Kassel
Kassel (; in Germany, spelled Cassel until 1926) is a city on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, in central Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel and the district of the same name, and had 201,048 inhabitants in December 2020. The former capital of the state of Hesse-Kassel, it has many palaces and parks, including the Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kassel is also known for the "documenta" exhibitions of contemporary art. Kassel has a public university with 25,000 students (2018) and a multicultural population (39% of the citizens in 2017 had a migration background).
History.
Kassel was first mentioned in 913 AD, as the place where two deeds were signed by King Conrad I. The place was called "Chasella" or "Chassalla" and was a fortification at a bridge crossing the Fulda river. There are several yet unproven assumptions about the origin of the name. It could be derived from the ancient "Castellum Cattorum", a castle of the Chatti, a German tribe that had lived in the area since Roman times. Another assumption is a portmanteau from Frankonian "cas", meaning ‘valley’ or ‘recess’, and "sali" meaning ‘hall’ or ‘service building’, which can be interpreted as ‘(town) hall in a valley’.
A deed from 1189 certifies that Cassel had city rights, but the date when they were granted is not known.
The first castle in Kassel was constructed in 1277, later replaced by a Renaissance castle, the Kassel City Palace, which burned down in 1811.
In 1567 the Landgraviate of Hesse, until then centered in Marburg, was divided among four sons, with Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) becoming one of its successor states. Kassel was its capital and became a centre of Calvinist Protestantism in Germany. Strong fortifications were built to protect the Protestant stronghold against Catholic enemies. Secret societies, such as Rosicrucianism, came to the rise, with Christian Rosenkreutz's work "Fama Fraternitatis" first published in 1617. In 1685 Kassel became a refuge for 1,700 Huguenots, who found shelter in the newly established borough of Oberneustadt. Landgrave Charles, who was responsible for this humanitarian act, also ordered the construction of the "Oktogon" (Hercules monument) and of the "Orangerie". In the late 18th century, Hesse-Kassel became infamous for selling mercenaries (Hessians) to the British crown to help suppress the American Revolution and to finance the construction of palaces and the Landgrave's opulent lifestyle.
The Brothers Grimm lived in Kassel in the early 19th century, where they collected and wrote most of their fairy tales. At that time, around 1803, the Landgraviate was elevated to a Principality and its ruler to "Prince-elector". Shortly after, it was annexed by Napoleon and became the capital of the short-lived Kingdom of Westphalia under Napoleon's brother Jérômein 1807. The Electorate was restored in 1813.
Having sided with Austria in the Austro-Prussian War to gain supremacy in Germany, the principality was annexed by Prussia in 1866. The Prussian administration united Nassau, Frankfurt and Hesse-Kassel into the new Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau. Kassel ceased to be a princely residence but soon developed into a major industrial centre as well as a major railway junction. Henschel & Son, the largest railway locomotive manufacturer in Germany at the end of the nineteenth century, was based in Kassel.
In 1870, after the Battle of Sedan, Napoleon III was sent as a prisoner to the Wilhelmshöhe Palace above the city. During World War I, the German military headquarters were located in the Wilhelmshöhe Palace. In the late 1930s, Nazis destroyed Heinrich Hübsch's Kassel Synagogue.
During World War II, Kassel was the headquarters for Germany's Wehrkreis IX, and a local subcamp of Dachau concentration camp provided forced labour for the Henschel facilities, which included tank production plants. There was also a camp for Sinti and Romani people (see "Romani Holocaust"). Allied prisoners of war from the Stalag IX-A POW camp were deployed to forced labour in the local arms industry in violation of the Geneva Conventions. The most severe bombing of Kassel in World War II destroyed 90% of the downtown area, and some 10,000 people were killed and 150,000 were made homeless. Most of the casualties were civilians or wounded soldiers recuperating in local hospitals, whereas factories survived the attack generally undamaged. Karl Gerland replaced the regional Gauleiter, Karl Weinrich, soon after the raid.
The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Kassel at the beginning of April 1945. The US 80th Infantry Division captured Kassel in house-to-house fighting during 1–4 April 1945, which included numerous German panzer-grenadier counterattacks, and resulted in further damage to bombed and unbombed structures alike.
Post-war, most of the ancient buildings in the city centre were not restored, and large parts of the inner city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s. A few historic buildings, however, such as the Museum Fridericianum, were restored.
In 1949, the interim parliament ("Parlamentarischer Rat") eliminated Kassel in the first round as a city to become the provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, which the western city of Bonn won.
In 1964, the town hosted the fourth "Hessentag" state festival.
In 1970, the Chancellor of West Germany Willy Brandt and the prime minister of the German Democratic Republic Willy Stoph met in Wilhelmshöhe Palace for negotiations between the two German states. In 1991, the central rail station moved from "Hauptbahnhof" ("main station") to "Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe", the former now being used exclusively for regional trains. The city had a dynamic economic and social development in the recent years, reducing the unemployment rate by half and attracting new citizens.
Economy.
Several international operating companies have factories or headquarters in the city (Volkswagen, Mercedes Benz, SMA, Wintershall, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Rheinmetall, Bombardier). The city is home to several hospitals; the public Klinikum Kassel is one of the largest hospitals in the federal state.
Geography.
Kassel is the largest city in the north of the federated state of Hesse in the south-western part of Germany, about 70 kilometers northwest of the geographic center of Germany.
It is located on both sides of the river Fulda. Kassel's deepest point is in the north-eastern Fulda valley at 132.9 m above sea level.
The urban area of Kassel is divided into 23 local districts, each of which has a local council with a local mayor as chairman. The local councils are elected every five years by the population of the local districts. The local advisory board can be heard on all important issues affecting the local district. However, the final decision on a measure rests with the Kassel city council.
Neighboring communities.
Around Kassel is the administrative district ("Landkreis") of Landkreis Kassel. The following cities and municipalities border the city of Kassel (starting clockwise in the north): Ahnatal, Vellmar, Fuldatal, Staufenberg, Niestetal, Kaufungen, Lohfelden, Fuldabrück, Baunatal, Schauenburg, Habichtswald. Of these, Vellmar and Fuldatal in the north, Kaufungen in the east, Lohfelden in the southeast and Baunatal in the south are growing closer to the urban area.
Culture.
The first German observatory was built in Kassel in 1558, and a later version from 1714 survives as the Bellevue Palace. The "Ottoneum", the first permanent German theatre building, was built in 1606. The old building is today the Natural History Museum, and the now-called Staatstheater Kassel is located in a nearby building that was constructed in the 1950s.
Since 1927, Kassel has been home to Bärenreiter, a music publishing house distributing compositions of several critically acclaimed classical musicians.
Since 1955 the "documenta", an international exhibition of modern and contemporary art, has been held regularly in Kassel. The "documenta" now takes place every five years. As a result of the "documenta 6" in 1977, Kassel became the first city in the world to be illuminated by laser beams at night (Laserscape, by artist Horst H. Baumann). This laser installation is nowadays still visible at weekends. Artworks from former editions of the "documenta" (mainly sculptures) can be found in multiple places in Kassel; among those are the "7000 Oaks", a work of land art by the German artist Joseph Beuys. The latest/current edition of the "documenta", known as "documenta 15", ran from 18 June until 25 September 2022.
Climate.
Kassel experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb") close to marine climates, with a more notable continental influence than Berlin. Using the 1961–1990 normal and 0 °C isotherm, the city already had a humid continental climate ("Dfb").
Demographics.
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Kassel has a population of about 200,000, and is the 3rd largest city in Hesse state and the only large city in the North Hesse region.
Kassel is often called the city that located on the center of Germany due to its position.
Kassel first reached its first population peak of over 100,000 in 1899, and its second in 1943 with about 225,000. Kassel was destroyed during World War II and became an industrial city in 1950s. Today, Kassel is home to multiple companies and universities.
Sights.
The bombing raids of 1943 destroyed 90% of the city center. The city center was almost completely rebuilt during the 1950s and is a combination of renovated or reconstructed old buildings and architecture of the 1950s. Outside the city center, the suburbs are dominated by 19th-century architecture. Timber-framed old towns are situated in suburbs like Harleshausen and Bad Wilhelmshöhe. The oldest monument is the Druselturm; the Brüderkirche and the Martinskirche are also, in part, of medieval origin. The towers of the Martinskirche are from the 1950s.
Churches.
St. Martin, Kassel.
The main Protestant church of Kassel, it was begun in 1364 and finished in 1462. Severely damaged by British bombing in 1943, it was later reconstructed in a more modern style between 1954 and 1958.
St. Bonifatius, Kassel.
St. Bonifatius was designed and built in 1956 by Josef Bieling.
Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe.
The complex includes Wilhelmshöhe Palace (with the Antiquities Collection and Old Masters), the Hercules monument, and the Lions Castle.
Wilhelmshöhe Palace above the city was built in 1786, by landgrave Wilhelm IX of Hesse-Kassel. The palace is now a museum and houses an important collection of Graeco-Roman antiques and a fine gallery of paintings comprising the second largest collection of Rembrandts in Germany. It is surrounded by the beautiful Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe with many appealing sights. The complex was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013.
The Hercules monument is a huge octagonal stone structure carrying a giant replica of Hercules "Farnese" (now at Museo Archeologico Nazionale in Naples, Italy). From its base down to Wilhelmshöhe Palace runs a long set of artificial cascades. Every Sunday and Wednesday afternoon at 14:30 (from May until October), the famous water features take place, which start at the Oktagon, and during a one-hour walk through the park visitors can follow the water's way until they reach the lake of the Wilhelmshöhe Palace, where a fountain of about marks the end of the features.
The "Löwenburg" ("Lions Castle") is a replica of a medieval castle, also built during the reign of Wilhelm IX. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Napoléon III was imprisoned in Wilhelmshöhe. In 1918, Wilhelmshöhe became the seat of the German Army High Command (OHL); it was there that the military commanders Hindenburg and Ludendorff prepared the German capitulation.
Staatspark Karlsaue (Karlsaue Park).
The Karlsaue is a large park along the Fulda River that is part of the European Garden Heritage Network. Established in the 16th century, it is known for the Orangerie, a palace built in 1710 as a summer residence for the landgraves. Today, the Orangerie contains the Museum of Astronomy and Technology, with a scale model of the Solar System spanning the entire park and beyond.
In addition, the Park Schönfeld contains a small, municipal botanical garden, the Botanischer Garten Kassel.
Art museums.
Europe's first public museum, the Museum Fridericianum, was founded in 1779. By the end of the 19th century, the museum held one of the largest collections of watches and clocks in the world.
Other art museums in Kassel include:
Sports.
Hessen Kassel is the football club in the city, who plays in the Hessenliga after being relegated from the Regionalliga Südwest in the 2017/2018 season. The city's own football stadium, the Auestadion was built in 1953 and is able to hold 18,737 people. It is located in the south of Kassel at the quarter Südstadt, next to the Karlsaue.
Kassel has a long ice hockey tradition, but it was not until 1977 that the Kassel ice rink (Eissporthalle) opened on a private initiative. The Kassel Huskies were founding members of the DEL in 1994, belonging to the league from 1994 to 2006 and again from 2008 to 2010. In 1997, they were runners-up in the championship playoffs, losing to Adler Mannheim, and reached the semi-finals on three more occasions. The Huskies ran into financial difficulties and dissolved in 2010. The "Young Huskies", which is a junior and youth hockey club, decided to enter a men's team in the Hessenliga. This is the fifth division and the lowest men's competition in the state of Hesse. The new club was expecting no more than 3,000 supporters for the first home game in the Hessenliga. However, they had over 5,000 supporters come to watch.
Transport.
Kassel has seven tram lines (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), with trams arriving usually every 15 minutes. The city also operates a light rail Stadtbahn network called "RegioTram" using Regio Citadis low-floor trams which run on both tram and main line railway tracks with three lines (RT1, RT4, RT5). Moreover, a number of low-floor buses complete the Kassel public transport system. The introduction of low-floor buses led to the development of the Kassel kerb which improves the accessibility at bus stops.
The city is connected to the national rail network at two stations, Kassel Central, and Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe. The traditional central station (Hauptbahnhof) has been reduced to the status of a regional station since the opening of the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line in 1991 and its station (Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe) on the high-speed line at which the InterCityExpress (ICE) and InterCity services call as well as Nightjet and Flixtrain.
Kassel is connected to the motorways A 7, A 49 and A 44.
The city is served by Kassel Calden Airport.
Politics.
Mayor.
The current mayor of Kassel is Sven Schoeller of Alliance 90/The Greens, who was elected in March 2023. He succeeded Christian Geselle (SPD), who had been in office since 2017.
City council.
The Kassel city council ("Stadtverordnetenversammlung") governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 14 March 2021, and the results were as follows:
Education and research.
University of Kassel.
The University of Kassel is a public higher education institution and was founded in 1971 as a so-called reform university. It is the newest university in the state of Hessen and has an urban inner-city campus between the city center and the Northern city district. There were around 25,000 students enrolled at the university in 2018, 3,359 of them non-Germans. Two hundred and twenty-four students obtained their doctorate from the university in 2017.
The university offers a range of study programs, and several English master's programs as well as two short-term international programs, the Summer University and the Winter University. The Kunsthochschule Kassel (University of Fine Arts) is also part of the university with a satellite campus directly at the Karlsaue park in the Southern city district.
Courts.
Several courts are located in Kassel, including:
Twin towns – sister cities.
Kassel is twinned with:
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References.
Notes.
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External links.
 Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
 travel guide from Wikivoyage

Eberhard Taubert
Nazi politician (1907–1976
Eberhard Taubert (11 May 1907 in Kassel – 2 November 1976 in Cologne) was a lawyer and anti-Semitic Nazi propagandist. He joined the Nazi Party on 1 November 1931 (membership number 712,249). At the same time, he joined the "Sturmabteilung" (SA), the Nazi paramilitary unit where he served on the staff of SA-"Gruppe" Berlin-Brandenburg with the rank of SA-"Sturmführer". At the beginning of 1932, Taubert became head of the legal department of Gau Berlin and the anti-Bolshevism advisor to Joseph Goebbels, the "Gauleiter". He became involved in both anti-Communist and anti-Jewish propaganda. From 1933 to 1945 he worked as a high official in the "Propagandaministerium" under Goebbels, where he headed its anti-Komintern department.
His nickname in Nazi circles was "Dr. Anti". From 1939 he headed the Institute for the Study of the Jewish Question. He worked in 1940 on the script for the anti-Semitic propaganda film "Der ewige Jude" (English: "The Eternal Jew"). He also served as a lay judge at the People's Court. After the Second World War he changed his name to Erwin Kohl and worked for $3,000 a month for the German Christian Democratic Union in West Germany, providing material against more radical Marxists.
As "Erwin Kohl" Taubert was one of the founders of the People's Union for Peace and Freedom (VFF) in 1950. The VFF saw itself as "the central anti-communist organization in the Federal Republic" and was supported and subsidized by the Federal Ministry for All-German Questions (predecessor of the Federal Ministry for Intra-German Relations). Mathias Friedel regarded the VFF as a replica of the "Anti-Komintern" during the Nazi regime. After his true identity and background was revealed, Eberhard had to retire from the VFF. Taubert was a member of the Naumann Circle, which aimed to infiltrate the Free Democratic Party, and eventually restore Nazism in Germany.
After 1957 he worked in South America, Iran, Lebanon, Egypt and South Africa and as the counsel of the German minister Franz Josef Strauß. Taubert maintained a liaison office in Bonn, which worked for NATO on matters of psychological defense (PSV).
Taubert was still a counter-intelligence expert for US secret services and in 1959 took on a job for the Iranian secret service (SAVAK) and other Middle Eastern intelligence services. Under the pseudonym Dr. Marcel Wallensdorfer, Taubert was given a press service entitled "Anti-Comintern Service".
From 1970 he was employed by German industrialists and largely withdrew from political life due to his illness.
His rhetorical ability made him the talented and wanted propagandist he was, not only during the NS-regime. His agitative style used in the Nazi propaganda was reused after the war to boost the Western fear of communism. For this mission he worked with secret services (for example CIC) and right-wing politicians and journals.
Taubert died in a car crash in Cologne in 1976. Three people attended his funeral.
References.
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Taubach
Taubach is a river of Thuringia, Germany. At its confluence with the Freibach and the Lengwitz near Stützerbach, the Ilm is formed.

Emil Taubert
German philologist and writer (1844–1895)
Emil Taubert (23 January 1844 in Berlin – 10 April 1895 in Berlin) was a German philologist, writer and librettist. He was the son of composer Wilhelm Taubert and studied philology and philosophy at the Friedrich-Wilhelms University in his hometown. After completing his studies he got a job as a teacher at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium in Berlin.
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 made the military-logistic Taubert return to the teaching profession. In 1877, he became a senior teacher at the "Königliche Lehrerinnen-Seminar," and nine years later he was promoted to Intendantur-Rat, a military administrative authority, at the Royal Theater. In addition to his day job he developed an extensive literary work over the years, which attracted considerable attention from the public and literary criticism. His final resting place is at the Friedhöfe vor dem Halleschen Tor in Berlin.
References.
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Evert Taube
Musical artist (1890-1976)
Axel Evert Taube (; 12 March 1890 – 31 January 1976) was a Swedish author, artist, composer and singer. He is widely regarded as one of Sweden's most respected musicians and the foremost troubadour of the Swedish ballad tradition in the 20th century.
Early life.
Evert Taube was born in 1890 in Gothenburg, and brought up on the island of Vinga, Västergötland, where his father, Carl Gunnar Taube, a ship's captain, was the lighthouse keeper. His mother was Julia Sofia Jacobsdotter. Taube belongs to an untitled branch of the Baltic German noble Taube family, introduced at the Swedish House of Nobility in 1668 as noble family No. 734.
Career.
Having spent two years (1907–1909) sailing around the Red Sea, Ceylon and South Africa, Taube began his career as a singer-songwriter and collector of sailors' songs, and on Christmas Eve 1908, on board the Norwegian ship "SS Bergen" headed for Spain, he performed "Turalleri, piken fra Hamburg".
Following a five-year stay (1910–1915) in Argentina, he developed an interest in Latin American music and introduced the Argentinian tango to Sweden in the twenties. Contrary to widespread perceptions, Taube did not work as a gaucho (cowboy) on the Pampas but as a foreman supervising workers who were digging canals designed to prevent flooding on the vast plains.
He is perhaps best known as a depictor of the idyllic, with motifs from the Swedish archipelagoes and from the Mediterranean, from a perspective every Swedish four-week holiday tourist could recognize. But he also wrote the most hard-hitting anti-fascist anti-war poem in the Swedish language, "Målaren och Maria Pia", about the Italian war in Abyssinia, from the late 1930s. He also composed the anthem of the budding environmental movement in the 1970s, "Änglamark" (originally written for the successful 1971 Hasse & Tage film "The Apple War").
Taube's literary secretary Inga-Britt Fredholm worked as a secretary at the Park Avenue Hotel in Gothenburg starting in the late 1950s. There, in 1962, Evert Taube met her and this led to her becoming his literary secretary for more than ten years. During the 1964–1965 period she undertook travel for work, along with Taube, going to the Antibes in France and to the Pampas in Argentina. She collaborated with Astri Taube on "Vid tiden för Astri och Apollon: okända dikter och berättelser", published in 1964.
During the 1960s Fredholm collected Evert Taube's stories and published them in eight volumes at Albert Bonniers Förlag under the shared title of "Samlade berättelser med tillhörande visor och ballader", released 1966–1967. In the 1970s she produced two pictorial biographies of Taube: ”När jag var en ung caballero: en bildbiografi" (1970) and ”Kom i min famn: Evert Taube 1920-1971 : en bildbiografi" (1972).
Among Taube's most famous songs are "Calle Schewens vals", "Min älskling (du är som en ros)", "Dans på Sunnanö", "Brevet Från Lillan", "Flickan i Havanna", "Änglamark", "Sjösala vals", "Fritiof och Carmencita", "Så skimrande var aldrig havet" and "Så länge skutan kan gå".
In 1976 he released an album of songs (on SR Records) about and by Sweden's 18th-century bard, Carl Michael Bellman, performing 9 of Bellman's "Fredman's Epistles" including the ever popular "Vila vid denna källa", "Ulla! min Ulla! säj, får jag dig bjuda", and "Solen glimmar blank och trind".
Taube has been translated into English by Helen Asbury, Paul Britten Austin, Emily Melcher and others. His songs have been recorded in English by Roger Whittaker, Sven-Bertil Taube, Martin Best, Roger Hinchliffe and Emily Melcher.
Personal life.
In 1925, he married Astri Bergman Taube, a painter and sculptor.
Taube is the father of Sven-Bertil Taube who also is a well known musician and actor in Sweden. Sven-Bertil along with covering his fathers songs also covered other poets and artists such as Carl Michael Bellman and Nils Ferlin.
Taube died in Stockholm and is buried on the churchyard of Maria Magdalena Church on Södermalm.
Taube had a summer house called "Sjösala", located in Stavsnäs, which was burned down by Mona Wallén-Hjerpe in 1969.
Honors.
On his 60th birthday in 1950, Taube received the Bellman Award from the Swedish Academy and in 1960 he received an honorary doctorate from Gothenburg University. He was elected as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1970.
Taube is regarded as one of the finest troubadours in Sweden. There is a complete pavilion, "Evert Taube's World" opened in 2008, dedicated to him at Liseberg Theme Park in Gothenburg.
On 25 March 2010, Norwegian Air Shuttle's (Norwegian.com) new Boeing 737-8FZ LN-NOV (msn 31713) was accepted at the Oslo (Gardermoen) base with the tail image of Evert Taube.
On 6 April 2011, the Bank of Sweden announced that Taube's portrait will feature on the 50 kronor banknote, beginning in 2014–15.
On 12 March 2013, a Google Doodle was dedicated to him.
References.
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External links.
Swedish
English
Translations

Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert
German botanist (1862–1897)
Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert (12 August 1862 – 1 January 1897) was a German botanist.
Taubert was born in Berlin, where he studied botany as a pupil of Ignatz Urban. While a student, he collected plants in Cyrenaica (1887). From 1889 to 1895 he was associated with the Botanical Museum in Berlin, working as a scientific assistant in 1893–95. Afterwards, he embarked on a botanical expedition to Brazil, where he conducted botanical investigations in the states of Pernambuco, Ceará, Piauí, Maranhão and Amazonas. He died in Manáos on 1 January 1897 (age 34).
He was the taxonomic authority of many plant species. In 1893 Karl Moritz Schumann named the plant genus "Taubertia" (family Menispermaceae) in his honor.
Selected works.
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References.
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Tauberrettersheim

Tauberrettersheim is a municipality in the district of Würzburg in Bavaria, Germany. It lies on the river Tauber.
References.
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Tauber
River in Germany
The Tauber () is a river in Franconia (Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria), Germany. It is a left tributary of the Main and is in length. The name derives from the Celtic word for water (compare: Dover).
Course.
It flows through Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Creglingen, Weikersheim, Bad Mergentheim, Königshofen, Tauberbischofsheim, and flows into the river Main in Wertheim am Main. The Tauber Valley Cycleway is a bicycle path which runs about 101 km along the course of the river.
There is a medieval bridge over the river near Rothenburg ob der Tauber.
References.
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Ebertswiese
Conservation area in Thuringia, Germany
The Ebertswiese (literally: Ebert Meadow), is a boggy area of grassland in the Thuringian Forest in central Germany. It has been a nature conservation area since 1936 and is a recreation area in the municipality of Floh-Seligenthal on the Rennsteig trail. The River Spitter has its source within the reserve.
In addition to the "Ebertswiese" mountain hotel, the "Bergseebaude" guest house and various walking huts the main destination is the "Bergsee" lake, which was created in 1900 from a disused quarry. The introduction of a water wheel ended the quarrying, but has since pleased swimmers.
In the vicinity of the Ebertswiese are the "Dreiherrenstein am Hangweg" (boundary stone marking the duchies of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Kurhessen), dating from 1586, and the Spitter Waterfall (Thuringia's highest natural waterfall).
References.
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Wilhelm Taubert
German pianist, composer and conductor (1811 - 1891)
Carl Gottfried Wilhelm Taubert (23 March 1811 – 7 January 1891) was a German pianist, composer, and conductor, and the father of philologist and writer Emil Taubert.
Life.
Born in Berlin, Taubert studied under Ludwig Berger (piano) and Bernhard Klein (composition). In 1831, he became assistant conductor and accompanist for Berlin court concerts. Between 1845 and 1848, he was music director of the Berlin Royal Opera and was also court conductor in Berlin from 1845 to 1869. From 1865, he taught music at the Prussian Academy of Arts; Theodor Kullak was one of his pupils.
His compositions include six operas, incidental music, four symphonies, concertos for piano and cello, four string quartets, other orchestral, choral, and piano works, and more than 300 songs. His early compositions were praised by the composer Felix Mendelssohn, who had also studied piano with Berger.
Taubert died in Berlin. His grave is preserved in the Protestant "Friedhof I der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde" (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.

Frank Taubert
German diver
Frank Taubert (born 10 March 1956) is a German diver. He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics and the 1980 Summer Olympics.
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Taube family
Baltic German noble family
The Taube family is an ancient Baltic-German noble family settled in Jutland, whose earliest roots can be traced to Westphalia, Germany.
History.
The family historic references: Engelke Tuve (Taube) 1373 Danish vassal in Estonia. Another branch is known to have existed on the feudal estate of Wedewes. The other historic persons: vassals Tuvi Leos and Tuve Collae, 1240 in Estonia.
In the 17th century, during Swedish Empire period, several members of the family joined Swedish kings. Berndt Taube was recognized a Baron (friherre) of Carlöö in Österbotten in 1652.
Edvard Taube, was introduced at the Swedish House of Nobility in 1668 and became the ancestor of the untitled noble family Taube (adliga ätten Taube no 734). Also, Edvard's son Fredrik Evert Taube was made a Baron (friherre) in 1692 (Taube of Odenkat) and Fredrik Evert's son Edvard Didrik Taube was made a Count in 1734, becoming the ancestor of the counts of Taube (grevliga ätten Taube no. 112).
Another line of counts (grevliga ätten Taube no. 62) is descended from the Governor General of Narva, Ingermanland and Kexholm Jakob Johan Taube of Kuddinge (Livonia) and Sesswegen (Latvia) (1624–1695), whose son, (1673–1732), became a count in 1719.
Evert Taube and Sven-Bertil Taube belong to the untitled noble family Taube (no 734).
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Siegfried Taubert
German SS general and functionary
Siegfried Taubert (born 11 December 1880; died 13 February 1946) was a Nazi, SS-"Obergruppenführer" and General of the Waffen-SS. From 1935 to 1938 Taubert was chief of staff in Reinhard Heydrich's "Sicherheitsdienst" (Security Service; SD) in the main SS office. From 1938 to 1945 he was the captain of the SS at Wewelsburg castle, which was Heinrich Himmler's SS headquarters and training center for head SS officers. Taubert died in Kiel in 1946.
Early life and World War I.
Siegfried Taubert was born on 11 December 1880 in Brallentin, Poland; his father was a Protestant pastor. After passing his university entrance test, enrolled in military school as a "Fahnenjunker" (junior). He was assigned to the Infantry Regiment Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig 57 in Wesel-Westphalia. On 5 May 1904 he married Arnoldine Johanna Juta from the Netherlands; they had three children, including Ilse, who married Ernst-Robert Grawitz a SS German physician. From 1914 to 1918 he was a career officer during World War I. In November 1919 he departed the army with the rank of major. From 1921 to 1924 he became an industrial Manager in Poland and leader in steel helmet factory in Greifenhagen. In August 1925 Taubert sold his house in the Greifenhagen and moved to Berlin and worked as a sales manager in a piano factory. In 1931 he moved over to insurance work at the Swiss Life Insurance and Pension Fund in Berlin. and was thereafter unemployed. In 1931 he lost his job and became politically active in the "Frontbann", also "Tannenbergbund" organizations.
Nazi career and World War II.
In 1931 he join the Nazi Party (membership number 525.246) and the "Schutzstaffel" (SS number 23.128). Working for SS General Kurt Daluege, he was promoted to SS-"Oberführer". From 1935 to 1938 Taubert was chief of staff in Reinhard Heydrich's "Sicherheitsdienst" (Security Service; SD) in the main SS office. On 13 September 1936 he was promoted to SS-"Brigadeführer". From 1938 to 1945 he was the captain of the SS at Wewelsburg castle, after Manfred von Knobelsdorff. Wewelsburg castle was Heinrich Himmler's SS headquarters and ideological training center for head SS officers.
Taubert duties often took him away from the Wewelsburg castle. Before the war, Taubert used the Reich Labor Service for Himmler's SS Research and Education Center projects at the castle, when the war in Europe started he then used concentration camp inmates. The inmate laborers were housed behind barbed wire in the neighboring village of Niederhage. Taubert became the lay judge at the People's Court "Volksgerichtshof". He also was the adjutant captain of the castle Gottlieb Bernhardt. In October 1943 Taubert visited the Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark at Himmler request. In 1943 he became SS-"Obergruppenführer" and General of the Waffen-SS. Near the end of World War II in Europe, on 31 March 1945, he fled from Wewelsburg castle to Schleswig-Holstein as the US 3rd Armored Division approached the castle. Taubert knowing that US Army was coming, he had the castle antiquities and artworks packed and moved to the nearby Boddeker estate, while others were moved and hidden in other facilities and nearby homes. Some art was hidden within the walls of the estate’s buildings. Himmler ordered Wewelsburg castle destroyed, but Taubert refused. Taubert died in Kiel in 1946.
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Tauber Franconia
The region of Tauber Franconia () is a part of the region of Franconia, most of which lies in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Tauber Franconia is almost coextensive with the county of Main-Tauber-Kreis, which is bisected by the River Tauber, but a small part also belongs to the Bavarian county of Würzburg. The upper reaches of the Tauber flow through 13 villages in seven municipalities in the county of Ansbach, including the well known town of Rothenburg ob der Tauber. The source of the Tauber is in the county of Schwäbisch Hall. The most important towns in Tauber Franconia are Wertheim am Main, Tauberbischofsheim, Lauda-Königshofen and Bad Mergentheim on the Baden-Württemberg side, and Röttingen on the Bavarian side.

Taubenberg
Mountain in Germany
Taubenberg is a mountain with a height of 896 m amsl and area of 1847 ha in the Warngau municipality in the district of Miesbach in Bavaria, Germany. It is set apart from the Tegernsee mountains of the Bavarian Prealps. It is a popular hiking destination and the most important water supply area of the Bavarian capital Munich. About two-thirds of the mountain is owned by the city of Munich, the rest is freehold of local farmers and foresters.
Geography.
Geologically Taubenberg belongs to the Molasse foothills with its characteristic east–west orientation and marks (as ,for example, the Hoher Peißenberg ) the northern edge of the in the Bavarian Alpine foothills and thus the geological edge of the Alps. Taubenberg is the result of debris flows of the upper freshwater molasses, which came from the south about 10-15 million years ago - when the Alps were formed. These coarse debris cones now form characteristic mountains in front of the exits of the former tertiary Alpine rivers ( , Hoher Peißenberg, Irschenberg and others). Through the ice of later glaciations ,they were later left as Buttes from their softer environment of fine sands and acted as icebreakers, separating the ice flows of individual glacier termini.
The distribution of Glacial erratics and the soil horizons in the summit area of the Taubenberg suggest that it was not overshadowed by glaciers in the last, the Würm glaciation, but emerged from the ice as Nunatak.
Taubenberg has a peculiar geomorphology. The highest point is in the west of the ridge. From there, the small flows in a valley in the center of the terrain structure to the east and the Mangfall, in which it flows. The valley of the Farnbach divides Taubenberg into a northern and a southern ridge, which are connected to each other in the west. The northern ridge is higher, in its east is the second highest point of the mountain. The southern ridge drops almost equally from west to east. In front of it is the , a broad sloping hollow with fen.
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Ernst Eduard Taubert
Pomeranian composer, music critic and professor (1838 - 1934)
Ernst Eduard Taubert (25 September 1838 in Regenwalde – 14 July 1934) was a Pomeranian composer, music critic, and music educator. He began his education in Bonn where he was first a student of theology and later a music pupil of Albert Dietrich. He then studied under Friedrich Kiel in Berlin. He remained in Berlin for the rest of his life where he worked as a music critic for local publications and taught at the Stern Conservatory, first as a lecturer and then as a full professor since 1898. In 1905 he was elected a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts where he taught until his death in Berlin in 1934. He is best remembered today for his "Quintet for Piano and Winds, Op. 48" and his "String Quartet, Op. 56".
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Taubergießen
Floodplain wetland on the Upper Rhine, Germany
Taubergießen is a floodplain wetland on the southern Upper Rhine in the natural area Offenburg Rhine plain. Taubergießen was declared Naturschutzgebiet (Nature Reserve) in 1979 and, with 1,697 hectares, is one of the largest protected areas in Baden-Württemberg. It has a north–south extension of more than 12 km. The largest width is about 2.5 km.
Name.
The name "Taubergießen" derives from "Taubergießen", one of the numerous watercourses and branches of the nature reserve, which runs in the north of the area and drains from the right into the lower course of the Elz river, which is closer to the Rhine. Under "pouring" is understood underground, i.e. in direct connection with the groundwater flowing parts of the stream, which come from a sufficient depression of the bottom again to the surface. These are particularly common in this area, the middle area of the southern Upper Rhine. The word "deaf" describes nutrient-poor waters with low fish population.
Geography.
Taubergießen is located in the southern Upper Rhine plain between Freiburg im Breisgau and Offenburg in the districts Emmendingen and Ortenau, near the northeastern town of Lahr and immediately west of the communities Kappel-Grafenhausen, Rust and Rheinhausen.
Taubergießen belongs predominantly to the district of the communities Kappel-Grafenhausen, Rust and Rheinhausen. 9.98 km ² property of the French community Rhinau are historically conditioned. On the German territory, Rheinau, this "piece of Alsace in Germany", is classified as unincorporated community. Due to the straightening of the Rhine in the first half of the 19th century and the first localization of a river main bed in the area, a change in the border between Germany and France was partially made. However, the changes in the course of the river bed (respectively beds - its arms) did not change ownership.
Protected area.
Specifications
The area was declared a nature reserve (NSG No. 3.108) on September 27, 1979, and was incorporated by legal ordinance from April 8, 1997, into the protected area number 3.233 by the regional council Freiburg. The nature reserve with an area of 1,697 hectares is classified in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) category IV. The CDDA code of the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) is 165837.
History.
The Upper Rhine Plain is originated about 35 million years ago as a result of a rift. Between Basel and Frankfurt, the surface of the earth sank and the today surrounding Vosges and the Black Forest emerged. The Rhine found its way from the Alps to the North Sea. Later, floodplains developed here.
As part of the "Revitalization of Taubergießen" project from 2006 and the start of building activity in 2007, water channels were dug, passages built, bridges erected and older buildings redesigned. These measures prevent further siltation of the areas, in particular at low water, increasing the stream velocity and ensuring more frequent flow. In 2008, Taubergießen was included in the Ramsar Convention.
Flora and fauna.
Flora
About 60% of the area is forested, the rest is used as grassland for agriculture. The extensive landscape is crossed by numerous watercourses. Rare orchids blossom here.
Fauna
The nature reserve, with its forests, meadows, purple moor grass meadows, dry calcareous grassland and flood dams, is a habitat for many endangered species.
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Tauber (surname)
Tauber is a river in Germany. It is also the surname of:
See also.
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 Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Tauber, Täuber, Taeuber.

Tauche

Tauche (Lower Sorbian: "Tuchow") is a municipality on both sides of the river Spree in the Oder-Spree district, in Brandenburg, Germany. The large municipality consists of 12 parts (German: "Ortsteile") or villages with other local parts/settlements, respectively. The seat of the municipal administration is located in the village of the same name.
In 1813, explorer of Australia and naturalist, Ludwig Leichhardt, was born in the hamlet of Sabrodt near Trebatsch. That made, in 1998, the federal state of Brandenburg award the village of Trebatsch the additional name "Leichhardt-Gemeinde" (Leichhardt Municipality).
Author Günter de Bruyn has been living since 1969 in Görsdorf. In Kossenblatt there is a castle, "Schloss Kossenblatt", which is said to have been the favourite palace of the "Soldier King" Frederick William I of Prussia.
Division of the municipality.
Tauche consists of the following districts (German: "Ortsteile"):
History.
From 1815 to 1947, Tauche was part of the Prussian Province of Brandenburg.
After World War II, Tauche was incorporated into the State of Brandenburg from 1947 to 1952 and the Bezirk Frankfurt of East Germany from 1952 to 1990. Since 1990, Tauche is again part of Brandenburg.
Demography.
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References.
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External links.
 Media related to at Wikimedia Commons

Tauberbischofsheim
Tauberbischofsheim () is a German town in the north-east of Baden-Württemberg on the river Tauber with a population of about 13,200. It is the capital of the Main-Tauber district. It is a popular tourist destination due to its numerous historical buildings, including substantial remains of the medieval town fortifications.
Tauberbischofsheim is also known for its fencers, who have won several Olympic medals and world championships.
Geography.
Location.
Tauberbischofsheim is located in the "Tauberfranken" region of Franconia on the river Tauber.
Constituent communities.
Tauberbischofsheim consists of the main town of Tauberbischofsheim, as well as the "Stadtteile" Dienstadt, Distelhausen, Dittigheim, Dittwar, Hochhausen and Impfingen. The boundaries of these "Stadtteile" are the same as that of the former independent municipalities.
Dienstadt has 335 residents and is located west of Tauberbischofsheim. Distelhausen has 983 residents and is located south of Tauberbischofsheim. Dittigheim has 1042 residents and is located south of Tauberbischofsheim. Dittwar has 788 residents and is located south-west of Tauberbischofsheim. Hochhausen has 788 residents and is located north of Tauberbischofsheim. Impfingen has 788 residents and is located north of Tauberbischofsheim.
History.
Prehistory.
The area was settled at least since around 3000 B.C., based on prehistoric findings.
Middle Ages.
The town was first mentioned in a biography of Saint Lioba in 836. It bears its name ("bishop's place") due to its close relation to bishop Saint Boniface. Boniface brought his relative Lioba to the town around 735, where she became abbess of a monastery. Boniface founded the convent at Bischofsheim. In 1180 the town's oldest building, the Chapel of St. Peter, was built. Between 1237 and 1245 town rights were granted to Tauberbischofsheim. Around 1280 the "Türmersturm"-tower and the "Kurmainz Castle" were constructed. In 1318 the Bischofsheim market was first mentioned in official records.
16th to 18th century.
From 1525 to 1627 the town was denied self-rule after picking the losing side in the Peasant's War. New municipal laws were introduced by Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz, severely restricting citizens' rights. In 1629 Franciscan friars settled in Bischofsheim. During the Thirty Years' War Bischofsheim was under Swedish occupation from 1631 to 1635. In 1688 a "Latin school" was founded by the Franciscans. Later the school became the "Matthias-Grünewald Grammar School".
19th century.
In 1803 Bischofsheim was placed under the rule of the Prince of Leiningen, after having been part of "Kurmainz" for over 560 years. In 1806 Bischofsheim joined the newly created Grand Duchy of Baden. In 1823 the Franciscan monastery ("Klosterhof") was dissolved. Around 1850 the town became known as "Tauberbischofsheim". To distinguish the town from other towns named Bischofsheim, the name of the river Tauber was added to the name. The new town hall was built between 1865 and 1867. In 1866, a battle in the Austro-Prussian War took place in and around Tauberbischofsheim between troops from Württemberg and Prussia. Between 1894-95 the "Christuskirche" was built as a Protestant church. From 1910 to 1914 the Catholic Church of St. Martin was reconstructed.
20th century.
The six "Stadtteile" were incorporated to Tauberbischofsheim during the local government reform in Baden-Württemberg in the 1970s: July 1, 1971: Hochhausen and Impfingen (1 July 1971), Dienstadt (1 January 1972) and Distelhausen, Dittigheim and Dittwar (1 January 1975).
Governance.
Mayors.
The mayors of Tauberbischofsheim since 1945 were:
Coat of Arms.
In a red shield is a silver-white helmet crested by a wheel with seven spokes and attached by four ribbons ending in roses, all of the same colour. According to source the archbishopric of Mainz gained the village of Tauberbischofsheim in 1237 and the fiefdom of a castle in 1316. The archbishops were rulers of the city until 1802. The helmet is symbolizing this fiefdom. The image was taken from seals and was not changed until 1740. 1865 some elements had been added. Over time, the old version was re-established.
Arts and culture.
Architecture.
The old town, which was formerly completely surrounded by a defensive wall, features many historical buildings. The Tauberbischofsheim Castle dates back to second half of the 13th century. The marketplace is encircled by half-timbered houses and the Gothic Revival town hall. The parish church of St. Martin "()" was completed in 1914 after its predecessor burnt down. The Gothic Revival church contains works of art from many past churches including an altar from the Ulm workshop of Niklaus Weckmann the Elder with panel paintings by Hans Schäufelein, a Madonna by Hans Multscher and a copy of the Tauberbischofsheim altarpiece by Matthias Grünewald. The oldest church in the city is the "Peterskapelle", built in the 12th century. The Badischer Hof is the oldest hotel in Tauberbischofsheim. It was built in 1733.
For many years the town was home to the Tauberbischofsheim altarpiece, a monumental piece of German renaissance art by Master Mathis now kept in the Karlsruhe Kunsthalle.
Museums.
In Tauberbischofsheim and its suburbs there are the following museums:
Regular events.
Every May there is a traditional Maypole festival at Wörth square. In the same month there is an Italian Night at the market place.
The "Tauberbischofsheimer Altstadtfest" (old town festival) is traditionally on the first weekend of July, from Friday to Sunday.
During Advent, the traditional Tauberbischofsheim Christmas Market is a popular meeting place at the castle square.
Culinary specialties.
Tauberbischofsheim and its environments are characterized in the lowlands by extensive fruit and wine growing areas. Here Tauber valley wines and sparkling wines are produced. Also beers (in the Distelhäuser brewery in the district Distelhausen), fruit brandies, regional cider and apple juice are produced. Regional specialties include "Tauber trout", "Boeuf de Hohenlohe", "Tauber valley country pig" products, "Tauber valley lamb" and regional "Grünkern".
Sports.
Fencing.
The Fencing-Club Tauberbischofsheim (commonly known as "FC Tauberbischofsheim") is the most successful fencing club in the world, based on its medal successes in international sporting events. Medalists have included Thomas Bach, Matthias Behr, Anja Fichtel, Zita Funkenhauser, Jürgen Hehn, Harald Hein and Alexander Pusch. The FC Tauberbischofsheim is based at the "Tauberbischofsheim Olympic team training camp" for the sport of fencing.
Other sports.
The "TSV 1863 Tauberbischofsheim e. V" is a popular sports club with 2,304 members (as of 2 October 2014) with eleven different departments for the following sports: Football (soccer), Judo, Gymnastics, Badminton, Basketball, Table tennis, Tennis, Rock n roll, Volleyball, Handball and Karate.
Economy.
Tourism.
Tauberbischofsheim is located on the Romantic Road (), a tourist route that connects many scenic cities and towns. The Romantic Road is the oldest tourist route in Germany. Tauberbischofsheim is also part of the "Siegfried Road".
Others.
Diestelhausen is home to the Distelhäuser Brewery.
Infrastructure.
Transport.
The "Taubertalradweg" along the Tauber River connects Tauberbischofsheim in one direction with Bad Mergentheim and Rothenburg ob der Tauber (in the other direction with Wertheim).
Health.
Tauberbischofsheim's hospital has a public indoor pool with sauna and exercise pool.
The solar-heated "Frankenbad" is a municipal swimming pool.
Education.
The "Christian-Morgenstern-Grundschule" and the "Grundschule am Schloss" are the primary schools in Tauberbischofsheim.
Tauberbischofsheim operates one college-track high school ("Matthias-Grünewald-Gymnasium") and two non-college-track high schools ("Riemenschneider-Realschule", "Pestalozzi-Werkrealschule"). There is also one special-education school run by the town ("Christophorus-Förderschule").
The "Kaufmännische Schule Tauberbischofsheim" (with "Wirtschaftsgymnasium") and the "Gewerbliche Schule Tauberbischofsheim" are vocational schools or professional training schools run by the Main-Tauber-Kreis.
There are also two private schools: "Volkshochschule Mittleres Taubertal e.V." and "Euro Akademie Tauberbischofsheim".
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Taube (river)
River in Germany
Taube is a river of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It flows into the Saale near Barby.

Vorbach (Tauber, Rothenburg ob der Tauber)
River in Germany
Vorbach is a river of Baden-Württemberg and of Bavaria, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Tauber near Rothenburg ob der Tauber.
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Schandtauber
River in Germany
Schandtauber is a river of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, Germany. It flows into the Tauber in Rothenburg ob der Tauber.
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Taubert
Taubert is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
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 Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Taubert.

Taibach
Taibach, also spelled as , is a community and suburban district of Port Talbot, Wales. It is a settlement centered on the main A48 road, sandwiched between the river Ffrwdwyllt and Margam. Parts of Margam are within the community boundaries.
History.
The "little houses" of Taibach sprang up at the beginning of the 19th century in the parish of Margam as homes for colliery and other industrial workers, some way away from the historic village centre of Margam.
With the expansion of industrial activity in the parish, and, in particular, the foundation of the new port at Port Talbot, the whole area became a single conurbation, as it remains, and Taibach was subsumed within it.
Amenities.
The stretch of the A48 road through the area is the main shopping street and is named Commercial Road in the area.
The area has a Carnegie library and is next to the Talbot Memorial Park, an urban park. In the grounds of the park lies St Theodore's Church. The parish church was built in 1901 by Miss Emily Talbot in honour of Saint Theodore of Tarsus, and in remembrance of her late brother of the same name. The eastern border of the park is formed by the Ffrwdwyllt river. Ffrwdwyllt literally translates to 'wild torrent' in English. The river is popular among local anglers, especially in late autumn.
To the east of the area is the Eastern Primary School, the primary school attended by actor Richard Burton, under his real name of Richard Jenkins. The old Eastern Primary School is now the Taibach Community Education Centre, and was built the same year as Margam Castle in 1831. Taibach has its own Taibach Rugby Club.
The Labour politician and life peer Lord Heycock of Taibach took his title from this area, which had been the home of the Heycock family since about 1800.
Government and politics.
Taibach falls within the parliamentary constituency of Aberavon.
Since the 2022 local elections Taibach has been part of the Margam and Tai-bach electoral ward (including Margam and Margam Moors), which elects three councillors to Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council.
Taibach was the name of the electoral ward for Taibach prior to the 2022 elections, coterminous to the community. The electoral ward of Taibach included the district of Taibach and parts of Margam to the southwest and the village of Goytre to the north. However, most of the ward is open countryside and woodland spread over a steep hill.
In the 2017 local council elections, the results were:
In the 2012 local council elections, the electorate turnout was 38.99%. The results were:
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Tautenburg

Tautenburg is a municipality in the district Saale-Holzland, in Thuringia, Germany. It is home to the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory.
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Vorbach (Tauber, Weikersheim)
River in Germany
Vorbach is a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Tauber at Weikersheim.
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Mikhail Taube
Russian lawyer and historian (1869–1961)
Baron Mikhail Alexandrovich Taube (May 15, 1869, Pavlovsk, Russian Empire – November 29, 1961; Paris, France) was a Russian international lawyer, statesman and legal historian. Being a Catholic converted from Russian Orthodoxy, Taube came from an old Swedish-German family von Taube, known from the 13th century, one of the branches of Baltic Germans in the service of the Russian throne.
Family.
Taube's father was Alexander Ferdinandovich, a graduate of the Petersburg State Transport University and his mother was Anna (born Butorova). His brother,Alexander: a Lieutenant-General of the Russian Imperial Army, who after the revolution in Russia, being popular among soldier, was elected to represent them in local government. In 1917, Bolsheviks came to power in St.Petersburg and Moscow, eventually the central authorities have extended their power to Siberia where Alexander Taube was located. In 1919, Soviet Red forces were defeated by the White Volunteer Army. General Alexander Taube was imprisoned and under investigation when he died of typhus in the Ekaterinburg prison. The other brothers: Colonel Jacob was murdered during Bolshevic uprising in St. Petersburg,1918; Colonel Boris served in Volunteer ("White") Army under general Miller, emigrated and lived in France; State Counsellor Sergei, a railway engineer, remained in the Soviet Union and was recognized as a distinguished engineer. Baron Michael Taube married in 1897, spouse Raisa Vladimirovna Rogal-Katchura, from whom he had three daughters and a son. His immediate family have initially emigrated to Sweden later lived in France.
Education.
Graduated from St. Petersburg High School (1887, gold medal) and St. Petersburg University, Law Faculty, 1891, thesis: "The reception of Roman law in the West". Continued his work at the university starting December 1, 1891, to prepare for a professorship, Department of International Law. Taube was a pupil of the famous international lawyer, Professor Friedrich Martens.
Legal scholarship.
On May 28, 1896 he received degree of Master of International Law ("The history of modern international law. (Middle Ages). T. I. Introduction and part of the total. SPb., 1894") and November 29, 1899 received degree of Doctor in International Law ("The history of modern international law". (Middle Ages). T.II. part: Principles of Peace and Law in International Conflicts of the Middle Ages. Kharkov, 1899"). From January 1, 1897, he taught at the University of Kharkov, from 1903 to 1911 at University of St. Petersburg (replaced his teacher at the Department Friedrich Martens), from 1909 to 1917 at Imperial School of Jurisprudence. Taube was also a founding member of the Russian Society of Maritime Law (1905).
Diplomat.
From January 2, 1892 until 1917, he was attached to the Russian Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Taube was Deputy Director of the Second Department of the MFA (from 1905), then Adviser (from 1907) and permanent member of the Council of the Ministry. From 1904 to 1905 he was Russian legal representative at the Paris international commission of inquiry recarding Dogger Bank incident, where he, along with Admiral Fyodor Dubasov, was instrumental in the successful defense of Russian interests in this complex case. From 1908 to 1909 he represented Russia at a conference on maritime law in London. On November 18, 1909 Taube was Russia's representative to the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague. He worked on numerous explanations, helped prepare and provide advice on international law. In 1914, a few weeks before the start of the First World War, persuaded the Russian government to withdraw from the German banks. This included withdrawal of Russian gold from Germany to Russia.
Statesman.
On April 22, 1911, he was Deputy Minister of Education of the Russian Empire. Taube was a close associate of the minister Lev Kasso and supported conservative political views. During Kasso illness, for about a year he acted as Minister of Education. After the death of Casso, from October 19, 1914 to January 11, 1915, he served as Minister of Education of Russia. On many occasions he spoke in the State Duma (Russian Empire), for example on the allocation of the Kingdom of Poland in the Chelm province in 1912, as well as other topics. He participated in drafting the law on the universal primary education in the Russian Empire.
On February 11, 1915, he was appointed a senator, privy councilor. On January 1, 1917, Taube became a member of the State Council (Russian Empire), a member of the Right wing of the Council.
The historian.
He served as a member of the Imperial Russian Historical Society (1912), the Imperial Society of Zealots in the historical education sector (1914), an honorary member of the Moscow Archaeological