating on scientific papers with the bacteriologist Helene Langer-Zuckerkandl (1888-1944) and Alfred Luger (1886-1938).
Baumgarten was the director of Vienna's largest city hospital (1,000 beds) and the head of the Austrian State health department. From 1923 to 1938 he was the Director of the "Krankenhaus Lainz" in Wien
In early 1938 he joined the Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien as a member, and in January 1938 he was decorated by the mayor of the city of Vienna.
Nazi persecution and flight.
After Austria merged with Nazi Germany in the 1938 "Anschluss", Baumgarten was persecuted because of his Jewish heritage.
One day after the Anschluss, on March 14, 1938, the Nazis removed him from his positions at the Lainz Hospital (Vienna 13, Woltersbergenstraße 1), forcing him into permanent retirement on April 23, 1938.
Baumgarten fled to China in October 1938. He died on 23 January 1939 in Canton in China, and his wife Johanna, who was not Jewish, died in Vienna in March 1940. His son Fritz, who had studied medicine at the University of Vienna and received his doctorate in 1936, fled to Tianjin (formerly Tientsin) in China, where he died.[23] His second son Johann Baumgartner managed to escape to Paraguay.
Time Magazine report of suicide.
Time Magazine included Baumgarted in a list of reported post-Anschluss suicides of Jewish doctors in Vienna in a Mar. 28, 1938 article entitled, "Medicine: Death & Doctors". The article focused on the impact of the Nazis taking possession of " the world's greatest establishment for medical teaching—the University of Vienna's medical school (300 professors & lecturers), the General Hospital (over 2,000 beds), the polyclinic and nine other hospitals."
"Time" included Baumgarten in list of suicides, not knowing that he had managed to flee to China. The Time list included:"Professor Gabor Nobl, 74, Polyclinic skin & syphilis specialist, who shot his wife and himself."
"Professor Edmund Nobel, 54, baby specialist, who with the help of U. S. charity fed 400,000 Austrian children starving after the last War."
"Professor Arnold Baumgarten, 58, part-Jewish director of Vienna's largest city hospital (1,000 beds), onetime head of the Austrian State health department."
"Professor Moritz Oppenheim, 61, best skin specialist in Vienna."
"Professor Jonas Borak, X-ray specialist."
"Professor Gustav Bayer, 69, who with his daughter took morphine, turned on the gas and died in his home at Innsbruck."
See also.
The Holocaust in Austria
"(not to be confused with another Holocaust victim of the same name )"
References.
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Otto Crusius (1857–1918)
German classical scholar
Otto Crusius (20 December 1857 – 29 December 1918) was a German classical scholar. He was born in Hanover and died in Munich.
In his youth he was a student of Franz Ahrens at the Lyceum in Hanover, afterwards studying classical philology at the University of Leipzig (1875–79). At Leipzig his influences included Otto Ribbeck and Rudolf Hildebrand. He earned his habilitation in 1883 and three years later was a professor at the University of Tübingen, succeeding Erwin Rohde. Later on, he worked as a professor at the University of Heidelberg (from 1898) and at Munich (from 1903). In 1915 he became president of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences as well as general curator of the Bavarian State collections.
His works include: ""Beiträge zur griechischen Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte" (1886), "Untersuchungen zu den Mimiamben des Herondas"" (1892), etc. He published editions of the poet Herondas, the fables of Babrius, "Anthologia lyrica Graeca" (1897 ff) and was an editor of the journal "Philologus". After 1909 he published, with others, several volumes of "Das Erbe der Alten. Schriften Über Wesen und Wirkung Der Antike".
References.
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Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten
German Protestant theologian (1706–1757)
Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten (; ; 14 March 1706, Wolmirstedt, Duchy of Magdeburg – 4 July 1757, Halle, Duchy of Magdeburg) was a German Lutheran theologian. He was a brother to philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–1762).
Biography.
Baumgarten studied theology at the University of Halle, and in 1728 the 22-year-old Baumgarten, a Hallensian Pietist and bibliophile, was appointed as minister of the Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen (Market Church of Our Dear Lady). In 1730 he became an associate professor at Halle, where in 1734 he was appointed a full professor of theology. In 1748 he was named a university rector. At the end of his life, he translated encyclopedic articles and biographies from English into German.
Baumgarten was a follower of the philosophical teachings of Christian Wolff (1679-1754), and is regarded as a transitional theologian from the Pietism of Philipp Jakob Spener (1635-1705) and August Hermann Francke (1663-1727) to that of modern rationalism. He was a prodigious writer and published works on exegesis, hermeneutics, dogmatics and history. He was the editor of the first sixteen volumes of the "Allgemeine Welthistorie" (General World History), which after his death, was continued by his assistant Johann Salomo Semler (1725-1791).

Otto Baum
Nazi commander (1911–1998)
Otto Baum (15 November 1911 – 18 June 1998) was a high-ranking commander (Oberführer) of the Waffen-SS during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords of Nazi Germany.
Life and career.
Baum was born on 15 November 1911 in Hechingen-Stetten, a son of a merchant. From 1930 to 1932, he studied two semesters of agriculture at the University of Hohenheim. He served as a battalion commander in 3rd SS Totenkopf Infantry Regiment during the Operation Barbarossa, invasion of the Soviet Union. After recovering from severe wounds in 1943, Baum was promoted to regimental commander, and eventually reached the rank of SS-"Oberführer". He took command of the SS Division Das Reich in July 1944, and saw action in the Falaise Pocket. After the war, Baum was interned by the British until December 1948.
References.
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Bibliography

Fritz Baumgarten
German footballer
Fritz Baumgarten (21 December 1886 – 17 May 1961) was a German footballer.
He played as a goalkeeper for the Berlin club BFC Germania. On 5 April 1908, in Basel, Switzerland Baumgarten was part of the national side in Germany's first ever international match which they lost 5–3 to the Swiss. This was his only appearance for the national team.
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Hermann Baumgarten
German historian and political publicist
Hermann Baumgarten (; ; 28 April 1825 – 19 June 1893) was a German historian and political publicist whose work had a major impact on liberalism during the unification of Germany. Baumgarten's philosophy also created a significant political impression on Max Weber, an influential social theorist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Life and career.
Hermann Baumgarten was born in Wolfenbüttel in the Duchy of Brunswick. He studied philology and history at the University of Jena before becoming a journalist in 1855. In 1859 he began working at Maximilian Duncker's "literary bureau", a Prussian institution used to disseminate propaganda. In 1861, he also took up a teaching post at the Technical University of Karlsruhe.
As a champion of Prussian/German liberalism, Baumgarten faced the dilemma as to whether or not to accept the military and political successes of Prussia's conservative Prime Minister, Otto von Bismarck. In 1866, Baumgarten published his support of Bismarck's policies in an essay entitled "A Self-Criticism of German Liberalism". This work essentially ended radical German liberalism as a force, whereupon many Prussians joined the Bismarck-supporting National Liberal Party), and allowed the new German empire to nationalize and solidify.
In 1872, Baumgarten became Professor of History at the Reichsuniversität in Strasbourg. During the late 1880s and early 1890s, Baumgarten made a significant political impression upon Max Weber, Baumgarten's nephew by marriage. Weber would go on to profoundly influence social theory and the remit of sociology itself. At the age of 68, Baumgarten died in Strasbourg, Alsace–Lorraine.
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Bodo Baumgarten
German painter
Bodo Baumgarten (25 November 1940 – 13 September 2022) was a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and educator. He is a former professor at Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Saar (HBK) in Saarland.
Biography.
Bodo Baumgarten was born on 25 November 1940 in Gdynia, West Prussia (now Poland). He grew up in Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg in Germany.
Baumgarten studied painting at the Muthesius Academy of Art (German: "Muthesius Kunsthochschule Kiel") from 1962 to 1965; under Hans Domke and Gottfried Brockmann. Baumgarten continued his studies from 1965 to 1969 at the University of Fine Arts of Hamburg, where he started teaching while completing his studies.
In 1977, Baumgarten participated in documenta 6, a contemporary art exhibition. In 1981, Baumgarten moved to Cologne, Germany, where he maintains his present-day studio.
He taught painting at the Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Saar (HBK) from 1989 until 2006. Baumgarten had many notable students, including Andrea Neumann.
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Wolfgang Baumgratz
German organist and academic teacher
Wolfgang Baumgratz (born 10 October 1948 in Meersburg) is a German organist and academic teacher.
Life.
Wolfgang Baumgratz studied organ and sacred music at the Hochschule für Kirchenmusik in Heidelberg and at the Hochschule für Musik in Freiburg im Breisgau (organ class of Ludwig Doerr). He graduated with a Master's degree in sacred music (1976) and was music director at the Johanneskirche in Merzhausen from 1971 until 1976. Between 1976 and 1978, he studied organ with Albert de Klerk at the Conservatorium in Amsterdam, Netherlands, as recipient of a scholarship from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), and graduated with a soloist diploma in organ performance in 1978.
In 1979, Baumgratz became organist at Bremen Cathedral, where he succeeded Zsigmond Szathmáry. The following year, he became lecturer of organ at the Hochschule für Künste (HfK) Bremen, and in 1984 was appointed professor of organ performance. In 1989, he became department chair of the HfK sacred music department.
Since 1982, he has been working as organ consultant for the Evangelical Church of Bremen (Bremische Evangelische Kirche). In 1990, he was elected vice president of the Gesellschaft der Orgelfreunde (GdO); he was president of the GdO from 1998 until 2013. After his retirement in 2014, he became organist at the Lutheran St. Remberti church in Bremen. Since 2020, he is organist at Immanuel church and the Alte Waller Kirche in Bremen.
Wolfgang Baumgratz has performed throughout Europe and released numerous LP and CD recordings.
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Alfred Baumgarten
Baron Alfred Moritz Friedrich Baumgarten (13 November 1842 – 3 October 1919) was the co-founder and president of the St. Lawrence Sugar Refinery at Montreal, and a life governor of the Montreal General Hospital and Master of Foxhounds for the Montreal Hunt. His house in Montreal's Golden Square Mile is today home to the McGill University Faculty Club.
Family and education.
Alfred Moritz Friedrich Baumgarten was born on 13 November 1842 in Dresden, the son of Dr Moritz Friedrich Oswald Baumgarten, court physician to John, king of Saxony, and Emmy Zocher, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Carola of Saxony.
Baumgarten attended Dresden High School and Dresden Polytechnic School (where he graduated as a chemist), before studying chemistry at the University of Berlin and the University of Göttingen, during which time he received two years' practical experience at the chemical plant at Schöningen. In 1864, he was awarded a doctor of philosophy degree.
Career.
Baumgarten began his career as the manager of a sugar beet house at Hamersleben, remaining there until 1866, when he emigrated to the United States.
New York.
Baumgarten came to New York with the intention of entering the North American chemical industry. He became an assistant in the laboratory of the chemist Charles F. Chandler of the New York School of Mines.
Whilst at the School of Mines, Baumgarten formed a business partnership with C.W. Walter, establishing with him the Laurel Hill Chemical Works, under the name of Walter & Baumgarten. The company later became the Nicholson Company, the largest acid manufacturing works in North America. Baumgarten then moved from the company, when he obtained a management post at the Long Island Sugar refinery.
Montreal.
In 1873, Baumgarten came to Montreal, where he worked as manager of the de Castro Syrup Company. In 1879, he co-founded the St. Lawrence Sugar Refining Company, becoming the company's vice-president and, in 1894, its president.
Baumgarten's training as a chemical engineer enabled him to develop the process of refining sugar beet. The company imported raw sugar from the British West Indies and Europe before refining it into a pure substance. The plant was enlarged several times to accommodate the growth in demand. When the original buildings were destroyed by fire in 1887, a new factory was built at Maisonneuve on a riverside site that allowed the largest ships to unload their cargo near to the factory doors.
By 1908, the company was worth CA$ (1908) and was exporting 300,000 barrels a year. Baumgarten became a wealthy man as a result of his stakes in the company.
In 1911, Baumgarten was appointed as a director of the Bank of Montreal. He was also a director of C. Meredith & Company; vice-president of the Montreal Archaeological Institute, and published several essays on chemistry. He retired in 1912 and was succeeded as president of the St. Lawrence Refinery by John Wilson McConnell, though he remained the principal shareholder and was given the position of honorary president.
Forced resignation from the St. Lawrence Sugar Refining Company.
Prior to the First World War, anti-German sentiment spread through the British Empire, reaching a peak after the outbreak of war in 1914. The St. Lawrence Sugar Refinery was targeted in the local press for allegedly still being "in the hands of enemy Germans". By 1915, McConnell was forced to hold a shareholders' meeting to discuss "the serious menace to the welfare of our business caused by hostile publications in the press against certain persons connected with our company". The company decided that every officeholder with a German-sounding name had to resign his post, and most did. As well as being made to sell his shares, Baumgarten and his brother-in-law, the vice-president and managing director, Otto Wilhelm Donner, all resigned their positions.
These events, as well as the way several of his pre-war associates shunned him as soon as war was declared against Germany, distressed Baumgarten greatly. Some of his close friends stood by him, frustrated by how he had been treated.
During the war, Baumgarten contributed generously towards the Canadian Patriotic Fund, and he offered to let his Montreal town house become a convalescent home for disabled soldiers. However, aspersions were cast that he was a sympathiser and, stories were told that the house was used by the spy Joachim von Ribbentrop.
Family and private life.
In 1885, Baumgarten married Martha Christina Donner, the daughter of John Donner of Altona, Hamburg. The marriage produced two daughters, Mimi Donner Baumgarten (b. 1888), and Elsa Baumgarten (b. 1900). In 1895, he purchased a large house at Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, which eventually had stables and galleries and dominated the hillside overlooking the lake.
Baumgarten was a life governor of the Montreal General Hospital, the Montreal Western Hospital and the Alexandra Hospital. He enjoyed a prominent place in Montreal's social world. After he retired from public life he spent the greater part of his time at his country house. He died on 3 October 1919, having been in poor health during the last five years of his life. He was buried in the Mount Royal Cemetery in Montreal.
Baumgarten died a wealthy man. In his will, executed in 1919, he left donations to the three hospitals where he had been a governor, and a substantial annual sum for his family, which allowed them to retain the family country house, even after Martha Baumgarten's death in 1953.
Baumgarten House.
In 1880, Baumgarten purchased land on McTavish Street, now located within Montreal's Golden Square Mile for a new mansion, Baumgarten House, which was completed in 1887.
The house had a modest exterior, but the interior was sumptuously decorated and boasted a 'sunken bathtub' (an indoor swimming pool), the first in the city. It was also the first private residence to be fitted with electrical lighting. In 1902 he made further extensions to his home.
The ceiling of the ballroom, from which hung several chandeliers, was supported by marble columns and a minstrels' gallery was suspended from the ceiling with brass cords. The ballroom floor was built on springs to help boost the dancers' feet. Baumgarten personally designed and built the spring floor, which was transplanted to his home from the Montreal Hunt clubhouse when the Hunt relocated.
The Gothic Gallery, which spanned two stories of the house, was designed to resemble a German hunting lodge and was covered by an immense, amber-coloured stained glass skylight. In the early 1900s his home was the favourite Montreal place for Governor-General the Earl of Minto.
After Baumgarten's death in 1919, the house continued to be lived in by his widow and their two daughters. In 1926, McGill University purchased the house for a nominal sum to serve as a residence for the principal of McGill. General Sir Arthur Currie occupied the house until 1935, but it was felt by his successor that the house was too grand for his needs and from 1935 the house was renovated to become the McGill Faculty Club. At this time, the Gothic Gallery was split into two separate floors, the lower of which is now the main dining room, and the upper of which serves as the billiard room.
Montreal Hunt.
Baumgarten was an ardent sportsman and had a passion for horses. From 1882 to 1887, he was the Master of Foxhounds for the Montreal Hunt, rejuvenating the club after the departure of British troops from Canada in 1870. He introduced dinners and dancing after the meet.
In 1881, Baumgarten bought some land on the corner of what is today Mount Royal Avenue and Delormier Avenue.He commissioned the building of new kennels and a clubhouse, that included a banquet room, a billiards room, a ballroom, a swimming pool and a library. The front of the clubhouse featured a long gallery, where the meet could be viewed. The interior was decorated in light oak with burnished brass. The fireplace in the entrance hall was decorated with Dutch tiles depicting hunting scenes. The swimming pool was described as "an oriental plunge bathroom all inlaid with white tiles".
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Baumgarten (surname)
Baumgarten is a German and Ashkenazi Jewish surname, likely indicating an ancestral lineage from a man who owned, lived or worked in an orchard; from Baum, meaning tree, and Garte(n) meaning enclosure (garden).
Notable people with the surname include:
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 Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Baumgarten.

Lothar Baumgarten
German artist (1944–2018)
Lothar Baumgarten (5 October 1944 – 2 December 2018) was a German conceptual artist, based in New York and Berlin. His work includes installation and also film.
Early life and education.
Born 1944 in Rheinsberg, Germany, Baumgarten attended the Staatliche Akademie der bildenden Künste, Karlsruhe (1968), and the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf (1969–71), where he studied for a year under Joseph Beuys.
Work.
Baumgarten's body of work included ephemeral sculptures, photographic work, slide projection pieces, 16 mm film works, recordings, drawings, prints, books, short stories, as well as site-specific works and wall drawings and architecture related interventions.
Between 1968 and 1970, Baumgarten undertook a systematic photographic study of how several European ethnographic museums frame the viewer's perception through the manner in which their objects are displayed. The eighty Ektachromes that comprise Baumgarten's slide projection "Unsettled Objects" (1968–69) show artifacts at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, displayed much as they were when it was opened to the public in 1874.
Between 1977 and 1986 Baumgarten visited Brazil and Venezuela. During an eighteen-month period between 1978 and 1980, the artist lived among the Yãnomãmi people of Kashorawë-their and Nyapetawë-their in the upper Orinoco region. There were about 85 people in this particular community, which at that time had had relatively little contact with the outside world. Baumgarten's visits resulted in works such as "Terra Incognita" (1969–84), a three-dimensional diagram of the frontier between the two countries. Made between 1973 and 1977, "The Origin of the Night: Amazon Cosmos" is a 98-minutes film on the Brazilian rain forest and the creation stories of the Tupi Indians; Baumgarten took the film's story from Claude Lévi-Strauss's book "From Honey to Ashes". A later work, "El Dorado – Gran Sabana" (1977–85), juxtaposes photographs of the rich landscape of the La Gran Sabana region, the site of the legendary El Dorado, which Baumgarten took in 1977 with the names of heavy metals and minerals mined in the area during the 1980s; the names of indigenous animals being exterminated by the mining process are linked with the metals and minerals. "River-Crossing, Kashorawetheri" (1978), a suite of 15 black-and-white photographs, follows a group of Yãnomãmi on an arduous journey through a forest and across a waterway. "Fragmento Brasil" (1977-2005), a synchronized multi-projection piece without sound, is made up of paired sequences of 648 images from three sources: details from Albert Eckhout's mid-17th-century paintings of Brazilian birds set in idealized landscapes of European provenance; the abstract drawings of Yãnomãmi people from Venezuela and Brazil, 1978–80; and in conjunction, black & white landscape photographs of the Rio Caroni, Rio Uraricoera and Rio Branco regions in Venezuela and Brazil taken by the artist on a five-month walk in 1977. When he represented Germany at the 1984 Venice Biennale, his work "Señores Naturales" consisted of the names of Amazonian peoples engraved on a marble floor and filled with resin. At documenta X in Kassel (1997), Baumgarten exhibited the archives of his stay with the Yãnomãmi.
In "Accès aux quais (tableaux parisiens)" (1985–6), Baumgarten displayed a Metro line map, the names of the stations altered to refer to French colonial activity. In 1976 and 1989, he spent six months traveling the United States by rail and residing on several Indian reservations. A ceiling piece made for the Carnegie Museum of Art in 1988 featured hand-painted letters from the Cherokee alphabet. For "Carbon" (1989), an installation composed chiefly of bars of color and typographically crisp words, he mapped two overlapping histories around the gallery walls: The network of railroads integral to the settling of the American West and the homes of the indigenous tribes who were displaced, imprisoned or eradicated. What remains are their names, which live on in the network of the railroads: Cheyenne and Northern Railway, Apache Railway, Keokuk Junction Railway or Monongahela Railway. Other names continue to exist only as geographic designations: Potomac River, Coconino County, and Chemehuevi Mountains. The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles commissioned Baumgarten to create a work that incorporated the photo documentation of his trip; however, the intended piece was never realized. Instead, the photographs were later published along with eleven short stories in an artists' book titled "Carbon." For his 1993 six-week solo exhibition at the Guggenheim Baumgarten printed the names of indigenous North American peoples on the inner curves of the rotunda.
In 1994, Baumgarten landscaped the modern medium-sized woodland garden full of weeds and wild flowers for the Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain designed by Jean Nouvel. The garden's name, "Theatrum Botanicum", refers to the inventories of medicinal plants and herbs kept by medieval monks. In the late 1990s, he was commissioned with an installation at the Bundespräsidialamt. In 2002, he received a commission for "Seven Rings for Contemplation", a permanent public artwork for Denning's Point State Park in Beacon, New York. For "Concordance" (2003-2006), a series of c-prints, Baumgarten conducted an extensive survey of the setting and botany of the Serralves Park in Porto.
Since 1994 Baumgarten has been Professor at the Universität der Künste Berlin, Germany. In 2011, he was a fellow at Villa Massimo, Rome.
Baumgarten died on December 2, 2018.
Exhibitions.
Since his first solo show at Galerie Konrad Fischer in Düsseldorf in 1972, Baumgarten has exhibited widely at a global scale. Important solo shows include the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh (1987); as well as Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris (1987); The National Museum of Modern Art in Kyoto and Tokyo (1996); the Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg (2001); the Kunsthaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria; and the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid (2016). In 1984, he and A.R. Penck represented Germany at the Venice Biennale. He has also participated in documenta V (1972), VII (1982), IX (1992), and X (1997); the 1991 and 1988 Carnegie International; Skulptur Projekte Münster, 1987; and the 49th, 41st and 38th Venice Biennale (2001, 1984 and 1978).
Baumgarten is represented by Galerie Thomas Zander, Cologne, and Marian Goodman Gallery, New York/Paris.
Collections.
Baumgarten's works are held in numerous museum collections, including the Tate; Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Migros Museum, Zurich; MIT List Visual Arts Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid; Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona; Museum Abteiberg, Mönchengladbach; Museum Folkwang, Essen; Museum für Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt am Main; Museum of Modern Art, New York; Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; National Museum of Modern Art, Kyoto; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven; De Pont museum, Tilburg and Vancouver Art Gallery.
Recognition.
Baumgarten's numerous awards have included the MFI Prize, Essen (2003); the Lichtwark Prize of the City of Hamburg, Germany (1997); The Golden Lion, First Prize of the 41st Venice Biennale (1984); the Prize of the State of Nordrhein-Westfalen (1976); and the Prize of the City of Düsseldorf (1974).
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Peter Baumgart
German historian of modern age
Peter Baumgart (born 7 September 1931) is a German historian.
Life.
Born in Berlin, Baumgart was promoted D. ph in 1956 in historical thinking at the Free University of Berlin with a work supervised by Carl Hinrichs on Zinzendorf. He was Hinrichs' research assistant at the Friedrich-Meinecke-Institut and habilitated in 1964 on the former Braunschweig-wolfenbüttelsche University of Helmstedt. The habilitation thesis remained unpublished. From 1967 until his retirement, Baumgart taught as full professor of modern history at the University of Würzburg.
His main research interests are the history of education and universities in the early modern period and the history of Prussia and its provinces. He is considered an expert on (Brandenburg) Prussian statehood and culture. About the "Soldier King" Baumgart wrote a biography in the anthology about Prussia's ruler. On the occasion of his 75th birthday in 2006, the numerous articles on the history of universities in the confessional age published between 1961 and 1994 were collected and published.
Baumgart is a member of the executive committee of the Preußische Historische Kommission sowie der Historische Kommission für Schlesien
Writings.
Monographs
Editions
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Richard Baum (musicologist)
German musicologist and music historian
Richard Hellmuth Baum (8 April 1902 – 6 September 2000) was a German musicologist and music historian.
Life.
Family and education.
Born in Esslingen am Neckar, Baum, son of the trader Wilhelm Baum and his wife Klara, "née" Schweitzer, was baptized Protestant and passed his Abitur at the Realgymnasium in Esslingen am Neckar in 1920. He then devoted himself to the study of literary criticism at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, in 1921 he transferred to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he studied musicology with Adolf Sandberger, literature and education, and in 1926 he received his Dr. phil. doctorate.
Baum married to Margarete "née" Burrey in 1936. One child was born of this union. He died in September 2000 at the age of 98 in Kassel.
Career.
Immediately after his doctorate, Baum took up the post as the first editor at the Augsburg Bärenreiter-Verlag, which moved to Kassel in 1927. He later became a literary editor and worked for this publishing house until his ceremonial retirement in 1971. From 1933 to 1977, Baum served as the first chairman of the Arbeitskreis für Hausmusik (AfH), since 1969 the International Arbeitskreis für Musik (IAM). In this function he was responsible for the Kasseler Musiktage, which took place annually from 1933 to 1937 and since 1950. Baum was editor-in-chief of the magazines "Musik und Kirche" (1929-1941) and "Hausmusik" (since 1933, later "Practica"). From 1962 to 1977 he was co-editor of the magazine "Musica".
Baum, whose commitment was directed towards several committees of musical youth and adult education, also served as treasurer of the Gesellschaft für Musikforschung from 1947 to 1977 and as first chairman of the Landgraf Moritz Foundation from 1955 to 1975. In recognition of his special services to music research, he was awarded the Plaque of Honour of the City of Kassel in 1962 and the Goethe-Plakette des Landes Hessen in 1976.
Publications.
Author
Editor
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Aleksander Baumgardten
Polish poetAleksander Baumgardten (1908–1980) was a Polish poet.
Aleksander Baumgardten was born on May 31, 1908, in Krakau, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Kraków, Malopolskie, Poland). He was a writer, known for Pieciu (1964). He died on June 29, 1980, in Katowice, Slaskie, Poland.
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Emil Baumgärtel
Austrian politician (1885–1939)
Emil Baumgärtel (10 January 1885 in Wernersreuth, Austro-Hungarian Empire – 27 September 1939 in Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian politician for the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ). Baumgärtel attended a two-class village school and was trained as a bookseller. He became a bookseller in Wrocław, Frankfurt, and Vienna. In 1919, he was vice chairman of the Workers' council for Upper Austria. From 1919 to 1925, he was a member of the Upper Austrian parliament, and also as a provincial Deputy Provincial. From 10 November 1920 to 17 February 1934, he was a Member of the National Council. He was also vice president of the Austrian Chamber of Labour. In 2001, a street in Linz was named after him.
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Joseph M. Baumgarten
Joseph M. Baumgarten (Vienna, September 7, 1928 – December 4, 2008) was an Austrian-born Semitic scholar known for his knowledge in the field of Jewish legal texts from biblical law to Mishnaic law and including the legal texts among the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Baumgarten immigrated to the United States with his family in 1939 as a result of the Anschluss, Germany's occupation of Austria in 1938. In 1950, he was ordained a rabbi at Mesivta Torah Vodaath, a prominent Brooklyn yeshiva. He married Naomi Rosenberg in 1953.
Baumgarten started his studies in the field of mathematics with a B.A. cum laude from Brooklyn College. It was a chance meeting at Johns Hopkins with William Foxwell Albright that caused him to change direction, eventually being awarded a Ph.D. in Semitic studies in 1954. His dissertation was entitled "The Covenant Sect and the Essenes." From 1952 to 1957 he remained at Johns Hopkins teaching Aramaic. In 1953, he began his long association with Baltimore Hebrew College. He also took on the role of rabbi to the Bnai Jacob Congregation in 1959. Throughout his life, he was a member of the Rabbinical Council of America, a major organization of Orthodox rabbis.
Prof. Baumgarten served as visiting professor at Towson State College (now Towson University, the University of Maryland) and the University of the Negev (now Ben-Gurion University of the Negev) in Israel. He was also in residence at the Israel Institute for Advanced Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1990 and again in 2001. He was a fellow at the Annenberg Institute (now the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies of the University of Pennsylvania) in Philadelphia in 1992–1993.
1953 saw the first of his publications on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Essays from the early period of his study were collected in 1977, "Studies in Qumran Law" (Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1977). His knowledge of Qumran legal matters was probably the reason why John Strugnell gave him the task of publishing the Cave 4 fragments of the Damascus Document. His work on the Damascus Document not only brought its manuscripts to publication but provided the basis for understanding it within the framework of the history of Judaism.
A festschrift was presented to him in 1995: "Legal Texts and Legal Issues, Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the International Organization for Qumran Studies, Cambridge 1995, Published in Honour of Joseph M. Baumgarten", edited by M. Bernstein, F. García Martínez, J. Kampen (Leiden: Brill, 1997).
Publications.
His publications include:

Baumgarten, Burgenland
Baumgarten (, ) is a town in the district of Mattersburg in the Austrian state of Burgenland.
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Konrad Baumgarten
Hero of the Swiss liberation
Konrad Baumgarten or Conrad von Baumgarten is a hero of the Swiss liberation legend and, according to Friedrich Schiller's play "William Tell", oath-taker at the famous Rütli-oath of 1 August 1291 forming the Old Swiss Confederacy. There, Baumgarten was acting in his function as one of the representatives of Unterwalden, together with the somewhat younger Arnold von Melchthal. Baumgarten was a free and wealthy man who has killed, in his own residence, the local Habsburg sheriff Wolfenschiessen with an axe in defence of his wife Itta Baumgarten against the sheriff's trespass and inappropriate attempts to approach her. With the assistance of William Tell, Baumgarten managed to escape from the sheriff's warriors and to flee to Werner Stauffacher on the other side of Lake Lucerne.
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Ludwig Otto
German painter
Louis Eugen Friedrich Otto (21 July 1850 — 15 May 1920), known as Ludwig Otto, was a German landscape and court painter, etcher, and lithographer.
Born at Borna, near Leipzig, in the Kingdom of Saxony, in 1865 he was admitted as a student to the Academy Leipzig and from 1868 to 1870 continued his education at the Dresden Academy under Franz Theodor Grosse, before studying etching with Karl Köpping in Berlin. In 1871 the German Empire was created, giving Otto a new and wider-reaching citizenship. He spent some fifteen years in Italy, Greece, and England, documenting the finds of archaeological expeditions, and gaining international recognition as a scientific illustrator and landscape painter; he also worked as a court painter to the Saxon royal family.
Otto married Marie Rüdiger, daughter of a pastor of Großdrebnitz, a village he regularly visited to paint. One of his paintings survives there in the Martinskirche.
In May to October 1906, Otto’s work was exhibited at the "Sächsische Kunstausstellung", a major exhibition in Dresden on the Brühlesche Terrasse.
He was appointed a professor