Jim Buckmaster
American businessman
Jim Buckmaster (born August 14, 1962) is an American computer programmer who has been the CEO of Craigslist since 2000.
Early life.
Buckmaster was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He graduated with a bachelor's from Virginia Tech and attended medical school at the University of Michigan. However, he dropped out in 1986, citing a lack of interest. He remained a student for the next ten years by taking at least one class for credit, therefore maintaining certain student privileges like gym access. During this time, he audited classics courses, did data entry, and eventually taught himself how to code.
In the early 1990s, he worked as a programmer for the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, where he designed the organization's web interface. Buckmaster later got a job in San Jose, California and moved to San Francisco, where he commuted 5 hours roundtrip to work. During the dot-com bubble, he worked as a webmaster for a short lived tech company, Creditland, in San Francisco.
Craigslist.
In late 1999, Buckmaster posted his resume onto Craigslist, where he was recruited by Craig Newmark, the founder of the website. As lead programmer, he contributed to the site's multi-city architecture, search engine, discussion forums, flagging system, self-posting process, homepage design, personals categories, and best-of-craigslist. In November 2000, he was promoted to the post of CEO.
Buckmaster wrote a series of haiku that appear in lieu of error messages on craigslist:
""The little poems —he has written appear on the screen at times when users might expect a helpful message from the staff. They function as a gnomic clue that what you are seeing is intentional, while discouraging further conversation or inquiry. For instance, start too many conversations in the forums and your new threads may fail to show up. Instead, you will see this:"
'Frogs croak and gulls cry

silently a river floods

a red leaf floats by.'"
Referring to the purple peace sign he created that serves as craigslist's symbol and favicon:
""The only topic he can remember their disagreeing about is the peace sign that adorns the craigslist Web address. "Craig thought it was associated with the hippies and that hippies were discredited," Buckmaster says. "Whereas I think peace is among the most desirable things you can have.""
On the topic of craigslist's company culture:
""The long-running tech-industry war between engineers and marketers has been ended at craigslist by the simple expedient of having no marketers. Only programmers, customer service reps, and accounting staff work at craigslist. There is no business development, no human resources, no sales. As a result, there are no meetings. The staff communicates by email and IM. This is a nice environment for employees of a certain temperament. "Not that we're a Shangri-La or anything," Buckmaster says, "but no technical people have ever left the company of their own accord.""
Buckmaster also manages the Craigslist Charitable Fund and serves as executive producer for craigslist TV.
Personal life.
A fan of Noam Chomsky, Buckmaster has been accused of being "anti-capitalistic", which Buckmaster claims is an inaccurate characterization:
"We are not so much anti-capitalist (...) We're fortunate enough to have built a very healthy business, even though we haven't attempted to. All we have done is stop short of trying to become insanely wealthy. We have met billionaires and it sounds funny but it's not necessarily a bed of roses to have that kind of money. (...) Their life becomes about figuring out how to employ all that money either by philanthropy or other means. So we don't consider it that revolutionary to have stopped short of that."
"Companies looking to maximize revenue need to throw as many revenue-generating opportunities at users as they will tolerate," Buckmaster says. "We have absolutely no interest in doing that, which I think has been instrumental to the success of craigslist."
Buckmaster was once denounced on Fox News by Reverend Jerry Falwell.
References.
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Ann Arbor, Michigan
City in Michigan, United States
Ann Arbor is a city in Washtenaw County, Michigan, United States, and its county seat. The 2020 census recorded its population to be 123,851, making it the fifth-most populous city in Michigan. Located on the Huron River, Ann Arbor is the principal city of its metropolitan area, which encompasses all of Washtenaw County and had 372,258 residents in 2020. Ann Arbor is included in the Detroit–Warren–Ann Arbor combined statistical area and the Great Lakes megalopolis.
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by John Allen and Elisha Rumsey. It was named after the wives of the village's founders, both named Ann, and the stands of bur oak trees they found at the site of the town. The University of Michigan was established in Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city's population grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century.
A college town, Ann Arbor is currently home to the University of Michigan, which significantly shapes the city's economy, employing about 30,000 workers which includes about 12,000 in its medical center. The city's economy is also centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the university's research and development infrastructure. The city has been a center for progressive politics as well as several social and religious movements.
History.
Before founding as Ann Arbor.
The region was once inhabited by several Native American tribes, the most prominent being the Anishinaabe people of the Three Fires: the Odawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi. The Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor in about 1774. Other tribes that inhabited the area included the Fox, Wyandots, and Sauk. These peoples established several trails that converged on present-day Ann Arbor. The land that included Washtenaw County was ceded to the U.S. by the Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Wyandot in the Treaty of Detroit of 1807.
19th century.
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On May 25, 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as the Village of Annarbour, the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of bur oak in the of land they purchased for $800 () from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement , after the sound of Allen's sawmill.
Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827 and was incorporated as a village in 1833. The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capitol, but lost the bid to Lansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan.
Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north–south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and Black people. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland.
20th century.
Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.
Following a 1956 vote, the city of East Ann Arbor merged with Ann Arbor to encompass the eastern sections of the city.
In 1960, Ann Arbor voters approved a $2.3 million bond issue (equivalent to $ million in 2023) to build the current city hall, which was designed by architect Alden B. Dow. The City Hall opened in 1963. In 1995, the building was renamed the Guy C. Larcom Jr. Municipal Building in honor of the longtime city administrator who championed the building's construction.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War. During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city. These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance.
Two religious-conservative institutions were created in Ann Arbor; the Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement; and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999). Since 1998, Ann Arbor is also the home office of the Anthroposophical Society in the United States, an organization dedicated to supporting the community of those interested in the inner path of schooling known as anthroposophy, developed by Rudolf Steiner.
21st century.
In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On November 4, 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits. Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year.
In 2016, the city changed mayoral terms from two years to four. Until 2017, City Council held annual elections in which half of the seats (one from each ward) were elected to 2-year terms. These elections were staggered, with each ward having one of its seats up for election in odd years and its other seat up for election in even years. Beginning in 2018 the city council has had staggered elections to 4-year terms in even years. This means that half of the members (one from each ward) are elected in presidential election years, while the other half are elected in mid-term election years. To facilitate this change in scheduling, the 2017 election elected members to terms that lasted 3-years.
In 2020, partly as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the city government opened several downtown streets to pedestrians, limiting their use by motor vehicles to emergency vehicles during summertime weekends. In addition to providing a large pedestrian mall, these changes allow restaurants to use more of the sidewalks and part of the street for outdoor seating. These changes were popular enough that in 2021 the city council extended the dates from March to November, continuing the schedule of cordoning off cars from Thursday evening until Monday morning.
Geography.
Ann Arbor is located along the Huron River, which flows southeast through the city on its way to Lake Erie. It is the central core of the Ann Arbor, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of the whole of Washtenaw County, but is also a part of the Metro Detroit Combined Statistical Area designated by the U.S. Census Bureau. While it borders only Townships, the built-up nature of the sections of Pittsfield and Ypsilanti townships between Ann Arbor and the city of Ypsilanti make the two effectively a single urban area.
Landscape.
The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about along the Huron River to on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at , has an elevation of . Ann Arbor is nicknamed "Tree Town", both due to its name and to the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. Into the early 2000s, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees.
The city contains over 160 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas such as Buhr Park. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. Opened in the summer of 2014, the city-funded Ann Arbor Skatepark is a skatepark located within Veterans Memorial Park. The city is also home to the Washtenaw County-owned County Farm Park. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory. Several other green spaces around Ann Arbor are privately owned or owned by government agencies such as Ann Arbor Public Schools.
Cityscape.
The cityscape of Ann Arbor is heavily influenced by the University of Michigan, with 22% of downtown and 9.4% of the total land owned by the university. The downtown Central Campus contains some of the oldest extant structures in the city—including the President's House, built in 1840—and separates the South University District from the other three downtown commercial districts. These other three districts, Kerrytown, State Street, and Main Street are contiguous near the northwestern corner of the university.
Major landmarks in downtown Ann Arbor include the Michigan Theater, The Diag, and Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building that is the city's tallest building. Downtown is also home to several Fairy Doors and other public art installations.
Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side. Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.
Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th- and early 20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.
Climate.
Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfa"), which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold and snowy, with average highs around . Summers are warm to hot and humid, with average highs around and with slightly more precipitation. Spring and autumn are transitional between the two. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter. The monthly daily average temperature in July is , while the same figure for January is . Temperatures reach or exceed on 10 days, and drop to or below on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages per season. The lowest recorded temperature was on February 11, 1885, and the highest recorded temperature was on July 24, 1934.
Demographics.
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Ann Arbor has seen consistent growth in population between all decennial censuses since 1860 with the exception of the 2010 census which reported almost no growth from the previous census. As of the 2020 U.S. census, there were 123,851 people and 49,337 households residing in the city, with a population density of . The racial makeup of the city including Hispanics in the racial categories was 67.6% White, 6.8% Black, 0.2% Native American, 15.7% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 7.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 5.5% of the population. Ann Arbor has a small population of Arab Americans, including students as well as local Lebanese and Palestinians, and a large community of Japanese nationals.
According to the 2022 American Community Survey estimates, out of 49,337 households, 33.8% were married-couple households, 9.8% were cohabiting couple households, 26.1% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 30.4% had a female householder with no spouse present. 18.4% of the households had individuals under the age of 18 living in them, and 20.1% had individuals over age 65 living in them. The average household size was 2.22 people and the average family size was 2.78 people. The median age was 25.9; 12.2% of the population was under age 18, and 12.3% was age 65 or older. The percentage of city residents age 25 years or older with at least a high school degree was 97.8% while 77.5% had a bachelor's degree or higher, which is higher than the U.S. national percentage of 89.1% for persons age 25 years or older with at least a high school degree and 34.3% with a bachelor's degree or higher.
The median household income in 2022 was $78,740 (versus the U.S. national figure of $75,149), with family households having a median income of $126,292. The per capita income for the city was $52,276, which is higher than the U.S. national per capita income of $41,261. Males working full-time jobs had median earnings of $86,970 compared to $61,543 for females. Out of the 109,973 people with a determined poverty status, 23.1% were below the poverty line compared to the U.S. national poverty rate of 11.1%; the age group with the highest percentage below the poverty level was persons between 18 and 34 years at 43.0% while other age groups have percentages between 2.7% and 7.7%. Further, 3.5% of minors and 7.7% of seniors were below the poverty line.
Crime.
According to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program in 2022, Ann Arbor had 371 reported violent crimes (which include homicide, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) and 2069 reported property crimes (which include arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft). With a violent crime rate of 309.5 per 100,000 people, the city's violent crime rate is lower than Michigan's rate of 461 per 100,000 people and the U.S. national rate of 380.7 per 100,000 people. However, Ann Arbor's property crime rate, at 1726.0 per 100,000 people, is higher than Michigan's property crime rate of 1536.8 per 100,000 people and lower than the U.S. national property crime rate of 1954.4 per 100,000 people.
Economy.
The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers which includes about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors and Visteon, also employ residents.
High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933). Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), Truven Health Analytics, and ProQuest, which includes UMI. Duo Security, a cloud-based access security provider of two-factor authentication, is headquartered in Ann Arbor. It was formerly a unicorn and continues to be headquartered in Ann Arbor after its acquisition by Cisco Systems. In November 2021, semiconductor test equipment company KLA Corporation opened a new North American headquarters in Ann Arbor.
Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street. The city is also home to a secondary office of Google's AdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream. As of 2022,[ [update]] Ann Arbor is home to more than twenty video game and XR studios of varying sizes. The city plays host to a regional chapter of the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) which hosts monthly meetups, presentations, and educational events.
The city is the home of many research and engineering centers, including the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory that is operated by NOAA and the Michigan Tech Research Institute. Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and the Toyota Technical Center. The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.
Non-high tech companies in Ann Arbor include Domino's Pizza, headquartered on Domino's Farms, a Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city. Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is headquartered in Ann Arbor as is Pinkerton, a detective and private security firm. Many cooperative enterprises were founded in the city; among those that remain are the People's Food Co-op and the Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan, a student housing cooperative founded in 1937. There are also three cohousing communities—Sunward, Great Oak, and Touchstone—located immediately to the west of the city limits.
Culture.
Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown. Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, The Ark, and Performance Network Theatre. State Theatre and the adjacent Michigan Theater are a movie palace and a performing arts center, respectively. Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors. These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area.
The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum, an interactive science center, is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station. The Ann Arbor Art Center is a nonprofit that organizes art activities and exhibitions. Aside from the Ann Arbor District Library, which maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building, and being the home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita.
Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Thursday through Sunday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors. Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.
Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of cannabis, the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annual Hash Bash: an event that is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the city's progressive and compassionate ticketing program.
A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor" or "25 square miles surrounded by reality." In "A Prairie Home Companion" broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants." Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree "MI", a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan.
Sports.
Ann Arbor is a major center for college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium and the third-largest stadium of any kind in the world with a capacity of 107,601. The stadium is colloquially known as "The Big House" due to its status as the largest American football stadium. Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams.
In semi-professional sports Ann Arbor is represented in the NPSL by AFC Ann Arbor, a soccer club founded in 2014 who call themselves The Mighty Oak.
Government.
As the county seat of Washtenaw County, the Washtenaw County Trial Court (22nd Circuit Court) is located in Ann Arbor at the Washtenaw County Courthouse on Main Street. Seven judges serve on the court. The 15th Michigan district court, which serves only the city itself, is located within the Ann Arbor Justice Center, immediately next to city hall. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan and Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit are also located in downtown Ann Arbor, at the federal building on Liberty Street.
In the Michigan Legislature, the city is split between Districts 23, 33, 47, and 48 in the Michigan House of Representatives. In the Michigan Senate, Ann Arbor is covered by Districts 14 and 15. Ann Arbor is within the 6th congressional district, currently represented by Debbie Dingell.
Ann Arbor has a council–manager form of government, with 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. Each of the city's five wards are represented by two council members, with the mayor elected at-large during midterm years. Half of the council members are elected in midterm years, with the other in general election years. The mayor is the presiding officer of the city council and has the power to appoint all council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the city council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council. While Democrats, as of 2024,[ [update]] hold the mayorship and all ten council seats, Ann Arbor has two major political factions. A major source of this local divide is differences in views on the city's growth.
Education.
Primary and secondary education.
Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. For the 2021–2022 school year, 17,070 students were enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. Notable schools include Pioneer, Huron, Skyline, Community high schools, Pathways to Success Academic Campus, and Ann Arbor Open School. The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district. The University High School, a "demonstration school" with teachers drawn from the University of Michigan's education program, was part of the school system from 1924 to 1968.
Ann Arbor is home to several private schools, including Clonlara School, Michigan Islamic Academy, and Greenhills School, a prep school. The city is also home to several charter schools such as Central Academy (Michigan) (PreK–12) of the Global Educational Excellence (GEE) charter school company.
Higher education.
The University of Michigan dominates the city of Ann Arbor, providing the city with its distinctive college-town character. University buildings are located in the center of the city and the campus is directly adjacent to the State Street and South University downtown areas.
Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution. Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township. In 2000, the Ave Maria School of Law, a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan, opened in northeastern Ann Arbor, but the school moved to Ave Maria, Florida in 2009, and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus.
Media.
"The Ann Arbor News", owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, was the major newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year daily print run in 2009 due to economic difficulties, and began producing two printed editions a week under the name AnnArbor.com. Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper. The publication resumed using its former name in 2013, and also produces a daily digital edition named MLive.com. Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was the "Ann Arbor Paper", a free monthly. The "Ann Arbor Chronicle", an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.
Current publications in the city include the "Ann Arbor Journal" ("A2 Journal"), a weekly community newspaper; the "Ann Arbor Observer", a free monthly local magazine; and "Current", a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly. The "Ann Arbor Business Review" covers local business in the area. "Car and Driver" magazine and "Automobile Magazine" are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent "Michigan Daily" student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.
Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station; WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station; WDEO 990, Catholic radio; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming. The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.
Ann Arbor is part of the Detroit television market. WPXD channel 31, the owned-and-operated Detroit outlet of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. Until its sign-off on August 31, 2017, WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, was broadcast from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be seen in parts of the area.
Infrastructure.
Healthcare.
The University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) includes University Hospital, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and Women's Hospital in its core complex. UMHS also operates out-patient clinics and facilities throughout the city. The area's other major medical centers include a large facility operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Ann Arbor, and Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital in nearby Superior Township.
Utilities.
The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services, with water coming from the Huron River and groundwater sources. There are two water-treatment plants, one main and three outlying reservoirs, four pump stations, and two water towers. These facilities serve the city, which is divided into five water districts. The city's water department also operates four dams along the Huron River—Argo, Barton, Geddes, and Superior—of which Barton and Superior provide hydroelectric power.
The city also offers waste management services, with Recycle Ann Arbor handling recycling service. Other utilities are provided by private entities. Electrical power and gas are provided by DTE Energy. AT&T Inc. is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Cable TV service is primarily provided by Comcast.
A plume of the industrial solvent dioxane is migrating under the city from the contaminated Gelman Sciences, Inc. property on the westside of Ann Arbor. As of 2021,[ [update]] the average measured concentration was found to be 201.19 ppb, with the maximum being 6.000 ppm. While the United States Environmental Protection Agency does not impose a federal limit on the level of the contaminant allowed in drinking water, the World Health Organization suggests a limit of 35 ppb. The Gelman plume is a potential threat to one of the City of Ann Arbor's drinking water sources, the Huron River, which flows through downtown Ann Arbor.
Transportation.
The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to a grid pattern, though this pattern is less common in the surrounding areas. Major roads branch out from the downtown district to the highways surrounding the city. The city is belted by three freeways: Interstate 94 (I-94), which runs along the southern and western portion of the city; U.S. Highway 23 (US 23), which primarily runs along the eastern edge of Ann Arbor; and M-14, which runs along the northern edge of the city. Other nearby highways include US 12 (Michigan Avenue), M-17 (Washtenaw Avenue), and M-153 (Ford Road). Several of the major surface arteries lead to the I-94/M-14 interchange in the west, US 23 in the east, and the city's southern areas. The Washtenaw County Border-to-Border Trail connects Ann Arbor to Ypsilanti, mostly along the Huron River, for pedestrians, bicycles and other non-motorized transportation.
The Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority (AAATA), which brands itself as "TheRide", operates public bus services throughout the city and nearby Ypsilanti. The AAATA operates the Blake Transit Center on Fourth Ave. in downtown Ann Arbor, and the Ypsilanti Transit Center. A separate zero-fare bus service operates within and between the University of Michigan campuses. In 2019, 36% of trips in Ann Arbor were taken by walking, biking or transit.
Since April 2012, the "AirRide" connects to Detroit Metro Airport a dozen times a day. The Michigan Flyer, a service operated by Indian Trails, cooperates with AAATA for their AirRide and additionally offers bus service to East Lansing. Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service. Megabus has direct service to Chicago, Illinois, while a bus service is provided by Amtrak Thruway for rail passengers making connections to services in East Lansing and Toledo, Ohio.
Amtrak, which provides service to the city at the Ann Arbor Train Station, operates the "Wolverine" train between Chicago and Pontiac via Detroit. The present-day train station neighbors the city's old Michigan Central Depot, which was renovated as a restaurant in 1970. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport is a small, city-run general aviation airport located south of I-94.
Sister cities.
Ann Arbor has eight sister cities:
Notes.
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References.
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Adrian Buckmaster, 4th Viscount Buckmaster
British noble
Adrian Charles Buckmaster, 4th Viscount Buckmaster (born 2 February 1949) is a British hereditary peer and businessman.
Early life.
Buckmaster was born in 1949, the eldest son of Hon Colin John Buckmaster, younger son of Owen Buckmaster, 2nd Viscount Buckmaster and May Gibbon.
He was educated at Charterhouse School, Godalming and at Clare College, Cambridge, graduating in 1970 with a BA, promoted to MA in 1974.
He succeeded to the viscountcy and barony upon the death of his uncle Martin Buckmaster, 3rd Viscount Buckmaster in 2007.
Career.
Buckmaster has been Chief Executive Officer of Avecia Group PLC since October 2005 and also Chief Executive Officer of Automotive Products Group Ltd. He has been a Director of Avecia Group since May 2006 and is a Director of Avecia Holdings PLC.
Interests.
Buckmaster is a Trustee of the Clare College Boat Club.
Marriage and children.
Buckmaster married Elizabeth Mary Mark, daughter of Norman Mark, on 26 July 1975. They have a son and two daughters:
References.
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Buckmaster
Buckmaster is an English surname, and may refer to:
See also.
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 Surname listThis page lists people with the surname .

Martin Buckmaster, 3rd Viscount Buckmaster
Martin Stanley Buckmaster, 3rd Viscount Buckmaster (11 April 1921 – 8 June 2007) was a British hereditary peer and diplomat. He sat on the crossbenches in the House of Lords from 1974.
Early life and education.
Buckmaster was the elder son of Owen Buckmaster, 2nd Viscount Buckmaster, a barrister and Lloyd's underwriter, and his first wife, Joan Simpson. His grandfather was Stanley Buckmaster, 1st Viscount Buckmaster, a barrister and Liberal MP who served as Solicitor General for England and Wales from 1913 to 1915 and was created 1st Viscount Buckmaster in 1915 when he became Lord Chancellor.
He was educated at Stowe School.
Military service.
On the outbreak of World War II, Buckmaster joined the Royal Sussex Regiment straight from school. After receiving his commission in August 1940 he served in the Middle East and was granted the honorary rank of Captain when he relinquished his commission in June 1953.
Career.
Buckmaster was demobilised in 1946 and joined the Foreign Office, using his experience of the Middle East to good effect. He was a political officer in Abu Dhabi from 1955 to 1958, and then First Secretary at the British embassy in Libya until 1963. After serving in Bahrain, he moved to Kampala to become First Secretary in Uganda from 1969 to 1971. He later served in Beirut and Yemen, retiring in 1981.
He succeeded to the viscountcy and barony upon his father's death in 1974 and took a seat on the crossbenches in the House of Lords. He spoke mainly on matters relating to the Middle East. He was vice-chairman of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding. A committed Christian, he also spoke on issues of public morality. He was a member of the Conservative Family Campaign and a patron of the Christian Broadcasting Council.
Buckmaster lost his seat in the House of Lords following the enactment of the House of Lords Act 1999.
Honours.
Buckmaster was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1979 Birthday Honours.
Death.
Lord Buckmaster died in June 2007 at the age of 86. He was unmarried and was succeeded in the viscountcy and barony by his nephew, Adrian Buckmaster, son of his younger brother, Hon Colin John Buckmaster.
References.
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Nathaniel Buckmaster
19th Century Illinois politician
Nathaniel Buckmaster (May 1, 1787 - June 1855) was a builder, military officer, sheriff, prison operator, and state legislator in Illinois. Samuel A. Buckmaster who followed in his footsteps was his nephew. Buckmaster was a Democrat.
He served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1820 to 1822 and from 1834 to 1836. He was elected Madison County, Illinois’ sheriff in 1821 and served several consecutive terms.
He was a commanding officer in the Black Hawk War. He married Harriet Bartling in 1832 and they had four children.
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Buckmaster Pond
Buckmaster Pond is a kettle pond located in Westwood, Massachusetts.
History.
The pond is a kettle, a small pond created by glacial melt-water during the last glacial maximum. It is named after John Buckmaster, an early settler who died in 1752 and was the first person to be buried in the Old Westwood Cemetery. The pond appears in historical records as early as 1827, when it was used for baptisms.
In 1885, when Westwood was part of the town of Dedham as the Parish of West Dedham, the water rights of the pond were sold to the neighboring town of Norwood. The anger around selling off of a local water source was a contributing reason for the parish to split from Dedham, which is when Westwood was incorporated as a town in 1897. Norwood built a pumping station and continued to use the pond as a water source until the late 1970s, when it was discontinued due to unidentified contamination and cheaper water being available from the water district that would become the MWRA.
Recreation.
Along with kayaking and boating, the pond is a popular local fishing site. The fish including brown trout, largemouth bass, chain pickerel, and catfish have been caught in the pond.
Sources.
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L. S. Buckmaster
American trade unionist (1894–1967)
Leland Stanford Buckmaster (March 30, 1894 – January 2, 1967) was an American trade unionist.
Born in Geneva, Indiana, Buckmaster studied at Tri-State College, before becoming a schoolteacher. He served in the United States Army during World War I, then after the war began working for the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company as a tin finisher. He joined what became the United Rubber Workers of America in 1933, and began working full-time for the union in 1937.
In 1941, Buckmaster was elected as a vice-president of the United Rubber Workers, then in 1945, he was elected as its president. He opposed communism, and sought to expel communists from the union. He was removed from office by the executive board in 1949, on a charge of malfeasance, but the union's convention later in the year voted to reinstate him.
Buckmaster became a vice president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, and took a leading role in merging it with the American Federation of Labor. This was achieved in 1955, and he became a vice-president of the new AFL-CIO. He retired as union president in 1960, and from the federation in 1962.

Jim Buck (dog walker)
Jim Buck (28 November 1931 – 4 July 2013) was a New York City dog walker.
He was born James Augustine Farrell Buck in 1931 into a prominent Manhattan family. In 1960 Buck left his job as a salesman to become a professional dog walker, apparently New York and the United States' first. By 1964 Jim Buck’s School for Dogs was making as much as $500 per week and he had hired an assistant. Buck became a well-recognized figure on the Upper East Side. Buck operated his business for approximately forty years and, at its peak, employed at least 24 assistants.
Buck died in Manhattan on 4 July 2013 from complications of emphysema and cancer.
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Walter Buckmaster
British polo player
Walter Selby Buckmaster (16 October 1872 – 30 October 1942) was a British polo player in the 1900 Summer Olympics and in the 1908 Summer Olympics.
Biography.
He was born on 16 October 1872 in Wimbledon, Surrey, the son of Thomas Walter Buckmaster (1845–1873) and Emma Caroline Venables (1848–1875). His father's sister, Maria Sarah Buckmaster was the mother of Alfred North Whitehead, the renowned mathematician and philosopher. Buckmaster was educated at Repton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He played association football for both Repton and Cambridge and was a member and later Captain of the Cambridge polo team.
From Cambridge he had a career in the stock exchange joining with a fellow old Old Reptonian, Charles Armytage-Moore to become a founding partner in Buckmaster & Moore. He kept up his interest in sport particularly polo, and in 1900 he was part of the BLO Polo Club Rugby Polo at the 1900 Summer Olympics polo team which won the silver medal. In 1908 as a member of the Hurlingham Club he won the Olympic silver medal again. Buckmaster was a member of the winning team in the International Polo Cup, (also called the Newport Cup and the Westchester Cup) in 1902 playing at Hurlingham. The trophy was created in 1876 and was played for by teams from the United States and Great Britain.
He married Ida Sarah Blyth in June 1896 in St Marylebone Church, London. They had two daughters, Eulalie Agnes Selby in 1901 and Beryl Evelyn Tracey in 1904. Although he was over age (42), he served in the Great War (1914–1918) in the Service Sanitaire (Ambulance), attached to the French Army.
Buckmaster lived initially in London's Mayfair at addresses in South and Stratton Streets during the war years and early 1920s. In 1928 moved to the country living at Moreton Manor, Moreton Morrell and became Master of the Warwickshire Foxhounds. He died on 30 October 1942 at Warwick aged 70.
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Viscount Buckmaster
Title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Viscount Buckmaster, of Cheddington in the County of Buckingham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1933 for the lawyer and Liberal politician and former Lord Chancellor, Stanley Buckmaster, 1st Baron Buckmaster. He had already been created Baron Buckmaster, of Cheddington in the County of Buckingham, in 1915, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. His grandson, the third Viscount Buckmaster left school to join the British military's Royal Sussex Regiment branch during World War II. In 1940 he received commission and served in the Middle East, he subsequently was granted and honorary rank of Captain, he moved on to new roles in government from 1953. The viscount was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1979 Birthday Honours and was a diplomat working in the foreign office between 1946-1981 working in the middle east and Africa. As of 2017[ [update]] the titles are held by the latter's nephew, the fourth Viscount, who succeeded in 2007.
The family seat is Ryece Hall, near Ipswich, Suffolk.
Viscounts Buckmaster (1933).
The heir apparent is the present holder's grandson, Rupert Stanley Buckmaster (b. 2015)
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John R. Buckmaster
English actor (1915–1983)
John Rodney Buckmaster (18 July 1915 – 1 April 1983) was an English actor on the stage, in films and on television, and a cabaret singer-songwriter. He was the son of actress Dame Gladys Cooper (1888–1971) and Captain Herbert Buckmaster (1881–1966). Educated at Elstree and Eton, he followed his mother into the acting profession and worked on both sides of the Atlantic.
During World War II, he served for a time as a private in the United States Army Air Forces before resuming his acting career until the mid-1950s. He suffered increasingly from mental illness, which led to his confinement at the Priory Hospital, where he committed suicide on 1 April 1983.
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Early life.
John Buckmaster was born on 18 July 1915 in Frinton-on-Sea where his mother, actress Gladys Cooper, had bought a cottage. Most people had fled from Frinton at the start of World War I, but Cooper kept her daughter, Joan (b. 1910), and baby John there in the care of a nanny, Sarah Aves, while she herself stayed in London to be near the theatre and going down to be with them at weekends.
His father was Herbert John Buckmaster, a veteran of the Boer War, known as "Buck", who founded Buck's Club and would later put the 'Buck' into Buck's Fizz. Herbert Buckmaster enlisted as soon as the war started and was given a commission in the 12th Reserve Regiment of Cavalry. After an initial posting in Aldershot, he went to France with the Royal Horse Guards in early 1915, where he remained for three-and-a-half years. During the war, Cooper wrote daily to her husband, giving him regular updates on their two children, including their son's stages of development from infant to toddler and little boy.
Cooper continued to be widely photographed on picture-postcards in which her children also featured. At the end of the war, the couple found that they had drifted apart; they divorced amicably on 12 December 1921 and remained close friends for the rest of their lives.
John Buckmaster attended Elstree preparatory school where, according to his father, he was very happy; he played tennis and was in both cricket and football elevens. Throughout his childhood, he was regularly reported in the Press as an interesting and decorative news item. At the age of seven, a picture shows him dressed as a naval cadet and carrying a telescope under one arm. At nine he stands, racket in hand, beside his mother at the Frinton Juvenile Lawn Tennis Tournament, in which he was the youngest boy competitor. A year later, with boxing gloves on, he is facing the ex-welterweight champion of Europe, Johnny Summers, who had taught him for two years, and with whom he sparred at the Brighton Hospital Tournament in July 1925.
On 14 June 1927, Cooper married Sir Neville Pearson, and gave birth to their daughter, Sally, c. 1929. Buckmaster, now at Eton College, found the second marriage difficult to accept and became a difficult teenager. Although handsome, witty and talented, he was sensitive and highly strung. Of Cooper's three children, he was emotionally closest to his mother and proved deeply affected by her remarriage, as he and Pearson disliked each other intensely.
In early 1934, when his mother left England to expand her stage career into North America, Buckmaster moved to a flat in Chelsea with his nanny, Sarah Aves, to keep home for him. While in the USA, Cooper met and eventually married Philip Merivale on 30 April 1937, after obtaining a divorce from Pearson on 16 October 1936. They lived mainly in California and worked extensively in both Hollywood and Broadway, also supporting the Red Cross British Relief Fund and running a small theatre for servicemen during World War II.
John Buckmaster was very fond of his stepfather Merivale, upon whose death, on 12 March 1946, he wrote a tribute poem and left it on his mother's desk one morning.
Career.
One of Buckmaster's earliest appearances on stage was in J. M. Barrie's "The Admirable Crichton" at the age of eight. After its dress rehearsal, Sybil Thorndike had declared he was "the best actor I have seen."
At twenty, Buckmaster had already been performing professionally for a year when, in 1935, he played Georges Dupont in Robert E. Sherwood's English adaptation of Jacques Deval's 1933 play "Tovarich" at the Lyric Theatre, where it ran for 414 performances and where the wardrobe mistress was Mrs Mott ("Motty") – his mother's dresser for over twenty years. The same year, he played Mike Doyle in George Pearson's film "Checkmate", based on the novel by Amy Kennedy Gould.
During the first half of 1936, Buckmaster moved to New York to join his mother and Philip Merivale in "Call It a Day", a Dodie Smith family comedy in which he played the son of his mother's character. As a handsome and talented young actor, he had inherited her gift for mimicry that later put him in the top flight of cabaret artists on Broadway, and seemed poised to follow her success on the stage. At the end of 1938, Buckmaster was playing the part of Lord Alfred Douglas in Norman Marshall's production of "Oscar Wilde". In the title role of this play, Robert Morley—who became Buckmaster's brother-in-law after marrying his sister Joan on 23 February 1940—had made something of a sensation, repeating on Broadway the performance he had given at the little Gate Theatre in London a year earlier. During this period, Buckmaster and Morley shared a flat in New York and got on very well.
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John and I rented a pianola for our apartment, and gave all-night poker parties. I even befriended the local police commissioner, Kennedy, who took me on night raids in his police car and kindly introduced me to several leading members of the Mafia. Nowhere in the world is success in the theatre so enjoyable as in that city, where all the head waiters know your weekly box-office takings, and all the cab drivers are out front on your opening night.
—Robert Morley, "Robert My Father"
In early September 1939, Cooper wrote to her daughter Joan in England that "John and Jack [Merivale] are thinking of joining up in Canada. John has been writing awfully good songs lately, and making quite a name for himself in cabaret" although, by Christmas 1939, she added that she was "managing to send Johnnie some money now and again." In July 1940, not having seen her son for 18 months, Cooper drove east to Central City, Colorado where he was performing in cabaret. During his act, she was introduced as "John Buckmaster's mother", which he said made a nice change from him always being known as "Gladys Cooper's son".
By the Spring of 1943, Buckmaster had enlisted as a private in the United States Army Air Forces, and composed a song he contributed to one of the Service magazines shortly after he joined. His stepbrother Jack Merivale was flying for the Royal Canadian Air Force, and both of them spent time at the family home in California when they were on leave.
In 1946, Cooper decided to launch the stage career of her youngest daughter Sally Pearson ( Sally Cooper), who played Lady Agatha Carlisle in a successful Broadway production of Oscar Wilde's "Lady Windermere's Fan", which included her half-brother (Buckmaster) as Lord Darlington and her stepbrother (Merivale) as Sir James Royston.
During the late 1940s and up to the mid-1950s, Buckmaster remained in the US, performing in plays such as: "An Inspector Calls" (1947–1948), "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1949–1950), "Getting Married" (1951), and "Saint Joan" (1951–1952). These stage performances were interspersed with TV appearances in a handful of plays and films, a test for the role of Caligula in "The Robe" in February 1953, and character roles in two episodes of the 1954 "Sherlock Holmes" TV series, with Ronald Howard in the lead role. At this point, Buckmaster's acting career ended with the worsening of his mental illness.
Personal life.
From the beginning of his stage career, Buckmaster featured regularly in gossip columns as the escort of up-and-coming young actresses such as Vivien Leigh and Jean Gillie. Leigh later told Jack Merivale that, in August 1935 while married to Herbert Leigh Holman, her first affair had been with Buckmaster.
At Vivien Leigh's insistence, Buckmaster—who seemed to know everyone in the theatre—introduced her to Laurence Olivier in the autumn of 1935 at the Savoy Grill, where he and his first wife Jill Esmond dined regularly after his performance in "Romeo and Juliet". Buckmaster and Leigh had another brief affair in 1953.
In Gladys Cooper's family tree, Buckmaster's entry shows that he never married, nor had any children.
Mental illness and death.
In the summer of 1945, when they were both on leave at the family home in California, Jack Merivale noticed uneasiness in Buckmaster's relationship with his mother: "Whenever I'm with her, I feel I'm always doing the wrong thing, whatever it is."
At the end of the "Lady Windermere's Fan" run in the spring of 1947, Buckmaster suffered the first of the regular mental breakdowns which became increasingly violent over the following decade, even though shock treatment was at first successful in containing his acute schizophrenia. In his 1979 biography of Gladys Cooper, her grandson Sheridan Morley summarised the presumed causes of Buckmaster's condition:
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[T]he strains of a war in which he'd felt himself perhaps involved too distantly and too late, of a number of increasingly unhappy love affairs, and of maintaining a career which had begun with rather too much glitter and not enough training, were proving too much for John, and under those pressures and the other pressure of being Gladys's son he was now, slowly but surely, to crack – temporarily at first, then for longer periods until in the late 1950s a series of increasingly effective drugs were able to bring him to his present and very controlled state. The process was however a long, often violent and painful one and starting as it did so soon after her last husband's death it was inevitably to cloud equally darkly Gladys's final years.
—Sheridan Morley, "Gladys Cooper"
In February 1952, Buckmaster, having just finished a highly successful and critically acclaimed Broadway run as the Dauphin in "St Joan", had the worst and most violent of his mental breakdowns. Accused of molesting women on the corner of Madison Avenue and 67th Street at 7 am, he was chased through the streets of Manhattan, arrested, and charged with felonious assault and the illegal possession of two knives which he was alleged to have brandished at the police. He was committed to the Bellevue Hospital for a psychiatric check, and then transferred to the State Hospital for the mentally ill at Kings Park, Long Island, from where his release was eventually secured by Jack Merivale and Noël Coward.
In mid-March 1953, Buckmaster visited Vivien Leigh, who was filming "Elephant Walk" in Hollywood and had rented a mansion on Hanover Drive, while Olivier was in Ischia on a break from organising theatrical and film events for the Queen's coronation that summer. Leigh was going through one of her psychotic breakdowns at the time and the studio doctor and psychiatrist had organised round the clock care for her, in which David Niven became involved. After Buckmaster had unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Leigh that they could fly out of an upper window together, Niven called Stewart Granger and asked him to intervene by forcibly removing Buckmaster from the house and driving him back to his hotel.
By 1960, Buckmaster was settled into the Priory Hospital where he would spend the rest of his life. He steadfastly declined visits from either of his parents, blaming them for his breakdowns. He committed suicide there on 1 April 1983.
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John Buckmaster
John Buckmaster may refer to:
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 Topics referred to by the same termThis page lists articles about people with the same name.

Simon Buckmaster
British motorcycle racer
Simon Buckmaster (born 15 January 1961) is a British former professional Grand Prix motorcycle racer. He participated in 50 Grands Prix races between 1984 and 1992. His best season was in 1989 when he finished 12th in the Championship.
Career.
Buckmaster made his first Grand Prix appearance at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone in 1983, but failed to qualify. He returned in 1984 and successfully qualified for the race. Buckmaster became a Grand Prix regular in 1985. Riding a privateer Suzuki he made five starts but scored no championship points. In 1986 Buckmaster switched to Honda and competed in all of the races. His best finish was 15th place at the Dutch TT. Buckmaster continued to ride a Honda in 1987 season, starting in 12 races but failing to score any points.
Buckmaster had a career-best season in 1989 when he finished 12th in the Championship. He had a career-best race at the Nations Grand Prix at Misano which most of the top riders boycotted for safety reasons, allowing Buckmaster to score his highest finish with a second behind Pierfrancesco Chili. Buckmaster competed at the highest level of Grand Prix racing until 1992.
He was severely injured at the 1993 Bol d'Or when he collided with rider Michel Graziano. The crash ended Buckmaster's racing career as his lower left leg had to be amputated.
After his riding career, Buckmaster became a team manager, currently with the PTR Honda team in the Supersport World Championship.
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John D. Buckmaster
British aerospace engineer
John David Buckmaster is an Emeritus Professor of Department of Aerospace Engineering at University of Illinois, specialized in the field of combustion He finished his bachelor's degree from Imperial College London in 1962 and completed PhD under the supervision of Geoffrey S. S. Ludford from Cornell University in 1969.
Honors.
John Buckmaster was elected as the fellow of American Physical Society in 1986. He won a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1991. He is also fellow of Institute of Physics (1999), Combustion Institute. He is the recipient of Ya. B. Zeldovich Gold Medal (2004) from Combustion Institute, Alexander von Humboldt U.S. Senior Scientist Award, Propellants and Combustion Prize (2002) from AIAA, etc. The Buckmaster equation is named after him.
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Celia Buckmaster
British novelist and poet
Celia Buckmaster (1914–2005) was a 20th-century British novelist and poet whose novels centered on English village life.
Early years.
Celia Joyce was born in 1914, the daughter of barrister Henry Stephen Guy Buckmaster.
In her twenties, she and a friend, poet Lynette Roberts, went into business, setting up as florists. At some point they took time off from the business and traveled by cargo boat to Madeira, where they lived for a time. Roberts began writing poetry seriously, and Celia may have worked on her painting, because she was referred to as a promising painter only a few years later. On their return journey to England, their ship, the cruise liner "Hilary", ran aground in fog at Carmel Head.
In 1940, she married anthropologist Edmund Leach, who was then in the military; the marriage took place in Rangoon, Burma, where Leach was stationed. They had a daughter, Louisa in 1941, and Buckmaster spent time both writing and painting. As World War II intensified in the region, Buckmaster escaped with her daughter, leaving as part of an airlift of nursing mothers in early 1942. Reunited at the end of the war, the couple had a son, Alexander in 1946.
Writing.
Beginning around 1940, Buckmaster published poems in magazines such as "Poetry: London", "Twentieth Century Verse", and "Seven". She also published at least one short story and a book review of a novel by Neil M. Gunn in "Wales" magazine.
In the early 1950s, Buckmaster published her only two novels, "Village Story" (1951) and "Family Ties" (1952), both with the prestigious Hogarth Press founded by Leonard Woolf and Virginia Woolf. "Village Story" was praised by the writers John Betjeman and Stevie Smith when it first appeared. Both novels focus on life in an English village, following the dynamics of various relationships with a mixture of warmth and wry humor that recalls such contemporary writers as Barbara Pym.
Buckmaster and Leach spent a lot of 1961 in California, where Buckmaster returned to painting. In 1966 Edmund Leach became Provost of King's College, Cambridge. After his retirement, he and his wife settled in the nearby village of Barrington. Leach died in 1989 and Buckmaster in 2005.
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Samuel Buckmaster
Illinois politician
Samuel A. Buckmaster (c. 1817-1878) was a prison warden, mayor, and state legislator in Illinois. He served as Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives during the 23rd General Assembly. He served in the Illinois House and Illinois Senate.
Career.
He was first elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 and served two terms. He was the mayor of Alton, Illinois from 1853 to 1854. He was a member of the Illinois Senate from 1859 to 1862. He returned to the House in 1863 during which he was selected as speaker and presided over a politically fraught session in the height of the American Civil War. He served a single term later in the 1870s. He ran unsuccessfully for the Illinois Senate in the 1878 general election.
An act was passed to lease the state penitentiary (Illinois State Prison) to him.
Governor Richard Yates wrote to him in opposition of a redistricting plan.
In 1877 James Shaw was elected Speaker of the House over Buckmaster.
Personal life.
Buckmaster was born in Virginia in 1817.
Nathaniel Buckmaster, who also served as a state legislator and warden of the state penitentiary, was his uncle.
He bred cattle.
The Colonel Samuel Buckmaster House at 514 State Street in Alton, Illinois 1835? is listed on National Register of Historic Places as part of the Christian Hill Historic District.
He died November 13, 1878.
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