New Delhi
Capital city of India
New Delhi (; , ) is the capital of India and a part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the Government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Sansad Bhavan, and the Supreme Court. New Delhi is a municipality within the NCT, administered by the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), which covers mostly Lutyens' Delhi and a few adjacent areas. The municipal area is part of a larger administrative district, the New Delhi district.
Although colloquially "Delhi" and "New Delhi" are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi, both are distinct entities, with the municipality and the New Delhi district forming a relatively small part within the megacity of Delhi. The National Capital Region is an even larger entity, comprising the entire NCT along with adjoining districts in the two neighbouring states forming a continuously built-up area with it, including Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida, Meerut, YEIDA City, Gurgaon, and Faridabad.
The foundation stone of New Delhi, south of central Delhi, was laid by George V during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy and Governor-General Irwin.
History.
Establishment.
Until December 1911, Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Rule. However, it had become the centre of the nationalist movements since the late nineteenth century, which led to the Partition of Bengal by Viceroy Curzon. This created massive political and religious upsurge including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments among the public led to a complete boycott of British goods, which forced the colonial government to reunite Bengal and immediately shift the capital to New Delhi.
Old Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of medieval India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi, which is in the centre of northern India. The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894.
During the Delhi Durbar on 12 December 1911, George V while laying the foundation stone for the viceroy's residence in the Coronation Park, Kingsway Camp, declared that the capital of the Raj would be shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. Three days later, George V and his consort, Mary, laid the foundation stone of New Delhi at Kingsway Camp. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, and Herbert Baker, both leading 20th-century British architects. The contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad Fort, but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort. Construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The gardening and planning of plantations was led by A.E.P. Griessen, and later William Mustoe. The city that was later dubbed "Lutyens' Delhi" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Viceroy Irwin. Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial aspirations.
Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with George Swinton as chairman, and John A. Brodie and Lutyens as members, submitted reports for both north and south sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north–south axis linking the Viceroy's House at one end with Paharganj at the other. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites on the north side, the committee settled on the south site. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was also considered the site of Indraprastha, the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of the Secretariat. The Rajpath, also known as King's Way, stretched from the India Gate to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the government of India, and the Parliament House, both designed by Baker, are located at the Sansad Marg and run parallel to the Rajpath.
In the south, land up to Safdarjung's Tomb was acquired to create what is today known as Lutyens' Bungalow Zone. Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now Parliament House), called the "Imperial Delhi Railway", was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the Agra-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial (India Gate) and Kingsway (Rajpath), which was a problem because the Old Delhi Railway Station served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the Yamuna River, and it began operating in 1924. The New Delhi Railway Station opened in 1926, with a single platform at Ajmeri Gate near Paharganj, and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931. As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), Central Secretariat, Parliament House, and All-India War Memorial (India Gate) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, Connaught Place, began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught (1850–1942), it was designed by Robert Tor Russell, chief architect to the Public Works Department (PWD).
After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in North Delhi. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in Old Delhi (the building now houses the Delhi Legislative Assembly), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency. Subsequently, housing for them has developed around Gole Market area in the 1920s. Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodi Estate area, Lodi Colony near historic Lodi Gardens, was the last residential areas built by the British Raj.
Post-independence.
After India gained independence in 1947, limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. In 1966, Delhi was converted into a union territory and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi. A system was introduced under which the elected government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.
The first major extension of New Delhi outside of Lutyens' Delhi came in the 1950s when the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of Chanakyapuri, where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, "Shanti Path".
Geography.
With a total area of , the municipality of New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area. Since the city is located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravali Range; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge, which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River, it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara.
Seismology.
New Delhi falls under the seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to earthquakes. It lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There was a spike in the number of earthquakes between 2011 and 2015, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.
Climate.
The climate of New Delhi is a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cwa") bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSh") with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from in summers to around in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and extremely hot summers with dust storms, relatively dry and mild winters with wildfire haze, and a monsoonal period. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. Winters are very mild. The annual mean temperature is around ; monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately . New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is on 28 May 2024 at Met Delhi Mungeshpur while the lowest temperature ever recorded is on 11 January 1967 at Indira Gandhi International Airport (formerly known as Palam Airport). The average annual rainfall is and monsoon rainfall from June to September is about , most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.
Air quality.
In Mercer's 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution. The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world. In 2016, United States Environmental Protection Agency listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on Earth and IQAir listed New Delhi as the world's most polluted capital city for the second straight year in year 2019.
In an attempt to lessen air pollution in New Delhi, which gets worse during the winter, a temporary alternate-day travel scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered licence plates system was announced by Delhi government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 pm, two hours later than the existing restriction. The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8 am and 8 pm, and traffic was not restricted on Sundays. Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.
On 16 December 2015, the Supreme Court of India mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to compressed natural gas by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.
Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviations from normal). This means vehicles have less idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption. In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average. However, the sub-city of Dwarka, located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.
On 7 November 2017, the Indian Medical Association declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels. The highest being in the Punjabi Bagh district with an air quality index of 999 and in the RK Puram district with an index of 852. The lowest index recorded was in the Anand Vihar district with an index of 319. Levels of PM2.5 were recorded at 710 μg/m3, more than 11 times the World Health Organization's safe limit.
In a 2018 study, New Delhi was found to be the most polluted capital out of 61 capital cities around the world. In December 2019, IIT Bombay, in partnership with the McKelvey School of Engineering of Washington University in St. Louis, launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in New Delhi, among other Indian cities. During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India, the water quality of the Yamuna and Ganges river basins have improved as industries are closed due to the lockdown. The air quality has also significantly improved during the lockdown. On 5 November 2020, New Delhi recorded its most toxic day in a year, as the concentration of poisonous PM2.5 particles was recorded at 14 times the WHO's safe limit.
Demographics.
As of 2011, the New Delhi Municipal Council area has a population of 249,998. Hindi is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the lingua franca of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes. New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is the highest in Delhi.
<templatestyles src="Module:Historical populations/styles.css"/>
Religion.
According to 2011 census, Hinduism is the religion of 89.8% of New Delhi's population. There are also communities of Muslims (4.5%), Christians (2.9%), Sikhs (2.0%), Jains (0.4%). Other religious groups include Parsis, Buddhists, and Jews.
Government.
The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.
New Delhi is administered through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC). The other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi and Delhi Cantonment Board. As of 2015[ [update]], the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi and five members nominated by the central government.
The districts of the NCT were redrawn in 2012 and include a district called New Delhi, albeit with different borders than the municipality. The New Delhi district includes not only the area of the municipality of the same name but also encompasses the Delhi Cantonment and parts of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi area.
Economy.
New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of () in nominal terms and ~ () in PPP terms. As of 2013[ [update]], the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion (short scale) against Rs 3.11 trillion (short scale) in 2011–12.
Connaught Place, one of North India's largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as Barakhamba Road, ITO are also major commercial centres. The government and quasi-government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media, and tourism.
The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg. New Delhi, with Beijing, shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.
The government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the "Economic Survey of Delhi", the metropolis has a net State Domestic Product (SDP) of Rs. 830.85 billion (for the year 2004–05) and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976 ($1,200). In the year 2008–09 New Delhi had a per capita Income of Rs. ($2,595). It grew by 16.2% to reach Rs. ($3,018) in 2009–10 fiscal. New Delhi's per capita GDP (at PPP) was at $6,860 during 2009–10 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The tertiary sector contributes 78.4% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively.
The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at prices for the year 2011–12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 trillion (short scale), which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.
Culture.
New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and "Gandhi Jayanti" (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August), the prime minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.
Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of light), Maha Shivaratri, Teej, Durga Puja, Chhath Puja, Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Holi, Lohri, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Easter, Raksha Bandhan, and Christmas. The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event. Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and "Vasant Panchami" (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.
In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the Dalai Lama.
Historic sites, museums and gardens.
New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum, which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the Royal Academy in London in the winter of 1947–48, was later at the end was shown at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.
The India Gate, which was built in 1931, was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who died while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War. The monument is barricaded now with entry to the inside arch restricted.
The Rajpath, which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris, is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India, located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here two days later.
Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi is the location where Mahatma Gandhi spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. Rajghat is the place where Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of the large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.
Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.
New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar's International Dolls Museum. and Supreme Court of India Museum,
In the coming years, a new National War Memorial and Museum will be constructed in New Delhi for million ().
New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include Buddha Jayanti Park and the historic Lodi Gardens. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.
The New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) area was declared the cleanest in North India, based on solid waste management, access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness, under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017.
Cityscape.
Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect Edwin Lutyens, was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial ambitions. New Delhi is structured around two central promenades called the Rajpath and the Janpath. The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the Rashtrapati Bhavan to the India Gate. The Janpath (), formerly Queen's Way, begins at Connaught Circus and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. Nineteen foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.
At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.
Architecture.
The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy. All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.
It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911. Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/Palladian tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design was due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy Hardinge and historians like E.B. Havell.
In the year 2019, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and Government of India introduced the Central Vista redevelopment project proposing the redevelopment of over , costing ₹ crore ().
Transport.
Air.
Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012–13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers, making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost () to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.
The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named "Delhi" and "Roshanara", was based at "Safdarjung Airport" which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India. The airport functioned until 2001; however, in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses, and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.
In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, and "Best Improved Airport" in the Asia-Pacific Region by Airports Council International. The airport was rated as the "Best airport in the world" in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International. Delhi Airport also bags two awards for "The Best Airport in Central Asia/India" and "Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India" at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015.
A second airport, Noida International Airport, is currently being built in Jewar.
Road.
New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns the largest fleet of compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world and Delhi Transit. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India and average vehicle speed is around in peak hours in the city.
Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of New Delhi's road infrastructure:
National Highways.
New Delhi is connected by road to the rest of India through National highways:
Railway.
New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Delhi Junction, Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station, Anand Vihar Terminal and Sarai Rohilla. The Delhi Ring Railway, a circular railway network in Delhi that runs parallel to the Ring Road, is a part of Delhi's suburban railway services.
Metro.
The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the network consists of 10 colour-coded lines serving 255 stations with a total length of . The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, and Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides the construction and operation of the Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by E. Sreedharan, the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the Legion of Honour by the French government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.
Sports.
The city hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games and annually hosts Delhi Half Marathon foot-race. The city has previously hosted the 1951 Asian Games and the 1982 Asian Games. New Delhi was interested in bidding for the 2019 Asian Games but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games. The city also had a bid to host the 1992 Summer Olympics, but withdrew in March 1986, seven months before the host selection.
Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Ambedkar Stadium, Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, Arun Jaitley Stadium, R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex, Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex.
International relations and organisations.
The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi. New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the UNDP, UNODC, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP, UNV, UNCTAD, FAO, UNFPA, WHO, World Bank, ILO, IMF, UNIFEM, IFC and UNAIDS. UNHCR Representation in India is also located in the city.
New Delhi hosts 145 foreign embassies and high commissions.
Summits, conferences and conventions.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development hosted its second meeting conference in the year 1968 at New Delhi.
New Delhi hosted the 7th NAM Summit in 1983, 4th BRICS Summit in 2012, IBSA Summit in 2015, and 5th Global Conference on CyberSpace in 2017. India has also host the G20 summit in 2023 in New Delhi.
References.
Citations.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Centre for Science and Environment
Indian not-for-profit organisation
Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) is a not-for-profit public interest research and advocacy organisation based in New Delhi, India. Established in 1980, CSE works as a think tank on environment-development issues in India, poor planning, climate shifts devastating India's Sundarbans and advocates for policy changes and better implementation of the already existing policies.
The director of the centre is Sunita Narain. Under her leadership, the Centre for Science and Environment exposed the high level of pesticides present in American brands of soft drinks such as Coke and Pepsi.
In 2018 the CSE was awarded Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development.
Some of its projects include investigating food adulteration and consumer product safety.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Center for Environmental Science and Policy
American organization
The Ward W. and Priscilla B. Woods Institute for the Environment, previously known as the Center for Environmental Science and Policy (CESP), is a research center at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University in Stanford, California. Its stated mission is to "produce breakthrough environmental solutions that protect and nurture our planet to meet the vital needs of people today and of generations to come."

Raman Science Centre
Science museum in Nagpur, India
The Raman Science Centre and Raman Planetarium Complex at Nagpur is an interactive science centre affiliated with Mumbai's Nehru Science Centre. The centre was developed to promote a scientific attitude, portray the growth of science and technology and their applications in industry and human welfare, and hold science exhibits. The centre is named after famous Nobel Prize winner Indian physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.
The Raman Science Centre was inaugurated on 7 March 1992 and the planetarium was started on 5 January 1997. The centre is located opposite Gandhi Sagar Lake in the heart of Nagpur. Between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015, the Centre recorded a visitor count of 582,962. The centre is part of the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), India, which is the largest network of science centres/museums under a single administrative umbrella in the world. NCSM rates the centre as regional level and it has a total floor area of 4333 sq meters.
Activities.
The centre carries out numerous programs to spread science and technology knowledge amongst the general public. The centre inaugurated the Innovation Centre on 14 February 2017 to give opportunities to students who are dedicated to science. The centre, along with local NGO Hirwai, gives the "Green Finger Award" to create awareness about the environment amongst school children. In August 2007, the information and communication technology gallery was opened, where then ISRO Chairman Madhavan Nair declared that India would send astronauts to space by 2015.
The centre currently has four different interactive galleries, an Innovation Centre, a Science on a Sphere Show and a 133-seat planetarium, two fun science galleries, a prehistoric Animal Park and more. The centre also holds science lectures, science film shows and 3-dimensional science shows. The centre also organises activities like planet watching and watching other celestial phenomena for citizens.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Centre of the Earth
The Centre of the Earth is a purpose-built environmental education centre in Birmingham, England, run by the Wildlife Trust for Birmingham and the Black Country.
Location.
It is 1.5 km away from Birmingham City Centre and was opened in 1993, and is claimed to be the first such purpose built centre in an urban setting in Europe. The centre is set in landscaped grounds (originally a council yard), providing a resource for learning and play. The Soho Loop of the BCN Main Line Canal is adjacent, and the centre has its own wharf, which has been recently restored.
Building.
The architect for the timber-framed building, which demonstrates the sustainable use of natural resources, was David Lea. Keith Hall, a founding member of the Association for Environment Conscious Building, built the centre. The building and its grounds are easily accessible to people with limited mobility.
Activities.
The centre is used as a base for a range of educational activities including:
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Institute of Environmental Sciences
The Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) is an institute of the Faculty of Science of Leiden University in the Netherlands. The main area of work is research and education in the multidisciplinary field of environmental sciences.
In 2009 the tenured and non tenured staff consists of about 28 fte including 4,5 fte supporting staff. The interdisciplinary character is reflected in the various staff members' backgrounds, such as: ecologists, chemical engineers, agricultural engineers, physicists etc.

Centro de Estudios Científicos
Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs; Center for Scientific Studies) is a private, non-profit corporation based in Valdivia, Chile, devoted to the development, promotion and diffusion of scientific research.
History.
CECs research areas include biophysics, molecular physiology, theoretical physics, glaciology and climate change.
The centre was created in 1984 as Centro de Estudios Científicos de Santiago, with a grant of 150,000 dollars a year (for three years) from the Tinker Foundation of New York City.
In 2004-2005 glaciologists from CECs organized the Chilean South Pole Expedition in collaboration with the Chilean Navy and Instituto Antártico Chileno.
CECs was founded in Santiago but is since 2000 housed in the recently modernized, German-style Hotel Schuster located by Valdivia River. Claudio Bunster, a physicist and winner of Chile's National Prize for Exact Sciences, is the director of CECs.
In 2014 CECs discovered what would be a subglacial lake in the West Antarctica, They investigated and concluded after a year that it is a lake, which was named Lake CECs in honor of the institution. The conclusion was published in "Geophysical Research Letters" on May 22, 2015.
The authors of the discovery are Andrés Rivera, Jose Uribe, Rodrigo Zamora and Jonathan Oberreuter.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Centre for Science, Development and Media Studies
India nongovernmental organization
The Centre for Science, Development and Media Studies (CSDMS) is a non-governmental organisation, based in NOIDA outside the Indian capital of New Delhi, that is "involved in advocacy and capacity building of local-level organisations".
Along with conducting training, workshop, and field-research projects in the fields of ICTs (information and communication technologies), it also publishes the i4d magazine, the first monthly magazine on the subject in Asia.
This institute, headed by Ravi Gupta, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Technology of Kanpur, builds communities of practice around various sub-themes of ICT4D, undertakes research and scoping studies, and documents and monitors projects.

Centre for Environment Education
The Centre for Environment Education (CEE) in India was established in August 1984 as a Centre of Excellence supported by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The organisation works towards developing programmes and materials to increase awareness about the environment and sustainable development. The head office is located in Ahmedabad. The centre has 41 offices across India including regional cells in Bangalore (South), Guwahati (North East), Lucknow (North), Ahmedabad (West) and Pune (Central); state offices in Delhi, Hyderabad, Raipur, Goa, Coimbatore; and several field offices. It has international offices in Australia and Sri Lanka.
History.
The Centre for Environment Education was created in recognition of the importance of environmental education in India's overall environment and development strategy. The CEE was established as a Centre of Excellence in 1984, supported by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India. Mr. Kartikeya Sarabhai is the director of CEE.
CEE has inherited the rich multi-disciplinary resource base and varied experience of Nehru Foundation for Development, its parent organisation, which has been promoting educational efforts since 1966 in the areas of science, nature study, health, development, and environment.
At the time it began its activities, CEE was perhaps the only organization actively engaged in environmental education in the country. While carrying out programmes in different parts of the country, it was located only in Ahmedabad. Within five years of activities, it was realized that for a country as vast and diverse as India, physical presence was important for effective implementation. Based on this, the first regional office was opened for the Southern region in 1988–89. Since then it has been a conscious effort to have an office or presence in the geographical area of work.
After completing a decade of activities in 1994, it was decided to move more from environmental education to environmental action. This was an outcome of the learnings and experiences in the first ten years. CEE began more pilot, field-level and demonstration projects towards sustainable development which could be scaled-up and replicated. Within the next ten years, these projects formed a major chunk of the centre's activities.
Today, CEE works for a wide range of sectors, target groups and geographical areas. CEE sees a major opportunity in the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD-2005-14) to further contribute towards sustainable development. CEE is the nodal agency for the implementation of DESD activities in India under the Ministry of Human Resources Development, Government of India.
CEE's programmes in the Decade will focus on Training and Capacity Building,
Internships and Youth Programmes, Consultancy Services, Knowledge Centre for ESD, and Journal on Education for Sustainable Development.
Mandate.
CEE's primary objective is to improve public awareness and understanding of the environment to promote the conservation and sustainable use of nature and natural resources, leading to a better environment and a better quality of life. To this end, CEE develops innovative programmes and educational material and builds capacity in the field of Education and Sustainable Development (ESD). It undertakes demonstration projects in education, communication and development that endorse attitudes, strategies and technologies which are environmentally sustainable. CEE is committed to ensuring that due recognition is given to the role of education in the promotion of sustainable development.
International presence.
The expanding scope and geographical coverage of the centre's projects and programmes have led to the development of an emerging institutional profile in the South Asian and Asia Pacific region.
CEE Australia.
Incorporated in July 2001, CEE Australia is dedicated to raising awareness and supporting an informed approach to environment and development issues in Australia and the Asia Pacific region.
CEE Sri Lanka.
Registered in September 2004, CEE Sri Lanka has the mandate to promote environmental education and communication in Sri Lanka, strengthen EE programmes and respond to local/regional needs. It will facilitate synergies and collaborations based on the learnings and experiences of EE in India and Sri Lanka.
CEE Bangladesh.
BCEE, a partnership with the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, contributes to meeting the Environment Education and Communication needs in Bangladesh.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Canadian Open Environment and Science Journal

Environment Centre (Swansea)
The Environment Centre in Swansea, Wales, is an independent charity organisation for environmental information, education and activity. "Environment Centre" may also refer to the building the charity is located in.
The Environment Centre's aims are to raise people's awareness of environmental issues, to increase the participation in environmental projects and to work towards a more sustainable future. It promotes, for example, the concept of the three Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle). The Centre provides support for environmental organisations and groups, information on environmental issues and educational activities. Both the charity organisation and its building serve as a central place of exchange and networking for environmental organisations all around Swansea and South Wales. Organisations and businesses can hire rooms in the centre for meetings, training, talks, conferences, interviews and events. The centre also has low cost office space available for local voluntary sector organisations.
History.
The Environment Centre was formed by the Swansea Environmental Forum (SEF) in May 1994 with the City Council of Swansea, the Countryside Council for Wales and the Prince of Wales Committee participating.
The SEF itself is now based in the Environment Centre. In 1995 the Prince of Wales opened the building. Located in Pier Street, it is a part of the general revitalisation of Swansea's Maritime Quarter.
The building.
Before the Environment Centre came to use the old red brick building in the Maritime Quarter, it was used as one of Swansea's telephone exchanges (now located in BT Tower). When renovating the Old Telephone Exchange to shape the Environment Centre, reuse of old materials lessened the needs for new ones. The modern western part of the building, the Resource Centre or annexe, was built by Air Architecture in 1999 and opened in 2001. It was built under eco-design principles, reusing and recycling old material and fitting the building with sustainable technologies. The Environment Centre thus demonstrates practical energy efficiency measures. The Annexe was awarded with the "Lord Mayor's design awards 2000" in the Categories "Best new build – non-residential" and "Energy efficient".
A solar panel on the roof of the centre is used to heat the annexe's water and also for the annexe's under floor heating. The turf roof and the organic garden in the back yard provide an eco-friendly environment for the staff and visitors of the centre.
Ecological, organic and fairtrade goods.
The annexe hosts a fairtrade internet café and a green shop, providing products which are fairly traded, organic or produced ecologically. Amongst the range of products are Ecoleaf (by Suma cooperative), Doy Bags and Ecover cleaning products, which are claimed to be effective and completely biodegradable. For waste reducing reasons, the shop offers the possibility to refill old vessels of cleaning products.
Many rooms of the Environment Centre are used by independent environmental organisations, as part of the Environment Centre's policy of supporting environmental organisations.
Information at the Centre.
Besides personal answers from people at the centre, the following information is available:
The EC as an umbrella organisation.
One of the three aims of The Environment Centre is to support local environmental organisations. This is being done by providing office space to others. The Environment Centre thus functions as an umbrella organisation for other organisations. These include:
"Undercurrents", "OnePeople" and "Sustainable Swansea" both produce videos and images shared on Swansea Telly, a local video portal similar to YouTube.
Footnotes.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Canberra and South East Region Environment Centre
Australian environmental organisation
The Canberra Environment Centre (CEC) is the oldest environmental organisation in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It formed in 1974 as an umbrella group to represent and provide services for other environment or environment-related groups. In 2005 it changed its trading name to Canberra Environment Centre (formerly the Canberra and South East Region Environment Centre (CASEREC)) to better reflect the direction of the environment movement and the work it was undertaking in the community. Member groups of the Centre over the years have included the Canberra Organic Growers Society, Canberra Ornithologists Group, Friends of Grasslands, Nature and Society Forum, Zero Waste Australia, South East Forest Alliance, Canberra Bushwalkers, National Park Association of the ACT and Pedal Power. The Centre also has an affiliation with the Conservation Council of the ACT (ConsACT).
In 1978 the ACT government provided CEC with premises in community space adjacent to the Australian National University (ANU). In 2007 the ACT government and the ANU combined to redevelop the site and the Centre was relocated to premises at Acton, on the edge of the ANU campus. The premises houses the largest dedicated environmental library in the ACT, consisting of over 5000 printed items as well as electronic resources relating to environment and sustainability and including a vast resource of material on the environmental and development history of the ACT and surrounding region.
Many prominent environmentalists, environmental practitioners and academics have been associated with CEC over the years, including Professor Steve Dovers (ANU), former ACT MLA Kerrie Tucker, Professor Valerie Brown (ANU), the late philosopher Dr Val Plumwood, naturalist and historian Ian Fraser, Dr Robin Tennant-Wood (University of Canberra), Professor Janis Birkeland (Queensland University of Technology) and ZeroWaste's Gerry Gillespie. The current president of the Management Committee is Ms Kirsten Miller and the current director is Mr Ryan Lungu.
Projects.
From 1980 to 2001 CEC published a regular journal, Bogong, which investigated issues of local environmental significance. In 2002-03 the Centre began a new journal, Ecoview, which was discontinued after only three issues.
The main work of the Centre now is working with community groups, schools, businesses or individuals to promote sustainability and sustainable practices. Some successful projects have included "The Art of Moving" which used creative media to engage the community on the subject of active transport; "Go Green Get Lean" - a cycle-to-work program; and "Food for Life" which encourages local food production and consumption. Currently, the Centre runs "Grow Together," a kitchen garden program in three childcare centres across the ACT, and the Bike Recyclery, a community initiative that sells second hand bikes and provides people with a disability with employment, in collaboration between LEAD Canberra.
The Centre also runs frequent sustainable living workshops and events throughout the year, including the Annual Canberra Harvest Festival.

Environmental Policy Center JIIS
The Environmental Policy Center is a center established with the support of the Charles H. Revson Foundation as part of The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. Its headquarters are in the Rehavia neighborhood of Jerusalem.
The center draws up policy papers on environmental issues such as Israel's endangered cliff shores, sustainable development and the creation of metropolitan parks.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Science City, Kolkata
Science centre in Kolkata, India
Science City, Kolkata is a science centre and science park in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is currently the largest science centre in the Indian subcontinent, containing a science museum, science park, and auditoriums. The centre was inaugurated in two parts, with the ‘Convention Centre Complex’ being the first on 21 December 1996, followed by the rest on 1 July 1997 by the then-prime-minister Inder Kumar Gujral. On 10 January 2010 the prime minister of India, Manmohan Singh, would attempt to get the second phase of Science City completed.
Galleries.
Dynamotion Hall
The Dynamotion Hall offers various hands-on and interactive exhibits on wide various scientific topics with exhibits such as:
Earth Exploration Hall.
Inaugurated on 6 December 2008 by Ambika Soni, the then Union Minister for Culture, the Earth Exploration Hall is a permanent exhibition on Earth, housed in a two storied hemispherical building that displays the details of the southern hemisphere in the ground floor and northern hemisphere in the first floor. Slicing a huge earth globe at the centre of the hall into 12 segments vertically in each hemisphere, important features of each segment such as physical geography, lands and people, flora and fauna, and other dynamic natural phenomenon on earth are highlighted around the central globe with the modern display technologies, attractive visuals, interactive multimedia, video walls, panoramic videos, tilting tables, computer kiosks, and 3-D effects theatre.
Space Odyssey.
A Space Theatre equipped with a Helios Star Ball planetarium supported by 150 special effect projectors and an Astrovision 10/70 large format film projection system housed in a 23-meter diameter tilted dome having unidirectional seating arrangements for 360 person immersive shows on space sciences.
Maritime Centre.
The Maritime Centre depicts the maritime history of India, including artifacts, dioramas, and interactive exhibits on shipping and navigation systems.
Science Park.
In a tropical country like India, the outdoors is sunny and more inviting than the indoors for most of the year. In a Science Park, people come closer to plants, animals, and other objects in their natural surroundings and also learn about basic principles of science in an open air learning environment. The park's interactive exhibits are engineered so as to tolerate all weather. The Science Park has become an integral part in all the centres of the National Council of Science Museums. It comprises a Caterpillar Ride, Gravity Coaster, Musical Fountain, Road Train, Cable Cars, Monorail Cycle, butterfly nursery, and several exhibits on physical and life sciences, as well as a maze.
Science Exploration Hall.
A 5400 square meter new building was opened in 2016. It provides inquiry based learning to visitors in four sections:
Other facilities.
Convention Centre Complex
Transport.
Bus.
Bus Numbers - AS3, AC12, AC47, EB3, EB14, KB21, 24A/1, 42, 213.
Train.
Park Circus railway station on Sealdah South lines is the nearest railway station.
Metro.
Barun Sengupta metro station (also known as Science City), is an under construction station of the Kolkata Metro Orange Line located at Parama Island in the Dhapa area of Kolkata, West Bengal, India, serving Dhapa, ITC Royal Bengal, JW Marriott and Science City areas. The station is named in honour of the founder of Bartaman, Barun Sengupta. The station is elevated above the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Lancaster Environment Centre
Interdisciplinary centre at Lancaster University
The Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC) in Lancaster, England, is an interdisciplinary centre for teaching, research and collaboration at Lancaster University, founded in 2007.
Facilities.
LEC's facilities were a joint investment eventually costing over £35 million by NERC / UKCEH and Lancaster University. There are UKCEH and Lancaster University laboratories, developed partly by a new extension to Lancaster University's former Biological and Environmental Sciences building and partly by extensive refurbishment of areas of the existing laboratories. Research activities span both organisations. There are extensive research laboratories, fifteen glasshouses and ten walk-in controlled environment rooms. These include high-grade containment facilities for research with genetically modified organisms and radionuclides.
On 22 May 2007, the Gordon Manley Building (LEC III) was opened by Lord Rees of Ludlow Kt. The £8.4m building provides new office, laboratory and meeting-room space for geographers and environmental scientists. It also provides offices, meeting and training rooms for LEC's Enterprise & Business Partnerships Team and offices for companies wishing to locate into LEC or to co-locate new activities.
In addition to the main site is a 1000m² prefabricated building at the northern end of campus, which houses environmental engineering and instrumentation workshops and large-scale sample preparation facilities for UKCEH. There is a weather station and several field stations around the world.
Organisation.
Several interdisciplinary grand research challenges provide a focus for LEC's fundamental and applied research:
Specific interdisciplinary research groups were reorganised in 2016:
These provide a range of research interests within the Lancaster Environment Centre and are post-disciplinary. A Graduate School of the Environment was launched in 2016, to provide a focus for Masters and PhD students, in partnership with UKCEH and Rothamsted Research.
LEC Centres.
In addition to this research endeavour, the LEC researchers collaborate through a number of research centres to provide a specific strategic research focus on particular areas of current concern. These undertake blue skies research and provide a strategic focus for LEC's collaborative work with science users, including policymakers and industry.
Centre of Excellence in Environmental Data Science.
The Centre is currently targeting the development of self-managing heterogeneous infrastructures for data gathering and analysis at a wide range of temporal and spatial scales for both science and industry. This experimental research is motivated by the need to characterise and model the non-linear interdependencies between dynamic natural processes and enable improved prediction of the impacts of factors such as climate change and changes in land-use.
Centre for Global Eco-Innovation.
The Centre for Global Eco-Innovation supports the development of new products and services with environmental benefits.
Pentland Centre for Sustainability in Business.
The Pentland Centre is a joint research centre with Lancaster University Management School delivering research on sustainability in business. Led by Prof. Jan Bebbington and formerly, Prof. Gail Whiteman.
Enterprise & business partnerships.
The purpose of the business incubation centre within LEC is to allow environmental business to rent office space within the centre, enabling faster business growth through finding easier access to LEC research, knowledge, laboratories, clean rooms, workshops and specialist instruments.

Centre for Studies in Civilizations
The Centre for Studies in Civilizations (CSC), founded 12 October 1995, is a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in India. According to their website, the center "aims at conducting, promoting and facilitating studies and research in the broad areas of history, philosophy, culture, science and technology", and "undertakes and promotes research in relation to the past, the present and the future courses, contents, and trends of civilizations in general, and Indian civilization in particular." While its office is located in Delhi, the ten members of its governing body live throughout India. In addition to its literary work, the Center organizes symposia and talks by eminent scholars, politicians, writers and spokespeople.
The center's most extensive projects include:

Environmental Science Center
Research center in Qatar University
The Environmental Science Center is a research center at Qatar University and was established in 1980 to promote environmental studies across the state of Qatar with main focus on marine science, atmospheric and biological sciences. For the past 18 years, ESC monitored and studied Hawksbill turtle nesting sites in Qatar.
Research clusters.
The ESC has 3 major research clusters that cover areas of strategic importance to Qatar. The clusters are:
UNESCO Chair in marine sciences.
The first of its kind in the Arabian Gulf region, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) have announced the establishment of the UNESCO Chair in marine sciences at QU's Environmental Science Center. The chair is aiming to providing sustainable marine environment in the Arabian Gulf and protection of marine ecosystems.
Accreditation.
The ESC labs have been granted ISO/IEC 17025 by American Association of Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA), affirming their status as world-class facilities operating to best practice.
Facilities.
ESC is the home of wide range of facilities. The most notable one is the mobile labs on board the JANAN Research Vessel.
JANAN is a 42.80 m. multipurpose Research Vessel and was named after the island located in the western coast of the Qatari peninsula. It was donated to Qatar University by H.H. Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani the Amir of Qatar.
JANAN is used extensively in studying the state of marine environment in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the State of Qatar and to advance critical marine environmental studies and research in Qatar and the wider Gulf.
The center also has 12 labs equipped with state-of-arts instruments.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy
The Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP) is an Indian think-tank based in Bengaluru.
Its research is consolidated into five sectors: Climate, Environment and Sustainability; Energy and Power; AI and Digital Platforms; Strategic Studies; and Computational Tools.
History.
CSTEP was founded in 2005 by Dr V. S. R. Arunachalam, former Scientific Advisor to India's Defence Minister (1982-1992) and former head of DRDO, along with Professor P Rama Rao. Dr Anshu Bharadwaj, a former IAS officer, was the first executive director from 2009 to 2020 before being succeeded by Dr Jai Asundi.
In 2008, CSTEP received its first grant from Shri Sivasubramaniya Nadar Educational and Charitable Trust to conduct studies in energy. In 2018 the organization created the Centre for Air Pollution Studies (CAPS) and launched the Artificial Intelligence & Digital Labs.
Staff.
In 2022, CSTEP employed 126 people in fields such as science and engineering, policy, economics, IT, management, and communication. As of 2022 its chairman was its founder Dr. Arunachalam and its executive director is Dr. Jai Asundi (2020 onwards).
Location.
CSTEP was founded in Arunachalam's residence in Bengaluru and later worked out of the CAIR (DRDO) office on Infantry Road, Bengaluru. As of 2022, CSTEP operates out of two locations, with one office in Bengaluru and another in Noida.
Activities.
India Clean Air Summit.
The India Clean Air Summit (ICAS) is CSTEP's flagship event on Air Pollution, organised by the Air Quality sector.
Each year, the summit focuses on a specific theme, reflecting the evolving
challenges and priorities in the field of air quality management.
• ICAS 2019 marked the launch of the event, bringing together policymakers, researchers,
industry experts, and civil society organisations to initiate discussions on air pollution and
its wide-ranging impacts.
• ICAS 2020 (‘Finding the Missing Evidence’) focused on identifying gaps in air pollution
data and research and emphasised the need for a common data-sharing platform and a
‘democratic’ approach to studying and resolving air pollution.
• ICAS 2021 (‘Clean Air for Healthy Living’) highlighted several important topics, including
the critical link between air quality and public health and the lack of studies in India to
assess the health impacts of air pollution.
• ICAS 2022 (‘Looking at Air Pollution Through the Climate Lens’) explored the
interconnections between air pollution and climate change and addressed how air
pollution control measures can contribute to climate change mitigation and vice versa.
• ICAS 2023 (‘Clean Air for Sustainable Development and Mission LiFE’) aimed to explore
the need to prioritise clean air for sustainable development and Mission LiFE—India’s
most ambitious policy yet to address climate change.
• ICAS 2024 (‘The Participatory Future of Air Quality Management’) is being hosted in
collaboration with the Clean Air Monitoring and Solutions Network (CAMS-Net) from 26 to
30 August 2024.
Role of Science & Technology for Society.
In March 2020, CSTEP initiated a Discussion Series on the Role of Science & Technology for Society, with the stated aim of making "science accessible to citizens to find sustainable solutions for India's developmental challenges".
The first event of the series was woven around the launch of Dr Arunachalam's book ‘From Temples to Turbines: An Adventure in Two Worlds’. The Chief Designer of LCA Tejas, Kota Harinarayana, and former Chief Secretary to the Government of Karnataka SV Ranganath, were the main speakers at the event.
India Energy Transformation Platform.
CSTEP is the Secretariat for the India Energy Transformation Platform, a program created in 2018 to strategize on India's long-term energy future.
The eARTh Climate Fellowship.
CSTEP launched the eARTh Initiative on 14 October 2023 at the Bangalore International Centre,
Karnataka, India, bringing art to the heart of climate action. The event brought together scientists,
artists, conservationists, and citizens to explore how art and science can trigger a positive
change for the planet.
The objective of the eARTh Initiative is to build a collective of artists and communicators and
highlight the climate crisis in an accessible manner to initiate climate action. The eARTh Climate
Fellowship for students came to fruition as a result of the Initiative. The nine-month fellowship
programme began in January 2024 and will end in September 2024. The selected fellows have
attended periodical offline sessions and are currently working on their artistic outputs, which will
be displayed during the second eARTh event to be held in October 2024.
Funding.
CSTEP is registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 and receives grants from national and international foundations, industry trusts, and governments.
It has received grants from foundations such as the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), OAK Foundation, Rohini & Nandan Nilekani Philanthropies, World Bank, United Nations Development Programme, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and many others.
Policy influence.
It has been involved in a number of policy projects in collaboration with the Indian government as well as national and international organizations such as the Gates Foundation, IBM, Bureau of Energy Efficiency, and the Planning Commission.
Collaborative projects.
CSTEP has also collaborated with other organizations on various projects. It was one of the Indian organizations which participated in SERIIUS, a joint clean energy development program established by the Government of India and the US Department of Energy, as well as multiple projects with the European Union.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Kuwait Scientific Center
The Scientific Center of Kuwait, located in Salmiya, Kuwait, serves as a center for environmental education in the Persian Gulf region. KSC spans over 80,000 square meters with the building covering over 18,000 square meters. The center also houses the largest aquarium in the Middle East after Dubai, holding over 100 different species of animals. Along with the aquarium, it also contains an IMAX theatre, a harbor of historic dhows, and a gift shop among other contents.
Facilities.
The Scientific Center has three main sections: Aquarium, Discovery Place, and IMAX theater.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Kerala)
Centre for Mathematical Sciences (CMS), with campuses at Thiruvananthapuram and Pala in Kerala, India, is a research level institution devoted to mathematics and other related disciplines like statistics, theoretical physics, computer and information sciences.
The centre was incorporated in 1977 as a non-profit scientific research and training centre under the Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Registration Act XII of 1955. The driving force behind the establishment of the centre was Prof. Aleyamma George, who had been Professor and Head of the Department of Statistics of University of Kerala. Since 2006, the centre is a Department of Science and Technology (India) (DST), Government of India, New Delhi Centre for Mathematical Sciences and is fully financed by DST, New Delhi.
The centre is headed by a chairman, a position currently held by Dr. A Sukumaran Nair, a former vice-chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, and a Director a position now held by Dr. A.M. Mathai, emeritus professor of mathematics and statistics, McGill University, Canada. The activities of the Thiruvananthapuram Campus are coordinated by Dr. K. S. S. Nambooripad.
The centre has started doing good work in its early years itself. At present, several research teams are operating in the centre like Astrophysics Research Group, Fractional Calculus Research Group, Special Functions Research Group, Statistical Distribution Theory Research Group, Geometrical Probability Research Group, Stochastic Process Research Group, and Discrete Mathematics in Chemistry Research Group.
History.
Centre for Mathematical Sciences was established in 1977 in Trivandrum, Kerala, India. In 2002, the Pala Campus of the centre was established in a one-floor finished building donated by the Diocese of Palai in Kerala, India. In 2006, Hill Area Campus of the centre was established. The office, the library and most of the facilities are at the Pala Campus. Starting from 1985, Professor Dr. A.M. Mathai of McGill University, Canada is the director of the centre. In 2006-2007 the Department of Science and Technology (India) (DST) gave a development grant to the centre. Starting from December 2006, the centre is being developed as a DST Centre for Mathematical Sciences. DST has similar centres at three other locations in India.
From 1977 to 2006, the activities at the centre were carried out by a group of researchers in Kerala, mostly retired professors, through voluntary service. Starting from 2007, DST created full-time salaried positions of three assistant professors, one full professor and one liaison officer. They are at Pala Campus. DST approved up to 15 junior research fellows (JRF) and one senior research fellow (SRF). They are the current PhD students at the Pala Campus. They would receive their PhD degrees from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala.
Former chairmen.
The following persons had held the position of chairman in the Centre for Mathematical Sciences.
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Centre for Studies in Science Policy
Indian think tank
The Centre for Studies in Science Policy (CSSP) at Jawaharlal Nehru University is one of India's oldest and top ranked university affiliated think tanks focusing on science and technology studies in India. First established in 1972 as Center for Interaction of Science and Society (CISS), it was closed in the late 1970s by the state, finding it too critical of the nuclear energy/weaponry policies of the Indira Gandhi regime. In 1996 the centre was revived as the Centre for Studies in Science Policy. It has been regularly ranked 11th worldwide in the "Top Science and Technology Think Tanks" category of Global Think Tank Index Report.
Scholars are selected from across globe after stringent selection process for pursuing research in the M.Phil/Ph.D and direct Ph.D. programme at CSSP. During the last few years CSSP students were employed by leading national and international institutions such as the Planning Commission, New Delhi; National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies (NISTADS) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) New Delhi; The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI); National Research Development Corporation (NRDC); National Productivity Council (NPC); Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI); National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM); Institute of Development Studies (IDS, UK); WWF-India, New Delhi; Centre for Management in Agriculture, Indian Institute of Management (Ahmedabad); Centre for Technology and Trade, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (New Delhi); Indian Institute of Public Administration (New Delhi), Research and Information Systems (RIS), New Delhi; World Bank; UNDP; and Innovation Management and Policy Programme, The Australian National University (Canberra, Australia).
Research.
The primary focus of teaching and research at the centre is on areas relating to science and technology policy analyses including innovation policies; sociology of science and technology; social history of science and technology, economics of technological change and innovation studies, technology future studies, gender studies in science and technology, science and technology for development, international affairs in science and technology and management of intellectual property rights. Important research domains of the Centre include:
Flagship events.
Its flagship event is the Annual Christopher Freeman Memorial Lecture.
Faculty members.
Current.
CSSPs core faculty is composed of prominent academicians from various fields of STS, including:
References.
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology
The Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology (CASE) is a research facility of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). It is a joint project of RPI and architecture