Tolyatti
Tolyatti or Togliatti ( , ; , ), known before 1964 as Stavropol, is a city in Samara Oblast, Russia. It is the largest city in Russia which is neither the administrative center of a federal subject, nor the largest city of a subject. Population:  (2021 Census);  (2010 Census);  (2002 Census);  (1989 Soviet census)<templatestyles src="Module:Historical populations/styles.css"/> The city is best known as the home of Russia's largest car manufacturer AvtoVAZ (Lada). For this reason, Tolyatti is often dubbed "Russia's motor city" or "Russia's Motown" (in reference to Detroit in the United States—the spiritual home of the American automotive industry). It was renamed after Italian communist politician Palmiro Togliatti in 1964.
History.
Stavropol was founded as a fortress in 1737 by the Russian statesman Vasily Tatishchev. It was often informally referred to as Stavropol-on-Volga to distinguish it from Stavropol, a larger city in southwest Russia, although "Stavropol-on-Volga" was never its official name.
The construction of the Kuybyshev Dam and Hydroelectric Station on the Volga River in the 1950s created the Kuybyshev Reservoir, which flooded the existing location of the city, and it was completely rebuilt on a new site.
In 1964, the city was chosen as the location of the new VAZ automobile plant: a joint venture between Fiat and the Soviet government. It was then renamed Tolyatti after Palmiro Togliatti, the longest-serving secretary of the Italian Communist Party, who had been instrumental in setting up the venture with Fiat. Much of the modern city was constructed in the 1960s to house the workers of the factory, and today AvtoVAZ dominates the economy of the city.
Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Tolyatti serves as the administrative center of Stavropolsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Tolyatti—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Tolyatti is incorporated as Tolyatti Urban Okrug.
City divisions.
For the administrative purposes, the city is divided into three districts:
Economy.
The city's main claim to fame has been automobiles Lada (Zhiguli) manufactured by AvtoVAZ car plant employing some 110,000 people: in cooperation with Italy's Fiat since 1970, with General Motors since 2001 and with the Renault-Nissan Alliance since 2012, and once again becoming an independent, state-owned enterprise in 2022.
Other industries have moved into Tolyatti because it is close to abundant supplies of electricity and water. Petrochemicals are well represented in the city. Among the significant enterprises based there are "TogliattiAzot" (Russia's biggest ammonia manufacturer headed by Sergei Makhlai) and "KuibyshevAzot" (a nitrogen fertilizer manufacturer and Russia's biggest caprolactam and polyamide producer). Other industries include building materials production, ship repair and electrical equipment and electronics.
In 2011 the Tolyatti Special Economic Zone was launched in order to develop the region further and diversify the economy of the city. Several auto-component producers (German Mubea and Japanese Sanoh among them) have since been registered, as well as large industrial manufacturers (Praxair and Edscha). By November 2012 the value of project investment totalled 10 billion Rubles and around 3000 jobs were being created.
Transportation.
The transport system is well developed in the city. Public transport includes municipal buses and trolley-buses, and so-called "alternative" (commercial) transport or marshrutkas.
External transport routes are provided by two bus stations, two railway stations and a city harbour. Tolyatti has its airport as well, but it is used by personal aircraft only (the nearest international airport, Kurumoch, is located 40 km away, towards Samara). The city is linked to the federal road network by the M5 "Ural" highway.
Culture, education, and sports.
The creation of the Kuybyshev Reservoir in the 1950s destroyed much of the city's history, so almost all the city's cultural points of interest date from the Soviet period, but the city administration has continued to build new monuments and cathedrals. A recent notable event was the 1998 opening of the large Tatishchev Monument near the Volga. The Transfiguration Cathedral was completed in 2002.
Education.
Education is represented by over one hundred public and ten private schools, as well as several higher education institutions. Most notable ones include:
Sports.
In the eyes of the Soviet leaders, Tolyatti was a perfect Soviet city (since most population migrated here during the construction of AvtoVAZ factories) – many sports facilities appeared so that the "perfect Soviet person" could be healthy. The city has high-quality sports facilities: gymnasiums, swimming pools, ice arenas, association football and racing stadiums — as a result, many athletes, including Olympic Champion Alexei Nemov, Stanley Cup winners Alexei Kovalev and Ilya Bryzgalov had moved to Tolyatti. Former Montreal Canadiens defenseman Alexei Emelin, and former Washington Capitals winger Viktor Kozlov and defenseman Alexei Tezikov were born there. Daria Kasatkina, a professional tennis player, was born there.
Tolyatti is represented in almost every kind of team sports. Tolyatti's Lada-sponsored Ice Hockey Club broke the Moscow teams' domination of the game. The Lada women's football team has won the Russian championship several times — and the Lada women's handball team, who are the Russian and European Champions, is the core for Russian national women's handball. Men's football (FC Lada Togliatti), basketball and handball teams also take part in national championships. As for the traditional national sport of Russia, bandy, there is a team founded in 2013, TOAZ, which however only takes part in a recreational league.
Mega-Lada Togliatti who race at the Anatoly Stepanov Stadium are a record 17-times champions of Russia.
Parks and monuments.
Tolyatti has many parks, and many of these contain monuments of cultural, historical, and aesthetic interest. Examples include Victory Park with its Victory Monument and other monuments, Liberty Square with its Obelisk of Glory and other monuments, Central Park with its "Mourning Angel" (a memorial to victims of Soviet repression), large statue of Lenin, and other monuments, and other parks.
And there are other monuments outside the parks. The City Duma has been energetic in creating or designating historical and cultural monuments, ranging from the colossal equestrian Tatishchev Monument to the tumbledown Repin House and a monument to a faithful dog, and many other types.
Media.
There are a number of local newspapers published in Tolyatti: "Ploshchad Svobody", "Tolyattinskoye Obozreniye" ("Tolyatti Observer"), business newspaper "Monday" ("Ponedelnik"), "Volny Gorod", "Gorodskiye Vedomosti", and a few others. In the end of the 1990s, "Tolyattinskoye Obozreniye" published a series of articles on a local crime group. The stories drew attention to the group's connections with the local police. Subsequently, Togliatti Review saw two of its editors (Valery Ivanov and Alexei Sidorov) killed in 2002–2003.
The only local-born FM-band radio station is Radio August at 70.64 and 102.3 MHz.
Religion.
Tolyatti is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious city. Most religious people in the city are of the Orthodox Christian faith. Muslims are the second largest group of believers. Also in the city are organizations of almost all major religions: Old Believers, Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Buddhists and others.
Crime.
October 2007 bomb attack.
During the morning rush hour of 31 October 2007, a bomb exploded on a passenger bus in the city, killing at least eight people and injuring about 50 in what Irina Doroshenko, a spokeswoman for the investigative wing of the local prosecutor's office, said could be a terrorist attack. At the beginning of the investigation, it was believed to be the work of terrorists from the North Caucasus. Early reports indicated possible involvement of Chechen terrorist Doku Umarov. However, the officials later named a 21-year-old Evgeny Vakhrushev, who also died in the blast, as the only person to be responsible for the tragedy.
Organized crime.
The city also has a reputation for gang violence.
Violent crimes.
The city has witnessed a mafia killing spree: there have been 550 commissioned killings in Tolyatti over 1998–2004, five of those murdered were journalists.
Three chief architects of Tolyatti were victims of violent crimes: Valery Lopatin was shot to death on July 7, 2004, Mikhail Syardin and Aleksander Kiryakov were also injured in violent attacks.
A former city mayor (1994–2000), Sergey Zhilkin, was murdered on November 15, 2008.
On December 13, 2008, Anatoly Stepanov, a vice-speaker of Duma of Samara Oblast, a former head of administration of Tsentralny City District of Tolyatti in 1991-1997 and Tolyatti mayor candidate in 2004, was attacked on a street and left with serious head injuries. He died in hospital on February 24, 2009.
Corruption.
The city's mayor in 2000–2007, Nikolay Utkin, was sentenced to seven years in prison on corruption charges.
Local government.
Mayor Antashev Sergey Alexandrovich was born on December 16, 1959, in the city of Saransk, Mordovia. In 1994 he moved to Tolyatti, was accepted to the post of director of the heating network enterprise of TEVIS. In 2000 he graduated from the International Market Institute with a degree in management. From 2000 to April 9, 2012 - Marketing Director - Energy Sales Director of TEVIS. Deputy of the Duma of the city district of Togliatti IV (from 2005 to 2009) and V (from 2008 to 2012) convocations. From April 2012 to February 2015, he served as deputy mayor of the city of Tolyatti on urban economy. On April 12, 2017, the Tolyatti City Council appointed Sergey Antashev as the mayor of the city.
On March 4, 2021, Igor Ladyka was appointed acting mayor of the Togliatti city district, in connection with the resignation of Sergei Antashev.
On April 30, 2021, Nikolai Rentz took office as head of the Togliatti city district. The inauguration ceremony was attended by the Governor of the Samara Region Dmitry Azarov.
Twin towns – sister cities.
Tolyatti is twinned with:
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Notable people.

References.
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Lesnoye Sanatorium
Lesnoye Sanatorium () is the oldest medical institution in the city of Tolyatti, Russia. Its main focus is tuberculosis treatment.
Despite being only from the center of what is now the large city of Tolyatti, the sanatorium is located in of forest (the Tolyatti Pine Forest) near the shores of the Volga, hence its name, which means "Sanatorium in the Forest".
History.
Before 1917.
Lesnoye Sanatorium was founded in 1910 by the Stavropol-on-Volga merchant and entrepreneur V. N. Klimushin (Stavropol-on-Volga being the former name of Tolyatti). The original building was a two-story building of brick and timber, with stove heating. The newspapers announcing the opening of the health resort noted that medicinal kumis (fermented horse milk) was to be a feature of the therapeutic regime. Vladimir B. Zolotnitsky, a tuberculosis specialist and well-known public figure, was appointed chief physician and the first tuberculosis patients were admitted.
The sanatorium applied advanced (for the time) methods of treatment, including the Mantoux test and electrification. There were laboratories and a sunroom.
Out on the steppe far from the Lesnoye Sanatorium was a farm where two hundred horses were kept to provide mare's milk. From this was made the sanatorium's therapeutic beverage – kumis. During the holiday season up to 45,000 bottles of kumis were produced, not only for use by the sanatorium but also for sale.
Patients came from all over Russia – mostly the wealthy, as the fee for a season was 200 silver rubles. The health resort became famous, attracting aristocrats from Turkey and France. The health resort was well-appointed, with flower gardens, sculptures, fountains, and gazebos. There were electric lights and water from an artesian well. Horse-drawn carriages were available for hire.
In 1913, the sanatorium treated the French communist Inessa Armand. In 1967 a memorial plaque with her name was placed, lost when the building was renovated.
During World War I, the Lesnoye Sanatorium was used as a rehabilitation hospital for wounded soldiers and officers.
In Soviet times.
In 1918, the sanatorium was nationalized and given over to the Stavropol-on-Volga district health department. In the 1920s and 1930s outbreaks of tuberculosis were common throughout Russia, and the sanatorium became the base from which the Moscow tuberculosis clinics were supervised, and was itself filled to capacity. Surgical methods of treatment and more effective use of kumis were developed here.
During World War II the Military Institute of Foreign Languages moved to Stavropol-on-Volga, and a training center for military translators was established at the Lesnoye Sanatorium under the direction of Lieutenant General Nikolai Biasi. From 1941 to 1942 two thousand translators were trained. Among the cadets trained here were many who became well-known writers, artists and composers, including Vladimir Etush, Andrei Eshpai, S. Lvov, E. Rzhevskaya, and A. Troyanovsky.
After the war, Lesnoye Sanatorium began accepting patients again, but only in the summer. In 1950 about 100 patients were admitted. Year-round operations resumed in 1960, and patients came for treatment from all over the USSR.
In 1980, a large (, not including pedestal and base) statue of Lenin which had been installed on the grounds was moved to Central Park to increase its public visibility.
In 1989 a modern seven-story building with 360 beds and kitchens, a dining room, a recreation center, a movie theater, and other services was commissioned.
Recent history and current status.
Tuberculosis patients from all regions of Russia continue to be treated at Lesnoye Sanatorium, which is now owned and operated by the Russian federal government. The current capacity is 360 beds. The main methods of treatment are medication, diet, and kumis.
Today, the kumis is made from cow's milk. It is slightly inferior in its medicinal properties to natural mare's kumis. In 1996, a private goat farm was established on the grounds of the sanatorium, to provide goat's milk for medicinal purposes to patients of the sanatorium and to children in the city.
In 1993, the facade and grounds of the Lesnoye Sanatorium were declared a monument of architecture and history of the Samara region, and they are included in the official register of monuments of Tolyatti. A picture of Lesnoye Sanatorium is on the labels of the local brandy "Stavropol-on-Volga".
Lesnoye Sanatorium celebrated its centennial in 2010. A forest fire, one of the many 2010 Russian wildfires of that hot dry summer, destroyed large swaths of the surrounding forest. The sanatorium was saved, but was closed from July 30, 2010 to December 10, 2010. Another huge forest fire broke out near the sanatorium in July 2021.
References.
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Lesnoy, Barnaul, Altai Krai
Lesnoy () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Barnaul, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 1,639 as of 2013. There are 53 streets.
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Lesnoy, Pushkinsky District, Moscow Oblast
Lesnoy () is an urban locality (a work settlement) in Pushkinsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located northeast from Moscow on the road to Yaroslavl and Arkhangelsk. Population:  (2010 Census);  (2002 Census);  (1989 Soviet census)
Lesnoy history dates back to 1934, when Sovnarkom decided to build a transmitting radio center in Pushkinsky District. A settlement that grew around the radio center was officially named Lesnoy on April 1, 1954.
References.
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Lesnoye, Biysky District, Altai Krai
Lesnoye () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Lesnoy Selsoviet, Biysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 2,008 as of 2013. There are 25 streets.
Geography.
Lesnoye is located 10 km south of Biysk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zarechny is the nearest rural locality.
References.
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Lesnoy, Kaliningrad Oblast
Lesnoy (; ; ; ) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Kurshsky Rural Okrug of Zelenogradsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. Population: 425 (2011 est.). It is located on the Curonian Spit.
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Lesnoye, Burlinsky District, Altai Krai
Lesnoye () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Rozhkovsky Selsoviet, Burlinsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 594 as of 2013. It was founded in 1939. There are 6 streets.
Geography.
Lesnoye is located 50 km northeast of Burla (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ustyanka is the nearest rural locality.
References.
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Lesnoy, Kirov Oblast
Lesnoy () is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Verkhnekamsky District of Kirov Oblast, Russia. Population:  (2010 Census);  (2002 Census);  (1989 Soviet census)
References.
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Lesnoy, Ryazan Oblast
Lesnoy () is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Shilovsky District of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. Population:  (2010 Census);  (2002 Census);  (1989 Soviet census)
References.
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Lesnoy District
Lesnoy District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast and borders with Pestovsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the north, Sandovsky District in the east, Maksatikhinsky District in the south, Udomelsky District in the southwest, and with Moshenskoy District of Novgorod Oblast in the northwest. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a "selo") of Lesnoye. Population: 5,252 (2010 Census);  (2002 Census);  (1989 Soviet census) The population of Lesnoye accounts for 31.7% of the district's total population.
Geography.
The whole area of the district belongs to the drainage basin of the Mologa River, a major tributary of the Rybinsk Reservoir. The Mologa crosses the eastern part of the district from south to north, and stretches of its course form the boundary between Lesnoy District and Maksatikhinsky and Sandovsky Districts. The principal tributaries of the Mologa within the district are the Keza and the Saragozha. 65% of the district area is covered by forests.
History.
The area of the district was originally populated by the Finnic peoples, in the 11th century, Slavs started to arrive. In the 13th century, the town of Ilovl (Ilov) was located in the area, which belonged to the Novgorod Republic. The town was presumably destroyed by Mongols. In the 15th century, together with Novgorod, the area was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It belonged to Bezhetsk Pyatina, one of the five pyatinas into which Novgorod lands were divided.
In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate), but in 1727 it was transferred to Moscow Governorate. In 1775, Tver Viceroyalty was formed from the lands which previously belonged to Moscow and Novgorod Governorates, and in 1776 Vesyegonsky Uyezd was established as a part of Tver Viceroyalty. In 1796, the viceroyalty was transformed into Tver Governorate, and Vesyegonsky Uyezd was abolished, the area was moved to Bezhetsky Uyezd. In 1803, the uyezd was re-established. The area was split between three volosts of Vesyegonsky Uyezd, Nikolskaya, Mikhaylovskaya, and Lopatinskaya Volosts. On April 25, 1921, Vesyegonsky Uyezd was transferred to newly established Rybinsk Governorate. In 1922, part of the area was transferred to Vyshnevolotsky Uyezd of Tver Governorate. On February 15, 1923, Rybinsk Governorate was abolished, and Vesyegonsky uyezd was transferred back to Tver Governorate.
On July 12, 1929 the governorates and uyezds were abolished. Mikhaylovsky District, with the administrative center in the selo of Smerdyn, was established within Bezhetsk Okrug of Moscow Oblast. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On December 25, 1930 Smerdyn was renamed Lesnoye, and Mikhaylovsky District was renamed Lesnoy District. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Lesnoy District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. In February 1963, during the abortive administrative reform by Nikita Khrushchev, Lesnoy District was merged into Maksatikhinsky District, but on December 30, 1966 it was re-established. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast.
Economy.
Industry.
There are enterprises of timber and food industries in the district.
Agriculture.
The main agricultural specialization of the district is cattle breeding with meat and milk production.
Transportation.
Lesnoye is connected by road with Maksatikha. There are some local roads, however, there are no roads which connect the district and Novgorod Oblast.
None of the rivers in the district are navigable.
Culture and recreation.
The district contains seven cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally twenty-four objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments include the complex of the Ascencion Church (1749) in the selo of Mikhaylovskoye, the tomb of Lieutenant Dmitry Ilyin, a participant of the Battle of Chesma, in the village of Zastizhye, as well as a number of archeological sites.
References.
Notes.
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Lesnoye, Republic of Bashkortostan
Lesnoye () is a rural locality (a village) in Skvorchikhinsky Selsoviet, Ishimbaysky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 11 as of 2010. There is 1 street.
Geography.
Lesnoye is located 25 km southeast of Ishimbay (the district's administrative centre) by road. Torgaska is the nearest rural locality.
References.
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Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Closed town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia
Lesnoy () is a closed town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located north of Yekaterinburg on the banks of the Tura River. Population:  (2010 Census);  (2002 Census)
History.
It was founded in 1947 when Plant 418 was constructed to produce highly enriched uranium (HEU) for the production of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons were also assembled there. In 1954, it became the closed town of Sverdlovsk-45 to support production of nuclear weapons.
Sverdlovsk-45 remained secret until President Boris Yeltsin decreed in 1992 that such places could use their historical names; the town had not appeared on official maps until then.
Administrative and municipal status.
Within the framework of the administrative divisions, it is, together with one work settlement and three rural localities, incorporated as the closed administrative-territorial formation of Lesnoy—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the closed administrative-territorial formation of Lesnoy is incorporated as Lesnoy Urban Okrug.
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Notes.
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Lesnoye, Astrakhan Oblast
Lesnoye () is a rural locality (a selo) in Limansky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 2,115 as of 2010. There are 12 streets.
Geography.
Lesnoye is located 25 km east of Liman (the district's administrative centre) by road. Olya is the nearest rural locality.
References.
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Lesnoye, Tver Oblast
Lesnoye () is a rural locality (a "selo") and the administrative center of Lesnoy District of Tver Oblast, Russia. Population:  (2010 Census);  (2002 Census);  (1989 Soviet census)
History.
Lesnoye is first mentioned as Smerdyn in a birch bark manuscript found in Veliky Novgorod. The manuscript dates from the end of the 14th century or the beginning of the 15th century and is believed to refer to the same Smerdyn which later became Lesnoye. At the time, it belonged to the Novgorod Republic. In the 15th century, together with Novgorod, the area was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It belonged to Bezhetsk Pyatina, one of the five pyatinas into which Novgorod lands were divided.
In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, Smerdyn was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate), but in 1727 it was transferred to Moscow Governorate. In 1775, Tver Viceroyalty was formed from the lands which previously belonged to Moscow and Novgorod Governorates, and in 1776 Vesyegonsky Uyezd was established as a part of Tver Viceroyalty. In 1796, the viceroyalty was transformed into Tver Governorate, and Vesyegonsky Uyezd was abolished, the area was moved to Bezhetsky Uyezd. In 1803, the uyezd was re-established. Smerdyn belonged to Mikhaylovskaya Volost of Vesyegonsky Uyezd. On April 25, 1921, Vesyegonsky Uyezd was transferred to newly established Rybinsk Governorate. In 1922, Smerdyn was transferred to Vyshnevolotsky Uyezd of Tver Governorate.
On July 12, 1929 the governorates and uyezds were abolished. Mikhaylovsky District, with the administrative center in Smerdyn, was established within Bezhetsk Okrug of Moscow Oblast. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On December 25, 1930 Smerdyn was renamed Lesnoye, and Mikhaylovsky District was renamed Lesnoy District. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Lesnoy District was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. In February 1963, during the abortive administrative reform by Nikita Khrushchev, Lesnoy District was merged into Maksatikhinsky District, but on December 30, 1966 it was re-established. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast.
Economy.
Industry.
There are enterprises of timber and food industries in Lesnoye.
Transportation.
Lesnoye is connected by road with Maksatikha. There are some local roads, however, there are no roads which connect Lesnoye and Novgorod Oblast.
References.
Notes.
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Lesnoye, Bryansky District, Bryansk Oblast
Lesnoye () is a rural locality (a village) in Bryansky District, Bryansk Oblast, Russia. The population was 62 as of 2010. There is 1 street.
Geography.
Lesnoye is located 64 km east of Glinishchevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kozyolkino is the nearest rural locality.
References.
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Lesnoy, Amur Oblast
Lesnoy () is a rural locality ("posyolok"), an administrative unit of Gorod Svorodino urban municipality of Skovorodinsky District, Amur Oblast, Russia. The population was 332 as of 2018. There are 8 streets.
Geography.
Lesnoy is located on the Bolshoy Never River, 18 km southwest of Skovorodino (the district's administrative centre) by road. Skovorodino is the nearest rural locality.
References.
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Leszno
Leszno (, , ) is a historic city in western Poland, seat of Leszno County within the Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the seventh-largest city in the province with an estimated population of 62,200, as of 2021.
Leszno is a former residential city of prominent Polish magnate families of Leszczyński and Sułkowski, including King Stanisław Leszczyński, under whose patronage it flourished to become one of the major economic and cultural centers of Greater Poland, as reflected in the variety of landmarks, especially of the Baroque period.
Located on a highway and railway line at about half the distance between the two main cities of western Poland, Poznań and Wrocław, Leszno is the largest city of south-western Greater Poland and a major location for industry, services and tourism. It is particularly well known as the location of an annual air show with attendance reaching tens of thousands of people from various countries, and as the home of Unia Leszno, one of the most accomplished motorcycle speedway clubs.
History.
Early history.
The city's unrecorded history dates to the 13th century. It was first mentioned in historical documents in 1393, when the estate was the property of a noble named Stefan Karnin-Wieniawa. The family eventually adopted the name Leszczyński (literal meaning "of Leszno"), derived from the name of their estate, as was the custom among the Polish nobility.
16th–18th centuries.
In around 1516, a community of Protestants known as the Unity of the Brethren ("Unitas fratrum") were expelled from the Bohemian lands by King Vladislaus II and settled in Leszno. They were invited by the Leszczyński family, imperial counts since 1473 and who had converted to Calvinism. The arrival of the Bohemian Protestants, in addition to weavers from nearby Silesia, helped the settlement to grow.
In 1547 it became a town by a privilege according to Magdeburg Law granted by King Sigismund I of Poland. Leszno was a private town, administratively located in the Wschowa County in the Poznań Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province. Leszno became the largest printing center in Greater Poland thanks to the activity of the Protestant community. Their numbers grew with the inflow of refugees from Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia during the Thirty Years War.
In 1631, Leszno was vested with further privileges by King Sigismund III Vasa, who made it equal with the most important cities of Poland such as Kraków, Gdańsk and Warsaw. By the 17th century, the town had a renowned Gymnasium (school), which was headed by Jan Amos Komenský (known in English as Comenius), an educator and the last bishop of the Unity of the Brethren. Johann Heermann, a German-speaking poet, lived in Leszno from 1638 until his death in 1647. Between 1636 and 1639, the town became fortified and its area increased.
The era of Leszno's prosperity and cultural prominence ended during the Second Northern War, when the town was burnt down on 28 April 1656 by Polish forces faithful to King John Cassimir Vasa in retribution for letting in Swedish forces by protestant majority of burghers. Quickly rebuilt afterwards, it was set on fire again during the Great Northern War by Russian forces in 1707 and was ravaged by plague in 1709.
The Leszczyński family owned the city until 1738, when King Stanislaus I Leszczynski sold it to Aleksander Józef Sułkowski following his abdication. One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through Leszno in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route.
19th–20th centuries.
In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, Leszno was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, within which it was referred to as "Lissa". In 1807 it was taken by Napoleon's "Grand Armee" and included within the newly established but short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw.
Following Napoleon's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, in 1815 the town was reannexed by Prussia, initially as part of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen. The town was subjected to Germanisation policies. Nevertheless, Polish press was issued in the town ("") and in the 1840s, Polish historian, geographer and former officer Stanisław Plater published the "Mała Encyklopedia Polska" ("Little Polish Encyclopedia"), one of the pioneering 19th-century Polish encyclopedias, in the town. In 1871 it became part of Germany, and in 1887, it became the administrative seat of the Prussian "Kreis Lissa".
After World War I, in November 1918, Poland regained independence. Shortly after the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918–19 broke out, attempting to reintegrate Greater Poland and Leszno with Poland. The first local battles of the uprising took place in the area on December 28, 1918. Afterward the city became part of the newly established Second Polish Republic under the Treaty of Versailles, with effect from 17 January 1920. The local populace had to acquire Polish citizenship. In the interbellum, Leszno was a county seat within the Polish Poznań Voivodeship. In 1924, a monument dedicated to the Polish insurgents of 1918–19 was erected.
World War II.
During the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, the town was annexed by Nazi Germany and incorporated into "Reichsgau Wartheland". The Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles accused of "anti-German activities". Attending church services and having private meetings in Polish households were considered suspect activities. A prison for Poles was established in the local monastery, where more than 200 people had already been imprisoned in September 1939 during the "Intelligenzaktion". The Polish population was expelled to the "General Government" (German-occupied central Poland).
Most of the town's Jewish population (which had included such notable rabbis as Leo Baeck and Jacob of Lissa, as well as the writer Ludwig Kalisch) and the remaining Poles were massacred by the Nazi "Einsatzgruppen", which entered the town in September 1939. A notable public execution of 20 Poles, members of the "Sokół" Polish Gymnastic Society, former Polish insurgents of 1918–19, a local teacher, and a lawyer, was carried out in Leszno by the "Einsatzgruppe VI" on October 21, 1939. Poles who were initially imprisoned in Leszno were also murdered in nearby towns and villages of Poniec, Osieczna, Włoszakowice and Rydzyna. Poles from Leszno were also among the victims of the large Katyn massacre committed by the Russians in April–May 1940.
Already in late 1939, the Germans expelled over 1,000 Poles, including families of Poles murdered in various massacres, in addition teachers, local officials, activists, former insurgents, and owners of shops and workshops, which were then handed over to German colonists as part of the "Lebensraum" policy. A transit camp for Poles expelled from various nearby settlements was established in the local school. Poles were held there several days, their money, valuables and food were confiscated, and then they were either deported to Tomaszów Mazowiecki or Łódź in German-occupied central Poland or sent to local German colonists or to Germany as slave labour.
Despite such circumstances, local Poles organized an underground resistance movement, which included the "Ogniwo" and "Świt" organizations, the secret youth organization "Tajna Siódemka" and structures of the Polish Underground State. Polish underground press was printed in Leszno. The German occupation ended in 1945, and the town returned to Poland.
Post-war history.
The pre-war monument of the Greater Poland insurgents was restored in 1957. The town underwent a period of fast development especially between 1975 and 1998 when it was a seat of a "voivodeship" administrative area. In 1991, a monument to the Constitution of 3 May 1791 and the heroes of the fights for Poland's independence was unveiled, and in 1995, a memorial to the victims of the Katyn massacre was unveiled. From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the Leszno Voivodeship. In 2000, the city was awarded "The Golden Star of Town Twinning" prize by the European Commission.
Climate.
Leszno has an oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb") although notably with warm summer continental characteristics ("Dfb"), typical of inland west and south polish.
Sport.
The Leszno motorcycle club was founded on May 8, 1938. The club was re-established May 2, 1946 after World War II. On July 28, 1949 the Leszno motorcycle club changed its name to Unia Leszno Speedway Club. Some rules and regulations were revised as well. The Unia Leszno has been a very successful club that has won many awards and medals throughout the years. The Unia Leszno Speedway Club has won over 78 different medals since the formation of the club.
The Leszno Aero Club is the largest airfield in the Wielkopolska area. The Aero Club belongs to the Polish Aero Club central gliding school. The Aero Club in Leszno hosted the world gliding championship in 1958, 1969, and 2003. It is the only place that has done so. The Aero Club also has a pilot school called the Central Gliding school. The school has been around for over 50 years and was managed by pilot Irena Kempówna in the 1950s and 1960s.
The Klub Sportowy Polonia Leszno was formed in 1912 in Leszno. It is an indoor soccer field. The first President of the club was Marcin Giera. The club did not gain much popularity until after World War II when official teams started playing there. Prior to World War I most of the people that played there were locals.
Notable people.
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International relations.
Twin towns – Sister cities.
Leszno is twinned with:
References.
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Losone
Losone is a municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
History.
The peat bogs of Arcegno, the rock shelters of Quarigo and the rock carvings in soapstone and gneiss appear to confirm that Losone has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. In 1934 and again in 1970–73 grave goods from the 1st to 4th centuries were found. There are also traces of a further use of the grave yard in the 6th century as well. The modern municipality of Losone is first mentioned in 1061 as "Loxono" though this is from a 1402 copy of the original. In 1200 it was mentioned as "de losono". During the Middle Ages the settlement or "borgo" included the so-called Bassa Losone, Arcegno and until 1807, Vosa im Onsernonetal. It formed a "Vicinanza" in the parish of Locarno and had its own statutes and laws. The status of an independent "Vicinanza" was confirmed in 1734. Losone owned rights to alpine pastures in the valleys of Bosco/Gurin, Onsernone and Vigezzo. The people paid to the nobles of Locarno a tithe on vineyards and grain. In 1799, Losone opposed the Helvetic authorities who wanted to create a political municipality. Even after it became a political municipality in 1803, the "Vicinanza" played an important political and economic role.
The parish church of S. Lorenzo is first mentioned in 1243, though it is older than that. It separated, some time before 1580, from the mother church of San Vittore in Muralto to form a parish. In 1747 the church was granted a rector.
The local economy traditionally relied on agriculture and quarries. During the Ancien Régime many of residents emigrated for jobs. Grinders, pewter workers and customs officers moved from Losone to Tuscany and Rome, while stove fitters and chocolate manufacturers went to Austria and Hungary. The construction of the bridge over the Maggia in 1815, the road to Ascona and Golino in 1824–25 and Maggia river correction in 1890, allowed development in the village. Beginning in the 20th century the parish house and school were built. Between 1941 and 1947, Polish and Ukrainian soldiers were interned in the district of Arbigo. The soldiers helped build the road from Arcegno to Golino. In 1949–50 a warehouse was converted into a barracks (infantry until 1973, then paramedics). The machine factory Agie opened in Losono in 1957, which contributed to the emergence of a major industrial area in the region. After 1960, Losone developed more and more into a residential community. In 1976, the new education center was dedicated. In 1982, a nursing home opened. Between 1940 and 1980 Losone recorded the strongest population growth of all of the municipalities in the Sopraceneri. More recently, tourism has developed including a golf course, that opened in 1999 in Gerre.
Geography.
Losone has an area, as of 1997[ [update]], of . Of this area, or 20.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 65.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 20.0% is settled (buildings or roads), or 3.3% is either rivers or lakes and or 2.0% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2.0% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 11.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.0%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.8%. Out of the forested land, 61.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.9% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 7.2% is used for growing crops, while 1.5% is used for orchards or vine crops and 11.8% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Of the unproductive areas, 1.7% is unproductive vegetation.
The municipality is located in the Locarno district, on the right side of the Maggia river below the confluence of the Melezza river. It consists of the village of Losone and the hamlets of Saleggi and Gerre near the river, the hamlets of San Rocco, San Lorenzo and San Giorgio on the plateau and the hamlet of Arcegno in the mountains.
Coat of arms.
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Argent, a tower Azure charged with a lion of the first, langued Gules". The tower refers a 15th-century tower that was built in Losone.
Demographics.
Losone has a population (as of December 2020[ [update]]) of . As of 2008[ [update]], 20.8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 9.5%.
Most of the population (as of 2000[ [update]]) speaks Italian (81.8%), with German being second most common (11.2%) and Serbo-Croatian being third (2.0%). Of the Swiss national languages (as of 2000[ [update]]), 664 speak German, 104 people speak French, 4,829 people speak Italian, and 3 people speak Romansh. The remainder (307 people) speak another language.
As of 2008[ [update]], the gender distribution of the population was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. The population was made up of 2,424 Swiss men (37.6% of the population), and 747 (11.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 2,675 Swiss women (41.5%), and 606 (9.4%) non-Swiss women.
In 2008[ [update]] there were 42 live births to Swiss citizens and 5 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 42 deaths of Swiss citizens and 8 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens remained the same while the foreign population decreased by 3. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 26 non-Swiss men and 27 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 27 and the non-Swiss population change was a decrease of 11 people. This represents a population growth rate of 0.3%.
The age distribution, as of 2009[ [update]], in Losone is; 560 children or 8.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 691 teenagers or 10.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 652 people or 10.1% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 878 people or 13.6% are between 30 and 39, 1,172 people or 18.2% are between 40 and 49, and 827 people or 12.8% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 844 people or 13.1% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 562 people or 8.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 266 people or 4.1% who are over 80.
As of 2000[ [update]], there were 2,545 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.3 persons per household. In 2000[ [update]] there were 1,043 single family homes (or 67.2% of the total) out of a total of 1,553 inhabited buildings. There were 224 two family buildings (14.4%) and 205 multi-family buildings (13.2%). There were also 81 buildings in the municipality that were multipurpose buildings (used for both housing and commercial or another purpose).
The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2008[ [update]], was 1.09%. In 2000[ [update]] there were 3,069 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was the 3 room apartment of which there were 944. There were 196 single room apartments and 512 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 2,540 apartments (82.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 412 apartments (13.4%) were seasonally occupied and 117 apartments (3.8%) were empty. As of 2007[ [update]], the construction rate of new housing units was 3.8 new units per 1000 residents.
The historical population is given in the following table:
Heritage sites of national significance.
The Secondary School at via Primore 13 is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
Politics.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 27.15% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (19.53%), the CVP (18.68%) and the SP (16.1%). In the federal election, a total of 1,884 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.8%.
In the 2007[ [update]] "Gran Consiglio" election, there were a total of 4,080 registered voters in Losone, of which 2,415 or 59.2% voted. 50 blank ballots and 4 null ballots were cast, leaving 2,361 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the SSI which received 425 or 18.0% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PLRT (with 423 or 17.9%), the PPD+GenGiova (with 371 or 15.7%) and the PS (with 350 or 14.8%).
In the 2007[ [update]] "Consiglio di Stato" election, 25 blank ballots and 14 null ballots were cast, leaving 2,376 valid ballots in the election. The most popular party was the LEGA which received 493 or 20.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were; the PS (with 422 or 17.8%), the PPD (with 399 or 16.8%) and the PLRT (with 395 or 16.6%).
Economy.
As of  2007[ [update]], Losone had an unemployment rate of 3.87%. As of 2005[ [update]], there were 34 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. 1,780 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 99 businesses in this sector. 1,149 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 229 businesses in this sector. There were 2,959 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.3% of the workforce.
In 2000[ [update]], there were 3,615 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,796 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.0 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 27.5% of the workforce coming into Losone are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 8.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 61.3% used a private car.
As of 2009[ [update]], there were 9 hotels in Losone with a total of 184 rooms and 354 beds.
Religion.
From the 2000 census[ [update]], 4,500 or 76.2% were Roman Catholic, while 587 or 9.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There are 566 individuals (or about 9.58% of the population) who belong to another church (not listed on the census), and 254 individuals (or about 4.30% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education.
The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Losone about 68.7% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule").
In Losone there were a total of 1,090 students (as of 2009[ [update]]). The Ticino education system provides up to three years of non-mandatory kindergarten and in Losone there were 164 children in kindergarten. The primary school program lasts for five years and includes both a standard school and a special school. In the village, 317 students attended the standard primary schools and 10 students attended the special school. In the lower secondary school system, students either attend a two-year middle school followed by a two-year pre-apprenticeship or they attend a four-year program to prepare for higher education. There were 289 students in the two-year middle school and 7 in their pre-apprenticeship, while 107 students were in the four-year advanced program. The upper secondary school includes several options, but at the end of the upper secondary program, a student will be prepared to enter a trade or to continue on to a university or college. In Ticino, vocational students may either attend school while working on their internship or apprenticeship (which takes three or four years) or may attend school followed by an internship or apprenticeship (which takes one year as a full-time student or one and a half to two years as a part-time student). There were 55 vocational students who were attending school full-time and 125 who attend part-time.
The professional program lasts three years and prepares a student for a job in engineering, nursing, computer science, business, tourism and similar fields. There were 16 students in the professional program.
As of 2000[ [update]], there were 299 students in Losone who came from another municipality, while 262 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References.
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Lesnoy, Bobrovsky Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai
Lesnoy () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Bobrovsky Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 808 as of 2013. There are 11 streets.
Geography.
Lesnoy is located 21 km from Novoaltaysk, 50 km from Barnaul.
References.
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Lesnoye, Nemetsky natsionalny District, Altai Krai
Lesnoye () is a rural locality (a selo) in Nemetsky National District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 125 as of 2013.
Geography.
Lesnoye is located 22 km northeast of Galbshtadt (the district's administrative centre) by road. Alexandrovka is the nearest rural locality.
References.
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Lesnoy, Borovikhinsky Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai
Lesnoy () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Borovikhinsky Selsoviet, Pervomaysky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 35 as of 2013.
Geography.
Lesnoy is located 16 km from Novoaltaysk, 20 km from Barnaul.
References.
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Tolyatti Pine Forest
The Tolyatti Pine Forest or Green Zone is a large forest in the middle of the Russian city of Tolyatti. It lies between and separates the three districts of the city (Auto Factory, Central, and Komsomol) from each other. It encompasses about one-quarter of the area of Tolyatti. A natural old-growth forest, it is a prime spot for city dwellers to escape the industrial confines of Tolyatti.
The forest is a protected monument of regional significance by declaration of the provincial government of Samara Oblast. Lesnoye Sanatorium, in the middle of the forest (thus its name, which means "Sanatorium in the Forest") is also a protected monument of regional importance. At the time the Sanatorium was established in 1910, it was on the outskirts of Stavropol-on-Volga; since the city was moved (and renamed), it is now near its center.
The forest includes cross-country skiing paths for winter recreation and tennis courts, miniature golf, and a swimming pool for summer.
In 2010 (a summer of record heat and widespread fires throughout Russia) the forest was subject to a catastrophic forest fire which devastated large areas of the forest. This was one of the many 2010 Russian wildfires. The Lesnoye Sanatorium was saved (although it had to be evacuated and was closed for more than four months), but crown fires and ground fires devastated large sections of the forest.
References.
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Leszno, Warsaw West County
Leszno is a village in Warsaw West County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Leszno. It lies approximately west of Ożarów Mazowiecki and west of Warsaw.
Polish professional footballer Robert Lewandowski grew up in Leszno. In 2016 he became an honorary citizen of Leszno.
History.
The history of Leszno dates back to the Middle Ages. It was mentioned in documents in 1423. It was owned by various families, including the Łuszczewski family, which built a Baroque palace, which is the main landmark of the village.
In the mid-19th century, a sugar factory was established in the village, the first in Poland equipped with a steam turbine.
Several men from Leszno died in various battles against the invading Russians during the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920. A memorial to those soldiers is located in the local Catholic Church of Saint John the Baptist.
During the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, in early September 1939, the Germans captured Leszno. On September 16, Poles recaptured the village for tactical purposes, while the Germans retreated in panic. On September 17, the Germans occupied Leszno again, and carried out a massacre of around 50 inhabitants in an act of revenge. Many men were transported to Błonie, from where they were to be deported to forced labor to Germany, but some managed to escape. About 70% of the village was burned down.
Sights.
The main landmark of Leszno is the Baroque Łuszczewski Palace with an adjacent park. There are two historic churches, one Catholic and one Mariavite. In the village there is also a monument commemorating Polish soldiers, partisans and inhabitants killed during World War II.
Sports.
The local football club is Partyzant Leszno. Robert Lewandowski took his first steps in football in the club. It competes in the lower leagues.
References.
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Lesnoye, Vologda Oblast
Lesnoye () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Yugskoye Rural Settlement, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 78 as of 2002.
Geography.
Lesnoye is located southwest of Cherepovets (the district's administrative centre) by road. Cherepovets is the nearest rural locality.
References.
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Lesnoy, Republic of Bashkortostan
Lesnoy () is a rural locality (a village) in Milovsky Selsoviet, Ufimsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.
Geography.
Lesnoy is located 28 km west of Ufa (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sergeyevka is the nearest rural locality.
References.
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Lesnaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)
Saint Petersburg Metro Station
Lesnaya ( - fem. of adj. "лесной (lesnoy)" "related to forest") is a station of the Saint Petersburg Metro underground railroad system in the northern, Vyborgsky district, part of its Line One (Red Line, originally named Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line). Named and coloured after its neighbourhood around Forestry Academy and the eponymous nearby avenue Lesnoy Prospect leading to the college from downtown. Opened on 22 April 1975. The station is under the ground.
The neighbourhood, prehistory, name and colour of the station.
The name of the station and its nearby thoroughfare Lesnoy Prospect and the green colour of the station's decoration are linked to the early 19th-century history of the neighbourhood centred around Lesnoy Institute, the forestry teaching establishment of higher education, "les" being the Russian for forest and "lesnoy/lesnaya" the masculine and feminine forms of the adjective with the meaning "related to forest".
The Forest Institute was established at the northern end of the street under the reign of Emperor Alexander I of Russia on a part of the grounds of the failed English farm. The institute has grown into an academy, and now has the status of a university (Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University). Its grounds feature a park, officially termed the college's botanical garden, one of the three in the city.
The neighbourhood is within Sampsoniyevskoye municipality, itself being part of the city's northern Vyborgskiy District, whose name is the designation of the northern end of Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line.
Geological conditions, washouts, building and repairs.
Proximity to the Baltic Sea and the Neva River delta and postglacial landscape made soils of the future city grounds swampy, which influenced urban development. Underground layers of water and buried river tributaries require thorough geological sounding of planned building locations, which may not be always carried out well. Thus during the original excavation of the two tunnels between Lesnaya and the next station of the line, Ploschad' Muzhestva in early 1970s water rushed into the hollowed underground space. This first washout was stopped with the help of costly innovative liquid nitrogen freezing pumped from the surface over specially laid piping. The construction of the line then was able to continue successfully and the trains were able to run safely after its inauguration for 20 years. Then the tunnels started leaking, and the second washout happened in 1995.
In mid-1990s the line between the two stations leaked, so the traffic first was slowed down and later stopped. The two ends of these tunnel sections were sealed off and the line was cut into two parts of unequal length joined on the surface on the order of city authorities by a free-of-charge bus service.
Several projects of joining the interrupted underground line were discussed. Some of these tried to find horizontal bypass of the emergency area, but they were deemed impractical and replacement tunnel sections were built on a different depth from the original tunnels using an innovative Italian mining complex Victoria. Train movement along the whole Red Line (Line One) was reopened in 2004, <templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css" />8+1⁄2 years after the washout.
In 2017 the station had its turn to close for 11-month-long repairs. The building was redecorated, and major works were carried out in the escalator tunnel, as has been done on other stations: walls had a new hydrophobic treatment and were covered with easily mounted lining instead of the previous plastering; the escalators were covered with shiny metal sheets for fire resistance and their standing lights that could potentially be vandalised were replaced with lines of light emitting diodes, which also saves electricity. The reopening of the station was accompanied with a Tchaikovsky music concert.
References.
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Leśno, Chojnice County
Leśno is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brusy, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north of Brusy, north of Chojnice, and south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. The village is situated on the shores of Leśno Górne and Lesno Dolne lakes.
History.
In the near vicinity of Lake Leśno Dolne is an archaeological site called Kamienne Kręgi (English: "Stone Circles") which contains numerous barrows and cists. Some are dated back as far as the Bronze Age. Other, later, barrows are dated back to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, and are connected with Gothic settlement.
The village of Leśno first appears in the records for the year 1342, in which Winrich von Kniprode, master of the Teutonic Knights, granted it to one "Dytryk" for services to be rendered. Leśno was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tuchola County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. In the First Partition of Poland, Leśno, like all of the surrounding region, was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia. Following World War I, in 1918, Poland regained independence, and from 1919 to 1939 it was included as a part of the Second Polish Republic.
After the German invasion of Poland at the start of World War II in 1939 it was part of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. During the German occupation, the Polish resistance organization Gryf Pomorski (English: "Pomeranian Griffin") maintained a radio station named "Budnik" ("Alarm Clock") in the nearby hamlet of Widno. Leśno was the site of a German-perpetrated massacre of 64 Jewish women, committed on 9 February 1945. The women were brought from a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp in Dziemiany, and then murdered in one of the abandoned Polish farms, whose owners had previously been expelled.
Kashubian emigration to America.
Leśno has long been considered a part of the Kashub